THE ANKO MONTHLY CALENDAR (August, 1889—July, 1893.)

T'águñótal P'a Sän. The calendar begins about the first of August, 1889. The figure above the crescent (moon or month) is intended for the antler of a deer, in allusion to the name of this moon. No event is noted.

T'águñótal P'a. The same symbol is used for the month. No event is recorded, because, as Anko explains, this part of his original calendar was accidentally burned.

Gákiñăt'o P'a. The name means "Ten-colds moon," indicated by the ten strokes below the crescent. When this moon was one day old, a woman falsely accused of being with another man was whipped by her husband; indicated by the figure of a woman with a rod touching her head and one stroke below.

Ä`gâ´nti. The first syllable of the name, ä, signifies a feather. Anko has therefore indicated the moon in its serial order by the figure of a feather above the crescent. No event is recorded. The three strokes show that he drew the picture on the third day of the moon.

Tépgañ P'a. The name means "Geese-going moon," and the crescent lines inverted above the regular moon crescent is intended for a conventional representation of a double line of flying geese (see next figure). The rest of the picture means that his wagon was stalled on the second day of this moon.

Gañhíña P'a (January? 1890). "Real-goose moon," the name being indicated by the picture of a double line of flying geese; the single stroke and the boot record the fact that the issue of annuity goods for the year began on the first day of this moon.

Ka`gúăt P'a Sän. The name, "Little-bud moon," is indicated by the figure of a budding tree above the crescent. The mares foal now; shown by the picture of a horse. He says the whites usually begin to plow now. It was drawn on the first day (one stroke) of the moon.

Ka`gúăt P'a, "Bud moon." Indicated by a tree with red buds. The rude figure of an ax sticking in the tree shows that he began to split rails in this moon.

Aideñ P'a, "leaf moon." The name is indicated by the figure of a tree with green leaves. He lost his horses, hunted, found them, and drove them home; shown by the representation of horses and horse tracks.

Pai Ä`gâ´nti. There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. In this moon (about May, 1890) the Kiowa, having first heard of the ghost-dance messiah, went and camped with the Arapaho and Cheyenne to learn more about it from them. It is indicated by pictures of the three tipis above the crescent.

Pai Tépgañ P'a. There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. They went again to the Cheyenne when the moon was two days old (two strokes) and danced the ghost dance with them for the first time. The picture shows two persons wearing the head feather and holding hands as in the ghost dance.

Pai Gañhíña P'a (July, 1890). There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. In this moon, on July 20, 1890, the agent sent troops to prevent the sun dance, as already related (see summer 1890); there was also a payment of grass money by the cattlemen on the third day of the moon. The record is made by means of the picture of the decorated medicine pole, the three circles for dollars, and the three strokes for the time. This ends his first year of moons.

T'águñótal P'a Sän. No event is recorded. The name of the moon is indicated by means of a figure intended to represent the antlers of a deer.

T'águñótal P'a. The artist has tried to indicate the name of the moon, as before, by a picture of the branching antlers of a deer, under the human figure, intended for Ä´piatañ, who went during this moon to visit the ghost dance messiah, as already narrated. (See winter 1890—91.)

Gákiñăt'o P'a. The moon name is indicated as before. In this month Sitting-bull, the Arapaho apostle of the ghost dance, came to teach the doctrine to the Kiowa, and a great ghost dance was held on the Washita; this was about October, 1890 (see winter 1890—91). The human figure beside the buffalo indicates the name "Sitting-bull."

Ä`gâ´nti. The moon name is indicated as before. No event is recorded.

Tépgañ P'a (January, 1891). It is indicated in the regular way. In this moon the three schoolboys were frozen to death, as already related (winter 1890—91); they ran away from the school on January 9, 1891, and are represented by the figures as wearing hats and holding out a book. Anko drew only two figures, but explains that "everybody knows there were three."

Gañhíña P'a. The moon is indicated as before. The annuity issue was made in this moon, shown by the pictures of a boot and a blanket. This was about the end of January, 1891.

Ka`gúăt P'a Sän (February, 1891). The moon is indicated in the regular way, and the rude human figure is intended by the artist for Ä´piatañ, who returned this month (February, 1891) from his visit to the Indian messiah (see winter 1890—91). The two strokes show that he returned, or that the picture was drawn, on the second day of the moon.

Ka`gúăt P'a. It is indicated as before by means of a budding tree. The agent issued wire for fencing, shown by a reel of wire upon the tree, with a single stroke for the date.

Aídeñ P'a. It is indicated as before by a tree in foliage. No event is recorded.

Pai Ä`gâ´nti (June, 1891). There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. About this time a commission came to negotiate with the Caddo and Wichita for a sale of their reservation; an agreement was reached in June, 1891 (Report, 117). The figure shows a white man and an Indian beside a sectional figure to represent the allotments of lands, with circles above for the purchase money.

Pai Tépgañ P'a (July, 1891). There is nothing to distinguish the moon. In this moon occurs the Fourth of July, on which occasion there are always great gatherings of the Indians for races at Fort Sill and Anadarko. Anko ran races with the rest, but lost his bet. The figure shows a quirt and a dollar, for the race and the bet.

Pai Gañhíña P'a. There is nothing to show the name of the moon. A young man "stole" the wife of Paul Sétk`opte, indicated by the picture of a woman beside a man wearing a pair of buffalo horns, Sétk`opte when a boy having been known as "Buffalo-horns." This ends the second year of the calendar.

T'águñótal P'a Sän. The figure at the extreme top is intended for a deer antler, to indicate the name of the moon. The Kiowa visited the Cheyenne to dance the "Pueblo dance," which they obtained originally from the Pueblo Indians, and received in return several war-bonnets as presents; in this dance the men carry rattles in their hands, and the women follow behind. The picture shows a man wearing a war-bonnet and holding out a rattle, while a woman follows him.

T'águñótal P'a. The moon is distinguished as before by a picture of a deer antler above the principal figure, which, although rudely drawn, is intended for a man with a snake near his head; this records the killing of P'odalä´ñte, "Coming-snake," as already related (see summer 1891).

Gákiñat'o P'a. The moon is distinguished as before by the ten strokes below the crescent. In this moon T'enétaide, "Bird-chief," alias P'ató, was sick, and they made "medicine" for his recovery, indicated by the picture of the sacred pipe; in this moon also Anko cut wood for the government, noted in the figure of a man with an ax beside a tree. The two strokes within the crescent may refer to the date either of one of the events noted or to the day on which the picture was drawn.

Ä`gâ´nti (November, 1892). The name of this moon is indicated as before by the picture of a feather above the crescent; the crescent itself is filled in with black between the horns to note the fact of the total lunar eclipse of November 4, 1892, as recorded by the Nautical Almanac.

Tépgañ P'a. The name of the moon is indicated as in the first instance. No event is recorded. The two strokes may mark the date of the drawing.

Gañhíña P'a. There is nothing to indicate the name of the month. The annuity issue of clothing, etc, about the beginning of the year 1892, is recorded as before by means of conventional representations of a boot and a blanket.

Ka`gúăt P'a Sän. The moon is distinguished as before, and the issue of wire for fencing, which occurs usually in early spring and soon after the annuity issue, is indicated as before by a reel of wire upon the tree.

Ka`gúăt P'a. The moon is distinguished in the regular way. In this month he removed from the winter camp near the agency to his home camp near the mountains; the tipi picture records the fact. In the same moon came a late frost which killed the springing vegetation; the cross notes the fact, being a pictorial representation of the gesture sign for "cut off," "stopped," or "ended."

Aíden P'a (April, 1892). The moon is distinguished as before by the figure of a tree in full foliage. The picture of the wagons records the appearance of emigrants in the Cheyenne country, which was formally opened for settlement on April 19, 1892.

Pai Ä`gâ´nti. There is nothing to distinguish the moon. A Ute captive named Íatäkía, "Ute-man," died, and the fact is noted in the picture of a man with his hand pointing downward; in accordance with the tribal custom, Anko for a long time refused to pronounce the name of the dead man. In this moon also began a grass payment, indicated by means of circles for dollars.

Pai Tépgañ P'a. There is nothing to distinguish the moon. He notes the great measles epidemic of the spring of 1892 (see summer 1892), and the finishing of the grass payment, by pictures respectively of a human figure with red blotches and of circles for dollars. Two strokes may indicate the date of the drawing.

Pai Gañhíña P'a (July, 1892). There is nothing to distinguish the month. The picture of a man and horse records the occurrence of the Fourth of July races.

T'águñótal P'a Sän. The moon is distinguished by the figure of a deer antler above the principal picture, which is intended to record the visit of a large party of Cheyenne and Arapaho in full dress, for dancing purposes; they arrived on July 29,1892, and remained about two weeks.

MILITARY AND TRADING POSTS, MISSIONS, ETC, WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE ACCOMPANYING MAP

ARIZONA

• Apache—1870—Existing.
• Barrett—May-July, 1862.
• Beale's Springs—1871—1874.
• Bowie—1862—1894.
• Breckenridge—1860—1862.
• Buchanan—1856—1861.
• Cameron, Camp—1866—1867.
• Crittenden—1868—1873.
• Date Creek, Camp—1867—1873.
• Defiance (now Navaho Agency)—1852—1861.
• Ganado, or Pueblo Colorado (trading place of Cotton & Hubbell)—Existing.
• Goodwin, Camp—1864—1871.
• Grant, Camp (old)—1865—1872.
• Grant—1872—Existing.
• Huachuca—1877—Existing.
• Hualpai, Camp—1869—1873.
• Keam's (trading place)—1869—Existing.
• Lowell—1862—1891.
• McDowell—1865—1891.
• Mason—1865—1866.
• Mohave—1859—1890.
• Pinal, Camp—1870—1871.
• Rawlings, Camp—1870.
• Reno, Camp—1867—1870.
• Round Rock (trading place)—
• Rucker, Camp J. A.—1878—1880.
• San Carlos (subpost of Fort Grant)—1882—Existing.
• San Xavier del Bac Mission (Catholic)—Church erected, 1699; mission abandoned, 1750; reoccupied, 1752; practically abandoned as a mission, 1828.
• Supply, Camp (old)—
• Thomas—1876—1892.
• Tubac (presidio and mission)—1752; presidio transferred to Tucson, 1772; reestablished, 1824, but evidently abandoned as presidio and mission shortly afterward.
• Tucson—Visita of San Xavier about 1772, when presidio was transferred from Tubac; abolished as a presidio at beginning of Mexican war.
• Tumacacori Mission (Catholic)—Established between 1699 and 1701; practically destroyed by Apaches, 1769; reoccupied about 1784; destroyed again by Apaches, 1820.
• Verde—1866—1891.
• Wallen, Camp—1866—1869.
• Whipple—1864—1898.
• Whipple, Camp (old)—1863—1864.
• Willow Grove, Camp—1867—1869.

ARKANSAS

• Smith—1817—1871.

CALIFORNIA

• Yuma—1850—1883.

COLORADO

• Bent's (old)—1834—1867: Originally established as a trading post by Charles Bent and Ceran St Vrain in 1834, sometimes known as Fort William. In 1860 it was occupied by the United States as a part of the new Fort Wise, established adjoining in that summer, and sometimes known as Old Fort Lyon. In 1867 Fort Wise was abandoned and (New) Fort Lyon established, the buildings of Bent's Fort being then in ruins.
• Bent's (new)—1852—1853.
• Collins—1864—1866.
• Crawford—1880—1890.
• Garland, or Massachusetts—1850—1883.
• Lewis—1878.
• Logan—1889—Existing.
• Lupton—
• Lyon (new)—1867—1889.
• Morgan—1865—1868.
• Pike's Blockhouse—1806.
• Pike's Fort—1807.
• Reynolds—1867—1872.
• Sedgwick—1864—1871.
• St Vrain's, trading post of Bent and St Vrain—1826—1847.
• White River, Camp on—1891.
• William—see Bent's (old).
• Wise, or Old Fort Lyon—1860—1867—see Bent's (old).

IDAHO

• Boisé (Hudson Bay Company and United States)—United States, 1863—Existing.
• Cœur d'Alène or Sherman—1878—Existing.
• Hall (Hudson Bay Company and United States—before 1844)—1883.
• Henry's (Missouri Fur Company)—1809—1811.
• Lapwai—1862—1885.
• Lyon, Camp—1865.
• Sacred Heart Mission (Catholic)—1842—Existing.
• Sherman—see Cœur d'Alène.
• Winthrop, Camp—1866.

INDIAN TERRITORY AND OKLAHOMA

• Arbuckle, Camp (on Canadian)—1850—1851.
• Arbuckle, Fort (new—near Washita)—1851—1870.
• Arbuckle Fort (old—on Arkansas)—June-November, 1834.
• Augur, Camp—1884 (summer).
• Cantonment—1879—Existing.
• Chouteau's—Camp Holmes, of treaty conference in 1835; Chouteau's trading post 1835—38.
• Cobb—1859—1869.
• Coffee—1834—1838.
• Gibson—Trading post 1822; United States 1824.
• Holmes, Camp—see Chouteau's.
• Holmes, Fort—
• McCulloch—
• Madison's—see "Tométe's."
• Radziminski, Camp—1858—1859.
• Reno—1874—Existing.
• Sill—1869—Existing.
• Supply—1868—1894.
• "Tométe's"—Trading post established in 1836; same site occupied by Madison in 1869.
• Towson—1824—1854.
• Washita—1842—1861.
• Wayne—1838—1842.

IOWA

• Dodge, or Clarke—1850—1853.

KANSAS

• Atkinson—1850—1854.
• Beecher, Camp—1868—1869.
• Chouteau's—1845.
• Dodge—1865—1882.
• Harker (at Ellsworth)—1864—1873.
• Hays—1865—1889.
• Larned—1859—1878.
• Leavenworth—1827—Existing.
• Lincoln—1863—1864.
• Mann—trading post, marked on map of 1846.
• Riley—1853—Existing.
• Scott—1842—1865.
• Wallace—1865—1882.
• Zarah—1864—1869.

MINNESOTA

• Ridgely—1853—1867.
• Ripley—1849—1877.

MISSOURI

• Carondelet (Chouteau's)—1790.
• Osage—1809—1835.

MONTANA

• Alexander (American Fur Company)—1842.
• Assinniboine—1879—Existing.
• Belknap—
• Benton (American Fur Company and United States)—United States, 1869—1881.
• Browning—
• Canby, Camp—
• Charles—
• Clagett—
• Cook, Camp—1866—1870.
• Custer—1877—Existing.
• Ellis—1867—1886.
• Galpin—
• Gilbert—
• Harrison—1895 (September)—Existing.
• Hawley—
• Keogh—1877—Existing.
• Kipp—
• La Barge—1862.
• Lewis, Camp—1874.
• Lisa's (Missouri Fur Company), a. 1808—9; b. 1807—8, later site of Fort Van Buren.
• Logan—1869—1880.
• Maginnis (on Box Elder creek)—1890.
• McGinnis (on Birch creek)—
• McIntosh, Camp—
• Merritt, Camp (subpost of Fort Keogh)—1892 (October)—Existing.
• Missoula—1877—1898.
• Owen (trading)—see St. Mary's Mission.
• Pease—1875—1876.
• Peck—
• Poplar River, Camp—1882—1893.
• Saint Ignatius Mission (Catholic)—1851.
• Saint Mary's Mission (Catholic)—1841—1850, then changed to trading post, Fort Owen.
• Saint Peter's Mission (Catholic)—
• Sarpy (America Fur Company)—1850.
• Shaw—1867—1891.
• Smith, O. F.—1866—1868.
• Stewart—
• Turnay—
• Union—American Fur Company, 1832; United States, 1867.
• Van Buren or Tullock (American Fur Company)—1839—1841; see Lisa's.

NEBRASKA

• Atkinson, or Calhoun—1821—1827.
• Bellevue (Missouri Fur Company; American Fur Company; agency; mission)—1805—1854.
• Crook—1896 (June)—Existing.
• Hartsuff—1874—1881.
• Kearney (old)—1847—1848.
• Kearney (new)—1848—1871.
• McPherson—1863—1866.
• Niobrara—1880—Existing.
• North Platte station—1867—1878.
• Omaha—1868—1896.
• Red Willow, Camp—1872.
• Robinson—1874—Existing.
• Ruggles, Camp—1874.
• Sheridan, Camp—1874—1881.
• Sidney—1867—1894.

NEVADA

• Halleck—1877—1886.
• Ruby, Camp—1862—1869.

NEW MEXICO

• Albuquerque, Post—1846—1867.
• Bascom—1863—1870.
• Bayard—1866—Existing.
• Burgwin, Cantonment—1852—1860.
• Conrad—1851—1854.
• Craig—1854—1885.
• Cimarron or Maxwell's Ranch, trading post, established about 1848; occupied as Ute and Jicarilla agency, 1861—1872.
• Cummings—1863—1886.
• Defiance—see under Arizona.
• Fillmore—1851—1861.
• Las Cruces—1863—1865.
• Las Lunas—1852—1862.
• Los Pinos—1862—1866.
• Lowell—1866—1869.
• Lyon—see Wingate.
• McLane—1860—1861.
• McRae—1863—1876.
• Marcy—1846—1897.
• Mimbres—
• Selden—1865—1891.
• Stanton—1856—1896.
• Sumner—1862—1869.
• Thorn—1853—1859.
• Tularosa—1872—1874.
• Union—1851—1891.
• West—1863—1864.
• Wingate (old)—1862—1868.
• Wingate—Fort Lyon 1860—1861; Wingate 1868—Existing.

NORTH DAKOTA

• Abercrombie—1858—1878.
• Bad Lands, Camp—1879—1883.
• Berthold—American Fur Company, 1845—1862; United States, 1865—1867.
• Buford—1866—1895.
• Clark—
• Lincoln, A.—1872—1891.
• Mandan—Lewis and Clark, winter 1804—05.
• Pembina—1870—1895.
• Ransom—1867—1872.
• Rice—1864—1878.
• Seward—abandoned 1877.
• Standing Rock Agency (at Fort Yates)—1874—Existing.
• Stevenson—1867—1883.
• Totten—1867—1890.
• Yates—1878—Existing.

SOUTH DAKOTA

• Bennett (Cheyenne River Agency)—1870—1891.
• Dakota—1865—1869.
• George—
• Hale—1870—1884.
• James—1865—1866.
• Lookout—trading post; United States, 1856—1867.
• Meade—1878—Existing.
• Pierre—American Fur Company, 1819; United States, 1865—1867.
• Ponca—1865—1866.
• Randall—1856—1892.
• Sisseton—1864—1889.
• Sully—1866—1894.
• Sully (old)—1863—1866.
• Thompson (Crow Creek agency)—1864—1867.

TEXAS

• Anderson's, trading post—
• Barnard's, trading post—
• Belknap—1851—1867.
• Bliss—1848—Existing.
• Brown—1846—Existing.
• Chadbourne—1852—1867.
• Charlotte, Camp—
• Clark—1852—Existing.
• Colorado, Camp—1856—1861.
• Concho—1867—1889.
• Cooper, Camp—1856—1861.
• Davis—1854—1891.
• Del Rio, Camp—1876—1891.
• Duncan (afterward Eagle Pass)—1849—1883.
• Eagle Pass (subpost of Fort Clark)—1883—Existing.
• Elliott—1875—1890.
• Esperanza (Confederate)—1862—1864.
• Espiritu Santo Mission (Catholic)—
• Ewell—1852—1854.
• Gates—1849—1852.
• Graham—1849—1853.
• Griffin—1867—1881.
• Hancock—1884—1895.
• Hudson, Camp—1857—1868.
• Inge—1849—1869.
• Lancaster, Camp—1856—1861.
• Leaton—1846——.
• McIntosh—1849—Existing.
• McKavett—1852—1883.
• Martin Scott—1848—1866.
• Mason—1851—1869.
• Merrill—1850—1855.
• Parker's—1835.
• Peña Colorado—1892.
• Phantom Hill—1851—1854.
• Polk—1846—1850.
• Quitman—1858—1877.
• Richardson—1867—1878.
• Ringgold—1848—Existing.
• Sam Houston (formerly Fort San Antonio, at San Antonio)—1845—Existing.
• San Rosario Mission (Catholic)—
• San Saba, Camp—1851.
• Scott, Camp M. J.—1854.
• Sherman—(in 1856.)
• Stockton—1859—1886.
• Terret—1852—1854.
• Torrey's, trading post (in 1843.)
• Verde, Camp—1856—1869.
• Wood, Camp—1857—1861.
• Worth—1849—1853.

UTAH

• Cameron—1872—1885.
• Douglas—1862—Existing.
• Du Chesne—1886—Existing.
• Thornburgh—1882—1883.
• Uintah (trading post)—before 1844.

WASHINGTON

• Colville (Hudson Bay Company)—1820—1864.
• Okinakane (Hudson Bay Company)—1811—1862.
• Saint Ignatius Mission (Catholic)—1844.
• Spokane—1880—Existing.
• Waiilatpu (Protestant, at Whitman)—1838.

WYOMING

• Augur, Camp—see Washakie.
• Bonneville—
• Bridger—American Fur Company, about 1820; United States, 1842—1890.
• Brown, Camp—see Washakie.
• Casper—1863—1867.
• Fetterman—1867—1882.
• Halleck—1862—1866.
• Kearney—1866—1868.
• Laramie—American Fur Company, 1834; United States, 1849—1890.
• McKinney—1877—1894.
• Pilot Butte, Camp (subpost of Fort Russell)—1885 (October)—Existing.
• Russell—1867—Existing.
• Sanders—1866—1882.
• Stambaugh, Camp—1870—1878.
• Steel—1868—1883.
• Washakie, or Camp Brown (Shoshoni and Arapaho agency). Established as Camp Augur, later called Camp Brown, finally Fort Washakie—1869—Existing.
• Yellowstone—1883—Existing.

THE KIOWA LANGUAGE

CHARACTERISTICS

So far as at present known, the Kiowa language has no affinity with any other, but it is possible that closer study and more abundant material will establish its connection with some one of the linguistic stocks on the headwaters of the Missouri and the Columbia, the region from which the tribe has migrated to the south. All of the language that has hitherto been printed is comprised in a list of one hundred and eighty words collected by Bartlett in 1852 ("Personal Narrative," 1854), and in fifteen songs of the ghost dance, published by the author in 1896 in the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. To these may be added a few words and sentences printed in phonetic type in a little paper called "The Glorious Sun," published at irregular intervals in 1895 at Anadarko by Lewis D. Hadley. There is also in possession of the Bureau an extended manuscript vocabulary with texts collected on the reservation by Albert S. Gatschet in 1880.

Although the Kiowa language is really vocalic, nearly every syllable ending in a vowel and there being but few double consonants, yet the frequency of the explosive or aspirated sounds renders it unpleasing to the ear and unfitted for melodious musical composition, such as we find in the Arapaho and Caddo songs. It has, however, a forcible effect in oratory on account of the strong distinct enunciation of nearly every vowel and syllable, the vigor of the gutturals and dentals, and the redundance of the sonorous o. The distinct emphasis put upon nearly every syllable gives to sentences the effect of a chant or recitation, while the frequent rising inflection lends a querulous tone to an ordinary conversation.

The language lacks f, v, and r. In attempting to pronounce English words, p, b, and l are substituted, respectively, for these sounds, while ch is changed to ts. The diphthong au is also wanting, and short û occurs only in a few words of foreign origin. With the exception of ă short or obscure, the vowels are generally long. D has a slight explosive sound and approximates t. Before l it is softened or sometimes even entirely elided, the vowel being lengthened to supply the hiatus. Thus in Bartlett's vocabulary we find ol, k'ul, and kol for âdal, k`odal, and gadal. The same change is made by the Kiowa in pronouncing English words of like character, as sā̈̈l for saddle. The most common vowel sounds are a, ä, e, and o; â with certain speakers becomes o, and e is weakened to i. Nasal vowels are frequent. There are several aspirated or medial sounds and a strong explosive k`. Below is given the list of sounds according to the Bureau system, nasals being indicated by ñ. A frequent rising inflection at the end of words, represented by some authors by means of a final h, is here indicated by the accent ´.

