INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
- Acre, the 'selio,' or strip in the open field (40 x 4 rods),
3, 106, 385.
A day's work in ploughing, 124.
Reason of its shape, 124.
Welsh acre, see 'Erw'
- Ager, agellus, agellulus, territory of a manor, 167
- Ager publicus, tenants on, 272–288. Tendencies towards
manorial methods of management, 300, 308
- Agri decumates, occupied by Alamannic
tribes, 282–288. Position of
tenants on, 311
- Agri occupatorii, with irregular boundaries, 277,
and sometimes scattered ownership, 278
- Agrimensores (Roman), methods of centuriation, 250, 276, 279
- Aillt, or altud. See 'Taeog.'
Compare Aldiones of Lombardic Laws and Saxon 'althud' = foreigner, 281
- Alamanni, German tribes, offshoots of, Hermundori, Thuringi, &c., 282.
Some deported into Britain, 285.
Conquered by Julian, 286
- Alfred the Great, his founding the New Minster at Winchester, 160.
Services of serfs on his manor of Hysseburne, 162.
His sketch of growth of a new ham, 169.
His Boethius quoted, 168
- Amobr, fee on marriage of females under Welsh laws, 195
- Andecena, day work of serf under Bavarian laws same shape as English acre, 325, 386, 391
- Angariæ and parangariæ, carrying or post-horse services (see Roman 'sordida munera'), 297,
and so any forced service, 298.
Manorial services, 324–327
- Anwänder, German 'headland,' 381
- Archenfeld, in Wales, survey of, in Domesday Book, 182, 206–7
- Averagium manorial carrying service from avera or affri, beasts of burden, 298, n.;
at Bleadon, 57
- Balk, the unploughed turf between two acre strips in the open fields.
4;
in 'Piers the Plowman,' 19;
in Cambridge terrier, 20;
in Welsh laws, 119;
a Welsh word, 382
- Ballibetogh, cluster of 16 taths or homesteads, 215–224
- Bally, Irish townland, 221, 223
- Battle Abbey Records (A.D. 1284–7), 49
- Bede, complaint of lavish grants of manors to monasteries, 168
- Bees, Welsh Law of, 207
- Bene-work or Boon-work. See Precariæ
- Black Death, 20;
influence on villenage, 31
- Boc-land, land of inheritance permanently made over by charter or deed, 168, 171
- Boldon Book (A.D. 1183), evidence of, 68–72
- Book of St. Chad, Welsh charters in margins of, 209
- Booths, making of, by villani, for fairs of St. Cuthbert, 71
- Bordarii, or cottagers (from 'bord,' a cottage), 76;
in Domesday Survey, 95;
normal holding about 5 acres, 97;
mentioned in Liber Niger of Peterborough, 97
- Boundaries, method of describing, in Hitchin Manor, 9;
in Saxon charters, 107, 111.
Manor of King Edwy (Tidenham), 149;
in Lorsch charters, 331. Roman method, 9. See also, 375
- Bovate (Bovata terræ), the half yard-land contributing one ox to the team of eight, 61.
2 bovates in Boldon Book = virgate, 68
- Brehon Laws, 226, 231, 232
- Breyr, free Welsh tribesman, 192
- Britain, Belgic districts of, pre-Roman settled agriculture in, 245.
Exports of corn during Roman rule, 247, 286.
The marling of the land described by Pliny, 250.
Analogous to 'one-field system' of North Germany, 372
- Bucenobantes, deported into Britain, 287
- Butts, strips in open fields abutting others, 6
- Cæsar, description of British and Belgic agriculture, 246.
Ditto of chiefs and tribesmen in Gaul, 305.
Description of German tribal system, 336–338
- Cambridge, terrier of open fields of, in fourteenth or fifteenth century, 19, 20
- Carpenter, village official having his holding free, 70
- Caruca (see Carucate), plough team of eight oxen, yoked four to a yoke, 62, 74, 123;
carucæ adjutrices, or smaller teams of villeins, 48, 74, 85;
variations in team, 64, 74;
of Domesday Survey, 85
- Carucate, unit of assessment = land of a caruca (see Caruca), connexion with hide, 40.
Used in Domesday Survey, 85
- Centenarii, Roman and Frankish officials, 300–303
- Centuria, division of land by Roman Agrimensores of 200 or 240 jugera, 276.
Divided into eight normal single holdings of 25 or 30, or double holdings of 50 or 60 jugera, 276
- Centuriation. See Agrimensores
- Ceorl= husbandman; a wide term embracing, like 'geneat,' the lower class of freemen and serfs above the slaves, 110, 144
- Chamavi, pagus chamaviorum, 285
- Co-aration, or co-operative ploughing by contributors to team of eight oxen, 117.
