[74] Manufacture of tar, pitch, etc. (See Report Chief U. S. Div. Forestry, 1892, p. 356; also U. S. Forestry Bulletin No. 13.)
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
White Pine (local and common name).
Weymouth Pine (Mass., S. C.).
Soft Pine (Pa.).
Northern Pine (N. C.).
Spruce Pine (Tenn.).
Pumpkin Pine.
Locality.
North-central and northeastern United States, northward into Canada, southward to Illinois, and along the Alleghanies into Georgia, intermittently.
Features of Tree.
Seventy-five to one hundred and fifty feet in height. Three to six feet in diameter, sometimes larger. Erect impressive form. Tufts of five soft, slender, evergreen leaves in long sheath. Cones four to six inches long, one inch thick, slightly curved.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Heartwood cream-white, sapwood nearly white. Close, straight grain. Compact structure. Comparatively free from knots and resin.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Soft, uniform, seasons well, easy to work, nails without splitting, fairly durable. Lightest and weakest of eastern United States pines. Shrinks less than other pines.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Carpentry, construction, matches, spars, boxes, numerous uses.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
24 (U. S. Forestry Div.).[75]
24.
Modulus of Elasticity.
1,390,000 (average of 130 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[75]
1,210,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
7900 (average of 120 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[75]
8900.
Remarks.
"The White Pine." Spaulding. U. S Forestry Bul. No. 22.
"White Pine" a Study. Mr. Gifford Pinchot. (Century Co.)
"White Pine Timber Supplies." U. S. Doc. 40 Senate, 55-1, Vol. IV.
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
White Pine (Cal., Nev., Utah, Col., N. M.).
Pine (Utah, Mont.).
Bull Pine (Col.).
Western and Rocky Mountain White Pine (Cal.).
Locality.
Rocky Mountains, Montana to Mexico.
Features of Tree.
Forty to fifty feet in height, one to three feet in diameter. Tufts of five rather short, rigid leaves in sheaths.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Heartwood light, clear yellow, turning red from exposure. Sapwood nearly white. Close-grained, compact structure, numerous and conspicuous medullary rays.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Light, soft.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Construction.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
27.
Modulus of Elasticity.
960,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
8800.
Remarks.
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
Sugar Pine (local and common name).
Big Pine, Shade Pine (Cal.).
Little or Great Sugar Pine.
Gigantic Pine.
White Pine.
Locality.
Oregon and California. Best at high altitudes (above 4000 feet), central and northern California.
Features of Tree.
One hundred to occasionally three hundred feet in height, fifteen to sometimes twenty feet in diameter. Cones ten to eighteen inches in length, edible seeds. Sweetish exudations. A great tree.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Heartwood pinkish brown, sapwood cream-white. Coarse, straight-grained, compact structure.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Light, soft, easily worked, resembles white pine (Pinus strobus).
Representative Uses of Wood.
Carpentry, interior finish, doors, blinds, sashes, etc.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
22.
Modulus of Elasticity.
1,120,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
8400.
Remarks.
Grows at as high elevations as five thousand feet or more above tide-water. Forms extensive forests with Balsam Fir (Abies concolor). [p137]
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
White Pine (Cal., Nev., Oreg.).
Mountain Pine, Finger Cone Pine (Cal.).
Little Sugar Pine, Soft Pine (Cal.).
Western White Pine.
Mountain Weymouth Pine.
Locality.
Montana, Idaho, Pacific States, and British Columbia.
Features of Tree.
Eighty to one hundred feet in height. Two to three feet in diameter, sometimes larger. Foliage resembles, but is denser than, white pine. Long smooth cones.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Heartwood light brown or red, sapwood nearly white. Straight-grained, compact, suggests white pine (Pinus strobus).
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Light, soft, not strong.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Lumber.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
24.
Modulus of Elasticity.
1,350,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
8600.
Remarks.
Found at elevations of seven thousand to ten thousand feet. Common and locally used in northern Idaho. [p138]
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
Locality.
South Atlantic and Gulf States, Virginia to Alabama, intermittently.
Features of Tree.
Fifty to ninety feet or more in height, one to three feet in diameter. Tufts of three leaves, ten to fifteen inches long, in long sheath.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Heartwood orange, sapwood lighter. Coarse-grained, compact structure, conspicuous medullary rays.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Hard, heavy, tough, strong, elastic, durable, resinous.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Heavy constructions, ship-building, cars, docks, beams, ties, flooring, house-trim, many uses.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
38 (U. S. Division of Forestry).[76]
43.