Like all other living languages, the Kiowa is undergoing a process of gradual change, and many archaic forms and expressions are used by the old men, particularly in reciting myths, which are unknown or difficult of interpretation by the younger people. The same fact has been noted among other tribes (Matthews, 5). The changes are more rapid in Kiowa on account of the tribal custom, already mentioned, of substituting new words for any which suggest the name of a person recently deceased. Even such common words as dog, bird, and moccasin have thus been entirely changed within a few years, and some old men remember as many as three different words used at different periods for the same object. As this process has been going on for an indefinite length of time, it of course adds difficulties to the work of investigating the linguistic affinities of the language. In most, if not all cases, however, the new word is not an actual new creation, but a new combination of old root forms.

In most tribes we find the priests using in their ceremonial rites a peculiar dialect, full of archaic forms and figurative expressions unintelligible to the common people. This is probably true also of the Kiowa.

Traces of dialectic forms appear in the language, and from this fact and from statements of the old people, it is probable that some at least of the six recognized Kiowa tribal divisions previously described, were originally distinct, but cognate and allied, tribes, speaking different dialects. The extinct K`uăto particularly are said to have spoken the language in a peculiar manner.

A few words from other Indian languages, occurring in the text, are also included in the glossary. Corrupted popular forms of Indian words are printed in capital letters.

Sounds

• a (long)—pa, buffalo bull.
• ă (short or obscure)—guăt, picture.
• â (deep, varying to o)—âdal, hair.
• ä (German ä)—tägyĭ, wild sage.
• e (long, varying to i)—pe, sand.
• i (long)—piă, fire.
• ĭ (short) not frequent.
• o (long; sometimes substituted for â or ă´ accented)—po, trap.
• u (long)—gu´ădal, red.
• ŭ (short) not common.
• û (not common, only in foreign words)—Pä´súñko, Paseños of El Paso.
• ai—pai, sun.
• ñ (nasalized vowel)—tseñ, horse.
• b—bot, stomach.
• d (slightly explosive)—do´, tipi; doha, bluff.
• d (evanescent)—âdal, hair.
• g (sometimes approaching the sound of k)—go, and; gadal, buffalo.
• h—ho´an, road, trail.
• k—kop, pain.
• k` (explosive)—k`op, mountain.
• l—älo´, wild plum.
• m—mă´să´, six.
• n—onhä´te, bear.
• p—po, trap.
• p' (aspirated)—p'o, beaver.
• s (there is no sh)—sen, nostril.
• t—tem, bone.
• t' (aspirate)—t'a, ear; t'aiñ, white.
• w (very rare)—Woháte, a personal name.
• y—yi´a, two.
• z—ze´bat, arrow.