Described in Welsh Laws as 'Cyvar,' 118–124;
in Ireland, 226;
in Palestine, 314;
in Roman provinces, 278
- Coloni, position of, on the later Roman villa, 266.
Right of lord to compel son to continue his parent's holding and services, 267.
Often barbarians, 269.
Like usufructuarii, 309, n.
Possibly with single succession, 308–310
- Commendation, surrender, putting a freeman under the patrocinium or lordship of another, instances of, 305.
Salvian's description of, 307.
Effect of, 307–310.
Practice continues under Alamannic and Bavarian laws, allowing surrenders to the Church, 316–335
- Continuity of English village sites, 424–436
- Cornage, cornagium, tribute on horned cattle, 71
- Co-tillage. See Co-aration
- Cotsetla, or cottier, in 'Rectitudines', = bordarius in Domesday Survey, 130;
his services, &c., 130–131
- Cottier tenants, holders in villenage of a few scattered strips in open fields, 24, 29, 34, 69
- Cyvar. See Co-aration
- 'Daer' and 'Saer' tenancy in Ireland, 231
- Davies, Sir John, his surveys in Ireland and description of the Irish tribal system, 214–231
- Dawnbwyd, food rent of Welsh taeogs, 198
- Decuriæ, of slaves on Roman villa, 264
- Dimetian Code of South Wales. See 'Wales, Ancient Laws of'
- Domesday Survey (A.D. 1086). Manors everywhere, 82.
Lord's demesne and land in villenage, 84.
Assessment by hides and carucates, 84;
in Kent by solins, 85;
liberi homines and sochmanni in Danish district,
86–89.
Tenants in villenage, villani, bordarii or cottarii, and servi, 89.
The villani holders of virgates or yard-lands, 91;
examples from surveys of Middlesex, Herts, and Liber Eliensis, 92–94.
Bordarii hold about five acres each, more or less, 95–97.
Survey of Villa of Westminster, 97–101;
area of arable land in England, and how much of it held in the yard-lands of villani, 101–104.
Survey of portions of Wales, 182–184, 211
- Doles, or Dǽls, i.e. pieces or strips, hence 'gedal-land,' 110;
and run-dale (or run-rig) system of taking strips in rotation or scattered about, 228
(see also Doles of Meadow-land, 25)
- Drengage, hunting service (Boldon Book), 71
- Ebediw, Welsh death payment or heriot, 195
- Edward the Confessor, his dying vision of the open fields round Westminster, 100
- Einzelhöfe, German single farms in Westphalia, 371
- Enclosure Acts, 4,000 between 1760–1844, 13
- English settlements, methods of, 412–423
- Ergastulum, prison for slaves on Roman villa, 264
- Erw, Welsh acre, the actual strips in open fields described in Welsh Laws, 119
- Etch, crop sown on stubble, 377
- Ethelbert, Laws of, hams and tuns in private ownership and mention of læts, 173–174
- Faber, or village blacksmith, holds his virgate free of services, 70
- Fleta (temp. Ed. I.), description of manor in, 45
- Forera (Saxon foryrthe), or headland, 20, 108
- Frankpledge, View of, 10
- Franks, their inroads, 283;
deported into Belgic Gaul, 284
- Frisians, 285.
Tribute in hides, 306, n.
- Furlong (shot, or quarentena), division of open fields 'a furrow long,'
divided into strips or acres, 4;
in Saxon open fields, 108;
German, Gewann, 380
- Gafol (from German Gaben, Abgaben, food gifts under German tribal system), tribute, 144, 145; in money and in kind, of villein tenants.
Perhaps survival of Roman tributum based upon tribal food rents (see 'Roman tributum,' and 'jugatio,' 'gwestva');
of villani, on English manors, 78;
of gebur, on Saxon manors, 132, 140–142, 155, 162.
Marked a semi-servile condition, 146, 326
- Gafol-land, 137.
See Geneat-land
- Gafol-gilder, payer of gafol or tribute, 145
- Gafol-yrth, the ploughing of generally three acre strips and sowing by the gebur, from his own barn, and reaping and carrying of crop to lord's barn by way of rent; in 'Rectitudines,' 132–140;
on Hysseburne Manor of King Alfred, 162;
in South Germany in seventh century, 326 et seq.