Modulus of Elasticity.
2,070,000 (average of 1230 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[76]
2,110,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
12,600 (average of 1160 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[76]
16,300.
Remarks.
Finer and has less sapwood than Cuban pine. One of the best woods for car-building. Principal lumber tree of the Southeast. [p139]
"Southern Pine." U. S. Forestry Circular No. 12. (Dr. B. E. Fernow, Chief.)
"Timber Pines of Southern States." U. S. Forestry Bul. No. 13. (Dr. B. E. Fernow, Chief.)
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
Cuban Pine, Slash Pine (local and common names).
Pitch Pine, She Pine, She Pitch Pine (Ga., Fla.).
Swamp Pine (Fla., Miss.).
Bastard Pine, Meadow Pine, Spruce Pine.
Locality.
Coast region, South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
Features of Tree.
Fifty to eighty feet in height, one to two feet in diameter.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Resembles longleaf pine.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Similar to those of longleaf pine, from which it is seldom separated.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
39 (U. S. Forestry Div.).[77]
Modulus of Elasticity.
2,370,000 (average of 410 tests by U. S. Div. of Forestry).[77]
Modulus of Rupture.
13,600 (average of 410 tests by U. S. Div. of Forestry).[77]
Remarks.
"Southern Pine." U. S. Forestry Circular No. 12. (Dr. B. E. Fernow, Chief.)
"Timber Pines of Southern States." U. S. Forestry Bul. No. 13. (Dr. B. E. Fernow, Chief.)
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
Locality.
Connecticut to Florida, westward intermittently to Kansas and Texas.
Features of Tree.
Sixty to sometimes ninety feet in height, two to sometimes four feet in diameter. A large erect tree; small cones have minute weak prickles. Leaves usually in twos from long sheaths.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Resembles longleaf pine.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Variable, usually hard, tough, strong, durable, resinous, lighter than longleaf pine.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Lumber, construction, similar to longleaf pine.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
32 (U. S. Forestry Div.).[78]
30.
Modulus of Elasticity.
1,680,000 (average of 330 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[78]
1,950,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
10,100 (average of 330 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[78]
14,700.
Remarks.
Affords considerable pitch and turpentine, and is the principal species of Northern Arkansas, Kansas, and Missouri. [p141]
"Southern Pine." Mohr U. S. Forestry Circular No. 12.
"Timber Pines of Southern States." U. S. Forestry Bul. No. 13. (Dr. B. E. Fernow, Chief.)
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
Locality.
Delaware to Florida and westward intermittently to Texas.
Features of Tree.
Fifty to one hundred feet or more in height, two to sometimes four feet in thickness. Leaves in twos and threes. Scales or cones have short straight spines. A large tree.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Resembles longleaf pine.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Resembles longleaf pine.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Resembles longleaf pine.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
33 (U. S. Forestry Div.).[79]
33.
Modulus of Elasticity.
2,050,000 (average of 660 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[79]
1,600,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
11,300 (average of 650 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[79]
12,500.
Remarks.
"Southern Pine." U. S. Forestry Circular No. 12. (Dr. B. E. Fernow, Chief.)
"Timber Pines of Southern States." U. S. Forestry Bul. No. 13. (Dr. B. E. Fernow, Chief.)
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
Locality.
Rocky Mountains, westward intermittently to Pacific Ocean.
Features of Tree.
One hundred to sometimes three hundred feet in height, six to sometimes twelve feet in diameter. Thick, deeply furrowed bark. Leaves in tufts of threes.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Thin heartwood is light red, sapwood nearly white. Rather coarse grain, compact structure.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Variable, heavy, hard, strong, brittle, not durable.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Lumber, railway ties, mine timbers, fuel, etc.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
29.
Modulus of Elasticity.
1,260,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
10,200.
Remarks.
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
Norway Pine, Red Pine (local and common names).
Hard Pine (Wis.).
Canadian Red Pine (Eng.).
Locality.
Southern Canada, northern United States from Maine to Minnesota, Pennsylvania.
Features of Tree.
Sixty to ninety feet in height, one to three feet in diameter. Reddish blossoms and bark on branchlets. Leaves in twos from long sheaths. A tall, straight tree.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Thin heartwood light red, sapwood yellow to white. Numerous pronounced medullary rays.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Light, hard, elastic, not durable, resinous.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Piles, telegraph poles, masts, flooring, and wainscoting.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
31 (U. S. Forestry Div.).[80]
30.