KIOWA-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

• a—a game; do´-a´, tso´ñ-a´, etc.
• ä—(1) feathers; singular, ägo, in composition, ä-; (2) trees, bushes, timber, wood, plants; singular ä´do, in composition ä-. Pep, literally "bush," is now frequently used on account of the recent death of a person in whose name ädo occurs as a component.
• ää̆´—I come or approach; I came, ätsä´n; he or they came (sometimes used for return), tsän; come (imp. sing.) imä̆´.
• Ä´anoñ´te—see Doha´sän (2).
• ä´-ä´oto´n—a timber clearing; from ä and ä´oto´n, q.v.
• Ä´bä´dlo´—"timber hill, or ridge" from ä and bä´dlo´, q.v.; a bluff or hill closing in upon the bottom on the south side of the Washita at the Kiowa winter camp, 4 miles above the agency.
• Ä´bäho´ko—Navaho; the old name, derived from the word Navaho; now more frequently called Kotse´nto, "muddy bodies" (tse´n, mud), from an alleged custom of painting themselves with clay. Sign (1) "Mountain people," same as for the Ute (see I´ătä´go); (2) "Knife-whetters," same as for Apache (see Tagu´i).
• abiñ´—tripe; the principal stomach of the buffalo or cow.
• a´da´—island.
• â´dal—hair; â´daltem (literally, hair bone), head, in composition sometimes âdal-.
• ´dalbea´hya—the eucharistic "medicine" of the Kiowa, derived from the Sun-boy; sometimes called the Tä´lyi-da´-i, "Boy medicine," (page 238). The name refers in some way to the scalps with which it is covered, from â´dal, hair.
• ä´dăldä—repeated (said of a ceremony), and hence might also be rendered "united" or "union," as applied to two ceremonies near together; gi´ä´dăldäa´mo, they will repeat the ceremony; gi´ä´dăldäa´mi, they have repeated the ceremony. The common word for often, or repetition, is a`pa´, as a`pa´ gyäda´mo, I am repeating or have repeated it, I have done it several times or often.
• â´dalda-`gu´ăn—the scalp dance; literally "hair-kill dance," from âdal, dă, and gu´ăn, q.v.; scalp (noun), ä`tä´t (see Winter 1849—50).
• â´dalhabä´—"sloping or one-sided hair," from â´dal and habä´, q.v.; a style of hair dress in which the hair upon the right side of the head is shaved close so as to display the ear pendants, while left full length on the left side.
• ´dalhabä´-k`ia—"´dalhabä´-man," a noted Kiowa chief killed in Texas in 1841 (see Winter 1841—42). The name refers to his peculiar hairdress, from âdalhabä´ and k`ia, q.v.
• âdalhâñ´gya—money; literally "hair metal," from â´dal and hâ´ñgya, q. v. (for explanation of name, see Winter 1832—33); softened to â`lhâñgya or o`lhoñ´gya. Cf. go´m-â´dal-hâ´ñgya.
• â´dalka´-i—foolish, crazy (temporarily); from â´dal-, head, in composition. Harmlessly demented, â´dalka´-idă´; stupid, â´dalka´yom; he has become crazy, â´dalka´yom-dehe´dal.
• ´dalka´-ido´ha´—"crazy bluff;" a bluff on the south side of Bear creek, near its head, between Cimarron and Arkansas rivers, near the western Kansas line. So called on account of a rejoicing there over a Caddo scalp (see Winter 1860—61).
• â´dalka´-igihä—a crest or topknot, from â´dal and ka´-igihä´, q.v. The kingfisher is called âdalka´-igihä´, on account of his topknot.
• ´dalk`ato´i-go—Nez Percés; "people with hair cut round across the forehead," from â´dal, k`ato´i, and -go, q. v. Identified by means of a picture of Chief Joseph. Sign: Right forefinger drawn around across forehead.
• ´dalpe´pte—"bushy hair," an old Kiowa warrior, commonly known as Frizzle-head; from â´dal, pep, and te, q. v. Âdalpep is also the name of a specific variety of bush.
• ´daltädo—see K`apä´to.
• â´daltem—head or skull, literally "hair bone," from â´dal and tem, q. v. In composition it becomes âdal- or â´daltoñ, the latter being the plural form.
• ´daltem-etku´egan-de p'a—"head-dragging creek," from â´daltem, etku´egan, -de, and p'a, q.v.; a small tributary of Clear fork of the Brazos (Äse´se p'a) in Texas (see Winter 1837—38).
• â´daltoñ—heads, plural form of âdaltem, q. v. The plural form is commonly used in the composition of proper names, as Âdaltoñ-edal, "Big-head;" Sapo´dal-adaltoñ p'a, "Owl-head creek." This pluralizing of proper name forms is common also in other Indian languages.
• ´daltoñ-â´dalka´-igihä´go—Ponka; "Crested-head people," on account of their peculiar headdress, consisting of a ridge of erect hair along the top of the head from front to back, like the crest of an ancient helmet; from â´daltoñ, â´dalka´-igihä´, and go, q. v. Cf. ´daltoñ-ka´-igihä´go.
• ´daltoñ-e´dal—"Big-head," from â´daltoñ and edal, q. v.; (1) a prominent Kiowa warrior who died in the winter of 1863—64; (2) a chief still living, nephew and namesake of the other, commonly known as Comalty, from his former name Gomä´te, which can not be translated.
• ´daltoñ-ka´-igihä´go—Flatheads, literally "compressed head people," from â´daltoñ, ka´-igihä´, and go, q. v. They are sometimes also called ´daltoñ-k`iägo, "Head people." The Kiowa indicate them in the sign language by a gesture as if compressing the head between the hands. Cf. ´daltoñ-â´dalka´-ijihä´go.
• ´daltoñ-k`i´ägo—See the preceding.
• ä´dalto´yi—wild sheep; plural ä´dalto´yui; the name refers to their going in droves or herds; also called teñbe, plural te´ñbeyu´i.
• Ä´dalto´yui—"Wild Sheep," one of the six military orders of the Kiowa (see 142), from âdalto´yi, q. v. They are also called Teñ´beyu´i, from teñ´be, another name for the same animal.
• Ä´dăm—the Kiowa name of agent Charles E. Adams (1889—1891); a corruption of his proper name.
• Ä´da´n—"Timber pass," locative Ä´da´ngyă, from ä, dan, and gyă, q. v.; the valley along Ä´da´n p'a, q. v.
• Ä´da´n p'a—"Timber-pass creek," from ä, dan, and p'a, q. v.; a creek north of Mount Scott, flowing south into Medicine-bluff creek, on the reservation. Se´t-ĭmki´a, Gaa´piatañ, and other prominent Kiowa live upon it.
• A`da´te—"Island," from a`da´, q. v.; head chief of the Kiowa in 1833, superseded by the great Dohasän.
• Addo Eta—see Ä´do-ee´tte.
• ä´`de—an idol or amulet carried on the person. Cf. Ä´`dek`i´a.
• Ä´`dek`i´a—"Idol-man," from ä´`de and k`i´a, q. v.; a Kiowa warrior, so called because he always carried an unknown ä´`de a pouch slung from his shoulder.
• Ä´`dek`i´a-de p'a—Buck or Clear creek, which enters Red river at the corner of the reservation; literally "Ä´`dek`i´a's river" (see the preceding), because he died there.
• ä´do or ädă´—tree, shrub, timber; plural ä, q. v.
• Ädo´ä p'a—Mule creek, between Medicine-lodge creek and Salt fork of the Arkansas, Oklahoma; literally "timber windbreak creek," from, ä and doä, q. v.; so called from a circular opening in the timber, resembling a windbreak. Another informant says it was so called because frequented by the Pawnee, who used always to build such wind-breaks about their camps.
• ä´do-byu´ñi—a circular opening in timber; from ä´do and byu´ñi, q. v.
• Ä´do-ee´tä-de p'a—Valley creek (?); a northern tributary of Elm fork in Greer county, Oklahoma; the Ataway-taiti Pau, of the map in U. S. Sup. Ct., Greer county case, I, 652; literally "big tree creek," from ädo, ee´t, -de, and p'a. So called on account of a large cottonwood formerly growing on its east bank, which required seven men to span it. It was afterward cut down by Mexicans. The form is plural. Cf. Ä´gi´ăni p'a. It was also known as Tseñtän p'a, from the Tseñtänmo military order.
• Ä´do-ee´tte—"Big-tree," from ä´do, ee´t or e´dăl, and te; a prominent Kiowa chief, still living; spelled Addo Eta by Battey.
• Ä´do´mko—"people under the trees, timber people," from ä, dom, and ko; a collective term for the immigrant tribes from the gulf states, now in Indian Territory, the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Caddo. Individual tribes are known also by special names, as Tsĕ´roki (Cherokee), Masko´ki (Creek), Ma´sep' (Caddo).
• A-ei-kenda (Apache)—"The One who is Surrendered;" the name with dering as given in the treaty, of a Kiowa Apache chief who signed the treaty of 1837.
• A`ga´bai´—"On-top-of-the-hill; a Kiowa woman killed by her husband in 1876—77.
• Ä´`g'a´do—"wailing sun dance," from a´`gyä and g'ado. The sun dance of 1837, so called on account of the wailing for warriors killed by the Cheyenne.
• ä`ga´-i—a species of hawk.
• Ä`ga´-i p'a—(1) "hawk creek;" the east fork of Elk creek on the reservation; (2) an upper branch of White river, of the Brazos, Texas.
• ä´`ga´n—see gyä´`gan.
• Ä`gâ´nti—a moon or month including parts of October and November, from ä`gâ´ntsän, q. v. Sometimes also called Ä´`gântsä´nha, or Sä-kop p'a, "midwinter moon," from sä-kop and p'a. (See page 368.)
• ä`gâ´ntsän—an irregular verb about equivalent to "I am coming soon," or "wait until I come." Hi´tugŭ´ ä`gâ´ntsän, "wait and I'll go."
• Ä`gâ´ntsä´nha—see Ä`gâ´nti.
• a´`gat—pimple.
• a´`gat-ho´dal—measles, "pimple sickness," from a´`gat and ho´dal.
• Ä´gi´ăni p'a—the middle fork of Elk creek of Red river, on the reservation; "long, or tall, tree creek," from ä, g´iăni and p'a; so called on account of a very large tree formerly upon it. Cf. Ä´do-ee´tä-de p'a. Marcy in 1852 notes large cottonwoods on the South Canadian about 101^c, one being 19¹/₂ feet in circumference 5 feet from the ground.
• Ä´`go´tä—chinaberry tree or palo duro; "hard wood tree," from ä, got, and ä.
• Ä`go´tä p'a—"Chinaberry creek;" Palo-duro creek, in the panhandle of Texas.
• Ägu´at—see Sä´k'ota.
• Ägun´tä p'a—Washita river; "tipi-pole timber river," from ä, guntä, and p'a.
• a´`gyä—lamentation, wailing, crying; a loud, general, and continuous wailing, as for the dead. It has no verbal form. Crying (n.), a´lyi; I cry, äa´lyi.
• Ä´gya´i`ko—Penätĕ´`ka Comanche; "timber Comanche," from ä and Gyai`ko. Their Comanche name, Penätĕ´ka or Penätĕ´`ka, signifies "honey eaters."
• äha´gyä—they took it (a quantity or number, as of cattle or money, either by trade or force). The verb has no present. gyäha´gyä, I have taken it (animate object or money); gyäta´gyä, I have taken it (inanimate object).
• ahi´ñ—cedar; "conspicuous," "peculiar," on account of its green appearance in winter; said also of a pinto horse, a finely dressed chief, etc. Cf. ä´hi´ñ, "principal tree," i. e., the cottonwood.
• Ahi´ñ do´ha—"cedar bluff," from ahi´ñ and doha; a bluff on the north side of Smoky-hill river, about opposite the mouth of Timber creek, near Fort Hays, Kansas.
• Ahi´ña toñ—"cedar spring," from ahi´ñ and toñtep; a water hole on the Staked plain in Texas or New Mexico.
• Ah-pe-ah-tone—see Ä´piatañ.
• Ah-te-es-ta—see Äte´stisti.
• Ä´hyäto—Southern Arapaho; plural, Ä´hyädal. The name can not be interpreted or explained by the Kiowa, but is the same name applied to the wild plum bush; the first syllable, ä, may mean tree, bush, or timber. The Kiowa formerly called the Southern Arapaho Komse´ka-k`i´ñähyu´p, "men of the worn-out leggings," from komse´, ka´ti, and k`iñ´ähi. T'ebodal, the oldest man in the tribe, says that the name Ä´hyäto was formerly applied to the Osage (see K`apä´to), but was changed on account of a death and revived for another tribe. The Kiowa called the Northern Arapaho of Wyoming Tägyä´ko, "wild sage people" (from tä´gyĭ and ko or k`iäko), and the Arapaho Grosventres, living with the Blackfeet, they call Botk`i´ägo, "belly people" (from bot and k`i´ägo).
• ai´deñ—leaves, foliage.
• Aideñ P'a—a moon or month including parts of March and April; "leaf or foliage moon," from ai´deñ and p'a.
• A´ideñ-gyägu´ădal-om´gyä-i—see Pao´ngya.
• Ai´koñ p'a—"dark-timber, i. e., shady, river," from ä, koñ and p'a; (1) Pawnee fork of Arkansas river in Kansas, also called Mâ´nka-gu´ădal-de p'a, from a Comanche chief named Mâ´nka-gu´ădal, q. v., who was killed there; (2) Boggy creek, tributary of the South Canadian, on the Wichita reservation, sometimes called Gi´atä P'ada´ti, "ridge creek, or backbone creek," from gi´apa´-iñgya, on account of a high ridge which separates it from the South Canadian (see also Aikoñ tsen p'a).
• Ai'koñ P'a Sole´go or Ai´koñ P'a Yä´`pähe´gyă—Fort Larned, Kansas, established in 1859 on the south bank of Pawnee fork, 8 miles above its junction with the Arkansas, It was the issue point for the southern plains tribes until their removal to Indian Territory. The name signifies "soldier place on Dark-timber river," from Aikoñ p'a, sole´go or yä´`pähe´, and gyă. Also called Mânka-gu´ădal-de P'agya, Yä´`pähe gi´ădal-de´e, q.v.
• A´ikoñ tsen p'a—Lebos creek, Greer county, Oklahoma; "dark timber mud creek," or "muddy dark-timber creek," from Aikoñ p'a and tsen. Sometimes called simply Aikoñ p'a.
• ak`a´—rough, notched, serrated.
• äk`a´—I am lying down; he is lying down, k`a. Cf. k`a, knife.
• aka´-i—wrinkled.
• akan(-gya)—last (of a series); at the end; in composition aka´n.
• äko´ä—I spy.
• Äk`o´dalte—"Feather-necklace," a Kiowa warrior and shield maker (see Winter 1853—54). Abbreviated from Äk`o´dalpä´te, from ä, k`o´dalpä, and te.
• Ä´läho´—Quapaw? Omaha? Described as a tribe living north from the Osage, and with the same language and style of shaving the head. Gaa´piatañ, who knows the name of the Quapaw, says they are the Äläho´. The name occurs in the early French narratives, as Anahou, Anahon, Anahous, and Annaho, described as the Osage or a part of them (Joutel, 1687; La Harpe, 1719; Bienville (?), 1719; in Margry, vi). Dorsey stated that the Osage, Quapaw, and Kaw speak one dialect, and the Omaha and Ponka another dialect, of the same language. The name has no meaning to the Kiowa, who say that it is the name used by the Äläho´ themselves. It can hardly be intended for the Omaha, whom the Kiowa call O´moho´ñko.
• älo´—plural älâ´go, the wild plum; t`äbälo´, "antelope plum," a smaller bush variety; señ-älo´, "prickly älo´," the prickly pear; pa´gi-älo´, "downy älo´," peach; älo-sâhe´, "green älo´," apple; älo´-gu´ak`o, "yellow älo´," orange; älo´-koñ´kya, "black älo´," prune.
• âm, âmo—the root of the verb to do, to make; I make it (generic), gyädâ´mo; I make it (dress, arrow, etc), gyätâ´mo; I make butter, etc, giâ´mo.
• an—a track.
• änä´obahe´ma—we must die (from Kâitse´ñko song). Cf. hem.
• Ä´ndali—for "Andres;" Andres Martinez, an influential Mexican captive among the Kiowa and delegate in 1894 (see Winter 1866—67).
• añga´dal—beyond, more.
• Añga´-ite´—"Ankle," a Mexican captive and Florida prisoner in 1875. There is no real word for ankle, which is described as "foot joint," etc.
• Ango´pte—see T'ene´-ango´pte.
• añgya—sitting; ääñgya, I sit; ä´ñgya, he sits.
• A´nko´ or A´nkopa´-iñgyade´te—"In-the-middle-of-many-tracks," from an, kopa´-iñgya, de, and te. A Kiowa warrior, author of two of the calendars, commonly abbreviated to Anko´.
• anso´, anso´i—foot.
• A´nso-gi´ăni or Anso´`te—"Long-foot," from anso´, gi´ăni, and te; a noted priest of the taíme, who held it for forty years, from before 1833 until his death in the winter of 1870—71. Commonly abbreviated to Anso´`te.
• ä´ntsenku´ădal—"he (she) built a nest there," literally, "he put clay (?) there;" a bird's nest is called tsen, which also is the word for "mud," possibly because some birds build nests of clay; tsengiâ´mo guato, "the bird is building a nest." A bird's nest is also called gu´ăto-do´, "bird house."
• äo´päñ—he was initiated into the Kâ´itseñko, q. v.; I am, etc, äo´päñ; they were initiated, etc, edo´päñ; to initiate into the Kâ´itseñko, äo´pä, from verb äo´pä, "to tie with a rope around the neck" (see Summer 1846). I tie it, gyäpä´imo; I tie him with a rope around his neck (not necessarily to choke him), gyäo´pä; I choke him with my hand, gyäo´`de.
• ä´oto´n—they were massacred, exterminated, or annihilated; also to clear off, as timber; I exterminate them, de´oton; we shall exterminate them, e´dato´ndo´. A'pämâ´dal(te)—"Struck-his-head-against-a-tree," a Mexican captive killed in Texas in the winter of 1866—67. From äpâdeâ´dalgop, "I strike my head against a tree;" ä, tree; â'dal-, head, in composition.
• äpäñtsep—they left him (it) tied; I tie him (uncommon), gyäpä´ñi; I leave him tied, gyäpä´ñtsep.
• a´`pata´—far up, far off; a word used in pointing out the top of a very tall tree, the end of a long rope or a sky depth; intended to convey the idea of going out of sight.
• A´päta´te—"Far-up," from ä´`päta´ and te; a Kiowa rendering of the name of the Cheyenne chief, Wo´ifdo´ĭsh, "Touch-the-clonds," killed by the Pawnee in 1852. He was also called K`a-t'ogyä, "Knife shirt," or Hâ´ñt'o´-gyäk`i´a,` "Iron-shirt-man" (Cheyenne, Mä-ai´-tai´-ĭ´stsĭ-hĭ´nă´) on account of a cuirass which he wore, probably taken from Mexico (see k`a, t'ogyä, hâñgya, k`ia).
• Ä´pätdo´ p'a—Cimarron river, Oklahoma, "river of trees with low spreading branches," from ä, pä´tdo´, and p'a. Also sometimes called Doha´te-hem-de p'a, "river where Doha´sän died" (in 1866), from Doha´te, hem, -de, and p'a.
• ä´pätsä´t—tree tops, from ä and pätsä´t.
• a´peñ.—otter.
• A´peñ-gu´ădal—"Red-otter;" a Kiowa warrior, brother of old Lone-wolf (see Winter 1873—74). From a´peñ and gu´ădal.
• Ä´piatañ—"Wooden-lance;" a Kiowa delegate to the messiah, 1890, and to Washington, 1894; also spelled Ah-pe-ah-tone (Report, 113). The name implies a lance without a metal blade, like Set-t'aiñte's famous zebat, from ä and piătañ´ga.
• ä´poto—a branch or limb of a tree; a forked stick or rod; one of the large forked poles which support the roof of the medicine lodge; from ä and po´to´ (see story, Summer 1857).
• ä´sâhe´—ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya), literally "green plant," from ä and sâhe´. It is used medicinally by the Kiowa for persons and horses, and on account of the resemblance to its bitter taste the name has been transferred to pickles, äsâhe´, whence also ä´sâhe´toñ, vinegar.
• ase´—a creek or small stream. The word is seldom heard, p'a being generally used for all streams, large or small.
• a´se´gya—spring (the season), an archaic word which can not be analyzed (see page 366). It is also known as so´npa´ta, "grass sprouting," from son and gyäpa´ta.
• ä´semtse—he was stolen. I steal, gyäse´mdo or gyäse´mk`o; I steal a horse, cow, etc, gyäse´mk`op; they stole them (horses, etc), eda´se´mk`op; thief, se´mät, hence their name for the Kiowa Apache.
• Ä´sese p'a—Clear fork of Brazos river, Texas; literally, "wooden arrowpoint river," from ä, se´se, and p'a. The Comanche name, conveying the same meaning, is Tä´`ka-ho´novĭt. Cf. Se´sep'a.
• Ätäbĭts (Comanche)—see Ĕ´sikwita.
• Ä´-tagu´i—the Lipan and the Mescalero Apache; "timber Apache," from ä, and Tagu´i. It seems to refer more particularly to the Lipan, the Mescalero usually being called by their Comanche name of Ĕ´sikwita.
• ä´taha´-i—a war-bonnet, literally "feather crest," from ä and taha´. The war-bonnet is the most showy part of an Indian warrior's dress, and consists of a cap and crown of eagle feathers, with a pendant of the same feathers fixed in a broad streamer of red cloth or buffalo skin of sufficient length to trail upon the grotind when the wearer stands erect. Cf. ä´tä`lä´.
• Ä´taha´-i Gyä´`gan-de Ase´—"creek where they bought the war-bonnet;" the fourth creek entering North fork of Red river from the north below Sweetwater creek, western Oklahoma; so called because some returning warriors brought to the Kiowa camp there a war-bonnet taken from the Ute (see Summer 1869). From ä´taha´-i, gyä`ga´n, -de, and ase´.
• Ä´taha´-ik`i—"War-bonnet-man," a Kiowa warrior killed in Mexico in 1844—45; also known as Set-k`o´dalte, "Bear-neck;" from ä´taha´-i, k`i, set, k`odal, and te.
• ät'a´kagu´a—antelope "medicine" for hunting antelope; literally, "they surrounded (äka´gu´a) antelope (t'a);" present, used only for ceremonial or "medicine" surround, ät'a´kayi´. The common word is egi´atä´da, "they are surrounding him" (see Winter 1848—49).
• Ä´-t'a`ka´-i—"timber Mexicans," inhabitants of Tamaulipas and both sides of the lower Rio Grande; from ä, and t'a`ka´-i.
• Ä´-t'a`ka´-i Dombe, or Ä-t'a`ka´-i-gyă—Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and southeastern Texas; literally, "Timber-Mexican country," from Ä´-t'a`ka´-i, dombe, and gyă (see Toñhe´ñ-t'a`ka´-i-do´mbe).
• ä´tä`lä´—a feather headdress, an imitation from the Ute and other western tribes, made of feathers bent or doubled in a peculiar manner; from, ä and tä`lä´.
• Ä´tä`lä´te—"Feather-headdress," a Kiowa warrior in 1888—89; from ä´tä`lä´ and te.
• a´tän—sour, bitter.
• ätä´ndo—"he has a headdress of upright feathers;" said of one of the Tseñtä´nmo, q. v.
• atäñ´ta—I am dissatisfied.
• a´täntai´—salt, from a´tän and t'aiñ (?).
• A´täntai´-gyäk`udal-de´e´—"salt place," "where there is salt;" the salt beds on the upper South Canadian, at the New Mexico line.
• A´täntai´ p'a—"salt river," from a´täntai´ and p'a; (1) Salt fork of Arkansas river, Oklahoma; (2) Elm fork of Red river, Greer county, Oklahoma; (3) a southern branch of the South Canadian, above Dä´ñpeä p'a (White-deer creek?), in the Texas panhandle, near where the Ute captured the taíme in 1868, and near the New Mexico line. Near it was a salt deposit, from which the Indians procured salt. The Salt fork of Red river is called by the Kiowa Dä-mä´tan-ä p'a, q. v.
• Ataway-taiti Pau—see Ä´do-ee´tä-de p'a.
• Äte´stisti (Comanche)—"Little-horn," a Comanche signer of the treaty of Medicine Lodge, 1867; spelled Ah-te-es-ta on the treaty.
• äti—entrails. Cf. sadal.
• ä´`to—cowbird? The ordinary name for the common cowbird is tseñ-gu´ato, "horse bird."
• äto´ñ—bones, his (?) bones. Cf. tem.
• Ä´`to-t'aiñ—"White-cowbird," from ä´`to and t'aiñ; a Kiowa war chief, brother of Sun-boy, and killed by Texans in 1878—79. In 1874 Set-t'aiñte had given him his zebat or medicine lance, for which reason he was sometimes known as Zebä-do-k`ia, "Man-who-has-the-arrows" (plural form), from zebä, gyädo´, and k`ia.
• Äyä—"Sitting-on-a-tree" (?). A boy saved from the Osage massacre in 1833. The name seems to be abbreviated from Äyä´ñgya, "Sitting-on-a-tree," from ä and ä´ñgya, but may possibly be for Äyä´ñti, "(He is)-Walking-on-a-tree," or Äyäñ´yi, "Dreaming-on-a-tree."
• Ä´yä´daldä—"Timber hill," from ä and yä´daldä; a hill near the southern Kansas line, on Medicine-lodge creek, hence called Ä´yä´daldä p'a.
• Ä´yä´daldä p'a—"Timber-hill river" (see preceding); Medicine-lodge creek, which flows southward from Kansas into the Salt fork of the Arkansas. The noted treaty was made here in 1867 (see Winter 1867—68).
• azä´, azai´—udder.
• Azä´tañhop—"those who went away dissatisfied on account of the udder," from azä´, atäñ´ta, and hop; a traditional seceding band of Kiowa.
• äzo´n—pomme blanche (Psoralea esculenta); a characteristic plains plant, the root of which is eaten in early summer by probably all the tribes of the plains.
• äzo´t—driftwood; a dam formed by driftwood; from ä and zo´ (?), the root of the verb "to flow."
• Äzo´t p'a—"Driftwood creek, from äzo´t and p'a; Two-butte creek, a southern tributary of the Arkansas, below Bent's Fort in Colorado; so called from quantities of driftwood from freshets along its lower course. Near its head, is a "double mountain" (Two buttes?).
• Bab´i`pa´ (Apache)—an Apache signer of the treaty of 1867, called on the treaty "Mah-vip-pah, Wolf's sleeve."
• badai´—(he is) appearing (as from, over a hill); I am appearing, äba´dai´; he is appearing or coming in sight, badai´ or badä´.
• ba´dlo´—another name for hill, ridge, or bluff. Cf. k`op, yä´daldä, do´ha´.
• Bä´o (-te)—see Guñsa´dalte.
• bä´otse´yu—cat; from bä´o (onomatope?) and tse´yu.
• bätso´!—run to it! hurry toward it! implying hurrying to shelter or protection, as tso´ bätso´! k`op bätso´!