Possibly survival of the agrarium or tenth of produce on Roman provincial tithe lands, 399–403
- Gavael, the tribal homestead and holding in N. Wales, 200–202
- Gavelkind, Irish gabal-cined, distinguished by equal division among heirs, 220, 352
- Gebur, villanus proper, or owner of a yard-land normally of thirty acres with outfit of two oxen and seed, in 'Rectitudines,' 131–133.
His services described, 131–133, and 137–143;
his gafol and week-work in respect of yard-land, 142;
his outfit or 'setene,' 133, 143;
in laws of Ine, 147.
Services and gafol on Tidenham Manor of King Edwy, 154.
In High German 'Gebur and Gipur' = vicinus, 394, and compare 278
- Gedal-land, land divided into strips (Laws of Ine), 110.
See Doles
- Geneat, a wide term covering all tenants in villenage, 129, 137, 154.
Servile condition of, liable to have life taken by lord, 146
- Geneat-land, land in villenage as opposed to 'thane's inland,' or land in demesne, 116.
Sometimes called 'gesettes-land' and 'gafol-land, 128, 150;
'gyrds of gafol-land,' 150
- Geset-land, land set or let out to husbandmen, 128.
See 'Geneat-land'
- Gored Acres, strips in open fields pointed at one end, 6, 20;
in Saxon open fields, 108
- Gwely, the Welsh family couch (lectus), also a name for a family holding, 195;
in Record of Carnarvon, 194
- Gwentian Code, of South Wales. See 'Wales, Ancient Laws of'
- Gwestva, food rent of Welsh tribesmen, and tunc pound in lieu of it, 195;
early evidence of, in Ine's laws, 209–213
- Gyrd (a rod-virga)
- Gyrdland. See Yardland.
See 169–172
- Ham (hem, heim, haim), in Saxon, like 'tun,' generally = villa or manor, 126, 254.
A private estate with a village community in serfdom upon it, 127.
Geographical distribution of suffix, 255.
See Villa
- Headland, strip at head of strips in a furlong on which the plough was turned, 4.
Latin 'forera,' Welsh 'pentir,' Scotch 'headrig,' German 'anwänder,' 5, 380.
In Saxon open fields, 108
- Hide, normal holding of a free family (hence Latin casatum and the familia of Bede), but in later records corresponding with the full plough team of eight oxen, and so = four yard-lands. Used as the unit of assessment for early times, 38.
Perhaps from Roman times. Compare Roman tributum, 290–294.
Connexion with carucate and yard-land, 36.
Normal hide, 120 a., 37.
Double hide of 240 a., 37, 39, 51, 54.
Possible origin of word, 398.
The hide, the hof, and the centuria compared, 395
- Hitchin (Herts), its 'open fields,' 1–7.
Map of township and of an estate therein, opposite title-page.
Map of Purwell field, 6.
Its village community described in Manor Rolls of 1819, 8, and appendix.
Boundaries, 9.
Officers, 10.
Common fields, 11.
Its Celtic name Hiz, 429.
Roman remains, 430.
Continuity of villages in Hitchin district from Celtic and Roman and Saxon times, 424–436
- Hiwisc, Saxon for family holding, 162, 395
- Honey, Welsh rents in. See Gwestva, 207, 211–213
- Hordwell, boundaries of, in Saxon Charter, 107
- Hundred Rolls of Edward I., A.D. 1279, evidence of, as to the prevalence of the Manor, the open-field system and serfdom in five Midland Counties, 32, et seq.
- Husband-lands in Kelso and Newminster Records = virgate or yard-land, 61
- Hydarii, holders of hides, 52
- Hysseburne, Manor of Stoke by, on the river Itchin near Winchester, held by King Alfred, 160.
Serfdom and services of ceorls on, 162
- Ine, Laws of (A.D. 688), evidence of open-field system, 109.
Acre strips, 110.
Yardlands, 142.
Hides and half hides, 147.
Geneats, geburs, gafol, week-work, 147.
Welsh food rents, 212–213
- Ing, suffix to local names; whether denotes clan settlements and where found, 354–367
- Inquisitio Eliensis mentions liberi homines and sochmanni, 87.
Mentions villani as holding virgates, &c., 94.
Mentions both bordarii and cottarii, 96
- Isle of Man, early division of land into ballys and quarters, 222
- Jugatio. See Roman tributum
- Jugerum, size and form of, 387
- Jugum. (See Roman tributum.) Roman unit of assessment, 289–295.
Description of, in Syrian Code, 291.
Analogy to virgate and hide, and sulung, 292
- Jüngsten-Recht, right of youngest to succeed to holding, 352–354.