Modulus of Elasticity.
1,620,000 (average of 100 tests by U. S. Forestry Division).[80]
1,600,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
9,100 (average of 95 tests by U. S. Forestry Div.).[80]
12,500.
Remarks.
Sometimes commercially handled with white pine. Unimportant as regards turpentine and resin, in spite of specific name, which signifies resinous. Long sheaths enable children to make chains of leaves. [p144]
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
Pitch Pine (local and common name).
Longleaved Pine, Longschat Pine (Del.).
Hard Pine (Mass.).
Yellow Pine (Pa.).
Black Pine (N. C.).
Black Norway Pine.
Rigid Pine, Sap Pine.
Locality.
Atlantic coast, Canada to Georgia, Kentucky.
Features of Tree.
Forty to sometimes eighty feet in height, one to sometimes three feet in diameter. Rigid flattened leaves in threes from short sheaths.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Heartwood light brown or red, thick sapwood yellow to nearly white. Coarse conspicuous grain, compact structure, very resinous.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Light, soft, not strong, brittle.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Coarse lumber, fuel, charcoal.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
32.
Modulus of Elasticity.
820,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
10,500.
Remarks.
Rigida refers to rigid leaves. The name "Pitch Pine" is sometimes applied to all of the Southern pines. The name is yet more widely applied in foreign markets. Sometimes called Fat Pine. [p145]
Nomenclature.
Locality.
Widespread in Europe, as Scotland, Germany, and Russia; also Asia. Naturalized in United States.
Features of Tree.
Fifty to one hundred feet in height, two to five feet in diameter; sometimes larger.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Heartwood reddish white to yellowish white, sapwood similar. Even straight grain (varies with locality).
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Moderately light, hard, tough, and elastic, easily worked (varies with locality).
Representative Uses of Wood.
Carpentry, construction, planks, beams, masts, heavy timber.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
34 (Lazlett[81]) (varies with locality).
Modulus of Elasticity.
1,680,000 (Lazlett) (varies with locality).
1,800,000 (Thurston).
Modulus of Rupture.
7000 (Thurston) (varies with locality).
Remarks.
Principal soft wood of Europe. Widely distributed; local peculiarities once thought to denote different species. Fields tributary to Dantzic and Rigi afford best wood. Wood "equal to Dantzic Fir" sometimes specified. [p146]
[81] Table CLXVII, p. 418.
This New Zealand tree affords one of the best substitutes for northern pine. Although not true pine, it belongs to the same family as the pine and other conifers. The light, strong, durable, elastic wood is obtainable in large-sized pieces suitable for masts.
The species is universally noted for its resin, which possesses the quality of uniting more perfectly than others with linseed oil.[82] Kauri gum is thus one of the most valuable constituents of good varnish.[83] The best gum occurs as a fossil, and is collected by digging over areas known to be fruitful but from which trees have long since disappeared. The pieces, varying in size from small pebbles to lumps as large as eggs, are scraped and otherwise cleansed by natives in the fields.[84] [p147]
[82] It unites with linseed oil at lower temperatures than other gums of its kind.
[83] Fossil Kauri gum has sold for one thousand to fifteen hundred dollars per ton.
[84] One mass of two hundred and twenty pounds has been reported (R. Ingham Clark, F.R.G.S.: "Notes on Fossil Resins," published by C. Letts & Co., London).
Correspondence Professor Alvah H. Sabin, New York City; Messrs. Pratt & Lambert, New York City.
Top--From R. Ingham Clark, by courtesy of Messrs. Pratt & Lambert.
Bottom--Fragments of Gum one-quarter natural size. "Fossil gum" at right and centre.
Nomenclature.
Kauri Pine (local and general).
Cowdie Pine (New Zealand and many localities).
Locality.
New Zealand.
Features of Tree.
Ninety to one hundred feet in height, three to four feet in diameter, occasional specimens much larger. Small leaves resembling those of box. A tall handsome tree.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Heartwood straw-colored, fine, close, straight grain.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Moderately hard, light, elastic, strong, seasons well, works readily, receives high polish.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Carpentry, masts.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
33 (Lazlett[85]) (varies with locality).
Modulus of Elasticity.
1,810,000 (Lazlett).
Modulus of Rupture.
Remarks.
[85] Table CLXXI, p. 426.