• Ba-zhe-ech (Apache)—an Apache signer of the treaty of 1867, called on the treaty "Ba-zhe-ech, Iron Shirt."
• be´dal—mouth; properly, lips; singular, be´ta.
• Be´dalgu´ăt—see Do`gu´ăt.
• be´dalpa´—beard; literally, "mouth down or fur," from be´dal and pa; the more common word is senpo, q. v.
• Be´dalpa´go—white people, particularly Americans; literally, "bearded people," from be´dalpa´ and gó. Other Kiowa names for the whites are: (1) T'a`ta´-i, an old word signifying "prominent or flapping ears," from t´a and ka´-i, from the fact that the shorter hair of the white men makes their ears appear more prominent; the same name is also applied to a mule. (2) Hâñpo´go, "trappers," from hâ´ñpo´ and go, because some of the first whites known to them were American trappers. (3) Ganoñ´ko, "growlers," on account of their coarse voices, as regarded by the Indians. (4) Gañto´nto, "cap wearers," from gañto´n. (5) Bo´yoñko, "blonds;" singular, Bo´yoñk`i´a, from boiñ and ko or k`ia.
• Be´dalpaheñ´ko—see Te´guă-go.
• Belo—"Pedro," the Kiowa corruption of the name of a Carrizo (Mexican) captive, a Florida prisoner in 1875, and still (1897) living.
• Be´shĭltchă (Apache)—the Kiowa Apache name for the Kiowa.
• Bi´ăko—Viejo (?); a Mexican captive and a Florida prisoner in 1875; still living.
• biăn, biănta—large. Cf. edal.
• bi´ăndäta—it boils, boiling.
• bi´ăsot—shower, showery; bi´ăso´tdă´, it is drizzling.
• bi´ĭmkâ´-i—a parfléche box, pouch, box; wooden box, ä´-o`kâ´-i.
• bodal—abnormal, or useless (?); cf. ka´-bodal and T'a-bodal. A somewhat similar word, p'o´dălta, in composition, p'o´dal, q. v., signifies decayed or rotten.
• Bo´he´—not translatable and probably of foreign origin; a Kiowa man still living, said to have six fingers on each hand. His brother, Masa´te, "Six," had six toes on each foot.
• boho´n—cap, especially a war cap, ornamented with feathers, and sometimes with buffalo horns. Bo´ho´nta or k`an-bo´ho´nta, (a white man's) hat, from boho´n and k`an, squeezed or compressed, perhaps referring to the split in the middle or to the brim doubled up.
• Boho´n-ko´ñkya—"Black-cap;" a former Kiowa chief, one of the signers of the treaty of 1837, where his name appears as "Bon-congais, the Black Cap." Catlin painted his picture in 1834 (pl. LXXVI herein) under the name of "Bon-son-gee, the New Fire." Imo´tä, a son of ´dalpe´pte, is properly Boho´n-ko´ñkya, named from this chief.
• bo´iñ—blond, bright. Cf. tsoñda.
• Bo´iñ-e´dal—"Big-blond;" a German captive, taken in 1835, still living among the Kiowa (see Summer 1835).
• Bo´loi—not translatable, probably corrupted from a foreign (Spanish?) name; a Mexican captive and Florida prisoner in 1875, still living.
• Bon-congais—see Boho´n-ko´ñkya.
• bo´npä—sweat-house; more commonly called sä´dalgu´ăt, from sä´daltep, sweat.
• Bo´npä p'a—see Tépgañ p'a.
• Bon-son-gee—see Boho´n-ko´ñkya.
• Bon toñ—"stinking water, or spring," from gyäbo´nse, it stinks, and toñ or toñtep; a water hole on the Staked plain, probably so called on account of sulphur or alkali impregnation. Probably Sulphur springs, in Martin county, Texas, at the head of the Colorado.
• bot—stomach, belly.
• Bot-e´dalte—"Big-stomach," from bot, e´dal, and te; a Kiowa woman who died in the winter of 1882—83.
• Botk`i´ägo—Arapaho Grosventres; "belly people," from bot and k`i´ägo. Cf. Ä´hyäto.
• Bo´yoñko—see Be´dalpa´go,
• byu´ñi—circle, circular.
• Cataka—see Tagu´i and Kiowa Apache synonymy.
• Caygua—Spanish form of Gâ´igwŭ (see Kiowa synonymy).
• Cear-chi-neka—see Si´ăchĭ´nika.
• Cet-ma-ni-ta—see Setmä´nte.
• Cha-hon-de-ton—"Cha-hon-de-ton, the Flying Squirrel," the name of a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1837, as it appears in the document.
• Cho´nshita´ (Apache)—An Apache signer of the treaty of 1867. The name appears on the treaty as "Cho-se-ta, or Bad Back."
• Cho-se-ta—see Cho´nshita´.
• Comalty—see ´daltoñ-e´dal.
• Con-a-hen-ka—"Con-a-hen-ka, the Horne Frog" (sic), a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1837, as the name appears in the treaty. The horned frog (toad or lizard) is called se´hän, and the correct name may possibly have been Se´hänk`i´a, "Horned-toad-man." In the treaty of 1867 T'ene´-ango´pte, "Kicking-bird," appears as "Ton-a-en-ko or Kicking Eagle."
• Corbeau—see Gaa´-boho´n.
• dä—(1) eye; (2) star.
• -dă—kill (in composition).
• Da do´ha´—"medicine bluff," from da´-i and do´ha´; Mount Rochester, etc., on the upper South Canadian, Texas panhandle.
• Da´goi—a Kiowa hero (see story, Summer 1857). The name seems to contain the word da´-i, "medicine."
• da´gya—song.
• Daha (Apache)—a Kiowa Apache chief and delegate in 1872; still living.
• Da´hä´te—see Mamä´nte.
• daho´tal—they kill us. See eho´tal.
• da´-i—"medicine," sacred, religious, mysterious; da´-i, "medicine," in the ordinary English sense, is sometimes distinguished from da´hä, medicine, in the Indian sense of sacred or mysterious; Dak`i´a, God; Daki´ada, Sunday.
• Daki´ada—Sunday; "medicine day," from da´-i and ki´ada.
• Daki´a-sä´n—Saturday; "little medicine day," from da´-i, ki´ada, and sän.
• dam—(1) war path, war expedition; (2) first.
• Dä´-mä´ta´n(-ta)—"star girls," from dä and mä´ta´n; the Pleiades. There is a myth to account for the name. A ceremonial invocation and sacrifice were formerly made to them by mothers on behalf of their sick children, but the last priestess of the ceremony is now dead.
• Dä´-mä´ta´n-ä´ p'a—Salt fork of Red river in Greer county, Oklahoma; literally, "Star girls (i. e., Pleiades) tree river," from Dä´-mäta´n, ä, and p'a; so called from a noted tree formerly there, which grew from the sprouting of a twig driven into the ground to support the "medicine" on occasion of a ceremonial sacrifice performed by the mother of Stumbling-bear (see above). The tree was about 30 miles up the creek and was finally cut down by the Comanche.
• da´m-koñ´kya—evening; literally, "first darkness," from dam and koñkya; also called deko´mdo´le(-gya), from an archaic root referring to slight darkness.
• dan—canyon, pass.
• dan´—shoulder.
• Da´npä´—see Dohasän (4).
• dä´npa´-iñgya—crown of the head.
• Dä´n-pa´-iñgyat'a´-i—"Bald-head," "bald on the crown of the head," from dä´nto´, dä´npa´-iñgya; Lawrie Tatum, agent for the Kiowa and allied tribes, 1869—1873.
• dä´nto´—bald; I am bald, ä´dä´nto´ită´.
• Da´tekâ´ñ.—"Keeps-his-name-always;" it contains the root of kâ´ñgya, name; a Kiowa who assumed the role of prophet in 1881—82, taking the name of Pa´te´pte, "Buffalo-bull-coming-out," from pa, tep, and te.
• Datûmpa´ta (Hidatsa?)—given as the Hidatsa name for the Kiowa (see Kiowa synonymy).
• Däve´ko (Apache)—a Kiowa Apache chief and medicine man.
• -de (in composition)—(1) all, many; (2) a possessive suffix ("of"), sometimes equivalent to "when," "where," or "there," as Pai´-tälyi´-de tseñko, Sun-boy's horses; Pa´-ä´ngya tsä´n-de sai, "winter when Sitting-bull came," "winter of Sitting-bull's coming."
• De´ä´ p'a—"All-kinds-of-trees creek," or "Many-trees (or bushes) creek;" a stream in Kansas somewhere about Fort Dodge.
• -de´e´—there is, where is; a suffix in composition.
• degañ´ta—I trade (either buying or selling); gañta, trading; gañ´ta do´, trading house; gañ´tak`i´, trader.
• de´hi´ñ—late afternoon, after about three oclock. Cf. deki´äsa.
• deki´äsa—afternoon, until about three oclock. Cf. de´hi´ñ.
• deko´mdo´le(-gya)—see da´mko´ñkya.
• de´ngyä—ice.
• De´ngyä-ko´ñ k`op—"Black-ice mountain," from de´ngyä, ko´ñkya, and k`op; a mountain on the southern edge of the Staked plain; so called from the appearance of the ice frozen on the branches of the trees after a rain while a Kiowa war party camped there (see Winter 1834—35).
• de´no`te´li—gypsum; the word contains teli, "white clay." The Kiowa use it, when burned, to fasten arrowheads.
• De´no`te´li p'a—Gypsum creek, Greer county, Oklahoma; "gypsum creek," from de´no`te´li and p'a.
• do—an intensive in composition, equivalent to "very" or "too," as do´ye´t, very large.
• do´—tipi, house; plural, do´ta.
• do´-a´—"tipi game," from do´ and a. For description see Winter 1881—82.
• do´ä´—a circular windbreak or fence of brushwood around a tipi to keep off the force of the wind; from do´ and ä.
• Doä´dal-koñ´kya—"Black-kettle" (plural form); the Kiowa name of the Cheyenne chief "Black-kettle," killed in the battle of the Washita, 1868. See the next.
• Doä´dal-koñ´kya-eho´tal-de´e—"where Black-kettle was killed" from Doä´dal-koñ´kya, eho´tal, and de; the place of the "battle of the Washita," in western Oklahoma, November 27, 1868.
• do´a´t—condition of ceremonial mourning; in mourning; do´ătda, he is in mourning. At such times they gash themselves, cut off their hair and the hair of their horses' tails, neglect their dress and discard their ornaments and paint, isolate themselves and wail night and morning in lonely places. The regular word for "crying" is a´lyă.
• doä´to, plural doä´dal—pot, kettle; koä´to, plural koä´dal, plate, pan.
• do´bä—face; in composition do.
• Do´-e´dalte—"Big-face;" a Kiowa warrior killed in 1835—36.
• dogâ´i—white faced (as applied to an animal); having the face of a color different from that of the rest of the body; from do´bä and gâ´idă. Cf. Gâ´igwŭ.
• Do-gi´ägyä-gu´ăt—"battle picture tipi," from do´, gi´ägyä, and gu´ăt; the hereditary tipi of Doha´sän's family (see Winter 1872—73 and plate LXXIX).
• do`go´t-ä´—oak, oak tree, literally "very hard wood," from do, got, and ä; they now say ka`do´li-ä, which conveys the same idea, on account of the death of a woman named Do`go´tä about five years ago. Do`go´t-e´, acorn, literally "oak fruit."
• Do go´t-ä p'a—Oak creek or Post-oak creek, a small southern tributary of the Washita in County H, Oklahoma; literally, "oak creek," from do`go´t-ä and p'a. The name has recently been changed to Ka`do´li-ä p'a (see the preceding).
• Do`gu´at—Wichita, with their cognate tribes the Waco and Tawakoni, and presumably also the Kichai; singular Do`gu´atk`ia, literally "pictured, or tattooed faces," from do´bä and gu´ăt, on account of their practice of tattooing; sometimes also called Be´dalgu´ăt, "tattooed mouths;" singular, Be´dalgu´ătk`i´a, their Comanche name; Do´`kana conveys a similar meaning. They call themselves Kĭtikĭti´sh, spelled Kidi-ki-tashe in the Greer county testimony.
• Do`gu´at k`op—"Wichita mountain," from Do`gu´ăt and k`op. The Kiowa call by this name only those at the western end, between Elk creek and the North fork of Red river, on the reservation, in the vicinity of the old Wichita village (see Summer 1834). For the rest of the group they have names only for particular peaks.
• do´guătal—a young man.
• Do´guătal-e´dal—"Big-young-man," from do´guătal and e´dal; a sacrilegious Kiowa warrior in 1861.
• Do´guătal-tai´de—"Young-man-chief," from do´guătal and tai´de; agent Lieut. Maury Nichols, in charge 1893—94.
• do´`gyäho´n—she was frozen; I am freezing, ädo´`gyäho´n.
• do´ha´—bluff.
• Doha´, Doha´te, or Doha´-sän—"Bluff" or "Little-bluff," from do´ha´, sän, and te; the hereditary name of a line of chiefs in the Kiowa tribe for nearly a century. The name has been borne by at least four of the family, viz: (1) The first of whom there is remembrance was originally called Pa´-do`gâ´-i or Pado'gâ, "White-faced-buffalo-bull" (from pa and do-`gâ´-i), and this name was afterward changed to Doha´ or Doha´te, "Bluff." He was also a prominent chief. (2) His son was originally called Ä´anoñ´te (a word of doubtful etymology), and afterward took his father's name of Doha´te, which was changed to Doha´sän, "Little Dohate," or "Little-bluff," for distinction. He became a great chief, ruling over the whole tribe from 1833 until his death in 1866. His portrait was painted in 1834 by Catlin, who calls him Teh-toot-sah, and his name appears on the treaty of 1837 as To-ho-sa, the "Top of the Mountain." (3) His son, whose widow is Anki´mä, inherited his father's name, Doha´sän, was also a distinguished warrior, and died about three years ago. His scalp-shirt and war-bonnet case are now in the National Museum. (4) The nephew of the great Doha´sän II and cousin of the last mentioned (3) was also called Doha´sän, and always wore a silver cross with the name "Tohasan" engraved upon it. He was the author of the Scott calendar, and died in 1892; shortly before his death he changed his name to Da´npä´, "Shoulder-blade," from da´n, "shoulder" (?), leaving only Anki´mä's husband (3) to bear the hereditary name, which is now extinct.
• Doha´te-he´m-de p'a—see Ä´pätdo´ p'a.
• Dohe´ñko—the Carrizo, and probably also the Karankawa; "shoeless people," from do´ti, heñ-, and ko. The Tonkawa also called both these tribes and others on the Texas coast the "shoeless" or "barefoot people" (Gatschet). The Kiowa know the name Carrizo from having still among them some captives of that tribe, and state that they wore sandals instead of regular moccasins. Also called Kâ´nhe´ñko and Yi´atä´teheñko, from kân and yi´atä´te, other synonyms for do´ti, moccasin, q. v.
• Dohe´ñte—"No-moccasins," or "Barefoot," a keeper of the taíme, who succeeded Anso´`te in 1873 and died in the winter of 1875—76; called Tohaint by Battey.
• Do´ho´n—Mandan, said to mean "last tipi," from do´+; an older form of the same name is Dowa´koho´n, and they are also sometimes called Sa´bă´, "stingy."
• do´`ka´ñi—bark (of a tree); contains ka´ni, shell or rind.
• Do´`ka´ñi k`op—"bark mountains," the Santa Rosa mountains in northern Coahuila, Mexico.
• Do´`ka´ñi-t'a`ka´-i—"Bark (mountain) Mexicans," those in the vicinity of the Santa Rosa mountains, Coahuila (see the preceding).
• Do´-ko´nsenä´go—Chiricahua Apache; "People of the turned-up moccasins," from do´ti, ko´nsenä´, and go; the "Hooked or Curved Toe Apache" of Clark (page 33). They are now prisoners of war at Fort Sill on the reservation, and were known to the Kiowa under this name before their removal from Arizona.
• dom, dâm—(1) earth; (2) under, in composition.
• Doma´ñk`i´ägo—see Gu´igyä´ko.
• do´mba´—bugle, flute, flageolet. Nearly every tribe of the plains and eastward has its native flute.
• do´mbe—country, region, from dom or dâm.
• Domo´ntoñ—ocean; literally seems "water surrounding the earth," from dom and toñ. They have no specific names except by description.
• do´n—fat (noun); I am fat, ädo´n.
• Do´n p'a—South Platte river; "fat river," on account of the former abundance of the buffalo there. According to Clark, the South Platte is known to the tribes as Fat or Greasy or sometimes as Goose river.
• do´nä´i—pecan; literally, "fat or oily tree fruit," from do´n, ä and i or e. Another name is oñ´guă.
• Do´nä´i p'a—(1) Elk creek of North fork of Red river, on the reservation; it was formerly called Ko`ga´-i p'a, "Elk creek." Elk have been seen in the adjoining portion of the Wichita mountains within the last twenty years. (2) Nueces river, Texas, called also Nakü´`tävä hono, "Pecan river," by the Comanche. The Kiowa name also signifies "Pecan river." (3) The southernmost tributary of Señ p'a (Salado, Nuevo Leon, Mexico), i. e., probably the Sabinas Hidalgo branch (lower Salado).
• doñ´iga—far below, as at the bottom of a well or canyon. Deep is zoñ.
• Doñ´iga-p'a´da´-de´e or Doñ´iga-p'ak`a´dee—Cataract canyon; Colorado canyon, Arizona; literally, "it has," or "there is" (da´) a river (p'a) lying (k`a) there (de´e) far below (doñ´iga). The Kiowa have visited both canyons, and tell of killing several Havasupai (Coconino), who seemed unused to enemies, in a raid upon their canyon home on Cataract creek.
• do´npä—cat-tail rushes (Equisetum arvense), singular, do´npä´ga. The name is connected with do´n, "fat," from the resemblance in the edible portion; kidney fat is also called do´npä. The Indians eat raw the soft white portion at the base of the stalk.
• do´ti—moccasin, shoe; this is the oldest word, and has held its own. Other words used instead at various periods on account of deaths, are yi´atä´te and kân.
• Dowa´koho´n—see Do´ho´n.
• -e, or -i—fruit, berry, grain, nut, in composition; perhaps same as i, child or offspring, q. v.
• e´dăl—great, large, big; another word used is bi´ăn, bi´ăntă. Variants are et, e´do´ or e´dă, and e´e´t; edal is generally used for animate objects and for tipi or house; e´do´ or e´dă´ is used for inanimate objects generally; et is generally used for inanimate objects, but may also be used for man, horse, and dog; e´e´t, a plural form, is used for tree, box, and some others. It is large, et; they are large, ebi´ăn.
• eda´se´mk`op—they stole them (horses). Cf. ä´semtse.
• edo´nmo—they are searching or hunting for something; I search or hunt for, gyädo´nmo.
• edo´päñ—they were initiated as Kâ´itseñko. Cf. äo´päñ.
• eet—see edal.
• e´`gu´—a plant (i. e., something planted to grow from seed or cutting; not something growing without human aid); from e and gu´ă, to plant; I plant, gyäte´gu´ă`dă; plant it! bäte´gŭ´!
• E´`gua p'a—Chandler creek, on the reservation; literally, "Garden creek," frome e´`gu´ and p'a, because the Apache had their principal cornfields there.
• eho´tal—he was killed; I kill him, gyäho´taldă; he killed him, äho´tal; I killed him, gyäho´tal (gyälho´tl); they killed us, daho´tal; kill him! äho´! ho´tăl!
• ek`i´ädă—it sprouted, it has sprouted, it is growing; said of the young plant when it appears above ground; gyäk`i´ädă, growing, sprouting. Cf. gyäk`i´ädă.
• E´maä—not translatable; a Kiowa woman, keeper of the taíme since 1894.
• E´oñte—a Kiowa man, otherwise known as Gu´ădal-e´dal, "Big-red;" the word may have connection with eoñ´to, I like him.
• eoñ´ti—I like him. Cf. Gyai´`koao´ñte.
• E´`pea—"We-(they-)are-afraid-of-him," from gyäpe´to; a Kiowa warrior, who died a prisoner in Florida after 1875.
• Es-a-nanca—see Ĭsänä´năka.
• Ĕ´sikwi´ta (Comanche)—"brown dung," so called, it is said, from the color produced by eating piñon nuts in the mountains, or perhaps an allusion to the appearance of the favorite "mescal bread" of the tribe. Mescalero Apache; a Comanche name adopted by the Kiowa to designate the same tribe; sometimes also called Ätäbĭts by the Comanche; under the name of Essequeta or Essequeta Apache, the Kiowa Apache have sometimes been confounded with them, and the Kiowa sometimes confound them with the Ä´tagu´i or Lipan.
• Essequeta—see Ĕ´sikwi´ta.
• et—see edal.
• eta´`ga—they shot it, or them; I shoot, deta´`bo´; I shall shoot, deta´`tito´; I shot (either with bow or gun), deta´`ga; shoot! beta´`de!
• E´tälyidonmo—"He-(they-)hunts-for-boys," from tä´lyi´ and edo´nmo; a Florida prisoner in 1875, afterward a student and worker in his tribe.
• etku´egan—they brought it dragging (i. e., a head); I drag it, or him, deku´eba´; I bring it dragging, deku´egan.
• eto´dă.—they (poles) were left standing; I leave it standing, deto´di´`to.
• e´tpata—they ate it (ashes); I eat, gyä`pa´ta. Cf. gyäpa´ta, it is sprouting.
• etpe´—they were afraid, or frightened. Cf. gyä`pe´to.
• e´zăn, e´zhăn—agent, i. e., Indian agent; corrupted from "agent."
• E´zănyă, E´zhănyă —the agency, at Anadarko, Oklahoma, from "agent," "agency;" sometimes referred to as Ägun´tä p'a´-gyă, "at Washita river," or E´zăn-do´i, "at the agent's house."
• Fish-e-more—see T'a`ka´-i-p'o´dal.
• gaa´—an archaic name for crow (now ma´ñsă´; cf. mă´să´, six), still used in composition in proper names.
• Gaa´-boho´n—"Crow-bonnet;" a Kiowa chief, signer of the treaty of 1867, where he is called "Corbeau, or The Crow." He never wore a shirt, but in winter threw a buffalo robe over his naked shoulders.
• Gaa´-k`i´ägo—Crow Indians, "Crow people;" it is said they are sometimes called also Koñ-k`i´ägo, "black people," but this is probably another name for the Ute or I´atä´go, q. v.
• Gaa´-k`o´dalte—"Crow-neck," from gaa´, k`o´dal, and te; a Kiowa chief, who died in 1842.
• Gaa´piata´ñ—"Feathered-lance" from gaa´yi and pi´atañ´ga; an old Kiowa war chief, better known as Heidsick, a corruption of Hai´tsĭki, the Comanche rendering of his Kiowa name.
• gaa´yi—a feathered lance sheath, made usually of red cloth with pendent eagle feathers and drawn up over the shaft of the lance, leaving the blade exposed.
• ga´bodălyi´ or ga´bodli—sheep or goat; possibly from the Spanish cabra. The wild sheep is called teñbe, and the name is sometimes applied also to the domestic sheep.
• Ga´bodly k`op—see Teñbe k`op.
• ga´dal—buffalo; now sometimes used also for cattle; pa, a buffalo bull.
• ga´dal-ä´—see ta´-ä.
• Gadalkoko—see K`iñ´ähi-pi´äñko.
• Gado´mbitso´ñhi—"old woman, under the ground;" a sacred image formerly belonging to the Kiñep division (see page 239).
• Gâ´i—Kiowa, in composition; Gâ´i-gwŭ, the Kiowa tribe; Gâ´imä, a Kiowa woman; Gâ´ido´ñ, the Kiowa language; ĭmgâ´ido´ñ, say it in Kiowa.
• Gâ´i K`at'a—see K`at'a.
• Gâ´i k`op—"Kiowa mountains;" that portion of the Rocky mountains at the head of Missouri and Yellowstone rivers; so called because the Kiowa formerly lived there. Farther south they are called I´ătä k`op, "Ute mountains," and in Mexico, K`ob-e´tă, "great mountains."
• Gâ´i-gwŭ´—(1) the Kiowa tribe; (2) one of the recognized six divisions of the Kiowa tribe, and probably the original nucleus of the tribe. In this word the root is gâ´i, while gwŭ is the tribal suffix, more usually formed as go or ko, q. v. The word seems to be derived from gâ´idă, implying having a half or part of different color from the rest; perhaps in this case alluding to some old style of face or body paint or to the former custom of wearing the hair cut short on one side of the head, as already noted. A feather of the war eagle is described as gâ´idă´, because one-half of it is white and the other black; a white-face horse is called do´-gâ´idă´. Cf. Pa-do`gâ´-i, "white-face-buffalo-bull."
• ga´kiñ—ten. Cf. pägo.
• Ga´kiñăte—"Ten," from ga´kiñ and te; a Kiowa warrior, brother of Lone-wolf, 1883—84.
• Ga´kiñăt'o P'a—"moon of ten cold (days)," from ga´kiñ, gyät'o´, and p'a; the first moon of the Kiowa year, comprising parts of September and October (see page 368).
• gañ—goose.
• Gañe´tä—see O´honoñ-yä´dăldä.
• Gañhi´ña P'a—"real, or principal, goose moon," from gañ, hiñ, and p'a; a Kiowa moon or month, including parts of December and January (see the calendar).
• Gano´ñko—see Be´dalpa´go.
• Gan´sa"—Kansas or Kaw Indians; from their own name.
• Ga´ñsûñko—see Ga´ñsa.
• Gañ´ta p'a—Double-mountain fork of Brazos river, Texas; literally, "Trading river," from degañ´ta and p'a. The name may have originated from the fact that a trail, by which the Indians passed around or across the Staked plain to New Mexico, ran along the stream.
• gañton—a soldier's cap or visor.
• Gañton´to—-see Be´dalpa´go.
• Ga´nu´än—see Pa´sotkyät'o´.
• Ga´ta`ka—see Tagu´i and Kiowa Apache synonymy
• gi—(1) meat, flesh; (2) abbreviation of giñ´agya or gi´ñde, q. v.
• gi´ădal, gyä`-gi´ădal—to dwell; he dwells.
• Gi´ădede´te—"He-faces-the-line" (as of soldiers), from gi´atiäpa´ntă, "I face the line;" a Kiowa warrior killed in Mexico in 1843—44.
• Gi´agu´ădălta´go—Indians; literally, "people of red flesh," from gi, gu´ădal, and go.
• gi´ägyä—battle, coup; I am fighting, depai´gop; I strike in battle, gyä`gi´ägop.
• gi´ăka´-i—"back hide," from gi´apa´iñgya and ka-i, a piece of rawhide worn over the shoulders by women to protect the back when carrying wood or other burdens; sometimes called gi´gyäka´-i.
• Gi´ăka´-ite—"Back-hide," from gi´ăka´-i and te; an oil man who was abandoned to die in the winter of 1859—60.