See also under Welsh laws, 193, 197
- Kelso, Abbey of, 'Rotulus redituum,' stuht or outfit to tenants of, 61
- Lammas land, meadows owned in strips, but commonable after Lammas Day, in Hitchin Manor, 11;
in laws of Ine, 110
- Læn-land, lands granted as a benefice for life to a thane, 168
- Læti, conquered barbarians deported and settled on public lands during later Roman rule, chiefly in Belgic Gaul and Britain, 280–289
- Leges Alamannorum (A.D. 622), surrenders to Church allowed under, 317;
services of servi and coloni of the Church under, 323
- Leges Baiuwariorum (7th century) surrenders under, 317.
Services of coloni and servi of the Church under, 325
- Leges Ripuariorum, 304
- Lex Salica, use of 'villa' in a manorial sense, 259–262, 303
- Lex Visigothorum (A.D. 650 about) in division of land between Romans
and Visigoths, fifty aripennes allotted per singula
aratra, 276 n.
- Liber Niger of Peterborough Abbey (A.D. 1125), nearest evidence to the Domesday
Survey, 72 et seq.
- Libere tenentes, holders of portions of
demesne-land, i.e. land not in villenage, 33. Villeins holding yard-lands in villenage may be
libere tenentes of other land besides, 34. Increasing in later times, 54.
Absent from Domesday survey generally, 86;
Archdeacon Hale's theory of their presence disproved, 86–87 n.
- Liberi homines, of Domesday Survey in Danish districts, 86, 102
- Lince, or lynch, acre strip in open fields formed into a terrace by always turning the sod downwards in ploughing a hill side, 5;
sketch of, 5;
in Saxon open fields, 108;
in Yorkshire 'reean' and Germany 'rain' = lince or balk, 381
- Lingones, 284
- Lorsch (Lauresham), instances of surrenders to the Abbey of, 329–333
- Maenol, cluster of tribal homesteads in Welsh laws, in North Wales of sixteen homesteads paying between them the tunc pound, 202.
In South Wales the maenol is a group of twelve trevs, each paying tunc pound, 203–4
- Manor, or villa, in
Saxon, ham or tun. An
estate of a lord or thane with a village community generally in serfdom
upon it. Hitchin Manor and its connexion with open-field system,
1–13. Manors before Domesday Survey—Winslow,
22; Hundred Rolls, 32;
described in Fleta, 45; Battle Abbey and St.
Paul's, 49; Gloucester and Worcester, 55; Bleadon, 57; Newminster and
Kelso, 60. In Boldon Book, 68;
in Liber Niger of Peterborough, 72; summary, 76. In Domesday Survey manors everywhere, 82 et seq. Westminster, 97. Saxon
'hams' and 'tuns' were manors, 126 et seq.
Manor of Tidenham, of King Edwy, 148.
Hysseburne, of King Alfred, 160.
Creation of new manors, 166.
Terra Regis composed of manors, 167.
'Hams' and 'tuns' in King Ethelbert's laws, manors, i.e., in private ownership with semi-servile tenants (læts) upon them, 173.
There were manors in England before St. Augustine's arrival, 175.
English and Frankish identical, 253.
Villa of Salic Laws probably a manor on Terra Regis, 259–263.
Likeness of Roman villa to, 263–272 (see Roman 'Villa').
Villas, or fiscal districts of Imperial officials, tend to become manors, 300–305.
Transition from villas to manors under Alamannic and Bavarian laws in South Germany, 316–335.
Frankish manors, their tenants and services, 333.
Manorial tendencies of German tribal system, 346
- Monetary System, Gallic and Welsh pound of 240 pence of silver divided into twelve unciæ each of a score pence, 204.
The Gallic system in Roman times, 234, 292
- Nervii, 284
- Newminster Abbey, cartulary of, 60
- No Man's Land, or 'Jack's Land,' odds and ends of lands in open fields, 6.
In Saxon boundaries, 108
- Open-Field System
in England; remains of open fields described, 1, et seq.
Divided into acre or half-acre strips, 2,
and furlongs or shots, 4.
Holdings in bundles of scattered strips, 7;
i.e., hides, half-hides, yard-lands, &c. (to which refer).
Wide prevalence of system in England, 13.
The shell of a village community, 8–13—which was in serfdom, 76–80.
The English system, the three-field system, i.e., in three fields, representing three-course rotation of crops, 11.