The spruces form forests in Europe and North America. The black spruce (P. nigra) and the white spruce (P. alba) predominate in eastern United States, while the white spruce (P. engelmanni) is important in the West. The Norway spruce, or white fir (P. excelsa), is the chief European species. American trees prefer Northern ranges characterized by short summers and long winters.
The soft, light, clean woods resemble and are probably the best substitute for soft pine. They are apt to warp and twist in seasoning and so are not good for posts and trusses. Spruce is the principal wood in New England for studding and floor-joists. The product is divided commercially and according to appearance, but irrespective of species, into white and black spruce. These terms depend sometimes, at least, on the wide and narrow rings of the black spruce (P. nigra). It should be remembered that spruce and fir woods are often confused with one another, and that there are trees, as the Douglas spruce and Kauri pine or spruce, that are called, but are not, true spruces. European spruce is often locally known as white deal.
Spruce trees have single, sharp-pointed, short leaves, pointing everywhere, and keeled above and below so as to appear four-sided; the cones hang down. Spruce may be distinguished from the pines, firs, and hemlocks by the fact that pine leaves are longer and in clusters, that hemlock leaves are flat, blunt, and two-ranked, and that fir cones point upward. The genus picea has twelve species, five of which are North American. The resins of the black and red spruce are used as confections. [p149]
The following table sets forth the primary distinctions between the spruces and the pines, firs, and hemlocks:
| Names. | Arrangement of Leaves. | Shape of Leaves. | Cones. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pines (Pinus) | In tufts or clusters. | Comparatively long. | (see TN) |
| Spruce (Picea) | Single, scattered, point in all directions. | Short, sharp ends, keeled above and below. Somewhat four-sided. | Hang down, 1 to 6 inches long. |
| Fir (Abies) | Single, scattered, appear somewhat as in two ranks. | Short, blunt ends, flat. | Stand erect, 2 to 4 inches long. |
| Hemlock (Tsuga) | Single, scattered, appear as in two ranks. | Short, blunt ends, flat. | Hang down, 3/4 to 1 inch long. |
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
Spruce (Vt.), Yew Pine, Spruce Pine (W. Va.).
Double Spruce (Me., Vt., Minn.).
Blue Spruce (Wis.).
White Spruce (W. Va.).
He Balsam (Del., N. C.).
Water Spruce (Me.).
Locality.
Pennsylvania to Minnesota, Alleghany Mountains to North Carolina. Best in Canada.
Features of Tree.
Forty to eighty feet in height, one to two feet in diameter. Conical shape with straight trunk. Dark foliage. Cones remain for several years, being thus distinct from white spruce.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Heartwood reddish, nearly white; sapwood lighter. Straight grain, compact structure.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Light, soft, not strong, elastic, resonant.
Representative Uses of Wood.
Lumber, flooring, carpentry, ship-building, piles, posts, railway ties, paddles, oars, "sounding-boards," paper-pulp.
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
28.
Modulus of Elasticity.
1,560,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
10,600.
Remarks.
It is often difficult to distinguish between black and white spruce trees. The foliage of the former is darker as a whole, and there are differences in shape and persistence of cones. The names double spruce and single spruce are without evident foundation. Woods exhibit similar qualities and are classed together by lumbermen. Red Spruce (Picea rubens) resembles, and is sometimes considered a variety of, black spruce.
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)
Single Spruce (Me., Vt., Minn.).
Bog Spruce, Cat Spruce (N. Eng.).
Skunk Spruce (Wis., New Eng.).
Spruce, Double Spruce (Vt.).
Pine (Hudson Bay).
Locality.
Northern United States, Canada to Labrador and Alaska.
Features of Tree.
Fifty to one hundred feet in height, one to two feet in diameter, occasionally larger. Compact, symmetrical, conical shape. Foliage lighter than black spruce. Cones fall sooner than those of black spruce. Whitish resin.
Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.
Heartwood light yellow, sapwood similar. Straight-grained, numerous prominent medullary rays. Compact structure.
Structural Qualities of Wood.
Light, soft, not strong (similar to Black Spruce).
Representative Uses of Wood.
Lumber, flooring, carpentry, etc. (similar to Black Spruce).
Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.
25.
Modulus of Elasticity.
1,450,000.
Modulus of Rupture.
10,600.
Remarks.
Notable as resident of high latitudes. Chief tree of arctic forests. Wood, used similarly to black spruce, is substituted for white pine. [p152]
Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)