• gi´ăni—long, tall, as a tree, tipi pole, etc; for things not usually erect (fence, string, pencil, etc) and for man, the common word is gyu´ñi.
• gi´apa´-iñgya—back (of the body). Cf. go´mtä.
• Giatä´ P'ada´ti—see Ai´koñ p'a, 2.
• Gi´-edal—"Big-meat;" a Kiowa warrior killed in New Mexico in the winter of 1874—75.
• gi´gyäka´-i—see gi´aka´-i.
• giñ´aga—very early in the morning. Cf. giñ´ăgya.
• gi´ñăgya—night; abbreviated gi´ñde or gi; pägo gi, one night. Cf. giñ´aga.
• Gĭnä´s (Wichita)—see Tagu´i and Kiowa Apache synonymy
• giñăto´gya—after midnight; from gi´ñăgya and togya.
• gi´ñde—see gi´ñăgya.
• gi´ñ-kopa´-iñgya—midnight, from giñ´ăgya and kopa´-iñgya.
• go—(1) and; (2) see -ko.
• go´be—wild horse.
• Go´be—"Wild-horse," a Florida prisoner in 1875.
• Go´ho—" Kick," from gyä´ango´p; a Mexican captive and Florida prisoner in 1875.
• go´m-â´dal-hâ´ñgya—"back hair metal," from go´mtä, âdal, and hâ´ñgya; a strap or strip of red cloth ornamented with silver disks, worn pendent behind from the scalplock. Cf. â´dalhâ´ñgya.
• Gomä´te—see ´daltoñ-e´dal.
• go´mgyä—wind; the wind is blowing, go´mde´.
• Go´mgyä dan—"wind canyon;" a canyon pass at the extreme head of Double-mountain fork of Brazos river, Texas.
• go´mtä—back (of the body); in composition, gom. Cf. gi´apa´-iñgya.
• Goñk`o´ñ (Apache)—an Apache chief and delegate to Washington in 1894, commonly known as Apache John.
• gu´a-da´gya—the "travel song," sung by a war party on setting out (see Winter 1862—63). The literal meaning may be "wolf song," i. e., gu´i-da´gya. "Just before a war party sets out, its members get together and sing the 'peeling a stick song,' which is a wolf song; also, if a person is hungry and sings a wolf song he is likely to find food. Men going on a hunting trip sing these songs, which bring them good luck."—Grinnell, Blackfeet, 2.
• gu´ădal—red; it is practically a synonym for "paint," red being the favorite and most sacred color with all Indian tribes. It is red, it is painted, gu´ădaldă´. Cf. gyä`gu´ătda´,
• Gu´ădal do´ha´—"red bluff;" a bluff on the north side of the South Canadian, about the mouth of Mustang creek, and a few miles above Adobe Walls, in the panhandle of Texas. A principal trail crossed there and a trading post was established there by William Bent in 1843—44. It was here that Carson had his fight with the Kiowa in 1864. Cf. Sä´k`odal Gu´ădal Do´ha´.
• Gu´ădal k`op—(1) "red mountain;" a small mountain near Eagle-heart's camp, upper Rainy-mountain creek, on the reservation. (2) A mountain in Colorado described as being north of Arkansas river, a short distance above the river of Colorado Springs, and on an extreme northern head branch of the Arkansas. This description would seem to make it Pike's Peak, the most prominent peak of that region, but the statement of direction may be an error for Red mountain, southward from the Arkansas, and southwest of Pueblo.
• Gu´ădal p'a—"red river;" (1) the South Canadian; (2) Big Wichita river, Texas.
• Gu´ădal-e´dal—see E´oñte.
• Gu´ădalka´pä—"paint (red) is there;" a rocky bank eastward from Se´t-ĭmki´a's camp on Äda´n p'a, from which the Kiowa procure a red mineral paint.
• Guadal-k`udal-dee p'a—"paint-is-there creek;" Clay creek, a southern tributary of the Arkansas, in Colorado; so called on account of the abundance there of clay paint. Also sometimes called Yädaldä p'a, "Hill creek," on account of the Two Buttes near its head.
• Gu´ădaloñ´te—"Painted-red," a Kiowa leader about 1839. The name implies that he had red paint upon his body, face, or hair, from gu´ădal, paint, or red; gu´ădaldă´, it is red or painted.
• Gu´ădaltse´yu—"Red-pet," or "Little-red," from gu´ădal and -tse´yu, a noted race-horse stolen by an escaping Pawnee prisoner in 1852—53.
• gu´ak`o—yellow.
• gu´ăn, gu´ănkya—dance; I dance, degu´ănmo. Cf. guntä and gun.
• Gu´a´na—Quanah Parker; the Kiowa form of his Comanche name Kwäna or Kwaina, "fragrant." He is a half-blood, the head chief of the Comanche, being the son of a Comanche chief by a captive white woman, Cynthia Parker (see the following).
• Gu´a´na-de-`ta´ho—Adobe Walls, on the north side of the South Canadian, just west of 101°, in the panhandle of Texas. The name signifies "where Quanah led his confederates," i. e., "Quanah's battle ground," alluding to the noted battle there in June, 1874 (see page 203).
• Gu´a´na-de p'a—see Gwa´hale p'a.
• Gu´añteka´na (Apache)—see Se´t-ta´dal.
• gu´ăt(-gya)—picture, brand, tattoo, writing, etc, from gyä`gu´ătda´.
• gu´ăto—bird (see t'e´ne´).
• gu´ăto´hiñ—eagle; literally, "principal bird," from gu´ăto and -hiñ.
• Gu´ătoi p'a—"small bird creek" (not Gu´ăto´hiñ p'a, "eagle creek"), from gu´ăto and -i; a stream somewhere southwestward from Double mountain, Texas, near the old California emigrant trail (Ho´an-t'a`ka´-i).
• Gu´ăto-ko´ñkya—"Black-bird;" a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1867, where the name appears as "Wa-toh-konk, or Black Eagle."
• gu´ătoñ—ribs; singular, gu´ăte´m, from tem.
• Gu´ătoñ-bi´ăn—see Se´t-t'ai´ñte.
• Gu´ăto-ze´dalbe—"Dangerous-eagle;" a Kiowa chief about 1876, brother of Big-tree. Although the name is really "dangerous bird," the guăto is understood to be here an abbreviated form in composition of gu´ăto´hiñ.
• gu´i—wolf (generic); the gray wolf is gui-t'ai´ñmo, from t'aiñ, "white;" the coyote is sometimes distinguished as gui ma´ñtoñ-tso´ñi, "sharp-nose wolf."
• Gui p'a—"wolf creek;" Wolf creek, upper branch of North Canadian, Oklahoma.
• Gu´i-bada´i—"Appearing-wolf," or "Wolf-coming-in-sight," from gu´i and badai´; a Kiowa warrior in 1873.
• Gu´i-bo´tte—"Wolf-stomach," from gu´i, bot, and te; a Kiowa warrior in 1875; died while a prisoner in Florida.
• Gu´igyä´ p'a—"Pawnee river," from Gu´igyä´ko and p'a. A river, probably the Kansas (Kaw) or one of its branches, the Smoky-hill, Saline, Solomon, or Republican, described as between the Arkansas and the Platte, but not tributary to either (see Summer 1834).
• Gu´igyä´ko—Pawnee; literally, "wolf people," from gu´i and k`i´ägo or gyäko; sometimes called Doma´ñk`i´ägo, "walking people," from, dom, ——, and k`i´ägo. Sign: Two fingers erect and forward at right side of head—i. e., "horns" or "ears;" then index finger turned and thrown out to front—i. e., "man" (see Summer 1833, Winter 1849—50).
• Gu´i-k`a´te—-"Wolf-lying-down," from gu´i, äk`a´ and te; (1) a Kiowa warrior killed by the Cheyenne in 1838; (2) a Kiowa delegate to Washington in 1872; his name has been rendered "Sleeping-wolf."
• Gu´i-k`o´dal-te p'a—"Wolf-necklace's river;" a branch of White river, of the Brazos, Texas; so called from a Comanche known to the Kiowa as Wolf-necklace (or Wolf-neck?).
• Gu´i-koñ´kya—"Black-wolf;" a Kiowa warrior killed by American traders in 1832—33.
• Gu´i-pä´go—"Lone-wolf." (1) A principal Kiowa chief, leader of the hostile element in 1874; sent as prisoner to Florida at the close of the outbreak. (2) His adopted son, namesake, and successor, and present head chief of the tribe.
• guñ—horn.
• Gunpä´ñdamä—"medicine-tied-to-tipi-pole;" a Kiowa girl captured by the Osage and returned to her friends by the dragoons in 1834. Catlin, who painted her picture, calls her "Wun-pan-to-mee, the white weasel." Gu´npä´ñda´-i is the owner's "medicine," or protecting talisman, usually kept in a bag or pouch tied inside the tipi and just above the junction of the bed curtain to that one of the three principal poles which stands nearly opposite the entrance. The Cheyenne sometimes hang it outside, near the door. The word is compounded from guntä, tipi pole, da´-i, medicine, and pä, the root of the verb gyäpä´-imo, I tie. The suffix -mä makes it a feminine name. The medicine, as also the tipi pole to which it is attached, are also called komtä´ga or komtă̈´-gu´n-da. In this case the medicine may have been inclosed in a bag made of white ermine skin. The three principal tipi poles tied together are called gunpä (gun and pä); the Comanche tipi has four principal poles.
• Guñsa´dalte—"Horned" or "Having-horns," from guñ, sadal, and te, perhaps from his having some time worn a ceremonial cap with buffalo horns. A Kiowa warrior, still living, who acted as Kiowa interpreter at the treaty of 1867. Sometimes also known as Bä´o, "Cat."
• guñse´to—lance, spear; an old form used in personal names is pi´ătañ´ga, from pi´a´ta´`ga, "he stabs with a spear."
• guntä—tipi pole; plural, gun. Tipi poles are made preferably of cedar, on account of its durability and freedom from liability to warp; they are sometimes made of cottonwood. Twenty is the average estimate to a tipi, besides the two outside poles. Cf. gu´ăn, dance.
• Gusa´ko—see Kapä´to.
• Gwa´hale p'a—"Kwahadi creek;" West Cache creek on the reservation. From the fact that Chief Quanah lives upon it, it is sometimes called Gu´a´na-de p'a, "Quanah's creek."
• Gwa´hale´go—(1) Kwahadi Comanche, the westernmost and most warlike portion of the tribe, formerly ranging principally about the Staked plain, under the immediate leadership of Quanah, present head chief of the whole tribe; the Comanche word is said to signify "antelopes," and the Kiowa name is a corruption from it. (2) Another name for the T'ok`i´ñähyup, q. v.
• -gyă—a locative suffix equivalent to "at" or "in." Cf. gyä-.
• gyä- —an assertive prefix with verbs and adjectives. Cf. -gyă.
• gyä´ango´p—I kick.
• gyäbo´nse—it stinks.
• gyädâ´mo—I make, I do. Cf. âm, âmo.
• gyädo´—I have it. Cf. gyät'o´ and kyä`to´.
• gyä´`gan—they brought it; I bring it, gyä´`ga´n; they brought it, gyä´`gan or ä´`gan.
• gyä'gu´ătda´—I paint, draw, write, tattoo, make a picture; gu´ătgya, picture; gu´ădaldă´, it is painted, it is red.
• Gyai´-kao´dal—"Comanche cache," from Gyai´`ko and kao´dal; the vicinity of a spring in the mountains of northern Coahuila, Mexico, one day's journey south of the Rio Grande and probably one of the "tinajas;" a Comanche rendezvous in their raids into northeastern Mexico.
• Gyai´`ko—Comanche; "enemies;" singular, Gyaik`i, Gyai´mä, from nyägyai´to. This name "Enemies," is the common Kiowa name for the Comanche, now their close allies (see page 162 et passim). Other Kiowa names for them are (1) Sänko, now obsolete, probably signifying "snakes," from sä´ne, snake; (2) P'o´dalk`i´ägo, or P'o´dalgyä´ko, "reptile people," from p'odal and k`i´ägo. This last name is probably a substitute for the previous term Sänko, on the occasion of the death of some person of somewhat similar name. The early French explorers called them Pa´douca, from their common designation among the Dakota, Osage, and cognate tribes. It may possibly be derived from Pe´nätĕ´ka, the name of the easternmost division of the Comanche. Sign: "Wavy motion, as of a snake, made from front to back with the right forefinger. Cf. Shoshoni sign under So´ndo´ta.
• Gya´i`koañ´te—"He-likes-(or rejoices in)-enemies," or "He-likes-the-Comanche" (the Kiowa name for Comanche signifies "enemy"—see preceding), from gyai`ko and eoñ´ti; a Kiowa warrior killed by the Äläho´, q. v., in 1854—55.
• Gyai´-yä´daldä—"Comanche hill;" a hill at the head of Deer creek, a southern tributary of the South Canadian, in D county, Oklahoma.
• Gyai´-yä´daldä p'a—Deer creek, in D county, Oklahoma; literally, "Comanche-hill river" (see preceding).
• gyäk`a´ta—I bite, I bite off a piece; gyäzo´ñte, I hold it with my teeth.
• gyäk`i´ädă—they (it) sprouted. Cf. ek`i´ädă.
• gyä´ko—see k`i´ägo.
• gyäko´dal—they left them behind (implying rolled or wrapped up, said usually only of things to be rolled or packed up); gyäko´da, I leave it wrapped or rolled up; do´ gyäko´dal, they left their tipis rolled up or packed away (the verb shows they were not left standing); bä`ko´, leave it there, put it there. Cf. kao´dal and odal.
• gyäku´atda—I take it out (as from a box, pocket, or fastening). Cf. K`u´ato.
• gyä`pa´bă—I bring him; he brought him, pa`ga´ni; he brought them, e´`pa`ga´ni.
• gyäpä´-imo—I tie. Cf. ä´opäñ.
• gyäpä´-iñgya—dawn.
• gyäpa´ta—it is sprouting. Cf. gyäk`i´ädă and giä`pa´to.
• gyä`pa´to—I eat. Cf. piä and gyäpa´ta.
• gyäpä´to—I sharpen; k`a-pä´ti, whetstone; K`a´-pä´top, "knife-whetters," i. e., Apache.
• gyä`pe´to—I am afraid, I am frightened; pe´to´, he is afraid; gyäpe´to, they are afraid; e´`pea, they are afraid of him; etpe´, they were afraid.
• gyätä´da—they were surrounded; we are surrounding him, egi´ătä´da. Cf. gyätä´`da.
• gyätä´`da—I cut; root, in composition, tä, as ä´-tä´, sawmill; so´n-tä´, mowing machine.
• gyät'o´—(it is) cold; I am cold, äka´hem. Cf. gyädo´ and kyä´`to´.
• gyäze´mä—they (inanimate) move about; to´yă, it moves about; äto´yă, I move about.
• gyu´ñhä´te—very (?) tall or long; an intensive form of gyu´ñi, q. v.
• gyu´ñi—long. Cf. gi´ăni, gyu´ñhä´te, and kyu´ñi.
• haa´-ipai´-degi—O sun! But you, O sun! pai, sun. Cf. hado´mga´gi (see the song of the Kâitse´ñko, Summer 1871).
• habä´—sloping, one-sided.
• hado´mga´gi—O earth! But you, O earth! dom, earth. Cf. haa´-ipai´degi (see the song of the Kâitseñ´ko, Summer 1871).
• Hai´tsĭki (Comanche)—see Gaa´piatañ.
• Hänä´chä-thi´ak (Arapaho)—see Pa´ä´ngya.
• Hâñ´do´ti—"Iron-moccasin," from háñgya and doti; the Kiowa name of an Apache signer of the treaty of 1837; called in the treaty "Hen-ton-te, the iron shoe."
• hâ´ñgya—metal, particularly iron; in composition hañ; iron or steel, hâ´ñgya; tin, hañ-t'aiñ, "white metal;" lead, hañ´-ze´bat, "arrow, i. e., bullet metal;" copper and brass, hâñ-gu´ak`o, "yellow metal;" gold, â´dalhâ´ñgu´adal, "red money," or "red hair metal" (see â´dalhâ´ñgya); silver, â´dalhâ´ñ-t'ai´ñ, "white money;" German silver, hâñ-kope´dal, "flat metal," because bought in sheets).
• hâñ´-kope´dal—German silver; literally, "flat metal." Cf. hâ´ñgya.
• hâñpaiñ—gunpowder, literally "iron dust," from hâ´ñgya and paiñ.
• Hâñ´paiñ p'a—"powder river;" Powder river in Montana and Wyoming.
• hâ´ñ-po—trap; literally, "iron trap," from hâñgya, iron or steel; and po, a trap of any kind, including also a spider's web.
• Hâñpo´ko—see Be´dalpa´go.
• hâñ´-t'aiñ´—tin; literally, "white metal;" sometimes improperly used for â´dalhâñ-t'ai´ñ, silver.
• Hâñ´t'aiñ-k`a´—"Tin-knife," from hânt'aiñ and k`a; the Kiowa name of a Comanche warrior killed in 1860; sometimes improperly rendered "Silver-knife."
• Hâ´ñtäk`i´a—"Spectacle-man," literally "Metal-eye-man," from hâñgya, tä, and k`ia; Captain H. L. Scott, Seventh Cavalry, formerly commander of the Kiowa troop.
• hâ´ñ-t'o´gyä—cuirass; literally, "metal shirt;" sometimes also called k`a´t'o´gyä, "knife shirt."
• Hâñt'o´gyäk`i´a—see A´`päta´te.
• hâñtso—cannon ball; literally, "iron rock."
• Hâñtso p'a—"Cannonball River;" a river in Kansas; so called on account of an abundance of iron nodules in its vicinity; a branch of Kansas river, probably the Solomon; perhaps the Republican river.
• Hâ´ñzephó`da—"Kills-with-a-gun," from hâ´nze´pko and gyäho´taldă. (Cf. eho´tal); a Kiowa warrior who died in 1863—64.
• hâ´ñze´pko—gun; literally, "iron bow," from hâ´ñgya and zepko.
• Heidsick—see Gaa´piatañ.
• hem—he died; I am dead (?), ähe´m; he is dead, hem; he will die, hi´ñată´ (a different word).
• heñ- —without, less, in composition. Cf. Tso´dal-he´ñte, Toñheñ-t'a`ka´-i-dombe; he´ñgyäto´, there is none; heñ´yäto´, I have none.
• Heno´ñko—Hidatsa, Minitarí, or Grosventres of the Missouri; singular, Heno´ñk`ia, Heno´ñmä. The word, of which the root is Heno´ñ, has no meaning in the Kiowa language and may be derived from Herantsa, another form of Hidatsa. The name Minitarí is of Siouan origin, and signifies "water crossers," or "water people."
• Hen-ton-te—see Hâñdo´ti.
• He-pan-ni-gais—"He-pan-ni-gais, the Night," the name of a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1837, as it appears on the treaty. The form seems to contain the word pän, cloud or sky.
• hi´ădăl—a creek-like depression, or shallow valley, but without water.
• Hi´ădăl-gyu´ñhä´te p'a—Devil or San Pedro river, Texas, joining the Rio Grande below the Pecos; literally, "long valley river." Described as flowing with a noisy current and having very large fish. A war trail into Mexico crossed near there.
• -hiñ—principal, real, a suffix; as ä´hiñ, cottonwood, literally "principal tree;" gu´ato´hiñ, eagle, literally "principal bird."
• hi´tugŭ´!—wait!—abbreviated hitŭ´!
• ho—the root of the verb äho´ä, "I travel;" ho´an, a road; ho´gyă, moving, to or from a destination; hop, emigrants; tsä´hop, immigrants.
• ho´an—road, trail. Cf. ho and hop.
• Ho´an-t'a`ka´-i—"white man's road;" the main emigrant road, formerly running through southwestern Texas to California.
• hodal or ho´dălda—sickness; I am sick, äho´dalda.
• hop—emigrants; people moving off with their household goods, etc; tsähop, immigrants; people moving in this direction with their household goods. Cf. ho; kotä´dalhop.
• Ho´tgyäsĭ´m p'a—Saline river (?), Kansas.
• how—the universal Indian "yes," or expression of assent, as commonly written by English authors. The Kiowa "yes" is ho or hâ.
• Ho-we-ar—see Howi´a.
• Howi´a (Comanche)—a Comanche signer of the treaty of 1867, whose name appears on the treaty as "Ho-we-ar, or Gap in the woods."
• i—child, offspring, in composition; it also conveys the idea of "small," as gu´ato´i, small bird; plural -yu´i, as Si´ndiyu´i, Ä´dalto´yu´i. Cf. e.
• Iâm guan—"Adoption dance," from i, âm, and guan; an intertribal dance with a ceremonial adoption of children (see "Winter 1889—90).
• I´ăpa—"Baby," from i´ăpa´gya; a Kiowa warrior in 1876—77.
• i´ăpa´gya—baby.
• I´ătä k`op—"Ute mountain;" the Rocky mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, so called because occupied by the Ute. Cf. I´ătä´go. The Kiowa call the mountains about the heads of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers Gâi k`op, "Kiowa mountains," and the Sierra Madre of Mexico K`ob-e´tă, "Great mountain."
• I´ătä´go—Ute; from Yuta, one form of the name used by the Ute to designate themselves; in the Kiowa word go is the tribal suffix. They are also sometimes called K`opk`i´ägo, "mountain people," from k`op and k`i´ägo; and are probably identical with the Ko´ñk`i´ägo, "black people," said by one informant to be the Crow. The ordinary name and sign for the Ute among most of the plains tribes denotes "black people;" the Kiowa usually designate them by the sign for "mountain people," made by combining the signs for "climbing" and "man."
• I´ătäk`i´a—"Ute-man," from I´ătä and k`ia; a Ute captive among the Kiowa, who died in 1892.
• Ĭ´kämo´să (Comanche)—see Mâ´nka-gu´adal.
• Ĭ´masä´nmot—"Grinner," from ĭmto´nomo, "he grins;" the Kiowa name for agent George D. Day, 1891—93.
• ĭmda´do´a´—they played the medicine do´a´ game; from da´-i and do´a´. Cf. do´a´.
• ĭmdo´hä´pa´—they attacked the camp; from ĭmhä´pa´ and do, dota; I attack him, gihä´pa´ (this form is used only in ridicule, as the word implies a general encounter); I attack them, dehä´pa´; they (a few) attacked him or it, ehä´pa´; they (a large number) attacked him or it, ĭmhä´pa´; sole´go´mhä´pa´, the soldiers attacked them.
• ĭmka´gyä´gya—they are coming in triumph, i. e., they are returning with scalps; from ka´gyä.
• Ĭmki´a—see Se´t-ĭmki´a.
• ĭmk`o´daltä´—they cut off their heads; I am cutting off his head, gyäk`o´daltä´dă´; I have cut off his head, gyäk`o´daltä; from k`odal and tä, the root of the verb "to cut"; k`o´daltä´, beheading; o´tä´, throat cutting, from tä, and osi, throat (not neck); I am cutting his throat (but not cutting off his head), gyäo´k`atemă; I have cut his throat, gyäo´k`ate´m.
• ĭmto´nomo—he grins; said also of a dog showing his teeth.
• i´ñhogo—now. Cf. i´ñhoti.
• i´ñhoti—this. Cf. i´ñhogo.
• I´sähä´bĭt (Comanche)—"Wolf-lying-down;" a noted Comanche warrior, commonly known to the whites as Asahäbĭt. His Kiowa name is Gu´ik`a´te, q. v.
• Ĭ'sänä´năkă (Comanche)—"Hears- or Understands-the-wolf;" a Comanche signer of the treaty of 1867, upon which his name appears as "Es-a-nanaca, or Wolf's name." Cf. Tä´binä´năkă.
• Ĭ´sätai (Comanche)—a Comanche medicine-man, instigator of the outbreak of 1874; still living. Commonly known to the whites as Asatai´.
• iyu´gu´—maggot.
• iyu´gu´-e—rice; literally, "maggot grains;" on account of a fancied resemblance.
• Iyu´gu´a p'a—"maggot creek;" Traitor and Sweetwater creeks, in the panhandle of Texas, flowing into the North fork of Red river. Battey spells it Yoū´-guoo-ō-poh´, which he renders "rice creek" from a misconception of the word. The name originated from the circumstance of a hunting party having been compelled to throw away there a quantity of flyblown meat. Cf. Kato´de´ä p'a.
• Iyu´gu´a P'a Sole´go—Fort Elliott, between the two forks of the Sweetwater, Traitor creek and Battery creek, in the panhandle of Texas. The Kiowa name literally means "Maggot creek soldiers" (i. e., Soldier place). It is sometimes known as Kato´de´ä P'a Sole´go, from its vicinity to Battery creek, Kato´de´ä p'a, q. v.
• ka—robe of skin, buffalo robe; kata, blanket.
• k`a—(1) knife; gyäk`a´go, I cut; gyäk`a´tä´do, I cut with a knife. (2) lying down; I am lying down, äk`a´; he is lying down, k`ă; lie down! bemă´!
• Ka´äsä´nte—"Little-robe," from ka, sän, and te; a Kiowa warrior, still living.
• ka´bodal—left-handed. Cf. bodal and t´a-bodal.
• Ka´bo´dalte—"Left-hand;" the Kiowa name of the trader John Adkins, who, about 1863, was with William Allison in the trading house at the mouth of upper Walnut creek on the Arkansas, in Kansas. Cf. Tso´dalhe´ñte.
• K`adal p'a—Ree or Grand river, South Dakota; literally, "Biter, i. e., Ree, river." It is so called by most of the plains tribes from the fact that the Arikara formerly lived upon it. Cf. K`at'a.
• K`a´do´—medicine lodge, sun-dance lodge; the sun dance; perhaps "wall house or tipi," i. e., one built with sides or walls, as distinguished from the ordinary tipi, from k`a´ga and do. The k`a´do´ or sun dance was the great annual religious ceremony of the tribe (see page 242).
• k`a´do´-do´—"k`a´do´ tipi," "sun-dance tipi;" the tipi in which the sun-dance priests made their preparations for each, day's performance. It was erected behind the k'ado or medicine lodge (see plate LXX).
• K`a´do´-gyä´`to´—Old-man-of-the-sun-dance;" a Kiowa chief in 1841 (see Winter 1841—42).
• K`a´do´ p'a—"sun-dance creek," "medicine lodge creek;" Kiowa Medicine-lodge creek, a southern tributary of the North Canadian at the one-hundredth meridian, Oklahoma. It was a favorite place for the ceremony on account of the abundance of suitable timber there. Not to be confounded with Kiowa creek just above it, or with Medicine-lodge creek in southern Kansas.
• ka`do´liä—see do go´tä.
• Ka`do´liä p'a—Oak creek or Post-oak creek, a small southern tributary of the Washita, just above Rainy-mountain creek, on the north line of the reservation; formerly called Do`go´tä´ p'a, both names signifying "oak creek," until changed on account of the death of a woman named Do`go´tä´, about six years ago.
• kadu (Hidatsa)—a season, as measured by natural occurrences.
• k`a´ga—wall, side, bank of earth.
• Ka´giätse´—see Poli´ăkyă.
• ka`gu´ăt—bud, literally "red shell or rind," from kañi or ka-i and guăt or gu´ădal.
• Ka`gu´ăt P'a—"bud moon;" a Kiowa moon or month comprising parts of February and March.
• Ka`gu´ăt P'a Sän—"little bud moon;" a Kiowa moon or month comprising parts of Janaary and February.
• ka´gyä—a triumph or rejoicing over a slain enemy. Cf. ĭmka´gyä´gya.