Traced back in Winslow manor rolls (Ed. III.), 20
et seq.;
in Gloucester and Worcester surveys, 55;
Battle Abbey and St. Paul's records, 49;
Newminster and Kelso records, 60;
Boldon Book, 68;
Liber Niger of Peterborough, 72.
Summary of post-Domesday evidence, 76.
Prevalence in Saxon times, shown by use of the word æcera, 106,
and by occurrence of gored acres,
head-lands,
furlongs, linces,
&c., in the boundaries appended to charters, 108.
Evidence of division of fields into acre strips in seventh century in Laws of Ine, 109–110.
Holdings in hides, half-hides and yard-lands, 110–117.
Scattering of strips in a holding the result of co-operative ploughing, 117–125.
The three-field system would grow out of the simple form of tribal system, by addition of rotation of crops in three courses, settlement, and serfdom, 368–370.
Welsh open-field system, 181, 213,
with division into 'erws,' or acres, 119.
Scattering of strips in a holding arising from co-aration, 121.
The system 'co-aration of the waste,' i.e. of grass land which went back into grass, 192, 227, 244, 251.
Like that of the Germania of Tacitus, 369, 412.
No fixed 'yard-lands' or rotation of crops, 251, 413.
Irish and Scotch open-field system like the Welsh; modern remains of, in Rundale or Run-rig system, 214–231.
German open-field systems, 369–411;
different kinds of, Feldgraswirthschaft resembling that described by Tacitus and Welsh 'co-aration of waste,' 371.
One-field system of N. Germany, 372–373.
Forest and marsh system, 372.
Three-field system in S. Germany, 373.
Comparison of, with English, and connexion with Roman province, 375–409.
Absent from N. Germany, and so could not have been introduced into England by the Saxon invaders, 373, 409, 411.
Rotation of crops, perhaps of Roman introduction, 410, 411.
Wide prevalence of forms of open-field system, 249.
Description of, in Palestine, 314.
Mention of, by Siculus Flaccus, 278.
Possibly in use on Roman tithe lands, 315.
Remains of the simple tribal form of, in modern rundale or run-rig of Ireland and Scotland, quite distinct from the remains of the three-field form in England, 437–439.
Described by Tusser as uneconomical, 17,
and by Arthur Young, 16
- Parangariæ, extra carrying services, see 'angariæ'
- Paraveredi, extra post-horses (see Roman 'sordida munera'), 297,
from veredus a post-horse, 298.
Manorial Parafretus, 325–334
- Patrocinium. See 'Commendation'
- Pfahl-graben, the Roman limes on the side of Germany, 282
- Pflicht-theil, survival of late Roman law, obliging a fixed proportion of a man's property to go equally to his sons. In Bavaria, 313.
Compare Bavarian laws of the seventh century, 317,
and Syrian code of fifth century, 312
- Piers the Plowman, his 'faire felde,' an open field divided into half-acre strips and furlongs, by balks, 18–19
- Plough-bote, or Plough-erw, the strips set apart in the co-ploughing, for the carpenter, or repair of plough, 121.
(See Carpenter)
- Plough team, normal English manorial common plough team of 8 oxen (see 'Caruca').
Welsh do., also of 8 oxen, 121–2.
Scotch also, 62–66.
6, 10, or 12 oxen in Servia, 387
n.
In India, 388.
Single yoke of 2 oxen in Egypt and Palestine, 314, 387;
and in Sicily, 275,
and Spain, 276
- Polyptique d'Irminon, Abbot of St. Germain
des Prés, and M. Guérard's Introduction quoted,
265, 298, 641
- Præpositus of a manor elected by tenants, 48.
Holds one wista without services at Alciston, 50.
Holds his two bovates free (Boldon Book), 70.
Word used for Welsh 'maer,' 184
- Precaria, a benefice or holding at will of lord or for life only, 319, 333
- Precariæ or Boon-works, work at will of lord, 78.
On Saxon Manors, 140, 157.
In South Germany, 327.
Sometimes survivals of the Roman 'sordida munera,' 327, 403
- Priest, his place in village community often with his yard-land, 90–111, 115
- Probus introduces vine culture on the Rhine, 288.
Deports Burgundians and Vandals into Britain, 283.
Colonised with Læti Rhine Valley and Belgic Gaul, 283
- Punder, keeper of the village pound, 69, 70
- Quarentena. See Furlong. Length of furrow 40 poles long
- Rain, German for 'balk' as in Yorkshire 'reean' = linch, 381
- Randir, from rhan, a division, and tir, land; a share of land under Welsh laws, 200.
A cluster of three homesteads in South Wales, 204;
and four randirs in the trev, 204;
but in North Wales a subdivision of the homestead, 200
- 'Rectitudines Singularum Personarum' (10th century?), evidence of,
129 et seq.
Dr. Leo's work upon, 164
- Redon, Cartulaire de, quoted, 385
- Rhætia, semi-servile barbarian settlers in, 288.
Sordida munera in, 296–299.
Roman custom, in present Bavaria as to land tenure, 313.
Transition from Roman to Mediæval manor in, 316–335
- Rig, strip in Irish and Scotch open fields, 3. Hence Run-rig system
- Roman jugatio sive capitatio, 289, 295.
See Roman tributum
- Roman 'sordida munera,' 295–299.
Some of them survive in manorial services, 324, 325, 327, 334, 404
- Roman tributum of later Empire, 289–295.
Roman jugatio and Saxon hidage compared, id., and 397
- Roman Veterans settled on ager publicus with single or double yokes of oxen and seed for about 30 or 60 jugera, 272–276
- Roman Villa. See Villa
- Run-rig or Rundale, the Irish and Scotch modern open-field system, 3.
Survival of methods of tribal system now used in subdivision of holdings among heirs, 226, 230, 438–440
- St. Bertin, Abbey of Sitdiu at, Grimbald brought by King Alfred from thence, 160;
Chartularium Sithiensis, and surveys of estates of, 255–6;
villa or manor of Sitdiu, 272, 366;
suffix 'inghem' to names of manors, 356
- St. Gall, records of Abbey, surrenders to, 316–324
- St. Paul's (Domesday of), A.D. 1222, 51
- Salian Franks in Toxandria, 286
- Scattered Ownership, in open fields, 7.
Characteristic of 'yard-land' in Winslow manor rolls, 23.
In Saxon open fields, 111.
In Welsh laws, 118.
Resulted from co-ploughing, 121.
Under runrig system, 226–229
- Scutage, 1d. per acre or 1l. per double hide of 240 a., or 40s. per scutum, to which four ordinary hides contributed, 38
- Seliones, the acre or half-acre strips into which the open fields were divided, separated by turf balks, 2, 3, 19, 119
- Servi (slaves), in Domesday Survey, 89, 93–95.
Saxon Theow 164–166, 175.
Welsh caeth, 199, 238.
On Roman Villa, 263.
Arranged in decuriæ, 264.
Under Alamannic and Bavarian laws, 317, 323–326
- Services of villani, chiefly of three kinds: (1) Gafol, (2) precariæ or boon-work, (3) week-work (refer to these heads), 41.
In Hundred Rolls, 41.
Domesday of St. Paul's, 53.
Gloucester and Worcester records, 58.
In Kelso records, 67.
Boldon Book, 68.
Liber Niger of Peterborough, 73.
Summary of post-Domesday evidence, 78.
On Saxon manors, in 'Rectitudines,' 130, 137–147.
On Tidenham manor of King Edwy, 154.
On Hysseburne manor of King Alfred, 162.
In Saxon 'weork-ræden,' 158.
Of cottiers (or bordarii) in Hundred Rolls, 44.
Gloucester and Worcester, 58, 69.
Of Saxon 'cotsetle,' 130, 141.
On German and English manors compared, 399–405
- Setene, outfit of holder of Saxon yard-land, 133, 139.
See Stuht
- Shot, 4 (see furlong), Saxon 'sceot,' a division, occurs at Passau, 380
- Siculus Flaccus mentions open fields, irregular boundaries, and scattered ownership, on agri occupatorii, 274–278
- Sochmanni, a class of tenants on manors chiefly in the Danish districts, 34.
Mentioned in Hundred Rolls in Cambridgeshire, 34;
in Domesday Survey, 87, 102
- Solanda, in Domesday of St. Paul's = double hide of 240 a., 54
- Solin, sullung, of Kent, plough land from 'Suhl,' a plough, 54;
divided into 'yokes' (= yard-lands), 54;
sullung = 4 gyrdlands and to 12
sullung, outfit of four oxen, A.D. 835, 139.
See also, 395
- Stuht, Kelso records, outfit of two oxen, &c., with husband-land (yard-land), 61.