• Ka-him-hi—"Ka-him-hi, the Prairie Dog," a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1837, as his name appears on the treaty. The word for prairie-dog is tsä̆; for dog, tse´ñhi.
• ka´-i—hide (noun) of buffalo, deer, etc, but not of panther, whose skin is generally used for quivers; ka´-i, skin of animals; ka´gya, human skin; ka´ñi, shell or rind.
• ka´-igihä´—compressed, flat; it is compressed. Cf. ko´pedal.
• k`a´-iko´n—(1) flint; (2) the central cap of a cartridge.
• K`a´-ikon p'a—"flint creek," so called on account of the abundant flint rock there; a northern, tributary of the South Canadian, about 10 miles above Adobe Walls, either Big Clear or Mustang creek, in the panhandle of Texas.
• ka´-ikonho´dal—dragonfly.
• Ka´-ikonho´dal—"Dragonfly;" a Kiowa boy frozen to death in the winter of 1890—91.
• ka´-itañ—see k`i´oñ.
• Ka´'-itâñ k`op—"Love-making mountain," a mountain in the angle formed by Elm fork and North fork of Red river, Greer county, Oklahoma; it takes its name from the neighboring spring of K`ioñ toñ or Ka´-itâñ toñ, q. v.
• Ka´-itâñ toñ—see K`ioñ toñ.
• Kâ´itse´ñk`ia—a member of the Kâ´itseñ´ko, q. v.
• Kâ´itse´ñko—the principal one of the six Kiowa military orders; the name seems to mean "Kiowa horses," from Gâ-i or Kâ-i and tseñ. Identical with the "horse" and "big horse," military orders of the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache, respectively, as given by Clark (see page 229 herein).
• kân—see doti.
• k`an—(1) Hard; cf. got. (2) Gripping, squeezing. (3) A small red seed berry, growing on thorny bushes in rocky places, from Texas to the Arkansas and northward. It has flowers and is ripe in autumn and is eaten raw or mashed with pemmican. Perhaps the wild rose, which is thus eaten by the northern plains tribes. The name has now been transferred to the tomato. Cf. k`a´nk`o´dal.
• kâ´ñgya—name (noun), in composition kâñ; what is his (its) name, hä´tso`kâ´ñ. Cf. Da´tekâñ.
• Kânhe´ñko—see Do´heñ´ko.
• kañi—shell, rind, skin (of fruit), etc; do`ka´ñi, bark. Cf. ka´-i.
• k`a´nki´ñ—land tortoise or box turtle; literally, "hard shields," from k`an and kiñ, plural of kyuñi. The Indians eat them after roasting by throwing alive into the fire. Cf. to´nak`a´.
• K`a´nkiñ ton—"turtle spring;" a water hole on the Staked plain, in western Texas.
• k`a´n-k`o´dal—"neck, i. e. necklace, k`an;" the Sophora erythrina or coral bean, called by the Mexicans frijolillo or chilicote; a hard red berry about the size of a small marble, used for necklaces by the southern plains tribes. The berries, contained in a pod, grow upon a small thorny tree found in Texas and the Sierra Madre of northern Mexico. They possess powerful poisonous or intoxicating properties. Cf. k`an.
• K`a´nk`o´dal p'a—"coral-bean river;" a river somewhere southwest of Double mountain, Texas, in the vicinity of the old California emigrant road. So called on account of the k`a´n-k`o´dal (q. v.) bushes growing upon it.
• Ka´ntsi (Caddo)—liars, deceivers; the Caddo name for the Kiowa Apache (see Tagu´i and Kiowa Apache synonymy).
• K`añ´zole´go—a people, apparently a subtribe of the Apache, formerly known to the Kiowa and sometimes visiting them. The meaning of the word is doubtful.
• ka´odal—a cache or deposit; gyäkao´dalk`u´ătă´, "I am about to leave them there." Cf. odal and gyäko´dal.
• K apä´te—"Knife-whetter, whetstone;" from k`a, gyäpä´to, and te; a Kiowa chief who died about 1890. Cf. K`a-pä´ti´ and Ka´-pätop.
• k`a-pä´ti—whetstone; from k`a and gyäpä´to.
• K`apä´to—Osage; literally, "shaved heads," in allusion to a custom, common to them and some neighboring tribes, of shaving all the hair from the head except a crest or tuft at the top. Catlin states that this custom was followed only by the Osage, Kaw, Sauk and Fox, Iowa, and Pawnee. I cut, gyätä´`da; I shall cut your hair, ĭmk`apä´dăltă. Cf. K`a´-pä´top. The Osage are also sometimes called Ä´daltä´do, "cut-hair people," from âdal and gyätä´`dä; also Gusa´ko and now more commonly Wasa´si, from their own name of Washa´she or Osage. T'ebodal says that they were formerly called Ähyäto (q. v.) by the Kiowa, the name now given to the southern Arapaho, and that the name was changed on account of a death. SIGN: Brushing or clipping motion with the hand at the side of the head, as though cutting off the hair.
• K`apä´top—see Tagu´i. Cf. K apä´to.
• kata—blanket.
• K`at'a—(1) Ree, Arikara; literally, "biters," from gyäk`a´ta. (2) One of the six divisions of the Kiowa tribe, the Cut-off band of Clark, sometimes distinguished as Gâ´i-K`at´a or "Kiowa K`at´a;" singular, K`a´dalk`i´a, K a´dalmä. SIGN: Motion of biting off or twisting off something held in the mouth, originally referring to the gnawing of corn from a cob, the Arikara being noted for the cultivation of corn.
• Kates-ho-ko-tuck—see Kĭ´tskûkatû´k.
• kati—leggin. The Kiowa man's leggin is separate from the moccasin. The woman's leggin and moccasin form one piece.
• Ka´to´de´ä p'a—Battery creek, the upper branch of Sweetwater creek, near Fort Elliott, in the panhandle of Texas. The name signifies "creek where the buffalo robe was returned," from ka, tode, and p'a. Cf. Iyu´gu´a p'a.
• Ka´to´de´ä P'a Sole´go—see Iyu´gu´a P'a Sole´go.
• k`a-t'o´gyä—see hâñ-t'o´gyä.
• K'a-t'o´gyä—see A`päta´te.
• k`ato´i—cut round across the forehead, from gyäk`a´go and toi.
• kato´n—shoulder.
• -k`i, -k`ia—man; suffix from k'i´ñähi´.
• kiă—day, an abreviated form for ki´adă.
• k`i´äbo—the "button" used in the do´a´ game (see Winter 1881—82).
• ki´adă—day, i. e., from sunrise to sunset; also ki´agyă.
• ki´ädä´—morning; literally, "full day."
• ki´äde´dal—yesterday.
• -k`i´ägo—people, a tribal suffix, sometimes shortened to gyäko; from k'i´ñähi, plural k`i´ñähyup.
• ki´agyă—see ki´adă.
• ki´äsa´—noon.
• ki´at'ä´—dawn.
• Kidi-ki-tashe—see Do`gu´at.
• kigi´a—after (in time); kigi´a Daki´adă, next week; literally, "after Sunday."
• kiñ—shield, in composition. It is really the plural form, as is usually the case in proper name compounds. Cf. kyu´ñi.
• k`iñ´ähi—man; plural k`iñähyup. Cf. k`i´ägo.
• K`i´ñähi´ate—"Man;" a Kiowa warrior killed by Mexicans in 1836—37.
• K`i´ñähi-pi´äko—Tonkawa; literally, "man-eaters," from k`i´ñähi, piä or pi´ängya, and ko; sometimes called Ga´dalko´ko, "buffalo spies," from ga´dal, äko´ä and ko. The Tonkawa, originally from the lower Colorado, in Texas, noted and hated among other tribes for their cannibal practices, lived for a time at Anadarko, in the vicinity of the present Catholic mission and on Tonkawa creek, where they were surprised and nearly half their number massacred by a combination of neighboring tribes, October 25, 1862. Sign: "Cannibal," made by combining the signs for man and eating.
• Ki´ñasâ´hek`ia—see Zonk`i´a.
• Ki´ñep—"Big shields," from kiñ, plural of kyuñi, and ep a plural personal form of et or edal; one of the six recognized divisions of the Kiowa tribe, the "shield" band of Clark (see page 228).
• Kĭ´nzi—see Mâ´ngomhe´ñte.
• k`i´oñ—love-making, courting; also ka´-itâñ; the first form seems to contain the root k`i, man.
• K`i´oñ toñ—"Love-making spring," also sometimes called Ka´-itâñ toñ; a spring in a bend on the south side of the North fork of Red river, near Mount Walsh, in Greer county, Oklahoma; so called because in the old times when the Kiowa and Cheyenne used to camp on the opposite side of the stream, the women, as they crossed over to the spring for water, were followed by the young men bent on courting.
• Kiowa—for Gâ´igwŭ (see Kiowa synonymy).
• Kĭsi´năhĭs (Kichai)—see Tagu´i.
• Kĭ´tikĭti´sh (Wichita)—see Do`gu´at.
• Kĭ´tskûkatû´k (Wichita)—the Wichita village, formerly on the north bank of the North fork of Red river, about half way between Elm fork and Elm creek, on the reservation. The Wichita say the Kichai occupied it jointly with themselves. The name is rendered by a chief of the Wichita "villages on the side of a mountain," in his testimony in the Greer county dispute, where it is spelled Kates-ho-ko-tuck (misprint h for k; see Summer 1834).
• -ko, -go, -gua, -gwŭ—a tribal suffix.
• K`ob´-ä´p'a—"Mountain-timber creek;" San Francisco creek, a small tributary of the North Canadian, between Palo Duro and Beaver creeks, Oklahoma, so called because the principal timber upon it is of varieties usually growing only in the mountains.
• K`o´b-aka´n—"last mountain," from k`op and aka´n; Mount Walsh, in Greer county, Oklahoma. Cf. Tso´`kaka´n.
• K`o´b-e´tă´—"great mountains," from k`op and edal. (1) Mount Scott, northwest of Fort Sill, on the reservation. (2) The Sierra Madre of southern New Mexico and of Chihuahua and Sonora in Mexico. War parties of the Kiowa and allied tribes formerly made these mountains their headquarters for raiding upon the adjoining portions of Mexico.
• K`ob-et'aiñ´mo—"white mountain," from k`op and taiñ (-mo makes it singular); a mountain westward from the head of Pecos river, New Mexico.
• K`o´b-o´täbo—Mount Sheridan, northwest of Fort Sill, on the reservation. The name, suggested by the form of the mountain, denotes a mountain resembling a nose sticking out horizontally, from k`op and o´täbo.
• k`odal—neck; the throat or tracheal portion is o´si, in composition o.
• K`o´dal-aka´-i—(abbreviated, K`o´`laka´-i): "Wrinkled-neck," a clerk of William Bent, who established trading posts on the South Canadian, in the panhandle of Texas, in 1844—1846.
• K`o´dal-gu´ădal—"Red-neck;" Agent Captain J. Lee Hall, 1885—1887.
• k`o´dali´ätoñ (or k`oli´äton)—a variety of musselshell used for gorgets or neck pendants, especially by the Osage; from k`o´dal. The Kiowa have no generic name for shell. A flint arrowhead worn as a neck pendant by Kiowa medicine-men is called Bo´-se´se, "Bo arrow," from Bo, a mythic dwarf, very strong.
• K`o´dali´ätoñ p'a—(abbreviated, K`oli´ätoñ p'a); (North) Platte river; literally, "necklace-shell river," or "gorget-shell river;" sometimes called K`o´dalpä p'a, "necklace river," and by misconception arising from its proximity to the Dakota K`o´dalpäk`i´a p'a, "Sioux river." According to Clark, the Indians generally call it shell, or shell-on-neck, river. The South Platte is called Don p'a, "Fat river."
• k`o´dalpä—necklace, gorget, breastplate; from k`odal and pä, the root of gyäpä´imo.
• K`o´dalpä p'a or K`o´dalpäk`i´a p'a—see K`o´dali´ätoñ p'a.
• K`o´dalpä-k`i´ägo—the Dakota; literally, "necklace people," from k`o´dalpä and k`i´ägo. Probably a misconception of the tribal sign, made by drawing the hand with a sweeping pass in front of the throat, and commonly interpreted "Beheaders," from a former tribal custom. "Beheaders" in Kiowa, would be K`o´daltä-k`i´ägo.
• k`o´daltä—beheading (see ĭmk`o´daltä).
• K`o´daltä k`op—"beheading mountain;" a low mountain on the head of Otter creek, on the reservation, within two miles northwest from Saddle mountain (Ta´-k`op) and about 25 miles northwest from Fort Sill. The massacre from which it takes its name occurred on the west side (see Summer 1833).
• ko`ga´-i—elk. Elk have been seen in the Wichita mountains within twenty-five years.
• Ko`ga´-i p'a—"elk creek." (1) Red-deer creek, a southern tributary of the South Canadian in the Texas panhandle. (2) Former name of Elk creek, now Donä´i p'a.
• Ko`gu´i—"Elk," an archaic or ceremonial form; one of the six recognized divisions of the Kiowa tribe, the "Elk" band of Clark (see page 228).
• k`oli´ätoñ—abbreviated form of k`o´dali´ätoñ, q. v.
• Ko´mpabi´ănta—"Big tipi flaps," from kompa´ka and bi´ănta; an old name sometimes used by the Kiowa for themselves, for which no satisfactory reason is assigned. Another form is Kompa´go, "tipi-flap people," from kompa´ka and go.
• Kompa´go—see Ko´mpabi´ănta.
• kompa´ka—tipi flaps, at the top where smoke escapes; now chimney; plural, ko´mpa´.
• komse´—worn out, old; as an old worn-out tipi.
• Komse´ka-k`i´ñähyup—see Ä´hyäto.
• Komtä´ga or Komtă̈´-gun-da—the tipi medicine and the pole to which it is tied (see Gunpä´ñdamä).
• Ko´ñabiñ´ate—"Black-tripe," from koñkya, abi´ñ, and te; abbreviated Koñ´ate; a Kiowa warrior, hero of a noted adventure (see Summer 1857). Afterward called Pa´-ta´dal, q. v.
• ko´ñaka´n—one issue period of two weeks; literally, "end, or series, of nights," from koñkya and aka´n. Cf. koñtä´kia.
• Ko´ñate—see Ko´ñabi´ñate.
• Koñ´-do´ha´—"black bluff," from koñkya and do´ha´; a bluff in the vicinity of the head of Cimarron river, in southeastern Colorado or the adjoining part of New Mexico.
• Koñ´k`i´ägo—see I´ătä´go and Gaa´k`iägo.
• koñ (-kya)—black, dark, one night in time measure of journeys; in composition koñ. One night, two nights, etc, pägo koñ, yi´a koñ, etc; koñ´kya, black; ko´ñkyädă´, it is black; ko´ñkyäoñ, he is black (as a negro); koñguat, black paint.
• Ko´ñkyäo´ñko or Ko´ñkyäo´ñ-t'a`ka´-i—"Negroes; literally, "black people," or "people with black upon them," from koñkya, oñ, and -ko; singular Ko´ñkyäo´ñk`i´a. Cf. Gu´ădalo´ñte. Also sometimes called Ko´ñkyäo´ñ-t'a`ka´-i, "black white men."
• Koñpä´te—-"Blackens-himself," or "Makes-himself-black," from koñkya, black, deko´ñpäka´, I blacken myself; a Kiowa warrior killed by soldiers in 1871.
• ko´nsenä´—turned up (?).
• koñtä´kia—a week; literally, middle of (issue) nights; also pä´go Daki´ada, i. e., "one Sunday." Cf. ko´ñaka´n.
• Koñtä´lyui—"Black boys," from koñ´kya and t´älyi´; one of the six recognized divisions of the Kiowa tribe; also called Si´ndiyu´i, "Sindi's children," from Sindi and i; the "Black" band of Clark (see page 228).
• Koñyä´daldä—"black hill," from koñkya and yä´daldä; probably identical with the Blue hills in northern Kansas. Described as between Pe p'a (Smoky-hill river) and Hâñtso p'a (Solomon fork?). (See Summers 1854 and 1860).
• Koñyä´daldä p'a—"black-hill river;" a stream in the neighborhood of Koñyä´daldä, q. v., Kansas (see 1852).
• Kon-zhon-ta-co—see Se´t-ta´dal (Apache).
• kop—pain. I have pain, nyäko´p; sickness, ho´dălda; I am sick, äho´dălda.
• k`op—mountain; before vowels it becomes k`ob. Cf. yädaldä, ba´dlo´.
• K`op-pe p'a—"mountain-sand river;" North fork of Red river, Oklahoma. It is said to be called Nueces by the Mexicans.
• kopa´-iñgya—middle, in the middle; abbreviated pa´-iñgya.
• kope´dal—flat. Cf. ka´-igihä´.
• K`o´pgya—"at the mountains," or "toward the mountains," from k`op and -gyă; vicinity of Fort Sill, on the reservation.
• K`opk`i´ägo—see I´ătä´go.
• K`o´p-sole´gya—see Ts´o`kada´hä´gya.
• K`op-tagu´i—the Jicarilla Apache; literally "Mountain Apache;" cf. Tagu´i.
• K`optai´de-do´-tse´dalte—Signal mountain, west of Fort Sill, on the reservation; literally, "mountain with a house situated upon it," from k`op, tai´-de, do´, and tse´dalte. Also called Pi´ăya-do-tse´dalte, "house upon the summit," from pi´ăya, do´, and tse´dalte. Both names, as well as the English name, refer to the military lookout or signal station built upon it in 1871 and still remaining.
• K`o´p-t'a`ka´-i—New Mexicans, sometimes used for Mexicans generally; literally, "mountain, whites," from k`op and t'a`ka´-i. Cf. Ä-t'a`ka´-i, Toñ´he´ñ-t'a`ka´-i, Tso´-`t'a`ka´-i.
• K`o´p-t'a`ka´'-i Do´mbe—New Mexico; literally, "Mountain Mexican country."
• K`o´p-t'a`ka´-i p'a—Delaware creek, a south tributary of the Washita, on the reservation, about 4 miles below Anadarko; literally, "Mexican creek," because a number of Mexicans with Indian wives now live there. It probably had an older name.
• kotä´dal—(or kotä´l); wheel; figuratively, a wagon.
• kotä´dalhop—freighters; from kotä´dal and hop.
• Kotä´dalhop-gi´atäda´e—"where they surrounded the freighters," from kotä´dalhop and gyätä´dă; the battlefield of September 8, 1874, on the north side of the Washita, near Fort Elliott, in the Texas panhandle.
• Kots-a-to-ah—"Kots-a-to-ah, The smoked shield," the name of a gigantic Kiowa warrior and runner, as given by Catlin, who painted his picture in 1834. The name or translation can not be identified in Kiowa. It appears to be a Comanche form containing the word ko´tso, buffalo. Horace P. Jones, interpreter at Fort Sill, is called by the Comanches Ko´tso-natu´ă, "Buffalo-calf."
• Kotse´nto—see Ä´bäho´ko.
• K`u´ato—a Kiowa division, speaking a peculiar dialect, exterminated by the Dakota about 1770 (see pages 157 and 229). The word signifies "pulling out" or "pulling up," as a knife from a pocket, a nail from a board, etc, from gyäku´atda.
• k`udal—to stay or dwell; to be in a place.
• kŭ´tiharu (Pawnee)—a season (of the year).
• Kwa´na—see Gu´a´na.
• Kwu´`da—"coming out," "going out;" an old name for the Kiowa tribe (see Kiowa synonymy).
• kyähi´ñ(-aga)—tomorrow, abbreviated kyähi´ñ; kyähi´n ki´äsa´, shortly before noon.
• kyai´`guan—deer; literally, "jumper," from dekya´i`gu´anmo, I jump; other names are t'äp and tañ´gia, q. v.
• kyäka´n—after; literally, "at the end," from aka´n, q. v.; applied also to the final part of a song, etc; Tä´dalkop Kyäka´n K`a´do´, "sun dance after the smallpox;" nyä´kyäka´n, it is gone, i. e., it can not be helped.
• kyä´`to´—old man, plural kyä´`tadă´. Since the recent death of a boy named Kyä´`to´ this word is not used, and they say instead e´dalk`i´a, plural e´dalkyai´; literally, "great man," from edal and k`ia. Cf. gyät'o´ and gyädo´.
• Kyä`tse´hä—"Short-old-man," from kyä´`to´, tse´, and hä (?). (See the following.)
• Kyä`tse´hä-de p'a—"Short-old-man's creek;" the extreme head of Cache (Bluff) creek, near Eagle-heart's place, on the reservation; so called from a man named Kyä`tse´hä, who formerly lived there.
• kyu´ñi—shield; kiñ in plural and in composition. Cf. gyuñi.
• lĕ´tskukĭ (Pawnee)—autumn.
• li´ŭt (Pawnee)—summer.
• -mä—a feminine suffix, from mä´ñyi´; as Semätmä, "Apache woman," tseñ´mä, a mare.
• Mä´-ai´-tai-ĭ´stsĭ-hĭ´nä̆´ (Cheyenne)—see A´`päta´te.
• Mah-vip-pah (Apache)—see Babi´`pa.
• Maiz—"Myers," Agent W. D. Myers, 1888—89.
• mak`o´n—nose; in composition, ma.
• Mamä´nte—"walking-above," otherwise known as Dahä´te, "medicine-man," from dahä and te; a Kiowa warrior in 1875, who died a prisoner in Florida. Cf. Set´män´te.
• mândă´—arm; they sometimes say tso´dal, literally "wing;" mânga´ i, lower arm; mâ´nte´m, "arm bone," elbow.
• mâ´ngo´m—index finger, literally "pointing flnger;" mân, root of finger, hand, arm.
• Mân´gomhe´ñte—"No-index-finger;" the Kiowa name of General R. S. Mackenzie, commanding at Fort Sill in 1874; so called from his having lost his right (?) index finger. The same name was also applied to Thomas Gaboon, a peace commissioner among the Kiowa in 1873. Battey spells the word Mone-kome-haint. Mackenzie was sometimes also called Kĭ´nzi, a corruption of his proper name, and the same name is now given to a Mexican captive crippled in the same way.
• Mânheñ'k`ia—see Tso´dalhe´ñte.
• mânka—sleeve; from mândă´.
• Mâ´nka-gu´ădal—"Red-sleeve," the Kiowa name of a Comanche chief killed in Kansas in 1847. His Comanche name is said to have been Ĭ´kämo´să.
• Mâ´nka-gu´ădal-de p'a—Pawnee fork (see Ai´koñ p'a).
• Mâ´nka-gu´ădal-de P'a´gya Yä´`pähe gi´adal-de´e´—"where the soldiers live on Red Sleeve's river;" Fort Larned, Kansas (see also Aikoñ P'a Sole´go).
• Ma´ñkope´dal—"Flat-nose," from mak`o´n and kopedal; a Kiowa warrior and Florida prisoner in 1875.
• Manrhoet or Manrhout—Kiowa? A tribe mentioned by La Salle in 1682 in connection with the Kiowa Apache (see pages 157 and 248).
• ma´ñsă´—crow; the old name is gaa´. Cf. mă´să´.
• Mañ´taha´k`ia—"Hook-nose-man, High-nose-man, i. e., Roman-nose," from mak`o´n, taha´, and k`ia. (1) The Kiowa name of William Bent, the noted trader and proprietor of Bent's Fort. (2) Another name for William Madison, Se´npo-ze´dalbe, q. v.
• mä´ñyi´—woman; in composition as a suffix, mä.
• Mä´ñyi´-te´n—"Woman-heart;" a noted Kiowa chief about 1865—1875. On the treaty of 1867 his name appears as "Ma-ye-tin."
• Ma´p´o´dal—"Split-nose," from mak`o´n and p'o´dal; the Kiowa name of a cattleman living in 1883 on the Washita above Rainy-mountain creek.
• mă´să´—six. Cf. ma´ñsă´ (crow) and pä´go.
• Măsa´te—"Six;" a Kiowa young man in 1881, so called for having six toes on each foot. His brother, Bo´he´, q. v., is said to have six fingers on each hand.
• Ma´se´p—Caddo; literally, "pierced nose," from mak`o´n and sep. Sign: Index finger pushed across below the nose, to indicate the former custom of boring the nose for pendants.
• Masko´ki—Creek (Indians); an adoption of the name used by themselves.
• Mäsu´ără—Missouri; described by the Kiowa as friends of the Pawnee, but enemies of most other tribes.
• mä´ta´n—girl; plural, mäta´nta.
• Mä´wi (Comanche)—a Comanche chief in 1857.
• Ma-ye-tin—see Mä´ñyi´te-´n.
• mayi´agyă´—cramp, cholera. Used alone the word denotes a sudden cramp, not necessarily a regular sickness or disease, but with the addition of the word for sickness it denotes the cholera, as mayi´agyă´ hodlo´mkya, "he is sick with cramp," or "he has the cramp sickness," i. e., he has cholera. I am sick, äho´dalda; I have cramp, ä´mayi´agyă.
• Mone-kome-haint—see Mâ´ngomhe´ñte.
• Mo´tsätse´—"Muchacho" (Spanish, boy); a Kiowa boy frozen to death in the winter of 1890—91; also the name of a Kiowa man still living. Both derive their Spanish names from the fact of being of Mexican captive origin.
• Mûtsi´ănă-täni´u (Cheyenne)—the Cheyenne name for the Kiowa Apache (see Tagu´i and Kiowa Apache synonymy.
• Nadi´i´sha-de´na (Apache)—see Se´mät and Kiowa Apache synonymy.
• Nah-tan (Apache)—"Nah-tan, or Brave Man," an Apache signer of the treaty of 1867, as the name appears on the treaty.
• Nakü´`tärä hono (Comanche)—Nueces river, Texas (see Donä´i p'a).
• Na`la´ni (Navaho)—"many aliens or enemies;" the Navaho name for the Kiowa and allied tribes (see synonymy).
• Ni´chihenĕ´na (Arapaho)—see Kiowa synonymy.
• Noko´ni (Comanche)—a division of the Comanche.
• nyägyai´to—I hate him.
• o´ba-ikă´—-you endure, you remain forever, you are always there. From the song of the Kâ´itse´ñko (see Summer 1871).
• odal—to carry, or a thing for carrying, as a box, bag, etc; odal gyädäbo, I carry a box or bag; o´dalpä, to carry a package (pä, to tie) of meat (on the saddle or back). Cf. kao´dal and gyäko´dal.
• O´homo´ñko—see O´moho´ñko.
• o´hyo—there, then.
• O´moho´ñko or Omo´ñko—Omaha; frequently transposed to O´homo´ñko, O´hom´oñ gu´an, the "Omaha dance."
• on—measure, mile; beo´n, measure it.
• oñ´gua—see donä´i.
• Oñ´guă p'a—(1) another name for Donä´i p'a (Elk creek), q. v. (2) (North) Concho river(?), Chihuahua; "pecan river," so called from the abundance of pecan trees on it. A trail led from it across to the Pecos.
• onhä´te—bear. Cf. set.
• O´nhono´ñ p'a—Little Washita river, on the reservation. This is the present Comanche name, which has been adopted by the Kiowa. They formerly called it Pi´ălai´bo-de p'a, from Pi´ărai´bo, "Big-white-man," the Comanche name of interpreter E. L. Clarke, who used to live upon it and from whom the Comanche called the river (Pi´ărai´bo hono).
• O´nhono´ñko—The Comanche living about Little Washita river. Cf. O´nhono´ñ p'a.
• O´nhono´ñ-yä´daldä—Kichai hills, on the reservation; "O´nhono´ñko hill." Cf. O´nhono´ñko. Sometimes also called Gañe´tä, "there are hills." They have no regular name, but the first is more common.
• o´päm-yai´po—"initiation rope," from äo´pä (see äo´päñ) and yai´po; the sash worn about the neck of a member of the Kâ´itseñ´ko (see Summer 1846).
• o´päñ—initiation of the Kâ´itse´ñko, from äo´päñ (see the preceding).
• ora´rĕkaru (Pawnee)—spring (season).
• o´täbo—the word refers to (a nose?) "sticking up horizontally." Cf. K`o´b-o´täbo.