Compare 'setene' of the Saxon gebur with yard-land,
133 and 139,
and outfit of Roman veteran, 274;
and see under Bavarian Laws, 326
- Succession to holdings, under the tribal system to all sons of tribesmen equally, 193, 234, 340;
to yard-lands and other holdings in serfdom single by regrant, 23–24, 133, 176;
so probably in the case of semi-servile holdings of usufructuarii under Roman law, 308
- Supercilia, or linches, mentioned by Agrimensores, 277
- Syrian Code of fifth century, 291–294
- Tacitus, description of German tribal system in the Germania, 338–343
- Tacogs (or aillts), Welsh tenants without Welsh blood or rights of inheritance, not tribesmen—their 'register land' (tir cyfrif), 191;
arranged in separate clusters or trevs with equality within each, 197;
their 'register land,' 197;
their dues to their lord and other incidents, 198–199
- Tate, or Tath, the Irish homestead, analogous to Welsh 'tyddyn,' 214, 231.
See Tribal system, Irish
- Thane, Lord of a ham. Thane's inland = Lord's demesne land, 128.
Thane's law or duties in 'Rectitudines,' 129;
his services, 134;
a soldier and servant of king, 135;
his 'fyrd,' 136;
trinoda necessitas, 134
- Theows, slaves on Saxon estates, 144;
their position, 164.
Example from 'Ælfric's Dialogue,' 165
- Three-Field System. (See Open-field system.) Form of the open-field system with three-course rotation of crops
- Tidenham, Manor of King Edwy. Description of, and of services of geneats and geburs upon,
A.D. 956, 148–159.
Cytweras and hæcweras, for salmon fishing, 152
- Tir-bwrdd = terra mensalia, 198
- Tir-gwelyawg, family land of Welsh free tribesmen, 191
- Tir-cyfrif, register land of taeogs, 101
- Tir-kyllydus, Welsh geldable land, 191
- Tithes of Church under Saxon laws taken in actual strips or acres 'as they were traversed by the plough,' 114;
acres of tithes in Domesday Survey, 117;
Ethelwulf's grant, 114
- Tithe lands of Sicily, 275;
of modern Palestine, 314.
(See 'Agri decumates.')
- Trev, cluster of Welsh free tribesmen's homesteads, four in North Wales, 200–202;
twelve in South Wales, 204.
Taeog trevs, 203
- Treviri, 284
- Tricassi, 284
- Tribal System in Wales, 181–213.
Welsh districts and traces of, in Domesday Survey, 182, 206–7.
Food rents in D.S., 185.
Welsh land system described by Giraldus Cambrensis, 186–189.
In Ancient Laws of Wales, 189 et seq.
The free tribesmen of Welsh blood, 190.
Homesteads scattered about, but grouped into clusters for payment of food rents, 190.
Their family land (tir-gwelyawg), 190–191.
Their right to a tyddyn (homestead), five free 'erws' and co-tillage of waste, 192.
The tribal household with equality within it among brothers, first cousins, and second cousins, 193.
The gwely or family couch, 194.
The gwestva, or food rent, and tunc pound in lieu of it, 195.
Other obligations of tribesmen, 195.
The taeogs or aillts (see these words) not tribesmen, their tenure and rules of equality, 197.
Land divisions under Welsh Codes connected with the gwestva and food rents, 199–208.
Early evidence of payment of gwestva and of food rents of taeogs, 208–213.
Shifting of holdings under tribal system, 205.
Cluster of twelve tyddyns in Gwent and sixteen in N. Wales pay tunc pound, 202, 203.
In Ireland and Scotland, 214–231.
Clusters of sixteen tates or taths (Welsh tyddyn), 215–217.
Sir John Davies's surveys and description of tribal system, Tanistry, and Gavelkind, 215–220.
Example of a Sept deported from Cumberland, 219.
Ancient division of Bally or townland into quarters and tates, 221, 224.
Quarters and names of tates still traceable on Ordnance Survey, 223–224.
Names of tates not personal, owing to tribal distributions and shiftings of tribal households from tate to tate, 224.
Irish open-field system—rundale or run-rig—226–228.
Similar system in Scotland, 228–229.
Tribal system in its earlier stages, 231–245.
Tenacity with which tribal division among sons maintained, 234.
The tribal house, 239.
Blood money, 242.
Wide prevalence of tribal system, 244.
Absent from S.E. or Belgic districts of England at Roman conquest, 245.
In Germany, description of tribal system by Cæsar, 336–337.
Description of, by Tacitus, 338–342.
Husbandry like Welsh co-tillage of the waste for one year only, 343–345.
Manorial tendencies of German system: tribesmen have their servi who are 'like coloni,' 345–346.
The manor in embryo, 346.
Tribal households of German settlers—local names ending in 'ing'—whether clan settlements or perhaps as manorial as others, 346–367
- Tun, generally in Saxon = ham or manor, (to which refer), 255
- Tunc pound, payment in lieu of Welsh gwestva (to which refer) paid to the Prince of Wales, 196
- Tusser, his description of 'Champion' or open-field husbandry, 17
- Tyddyn, the Welsh homestead, 192–193.
Compare Irish 'tate' or 'tath' and Bohemian 'dĕdiny,' 355
- Uchelwyr, free Welsh tribesman, 192
- Venedotian Code of North Wales. See Wales, Ancient Laws of
- Veredus, post horse, derivation of word, 298
- Villa, word interchangeable with manor, ham, tun, 126, 254.
Frankish heim or villa on Terra Regis was a manor and unit of jurisdiction, 257, 262.
The Roman villa, an estate under a villicus, worked by slaves, 263.
Its cohortes and ergastulum, 263–264.
Slaves arranged in decuriæ, 264.
Coloni, often barbarians on a villa, 266.
Likeness to a manor increasing, 267–268.
Burgundians shared villas with Romans, 269.
Villas transferred to Church, 270.
And continued under German rule to be villas, 270.
And became gradually mediæval manors with villages upon them, 271.
Villas surrendered under Alamannic and Bavarian laws to the Church, 317 et seq.
- Village Community or Villata, under a manor, 8.
Hitchin example.
See Hitchin.
Its common or open fields: arable, 11;
meadow and pasture, 11.
Its officials, 10, 70
- Villani, holders of land in villenage, 29.
Sometimes nativi and adscripti glebæ, 29.
Pay heriot or relief;
widows have dower;
make wills proved in Manor Court, 30.
The yard-land the normal holding of full villanus with two oxen,
27 (see Yard-land).
Sometimes they hold the demesne land at farm, 69.
Sometimes farm whole manor, 70.
Pleni-villani and semi-villani, 74
- Villenage. See Villani.
Breaking up in 14th century, 31.
Its death-blow the Black Death and Wat Tyler's rebellion, 31–32.
Incidents of, in Worcestershire, 56.
General incidents, 80.
See Servius
- Virgarii, holders of Virgates, 50
- Virgate. See Yardland.
- Wales, Ancient Laws of, ascribed to Howel Dda (10th century), 189.
Contemporary with Saxon Laws, 190.
See 'Tribal System' of, 181–213.
Parts of, mentioned in Domesday Survey, 182, 185
- Wat Tyler's rebellion, 31
- Week-work. The distinctive service
of the serf in villenage, 78
(and see for details 'Services'), in Rectitudines, week-work of gebur three days a week, 131, 141.
In services of Tidenham unlimited, 155.
So in those of Hysseburne, 163.
In laws of Alamanni (A.D. 622) three days on estates of Church, 323.
So in Bavarian laws (7th century), 326.
Unless lord has found everything, 326.
On Lorsch manors three days, 334.
See also, 404
- Wele, Welsh holding in Record of Carnarvon. See 'Gwely,' 193–195
- Westminster, description of its manor and open fields in Domesday Survey, 97–101
- Winslow, Court Rolls of, 20–32
- Wista, in Battle Abbey records = 12
hide—the Great Wista = 12
double hide, 50
- Wizenburg, surrenders to Abbey of, 329.
Interchange between villas and heims in records of, 258
- Yard-land (gyrd-landes, virgata terræ), normal holding of villanus with two oxen in the common plough of eight oxen—a bundle of mostly thirty scattered strips in the open fields = German 'hub.' Example of yard-land in Winslow Manor rolls, 24.
Rotation in the strips, 27.
Large area in yard-lands, 28.
Held in villenage by villani, 29.
Evidence of Hundred Rolls, 33.
Variation in acreage and connexion with 'hide,' 36,
55 = husband-land of two bovates in the North, 61, 67.
Normal holding of villanus in Liber Niger of Peterborough, 73.
Normal holding of villanus of Domesday Survey, 91–95.
Large proportion of arable land of England held in yard-lands at date of survey, 101.
Saxon 'gyrd-lands,' 111, 117.
In 'Rectitudines,' 133.
In 'Laws of Ine,' 142.
A bundle of scattered strips resulting from co-operative ploughing, 117–125.
With single succession (see 'Succession') which is the mark of serfdom of the holders, 176, 370
- Yoke of Land (mentioned in Domesday Survey of Kent) = yard-land. Division of the sullung or double hide in Kent, 54.
Compared with Roman jugum.
See Jugum
- Yoke, short for two oxen, long for four oxen abreast in Welsh laws, 120
- Youngest son, custom for, to succeed to holding.
See Jüngsten-Recht