• pa—(1) buffalo bull; (2) a male suffix, as tañgi´apa´, buck deer; (3) fur, down, fuzz; plural or collective, pa´dal; downy, pa´gi, as pa´gi-älo´, "downy plum," i. e., peach.
• pa´—stupid, easy-going, quiet-tempered.
• p'a—(1) moon or month; (2) river, creek, stream; the distinctive word for "creek" is ase, but it is seldom used.
• Pa p'a—"Buffalo-bull creek;" (1) Buffalo creek, a southern tributary of the Cimarron, in Oklahoma; (2) a timberless stream, described as a small northern tributary(?) of the Cimarron, and apparently Bear creek or Two-butte creek, in southeastern Colorado.
• Pa´-ä´ngya—"Sitting-bull," from pa and ä´ngya; the Kiowa rendering of the name of Hänä´chä-thi´ak, "Sitting-bull," the Arapaho apostle of the Ghost dance, who inaugurated that ceremony among the Kiowa in the fall of 1890.
• Pa´-ä´ti—"Bull-entrails;" a Kiowa warrior and Florida prisoner in 1875.
• päbo—(1) An American horse (as distinguished from the smaller Indian or Mexican variety); plural, päbo´go; the word literally indicates something unusually tall or long-limbed; Cf. tseñ. (2) A soldier's cap brim, a vizor.
• Päbo p'a—see To´ñzo`go´dal p'a.
• Pä´bo-yä´daldä—"American-horse hill;" a hill near the head of Päbo p'a, otherwise To´ñzo`go´dal p'a, q. v., in northwestern Texas.
• Pabo´n—"fur crook," from pa or pa´gyä, and bon; the crook lance of the Toñko´ñko leaders; so called because wrapped with beaver fur.
• Päbo´te—"American-horse;" a Kiowa chief about 1880, so called on account of his uncommon size (see päbo).
• Pa-con-ta—"Pa-con-ta, My Young Brother;" the name of a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1837, as it appears on the treaty. "Brother" is päbi´.
• pä´da-i—twin. Cf. pä´tsoga.
• Pä´da-i—"Twin;" a Kiowa warrior and Florida prisoner in 1875; still living.
• Pa´-do`gâ´-i—see Doha´sän (1).
• Pa´douca—see Gyai´ko.
• P'a E´dal—"great river;" (1) Rio Grande; (2) a great river beyond K`o´b-e´tă´ (the southern Rocky mountains), probably the Colorado of the west.
• P'a E´dal Sän—"little P'a E´dal;" Pecos river, New Mexico.
• P'a-Edal-T'a`ka´-i—"Rio Grande Mexicans;" the Mexicans along the Rio Grande, from about Laredo upward.
• P'a-edal-T'a`ka´-igya—"Great river white-man's place," from P'a Edal, t'a`ka´-i, and gyă; Fort McIntosh, on the lower Rio Grande, Texas; the Kiowa seldom went below or east of this point.
• Pa´-ehe´mgo´`te—"Lame-bull;" special agent W. H. Abell, so called on account of his lameness and his rough manner.
• pä´go or pä´nyi´—one, solitary, alone. The first ten numerals are: pä´go, yi´a, pä´o, yi´ä`gyä, o´nto, mă´să, pä´nse´, yä´`se, ga´`se, ga´kiñ.
• Pa´-gu´ak`o—"Yellow-bull;" a Kiowa warrior mentioned in 1864 as having been a delegate to Washington (see page 177).
• pä´gun—to give by throwing away, as a sacrifice of scalps, etc.
• Pa´-guñhe´nte—"Hornless-bull," from pa, guñ, keñ, and te. (1) A Kiowa warrior in 1846. (2) Another, killed by the Ute in 1868.
• pa´gya—another form of pa, fur, q.v.
• Pä´gya—see Päsä´ngyä.
• pägyä—prairie, especially an extensive one, such as the Staked plain; another form is pä´yă.
• pähä´dal—forks of a stream; pähä´dalgyă, at the forks.
• pai—(1) Sun. (2) Abbreviated form of pai´gya, pai´da.
• Pai A`gân´ti—"Summer Ä`gâ´nti; a Kiowa moon or month, comprising parts of April and May.
• Pai Gañhi´ña P'a—"Summer Gañhiñ´a P'a;" a Kiowa moon or month, comprising parts of June and July.
• Pai Te´pgañ P'a—"Summer Te´pgañ P'a;" a Kiowa moon or month, comprising parts of May and June.
• pai´-ba´da—sunrise, from pai and badai´; pai´-ba´te de pe´bä, "in the direction of the sunrise," i.e., east.
• pai´da—see pai´gya.
• pai´gya—summer; abbreviated pai; a plural form, pai´da, is also sometimes used.
• Pai´-k`op Toñ´tep—"sun-mountain spring;" a noted spring and Indian rendezvous upon a mountain or mesa, about the southern border of the Staked plain. Cf. the following (see Summer 1857).
• Pai toñ—"sun spring;" a well spring in the Staked plain, Texas, a journey of about a day and a half southwest from Double mountain, and flowing eastward. So called because the basin is a round hole in the rock. Cf. the preceding.
• paiñ—dust, earth, dusty; it is dusty, gyä-pai´ñyum.
• Pai´ñ-do´ p'a—"earth-house river;" a stream southwest from Double mountain, Texas; so called from an adobe house upon it. Cf. Tso´paiñ Do´.
• Pa´-iñgya—"In-the-middle," from kopa´-iñgya; a Kiowa prophet in 1888.
• pai'ñyoñhä´—dusty. Cf. paiñ.
• Pai´-tälyi´—"Sun-boy." (1) A Kiowa chief who died in 1888; the name is sometimes rendered "Son of the Sun," or "Sun's Son," and may refer to (2) the Sun-boy hero, from whom is derived the ´dalbea´hya, q. v.
• pa´ki—thigh.
• Pa´k`iägo—Sarsi; literally, "stupid people," from pa´ and ki´ägo; other possible etymologies are "thigh people," from paki; or from Päki or Päki´ăni, the Shoshoni name for the Blackfeet, which in turn may be derived from Pikŭ´nĭ, the proper name of the Piegan, one of the Blackfoot divisions. The Sarsi are a small tribe of Athapascan stock, which separated about a hundred years ago from the parent tribe, the Beaver, on Peace river, British America, and moved southward, establishing themselves on the headwaters of the North Saskatchewan, near Battleford, about 53° north, under the protection of the Blackfeet. They are the northernmost tribe known to the Kiowa, who remember them as allied to the Blackfeet and as speaking an Apache dialect. Several prominent Kiowa are of Sarsi descent by former intermarriage. Sign: Touching the thigh in a sweeping pass with the open right hand.
• Paki´-gu´ădalkantă´—Brulé Sioux; "red-burnt thighs," from paki, gu´ădal, and tsenka´n. Sign: Same as for Pa´k`iägo, followed by sign for Sioux (K o´dalpäk`i´ägo).
• Pa´-ko´ñkya—"Black-bull," a Kiowa warrior in 1873.
• Palä´ni—see K at'a.
• Päli—"Valdez" (?), a Mexican captive and Florida prisoner in 1875; still living.
• pä´ñgun or pä´ñgyä—a sacrificial offering, or offering "thrown away" upon a hill to the sun; from päñ, the root of the verb "to give," and gun, the root of the verb "to throw away." I am sacrificing, gyäpä´amda´; I have sacrificed, gyäpä´oñ or gyäpä´gun; gyäda´tsaiâ´mo, I make or prepare a ceremonial other than sacrifice, as K'a´do´ or Dä´-mä´tan-da´-i.
• Päñ´gyägi´ate—"Sacrifice-man," from päñgyä and te; a Kiowa warrior killed in Mexico in 1853—54.
• Pao´ngya—autumn; the name refers to the thickening of the fur (pa) of the buffalo; also called Ai´deñ-gyägu´ădalo´mgyä-i, time "when the leaves are red," from ai´deñ. and gu´ădal.
• Päre´iyä (Comanche)—see To´npe´to.
• Pä´riăse´amăn (Comanche)—"Ten-elks;" a Comanche signer of the treaty of 1867, upon which the name appears as "Parry-wah-say-men or Ten Bears."
• Parry-wah-say-men (Comanche)—see Pä´riăse´amăn.
• Päsä´ngyä—The Staked plain, of Texas and New Mexico; literally, "prairie edge," or "prairie bluff," from pä´gyä, and sä´ngya. The name properly refers only to the bluff edge or escarpment of the Staked plain, which itself is commonly referred to simply as Pägyä or Päya. "The prairie."
• pa´sot—thunder. According to the belief of the Kiowa and the plains tribes generally, thunder is produced by a large bird resembling the eagle.
• Pa´sot-kyä`to´—General W. S. Hancock, present at the treaty of 1867; literally, "Old-man-of-the-thunder," from pa´sot and kyä`to´; so called on account of the eagles upon his shoulder straps, emblematic of his rank, which were thought by the Indians to symbolize the thunder bird. The Kiowa say that he was called by the whites Ga´nu´än (General?).
• Pä´sûñko or Pä´suñ-T'a`ka´-i—Mexicans about El Paso on the Rio Grande; from the Spanish Paseños.
• pät, pätdo´—having low spreading branches; from pät, an archaic word for low spreading branches, and -do or -dă´, a suffix implying having, it has, or there is, from gyädo´.
• Pa´-ta´dal—"Lean-bull;" (1) see Koñ´abiñ´ate. (2) A Kiowa war chief in 1874—75, still living. He is commonly known to the whites as "Poor-buffalo," and in the last outbreak gained the name of Ta´-tätheñ´te, "Never-unsaddled" (from ta´gyä, tät?, heñ, and te), from his practice of keeping his horse saddled at night, to be always ready for surprise.
• Pa´te´pte—see Da´tekâñ.
• Pa´to´—see T'ene´`taide.
• Pa´-to´n—"Bull-tail;" a Kiowa warrior killed by the Mexicans in 1834—35.
• pätsä´t—end, top; as ä´-pätsä´t, k`o´p-pätsä´t, â´dal-pätsä´t, p'a-pätsä´t.
• pä´tsoga—similar, looking alike. Cf. pä´da-i.
• Pätso`ga´te—"Looking-alike;" a daughter of Stumbling-bear noted for her beauty. She died in 1882.
• Pä´ya—see pä´gyă and Päsä´ngyä.
• pe—sand.
• Pe p'a—"sand river;" Smoky-hill river, Kansas.
• Pe p'a edal—"great sand river;" Red river (of Texas and Indian Territory), so called both above and below the North fork.
• Pe toñ—"sand spring;" a water hole on the Staked plain, in Texas or New Mexico.
• p'e´`gyä—they fell; p'e´`gya, it is falling (as rain, snow, or shower of meteors); t'o´dal p'e´daldä´to, it is snowing.
• peñ—turkey; plural peñ´ko; peñ sän, quail, i. e., "little turkey."
• Peñ p'a—"turkey creek." (1) A small southwestern branch of Elk creek (of North fork), in H county, Oklahoma; (2) a southern tributary of North fork of Red river, in Greer county, Oklahoma, beyond Mount Walsh.
• penä—sugar, candy; it is the same in the Comanche language, from which the Kiowa may have adopted it.
• Penä p'a—"sugar creek;" sugar creek on Wichita reservation; sometimes also called Do`gu´at p'a, "Wichita creek."
• Pe´nätĕ´ka (Comanche)—see Ä´-gyai`ko.
• pep—bush, tree; see also ä; gyäpe´`boñ, it is bushy or thickety.
• Peyi—"Sand-child," from pe and i; a young Kiowa man who committed suicide in 1886—87.
• piă—fire. Cf. piä.
• piä—eating; food, pi´äñgya; I eat, gyä`pa´to. Cf. piă, gyäpa´ta, and gyäpä´to.
• Piä-ki´adă—Christmas; literally, "eating day."
• Pi´alai´bo—see Pi´ărai´bo.
• Pi´alai´bo-de p'a—see O´nhon´oñ p'a.
• Pi´änä´vonĭt (Comanche)—"Big-looking-glass;" a Comanche chief and delegate to Washington in 1892.
• Pi´arai´bo (Comanche)—"Big-whiteman," from, piäp, big, and taivo, a white man; the Comanche name of interpreter E. L. Clarke, corrupted by the Kiowa to Pi´alai´bo.
• pi'ăta´ñga—see guñse´to.
• pi´ăya—summit, top.
• Pi´ăya-do´-tse´dalte—see K`o´p-tai´-do´-tse´-dalte.
• pi´cikŭt (Pawnee)—winter.
• pi´ho´—peninsula, bend in a river or coast.
• Pi´ho´—"peninsula;" a bend in the Washita a short distance below Walnut creek and the Wichita line. A favorite place for the Sun dance. See Summers 1839 and 1885.
• Pĭ´semâ´i—see T'a`ka´-i-p'o´dal.
• po—trap; spider web. Cf. p'o.
• p'o—beaver. Cf. po.
• P'o p'a—"beaver river;" (1) North Canadian river and its upper branch, Beaver creek, in Oklahoma; (2) Otter creek, branch of North fork, on the reservation; (3) Beaver creek, east of Fort Sill, on the reservation.
• P'o p'a sän—"little beaver creek," Little Beaver creek, east of Fort Sill, on the reservation.
• Po´băro—see Te´guăgo.
• p'odal (plural, p'o´tă´)—worm, reptile, insect, snake; used for both creeping and flying insects, including flies, and occasionally for snakes, but not for turtles. For many insects they have no specific name.
• P'o´dal-â´dalte—see Zoñ´tam.
• P'o´dalä´ñte—"Coming-snake," from p'odal, ää, and te; a Kiowa warrior killed in Greer county, Oklahoma, in 1891. Abbreviated P'olä´ñte.
• P'o´dalk`i´ägo or P'o´dalgyä´ko—see Gyai`ko.
• p'o´dal(-tă)—spoiled, useless, deformed, split, as Ma´-p'o´dal, "split-nose."
• po´dodal—a variety of bird.
• Po´dodal(-te´)—a Kiowa warrior in 1879—80.
• Poho´me—The Kiowa name of John Smith, a noted trader about 1860—1867, and Government interpreter for the Cheyenne, who called him Po´omûts, "Gray-blanket," or "Saddle-blanket," whence his Kiowa name.
• poho´n-ä—walnut tree; poho´n-e, a walnut. A woman with her nose cut off, the former punishment for adultery, is called poho´nmä, plural poho´nma´imo, from the fancied resemblance of the mutilated nose to a split walnut. A man so disfigured would be called k`i´ñähyum.
• Poho´n-ä p'a—"walnut creek;" Scout's creek, a tributary of North fork, near Fort Elliott, in the Texas panhandle.
• P'oläñ´te—see P'o´dalä´ñte.
• poläñ´yi—rabbit; plural, polä´ñyup; evidently connected with poli´ăkya, q. v., a pet name is tsä´nyi, plural, tsä´ñyui.
• Polä´ñyi-kato´n—"Rabbit-shoulder;" a Kiowa calendar keeper, now dead.
• Polä´ñyup—"Rabbits;" the lowest order of the Kiowa military organization; sometimes called Tsä´nyui, another word for "rabbits."
• poli´ăkya—hare lip, split lip; Zo´n-poli´ăkya, a vacant place from which a tooth has been lost. Cf. polä´ñyi.
• Poli´ăkya—"Harelip;" alias Ka´giätse´, "Thick-blanket," from kata and etse´ (?); the chief of the Kiowa at the time of the first alliance with the Comanche.
• Pooh-yah-to-yeh-be (Comanche)—see Pu´iwito´yäbi.
• Po´omûts (Cheyenne)—see Poho´me.
• Po'-Sĭ´l—See Tso´`kadahä´gya.
• po´to´ or po´tă´—a prong or branch; ä´po´to´, a forked pole, especially of the medicine lodge; a table fork is called gi´ă-tsoñ´i, "meat awl."
• Pu´iwito´yäbi (Comanche)—"Iron-mountain;" a Comanche signer of the treaty of 1867, where the name appears as "Pooh-yah-to-yeh-be."
• Quay-ham-kay—"Quay-ham-kay, The Stone Shell;" the name of a Kiowa warrior painted by Catlin in 1834, as given by the artist. It can not be identified. Cf. k`o´dali´ätoñ.
• sa'bă—stingy.
• Sa´bă—see Do´ho´n.
• sabiñ´a—quiver; sometimes called ä´gobi´ĭmkâ´-i, "feather case." The quiver is made of panther skin, or of Mexican leather, never of deer or antelope skin.
• sa´dal—(1) masticated food in the stomach, whence also intestine, belly (see also äti); (2) having, furnished with, in composition. Cf. Guñsa´dalte.
• sä´dalgu´ăt—sweat-house, from sä´daltep.
• sa´dalka´ñi—the manifold or stomach-rind of a buffalo or cow, from sadal and kañi.
• Sa´dalkañi k`op—"manifold mountain;" the Black hills, South Dakota.
• sa´dălso´mte—weasel; literally, "belly rubber, or dragger," from sadal and somta.
• Sa´dălso´mte-k`i´ägo—see Semät.
• sä´daltep—sweat (noun).
• Sad-dy-yo—see Sä´riyo.
• sâ´he—blue, green; sâ´he-ko´ñkya, dark blue.
• sai or saigya—winter, year; plural, säta (see page 366).
• Saitkopeta, Paul—see Se´tk`o´pte.
• Säki´bo(-go)—Sauks, from their proper name, Oñsa´ki or Saki.
• Sä´k`odal Gu´ădal Do´ha´—"Cheyenne red bluff;" the Red hills on the North Canadian above Fort Reno, Oklahoma. Cf. Gu´ădal Do´ha´.
• sa`kon—buffalo chips; sa´gya, dung.
• Sa´`kon-yä´daldä or Sä-yä´daldä—"buffalo-chip hill;" a hill or mountain near Salt fork or White-river fork of Brazos river in Texas (see Ahiñă p'a).
• Sa´`kon-yä´daldä p'a—"buffalo chip-hill river;" Duck creek, a branch of Salt fork or White-river fork of Brazos river, Texas; also called Ahiñ´a p'a, "cedar creek."
• sä-kop—midwinter, from sai and kopa´-iñgya.
• Sä´kop p'a—see Ä`gâ´nti.
• Sä´k`ota—Cheyenne; singular, Sä´k`odal, etymology doubtful. Also called T'a´-sep, "pierced-ear," or Ä-gu´at, "painted feathers," from the fact that for their arrows they always used wild-turkey feathers, which are transversely striped. Their Comanche name, Pä´ganä´vo, denotes "striped arrows," and the tribal sign, made by drawing the right index finger across the left, seems to convey the same idea.
• Sä´k`ota-ä´oto´n-de p'a—"creek where the Cheyenne were massacred;" a northern tributary of North fork of Red river, the second below Sweetwater creek, in F county, Oklahoma; so called from a massacre there in 1837, q. v.
• sä`lä´ti—hot, from gyäsä´dal, it is hot.
• sän—little; an archaic form, in composition, is t'an, q. v.
• sä´ne´—snake; säne´hiñ, rattlesnake, literally, "principal snake."
• Sä´ne´ p'a—"snake creek;" Deep creek, entering Cache creek, south of Fort Sill, on the reservation.
• sä´ngya—an overhanging bluff or escarpment. Cf. Päsängyä.
• Sänko—see Gyaí´`ko.
• sa´omhäpä—blood came up from him, i. e., he had a hemorrhage; om, a drop of blood; oñkya, blood.
• Sa-pa-ga—see Se´tpä´go.
• sa´pän—ashes.
• sa´podal—a mythic cannibal monster; hence also, from its human expression, an owl, properly mahi´ñ.
• Sa´podal-â´daltoñ p'a—"owl-head creek," a western branch of Ä´dan p'a, q. v.; so called from the figures of two owls cut upon a tree where the trail crosses.
• Sä´riyo (Comanche)—"Dog-fat;" a Comanche signer of the treaty of 1867, where his name appears as "Saddy-yo," the Comanche r sometimes approximating d.
• säta—plural of sai, sai´gya, q. v.
• Sa-ta-more—see Se´t-emâ´i.
• Satana—see Set-t'a´iñte.
• Satank—see Set-ä´ngya.
• Sa-tan-ta—see Set-t'a´iñte.
• Satekopeta, Paul—see Set-k`o´pte.
• Sa-tim-gear—see Se't-ĭmki´a.
• sa´top—pipe.
• Sa´wăno—Shawano, Shawnee.
• See-ti-toh—see Set-t'ai´ñte.
• se´hän—horned toad.
• sek`a´n—dogwood (Cornus asperifolia), used by the southern plains tribes for arrows, but not for bows.
• Sek`a´n p'a—"dogwood creek;" a small southern tributary of South Canadian river in the panhandle of Texas, a short distance below Adobe Walls; perhaps Chicken creek.
• Se´mät—Kiowa Apache; literally, "Thieves" (singular, dual, and plural alike). Cf. Ä´semtse. They have been so called for the last twelve years on account of having stolen and killed the cattle and hogs of the Kiowa. Formerly called Tagu´i, the generic Kiowa name for the tribes of Apache stock; also Sa´dălso´mte-k`i´ägo, "weasel people" (see Kiowa Apache synonymy).
• Semät p'a—"Apache creek;" an upper branch of Cache creek, joining with E´gu´a p'a (Chandler creek), on the reservation; so called because the Kiowa Apache reside chiefly upon it.
• Se´mätmä—"Apache-woman;" a Kiowa woman in the Osage massacre of 1833. Her proper name was probably Tagu´imä, as the Apache were then called Tagu´i.
• sen—nostril.
• señ—prickly.
• Señ p'a—"cactus river;" Salado river, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The name refers to the tall upright cactus (Cereus giganteus), not to the prickly pear (Opuntia). The Kiowa say there are salt beds on its lower course.
• señ-ä—willow.
• Señ´-ä p'a—(1) "willow creek;" a northern tributary of the Washita, about four miles below Sugar creek, Wichita reservation. (2) Sabinas river, a tributary of Salado river, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. (3) A northern tributary of Beaver creek, a short distance above the junction of the Palo Duro, Oklahoma.
• señ´-älo´—the prickly pear (Opuntia tortispina?), literally "prickly plum," from señ and älo´. Eaten raw by the Indians.
• Se´ñ-älo´k`op—"prickly-pear mountain," a low rocky hill near Stumbling-bear's camp on the road to Fort Sill; so called from the abundance of prickly pears upon it.
• Se´ñ-älo´ p'a—"prickly-pear creek;" a creek near Bent's fort in Colorado, perhaps Caddo or Rate creek (see Summer 1856).
• se´ñi—cactus, especially the peyote (Lophophora), eaten with religious ceremonial; literally, "prickly fruit," from señ and i; in composition, señ.
• se´npa´ga—mustache; cf. se´npo.
• se´npo—mustache, beard; plural se´npa´ga, from sen, nostril, and paga, down, fur, fuzz; pa´`da, a single hair of fur or fuzz, pubis, beard, etc; a´da´, a single hair of head, eyelash, of horse, cow, etc. Cf. Be´dalpa´go.
• se´np'odal-e´ (or se´np'ole´)—a water bulb, apparently the water lily, growing in Swan lake and other ponds on the Wichita reservation; eaten by the Indians.
• Se´np'odal-e´ p'a—"water-lilycreek" (?). Pond creek, a northern tributary of the Washita, on the Wichita reservation.
• Se´np'odal-e´ setso´—"water-lily pond" (?). Swan lake, on the Wichita reservation.
• Se´npo-gu´ădal—"Red-beard;" J. M. Haworth, Kiowa agent, 1873—1878; Battey writes it Simpoquodle.
• Se´npo-ze´dălbe—"Terrible-beard." (1) William Madison or Matthewson, a former trader among the Kiowa. About the year 1865 he had a trading house at the Santa Fé crossing of Cow creek in Kansas, from which he moved when the Kiowa were put upon the reservation in 1869, and established a house on the west side of Cache creek, 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> miles below Fort Sill, on the reservation, where he remained until about 1876. His place on Cache creek was about on the site formerly occupied by Tome´te, q. v. It is said he was sometimes known as Ma´ñtaka´k`ia, q. v. (2) Timothy Peet, trading clerk at Anadarko; the name was transferred to him from Madison.
• Sen-son-da-cat—"Sen-son-da-cat", the White Bird; a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1837, as the name appears on the treaty. It can not be identified; "White-bird" would be T'ene´-t'ai´ñte.
• sep—(1) rain; sepdo, it is raining. (2) The root of the verb "to pierce" or "to sew."
• Se´pyä´daldä—"rainy mountain," from sep and yä´daldä; Rainy mountain, on the reservation, about 30 miles west of Anadarko.
• Se´pyä´daldä p'a—"rainy-mountain creek;" the western branch, of Rainy-mountain creek, a southern tributary of Washita river near Rainy mountain. The eastern branch is called Tsodo´m p'a, q. v., and the main stream below the junction is called Tsen p'a.
• Se´se—arrowhead; when made of stone, it is sometimes distinguished as k`a´-ikon sese.
• Se´se p'a—"arrowhead river;" Arkansas river, the most prominent river in Kiowa narrative. According to Clark it is known as Flint (i. e., flint arrowhead) river among the plains tribes generally.
• Se´se p'a hoan—"Arkansas river road;" the Santa Fé trail.
• set—bear; an archaic word used now only in composition, especially in proper names. The ordinary word is onhä´te.
• se´tä—the small intestine of the buffalo or cow.
• Setä—"Cow-intestines;" a school boy frozen to death in the winter of 1890—91, probably the "Sailor" of Scott's report on the subject.
• Se t-ä´gyai´—"Bear-on-tree," from set and ä; a Kiowa warrior killed by the Pawnee in 1851.
• Se´t-ä´ngya—"Sitting-bear." (1) A noted Kiowa war chief, commonly known as Satank, killed at Fort Sill in 1871. (2) A son of the above, killed in Texas about a year before.
• Se´t-daya´-ite—"Many-bears," from set, da, a-i, and te. (1) A Kiowa warrior, known to the whites as Heap-of-Bears, killed by the Ute in 1868. (2) A keeper of the taíme, 1876—1883.
• Se´t-emâ´-i—"Bear-lying-down" (habitually); cf. k`a (2). A Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1867, where his name appears as Sa-ta-more.
• Set-ĭmki´a—"Pushing-bear," from set and deki´a; a noted Kiowa war chief, still living, one of the signers of the treaty of 1867, where his name appears as "Sa-tim-gear, or Stumbling Bear." His name is commonly abbreviated to Ĭmki´a, while to the whites he is known as Stumbling-bear, a mistranslation of his proper name, which indicates a bear that overthrows or pushes over everything in his way.
• Se´t-k`o´dalte—see Ä´taha´-ik`i.
• Se´t-k`o´pte (Paul)—"Mountain-bear;" a Kiowa warrior and Florida prisoner in 1875; as a boy he was called "Buffalo-horns." At the close of his imprisonment he was adopted into a white family under the name of Paul Saitkopeta Carruthers. He returned to his tribe in 1882 and is still living.
• Se´t-mä´nte—"Bear-above" (Sky-bear). The Kiowa name of a Kiowa Apache signer of the treaty of 1837, in which it appears as "Cet-ma-ni-ta, the Walking Bear." A Kiowa warrior and Florida prisoner in 1875. Cf. Mamä´nte.
• Se´t-pä´go—"Lone-bear;" a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1867, in which the name appears as "Sit-par-ga, or Sa-pa-ga, One Bear."
• Set-pa´te—"He-bear;" a Kiowa warrior about 1854 (see Winter 1854—55).
• setse´yu—hog; literally, "domestic bear," from set and tseyu.
• Setse´yu p'a—"hog creek;" Hog creek, a southern tributary of the Washita, about eight miles above Anadarko, on the reservation. So called on account of the former presence there of wild hogs which had escaped from the Caddo north of the river.
• setso´—lake, pond.
• Setso´—"lake;" Swan lake, Wichita reservation. Being the only lake in the region, it is simply called "the lake."
• Setso´ edal—"big lake;" a large lake in Coahuila or Chihuahua, Mexico, described as having an island upon which was a Mexican fort.
• Se´t ta´dal—"Lean-bear." (1) A Kiowa (?) warrior in 1864—65. (2) A Kiowa Apache chief and signer of the treaty of 1867, being then the head chief of the tribe. His proper Apache name was Gu´ăñteka´na, of which Se´t-ta´dal is the Kiowa rendering. It appears on the treaty as "Kon-zhon-ta-co, Poor Bear." He was the father of White-man, present head chief of the Apache.
• Se´t-t'a´iñte—"White-bear;" a noted Kiowa chief and signer of the treaty of 1867, who committed suicide in prison in 1878. He was commonly known as Satanta; other forms are Satana and See-ti-toh. In boyhood he was called Gu´atoñ-biăn, "Big-ribs," and since the death, in 1894, of his son, who inherited the father's name, this last name only is used in referring to him.
• Set-t'ai´ñte-T'a`ka´-imai´mo-e´`paga´ni-de p'a—"river where Set-t'ai´ñte brought the white women;" Satanta creek, alias North or Kiowa creek, a northern tributary of Cimarron river in Comanche county, Kansas; so called because Set-t'ai´ñte brought there some white women and children captured in Texas about thirty years ago. Doha´sän died at its junction with the Cimarron.
• Se´t-t'an—"Little-bear;" a Kiowa warrior and author of the principal calendar here published.
• Shĭ´shinu´wut-tsĭ´täni´u (Cheyenne)—the Comanche (see Kiowa synonymy).
• Si´ăchĭ´nika (Comanche)—"Standing-head-feather;" a Comanche signer of the treaty of 1867, where the name appears as "Cear-chi-neka."
• Simpoquodle—see Se´npo-gu´ădal.
• Sindi—a mythic trickster and wonder-worker of the Kiowa.
• Si´ndiyu´i—see Koñtä´lyui.
• Sit-par-ga—see Se´tpä´go.
• so´le—see Yä´`pahe´.
• So´le p'a—"soldier creek;" Cache creek, near Fort Sill, on the reservation. Sometimes called Tso´`kada´hä So´le p'a, "Medicine-bluff Soldier creek."
• somta—rubbing; gyäso´nmo, I whet; deso´nmo, I rub myself; dega´mo, I anoint.
• son—grass.
• So´ndo´ta—Shoshoni; literally, "grass houses," from son and do´, said to refer to a former custom of weaving tipis or wikiups of rushes; also called So´soni. Tribal sign: Index finger thrust forward with a serpentine movement, followed by sign for "man;" commonly interpreted "Snake people," but perhaps originally designed to indicate the manner of weaving the rushes. Cf. Gyai´`ko.
• So´npata—see A´se´gya.
• Son-t'aiñ p'a—"white grass creek;" a branch of White river of Brazos river, Texas.
• So´soni—see So´ndo´ta.
• Soto—Auguste Chouteau, the first trader regularly established in the Kiowa country, about 1835.
• t'a—(1) Ear; singular, t'a; dual, t'ati; plural, t'agă. (2) Antelope; plural, t'a´sedăl. T'äp, the generic word for deer, antelope, etc, is sometimes used specifically for antelope. Cf. kyai´`guan and tañ´gia.
• tä—eye; dual, täti; plural, tägă.
• t'ä̆—first light (?) Cf. ki´ătä.
• ta´-ä—the elm (Ulmus americana); literally, "saddle wood," from ta´gyä and ä, because used by the Indians to make saddle trees; also called ga´dal-ä, "buffalo wood," because the buffalo liked to stand under its shade.
• Tä´binä´năkă, (Comanche)—"Hears- (or understands-) the-sun;" a noted Comanche chief, who died in 1892. By the Kiowa he was called Pai´-ta´ya, an exact rendering of his Comanche name.
• T'a´-bo´dal—"Spoiled-ear;" the Kiowa call by this name an earless Navaho killed by them in the winter of 1867—68. Bodal seems to refer to "cut off," distinct from p'odalta. Cf. ka´bodal.
• ta´dal—lean (adjective).
• tä´dăldă—hole.
• Ta´dalk`i´a—"Lean-man;" agent P. B. Hunt, 1878—1885.
• tä´dalkop—smallpox; literally, "hole sickness," from tä´dăldă and kop.
• Tä´dalkop p'a—"smallpox creek;" Mule creek, a tributary of Medicine-lodge creek, Oklahoma; so called because the Kiowa held there the first sun dance after the smallpox epidemic of 1861—62.
• Tâ´guga´la (Jemez pueblo)—see Tagu´i.
• Tagu´i—Apache, etc; the generic Kiowa name for all tribes of Athapascan or Apache stock. In consequence of the death of a person of that name, it was superseded for a time by K`a-pä´top, "Knife-whetters," but the original name is now restored. The etymology is uncertain, but the word is evidently connected with Tâ´guga´la and Ta´gukere´sh, and perhaps with Tashĭn, Ga´ta`ka and Tha´`ka-hinĕ´na. Cf. T'a`ka´-i. The Kiowa include under this generic term the Ä´-tagu´i (Lipan), K`op-tagu´i (Jicarilla), Ĕ´sikwita (Mescalero), Do´-ko´nsenä´go (Chiricahua), Ze´bä-gi´ăni (——), and Se´mät (Kiowa Apache). Tribal sign: Right index finger rubbed briskly up and down along left index finger, as though whetting a knife. For other specific and generic names applied to the Apache, see Kiowa Apache synonymy.
• Ta´gukere´sh (Pecos pueblo)—see Tagu´i.
• T'a´gu´ñ-yä´daldä.—"antelope antlers hill," from t'a, guñ, and yä´daldä; Antelope hills, on south side of South Canadian river, near the western Oklahoma line, in E county.
• T'a´guño´tal p'a—"moon when the antelope antlers drop off," from t'a, guñ, otal, and p'a; a Kiowa moon or month, including portions of August and September.
• T'a´guñ´otal P'a Sän—"Little T'a´guño´tal P'a;" a Kiowa moon or month, including portions of July and August.
• ta´gya—saddle; in composition ta, as ta´-ä, "saddle wood," Ta´ k`o´p, "Saddle mountain."
• Tägyä´ko—Northern Arapaho (Wyoming), "Wild-sage people," "Sagebrush people," from tä´gyĭ and ko or k`iägo. Cf. Ä´hyäto and Bo´tk`i´ägo.
• tä´gyĭ—wild sage, sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana).
• taha´—erect, high, curved.
• Ta´ha (Apache)—an Apache chief and delegate to Washington in 1870, still living.
• ta´ho—refers to "leading confederates." Cf. Gu´a´na-de-`ta´ho.
• -tai´de—chief, in composition, as T'ene´-tai´de, "Bird-chief;" it comes from a root signifying above, top, on top of; gyätai´de, he is above, i. e., he is chief.
• tai´me—the great Sun-dance medicine of the Kiowa (see page 240). The etymology is doubtful, but the same word signifies also "mosquito" and "silent." Ĭmtai´me, you are silent; tai´me`gŭ´, talkative, sociable.
• tai´me-bi´ĭmkâ´i—"tai´me box;" the peculiarly shaped and decorated rawhide box in which the tai´me image is preserved.
• Tai´mete´—"Taime-man;" a priest and keeper of the tai´me from 1883 until his death in 1894.
• t'aiñ—white.
• T'aiñ do´ha´—"White bluff." (1) A bluff on upper South Canadian river, near the New Mexico line. (2) (Same?); a bluff at or beyond the head of Pa p'a (2), about southeastern Colorado (see Winter 1840—41).
• T'aiñ p'a—"White river." (1) An extreme upper northern tributary of South Canadian river, one day's journey below the salt beds (at the New Mexico line), and about halfway to Gu´adal do´ha´; perhaps Major Long's creek, Texas panhandle (see Winter 1847—48). (2) Brazos river, Texas, main stream; also White river, alias Catfish creek, near its head.
• T'ai´ñte—"White;" special agent E. E. White, 1887—88.
• T'aiñ-yädaldä—"white hill;" a hill or hills near the head of White river of the Brazos, Texas. Tä´ka Ho´norĭt (Comanche)—see Ä´sese p'a.
• Tä´-ka´gyä p'a—"eye-triumph creek;" a small branch of Apache creek, on the reservation, near where now is Muchacho's house (see Winter 1879—80).
• taka´-i—(1) buckskin; (2) a saddle blanket, of buffalo hide. Cf. T'a`ka´-i.
• Ta`ka´-i—see Be´dalpa´go. Cf. taka´-i.
• Taka´-i-p'o´dal—"Spoiled-saddle-blanket;" a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1867, where the name appears as "Fish-e-more, or Stinking saddle;" commonly abbreviated to Taka´-ite. The name "Fish-e-more," as given in the treaty, is pronounced Pĭ´semâ´i by the Kiowa, who say that it is a foreign word, old, and with no meaning in Kiowa.
• T'a`ka´-i-tai´de—"White-man-chief;" the Kiowa name of Tsa´yadi´tlti or White-man, present head chief of the Apache.
• Taka´-ite—see Taka´-i-p'o´dal.
• Ta-ka-ta-couche—"Ta-ka-ta-couche, the Black Bird," a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1837, as the name appears in the treaty. The correct form may be T'ene´-koñ´kya, q. v.
• t'a´-ko´ñ—"black-ear;" a variety of horse, light in color, but with black ears, prized by the Kiowa as the best for racing. Sometimes particularly specified as t'a´-ko´ñ tseñ, "black-eared horse" (see Summers 1861 and 1867).
• T´a´-ko´ñ—"Black-ear;" a noted race horse stolen by the Navaho in 1867 (see the preceding).
• Ta´-k`op´—"saddle mountain," from, ta´gyä and k`op; Saddle mountain, near the head of Walnut creek, on the reservation.
• tä`lä´—folded, bent double, shortened (applied only to feathers).
• tä´lyi´—boy; plural, tälyu´p, or in some proper names tälyu´i.
• Tälyi´-da´-i—see ´dalbea´hya.
• Ta´mĭsi—Thomas C. Battey, first teacher among the Kiowa, in 1873; now living in Mosk, Ohio.
• t'an—small, little; an archaic word used now only in proper names. The common word is sän, q. v.
• tän—(1) an edible turnip-like root; (2) a kind of headdress of upright feathers, a crest of feathers; ätä´ndo, he has a headdress of upright feathers.
• Ta-ne-congais—see T'ene´-ko´ñkya.
• tañ´gia—deer, a ceremonial word, used only by old people; tañgi´apa´, a buck deer; tañgi´atsä´, a doe. The common word is kya´`guan, literally "jumper," or t'äp, q. v.
• Tañgi´apa´—"Buck-deer;" a Kiowa warrior killed by the Mexicans in 1850—51.
• Tä´n-gu´ădal—"Red-feather-head-dress," (or red tän root?); a noted Kiowa warrior killed in Texas in 1868—69. Cf. Tä´n-ko´ñkya.
• t'añi—smooth; t'añ´edă´, it is smooth.
• Tä´n-ko´ñkya—"Black-feathered-headdress;" a noted Kiowa war chief who died in 1865—66. Cf. Tä´n-gu´ădal.
• t'ä´ñpe-ä´—the skunkberry bush (Rhus trilobata); plural t'äñpe´ko; t'ä´ñpe-i´, skunkberry. The seeds or berries are eaten raw, or beaten up with sugar, and considered a dainty, although very bitter.
• T'ä´ñpeä´ p'a—"skunkberry creek;" a southern tributary of the South Canadian, about opposite Lathrop, in the panhandle of Texas. White-deer creek (?).
• T'äñpe´ko—"Skunkberry people," alias Tse´ñ-´â´dalka´-i, "Crazy Horses;" the "War-club" band of Clark. One of the six Kiowa military orders (see page 229).
• T'a´ñ-yä´daldä—"smooth hill," from t'añi and yädaldä; a hill or mountain near Fort Clark, southern Texas.
• T'a´ñ-yä´daldä p'a—"smooth-hill river;" Las Moras creek (?) of the Rio Grande; described as at Fort Clark (see the preceding).
• T'a´ñ-yä´daldä- yä´`pähe´gya—"smooth hill soldier place;" Fort Clark, southern Texas (see the preceding).
• t'äp—deer, antelope, etc, especially antelope. Cf. also t'a, kyai´`guan, tañgi´a, ko`ga´-i.
• Tă´săwi (Comanche)—A Comanche signer of the treaty of 1867, where the name appears as "To-sa-in, To-she-wi, or Silver Brooch."
• T'a´-sep—see Sä´k`ota.
• Ta´shĭn (Comanche)—see Tagu´i and Kiowa Apache synonymy.
• Ta´-täthe´ñte—see Pa´-ta´dal.
• t'a´-tse´ñ—wild horse; literally, "antelope horse."
• Tä´yăkwo´ip (Comanche)—"Sore-backed horse;" a Comanche signer of the treaty of 1867, where the name appears as "Tir-ha-yah-guahip, or Horse's Back."
• t'a´-zo´tă´—an antelope corral or driveway (see page 309). Cf. zo´tă´.
• T'a´-zo´tă´ p'a—"antelope corral creek;" Bear creek, between Cimarron and Arkansas rivers, near the western line of Kansas.
• -te, -ti—a personal suffix, usually masculine, in proper names.
• T'e´bodal(-te)—"One-who-carries-a-pack-of-meat-from-the-buffalo's-lower-leg;" the full form would be T'e´bodal-pä´te (cf. Tso`k`o´dalte), from t'epga, odal, and te; the oldest man of the Kiowa tribe, now about eighty years of age.
• te´dal—white clay; used by the Indians for paint; another form is te´li.
• Te´dal toñ—"white-clay spring;" a water hole on the Staked plain, so called from the white clay found there. There are two wells on the Staked plain, known as Tierra Blanca or Ojo Blanco, one in Texas, the other in New Mexico.
• Te´guă(-go)—Pueblo; the name is a derivative from Tegua or Tewa and includes all the Pueblo Indians; the Comanche form is Tewa. They were formerly also called Be´dalpahe´ñko, "Beardless people" (cf. Be´dalpa´go) and are sometimes designated as Po´băro, a Comanche corruption of "Pueblo." Sign: Hair grasped behind with the right hand, to indicate the Pueblo style of bunching it.
• Tehä´neko, Tehä´no—Texans, singular Tehä´nek`i, from the Spanish Tejano. The Kiowa and associated tribes always regarded the Texans as a distinct people from the T'o-t'a`ka´-i, or Americans, of Kansas and the north.
• Teh-toot-sah—see Doha´sän.
• te´li—see te´dal.
• tem—bone; plural toñ.
• ten—heart.
• Te´n-ät'a´nte—"Little-heart," from ten, t'an, and te; a Kiowa warrior killed by the Pawnee in 1851.
• te´ñbe—see ä´dalto´yi.
• Te´ñbe k`op, or Te´ñbei´a k`op—"Wild-sheep mountain," i. e., "Te´ñbeyu´i mountain," because the Te´ñbeyu´i, q. v., used to dance there at a spring near the river; a mountain on the east side of North fork, just below Elk creek, on the reservation; sometimes incorrectly called Gabo´dăli k`op, "Sheep (or goat) mountain."
• Te´ñbeyu´i—see Ä´dalto´yui.
• t'ene´—bird; on account of a death a few years ago the word gu´ăto is now used instead.
• T'ene´-ango´pte—"Kicking-bird," usually abbreviated to Ango´pte, from t'ene´, gyä´ango´p, and te: (1) A Kiowa warrior about 1843. (2) A noted chief who died in 1875; upon the treaty of 1867 his name appears as Ton-a-en-ko, "Kicking Eagle."
• T'ene´-badai´—"Bird-appearing;" a Kiowa warrior noted for his good looks, killed by the Caddo in 1860.
• T'ene´-ko´ñkya—"Black-bird;" a Kiowa signer of the treaty of 1837, where the name appears as "Ta-ne-congais, the Sea Gull."
• T'ene´pi´abi—"Hummingbird;" a Kiowa warrior and Florida prisoner in 1875, still living. The ordinary word for hummingbird is mansa-t'ene´, "thumbbird."
• T'ene´-tai´de—"Bird-chief," from t'ene´ and -taide; a Kiowa warrior, still living; also called Pa´to´, a word of unknown meaning.
• T'ene´-ze´pte—"Bird-bow" (?) from t'ene´, zepko, and te; a Kiowa warrior shot by Sun-boy in 1872. The name might possibly mean "Bird-teat."
• Te´n-pi´äk`ia—"Heart-eater," from ten, piä, and k`ia; a noted Kiowa warrior and medicine-man, rival of Anso´`te and father of Se´t-t'a´n, and accidentally killed in 1853. He took his name from the fact that his "medicine" was to eat a small piece of an enemy's heart every time he killed one. The same thing was done by several other Kiowa warriors under certain circumstances, the only approach to cannibalism in the tribe. A man now living is called Te´npi´äte, "Heart-eater," from ten, piä, and te.
• tep—the root of a verb signifying "to come out," "to migrate." Cf. toñtep, Te´pdă´, Tepgañ p'a.
• Te´pdă´—Kiowa; see Kiowa synonymy.
• t'epga—meat from the calf of the leg of the buffalo, etc; in composition, t'ep.
• Te´pgañ P'a—"Goose-migrating moon," from gañ, tep, and p'a; a Kiowa moon or month, including parts of November and December; also called Bonpä P'a, "Sweat-house moon."
• Tepk`i´ägo—Kiowa; see Kiowa synonymy.
• Tep-pe-navon—see Tĭ´pinävo´n.
• Tha`ka´-hinĕ´na (Arapaho), or Tha`ka´-itä´n—the Kiowa-Apache; see Kiowa Apache synonymy.
• Til-la-ka—see Tĭ´l-`lakai´.
• Tĭ´l-`lakai´ (Apache)—"White-horn;" an Apache signer of the treaty of 1867, upon which his name appears as " Til-la-ka, White Horn."
• Tĭ´p ho´novĭt (Comanche)—see Tso p'a (2).
• Ti´pinävo´n (Comanche)—a Comanche signer of the treaty of 1867, upon which the name appears as "Tep-pe-navon, Painted Lips."
• Tir-ha-yah-guahip—see Tä´yăkwoip.
• t'o—cold, in composition, from gyät'o´.
• to´de—taken back, or returned, after receiving (as result of a quarrel or remorse).
• to´gya—after, past; gi´ña-to´gya, after midnight.
• t'o´gyä—coat, shirt.
• Tohaint—see Dohe´ñte.
• Tohasan—see Doha´sän.
• To-ho-sa—see Doha´sän.
• to´i—a curve.
• t'o´idă´—uncommon, accidental, abnormal; as a pinto horse, a six-fingered hand, etc.
• t'o´igu´ăt—pinto, variegated in color, especially a horse, from t'o´idă´ and guătgya.
• T'o´-k`i´ñähyup—"Cold Men," i. e., men of the cold or northern country, from gyät'o´ and k`i´ñähi; one of two former local divisions of the Kiowa, including those who ranged chiefly on Arkansas river and the Kansas frontier. Cf. Gwa´hale´go and T'o´-t'a`ka´-i.
• Tome´te—the Kiowa name of an early trader who located a trading post about 1837 a short distance south of Fort Sill, on the spot afterward occupied by William Madison (Se´npo-ze´dalbe, q. v.). The Kiowa form is a derivative from his proper name (Thomas?).
• ton—tail.
• toñ—water; also leg in composition, from to´ñti.
• Ton-a-en-ko—see T'ene´-ango´pte.
• To´n-ak`a´—"Water-turtle," literally "notched tail;" a noted Kiowa medicine-man in 1884—85. Cf. k`a´nkiñ.
• To´ñ-bi´ăndä´ta—"boiling water;" Colorado Springs, Colorado.
• To´ñ-dahä´—"medicine, i. e., mysterious, water;" a natural rock well, large and deep, near the head of Scout creek, in the Texas panhandle. It is so called probably from a tradition of some water spirit or monster dwelling there. Cf. To´ñ-dahyä´.
• To´ñ-dahyä´—"medicine water, mysterious water;" a lake somewhere in the mountains of the far north, near which the Kiowa Apache locate one of their most noted wonder stories. The name seems to be an archaic form for To´ñ-dahä´, q. v.
• toñgu´ayo—sitting with legs crossed and extended; I sit so, ätoñgu´ayo-ä´ngya, from toñti, gu´ayo, legs crossed and extended, and ä´ngya.
• Toñhe´ñ p'a—"waterless, i. e., dry, creek;" Sand creek, Colorado, a northern tributary of Arkansas river, and the scene of the Chivington massacre.
• Toñhe´ñ-t'a`ka´-i, or Toñhe´ñ-t'a`ka´a'-i-do´mbe—waterless Mexican (country); the people and region of Chihuahua and upper Coahuila, Mexico.
• Toñhyo´pdă´—the "Pipe-bearer," or officer who marched at the head of the young warriors on an expedition; he did not necessarily carry a pipe. Etymology doubtful.
• To´ñko´ñ—"black water;" a pond on the edge of the Staked plain, about three days' journey westward from Double mountain, in Texas; perhaps Agua Negra, just inside the Texas line, about 34°.
• To´ñko´ñ p'a—"black-water creek;" a southern tributary of the Washita, about five miles below the Custer battlefield (Doä´dal-ko´ñkya-eho´taldee), in F county, Oklahoma.
• Toñko´ñko—"Black legs," from toñti, ko´ñkya, and ko; singular, Toñko´ñ-gyäk`i´a. (1) The Blackfoot Indians. (2) One of the six Kiowa military orders, the Raven, Raven Soldiers, or Black Leggings of Clark (see page 229).
• To´ñpeto—"Afraid-of-water," from toñ and gyä`pe´to; the Kiowa rendering of the name of the Comanche chief Päre´iyä, who made the final peace between the two tribes.
• toñp'o´dal—lame, from to´ñti and p'o´daltă; I am lame, äto´ñp'o´daltă.
• Toñp'o´dal-kyä`to´—"Lame-old-man;" a Kiowa war chief in 1832.
• To´ñsâhe´ p'a—"blue (or green) water river;" Colorado river of Texas. It is called "blue water" or "blue river" by the Comanche also.
• To´ñteb-e´dal p'a—"big-spring creek;" probably Giraud creek of Red fork of Colorado river, Texas; described as southward from Double mountain, near the emigrant road. There is a town named Big Spring on Giraud creek.
• to´ñtep—a spring, from toñ and tep; commonly abbreviated to toñ in geographic names.
• To´ñtep p'a—"spring creek;" Fontaine qui Bouille creek, Colorado,
• to´ñti—leg; in composition, toñ.
• Toñtsĭ´mgyä p'a—"crooked-water creek," from toñ and tsĭ´mgyä; Crooked creek, in the Cherokee strip, Oklahoma.
• to´ñzo´—current (of a stream); toñzo´lya, the water is flowing.
• To´ñzo`go´dal p'a—"strong current (i. e., swift water) river," from to´ñzo´, got, plural go´dal, and p'a; apparently a head branch of Pease river, Texas, and described as midway between Red river and the Staked plain, where they are one day's journey apart. Also called Päbo p'a, "American-horse river," from a fight there in which the Kiowa took from the Texans a number of American horses, the largest they had ever seen (see Winter 1841—42).
• Tooc-a-nie Kiowa—(for Tawa´koni, a subtribe of the Wichita.) During the outbreak of 1874—75 "a band of Tooc-a-nie Kiowa (part Wichita and part Kiowa) who had been for several years with the Wichita and Waco, went to the Kiowa of the Kiowa agency" (Agent T. S. Free, page 289, Indian Report, 1875).
• to´pde—before (in time).
• To-sa-in or to-she-wi—see Tă´săwi.
• T'o´-t'a`ka´-i, T'o´-t'a`ka´-i-dombe—Americans and the United States, as distinguished from Mexicans and Texans and their country; literally, "cold white-man country," i. e., "northern white-man country," and hence "cold, i. e., northern, white men," from gyät'o´, t'a`ka´-i, and dombe. Cf. T'o-k`i´ñähyup and Tehä´neko.
• -tsä—a feminine suffix, as kyai´`guan, deer, kyai´`guantsä´, doe. Cf. -mä under mä´nyi´.
• tsä´—comrade, partner.
• tsä´dal—goose; also gañ.
• Tsä´dal-t'a´iñ—"White-goose," i. e., Swan; a hostile Kiowa chief in 1874.
• Tsâli—"Charley," the Kiowa name of the trader Charles W. Whitacre (or Whittaker). He is mentioned as present at the treaty of 1867, and later had a trading house on the north bank of the Washita, opposite Anadarko, just above the present Wichita school. He accidentally shot himself in 1882.
• Tsâli Esän—"Little Charley" (plural form); Charles Rath, of the trading firm of Rath, Wright & Reynolds, formerly at Fort Sill.
• tsän—he came, they came; sometimes used for return; cf. ää´.
• tsä´nkia—a (horse) race.
• Tsä´nkia-ki´adă—see Tso´lai´.
• tsä´ñyi—see polä´ñyi.
• Tsä´ñyui—see Polä´ñyup.
• Tsä´pi´ä p'a—"prairie-dog-eating river," from tsäto, piä, and p'a; a large western tributary of Rainy-mountain creek, on the reservation. So called because about twenty-five years ago, while the Kiowa were camped there, a rain drowned out a large number of prairie dogs and the Indians killed and ate them.
• tsä´to—prairie-dog; in composition, sometimes tsä; singular and plural alike.
• Tsä´to-yä´daldä—"Prairie-dog mountain;" a prominent mountain or bluff 20 miles west of Vernon, Texas, between Pease river and Red river.
• Tsä´to-yä´daldä pe p'a—"prairie-dog mountain sand river;" Pease river, an upper branch of Red river, in Texas (see the preceding). Tsa´yadi´tlti (Apache)—see T'a`ka´-i-tai´de. tse´—short; I am short, äko´ntse´; he is short, o´ite kontse´. Cf. etse´, thick.
• tse´dal(-te)—situated, situated upon.
• tsen—mud, clay. Cf. tseñ.
• Tsen p'a—"mud creek." (1) The lower part of Sugar creek, alias East fork of Rainy-mountain creek, on the reservation. Cf. Tsodo´m p'a and Se´pyä´daldä p'a. Another authority says it is lower Rainy-mountain creek, below the junction of the two main forks. (2) Little Wichita river (at Henrietta), Texas.
• tseñ—horse, plural tseñko; old names are tai´de and gu´ăpedal. A wild horse is called t'a´-tse´ñ, "antelope horse" (see also päbo). Cf. tsen.
• Tse´ñ-â´dalka´-i—see T'äñpe´ko.
• tseñhi—dog, plural tse´ñhyup; in consequence of a death, the word tse´guan, properly "travois," was substituted about five years ago.
• tsenka´n—a burn; I burn it, ätse´na´nmo.
• tseñko—horses, plural of tseñ, q. v.
• Tse´ñ-ko´ñkya—"Black-horse," a noted Kiowa warrior killed by the Sauk in 1854.
• Tse´ñ-t'ai´ñte—"White-horse;" a noted Kiowa raider, who died in 1892.
• Tseñtän p'a—see Ä´do-ee´tä-de p'a.
• Tseñtä´nmo—"Horse-headdress people" (?) from tseñ and tän; singular, Tse´ñtänk`i´a. One of the six Kiowa military orders, the Feather Head band of Clark (see page 229, ante).
• -tse´yu—a suffix denoting a pet or domesticated animal, or the young of an animal; also tseyi, plural tse´yu´i; t'ene´-tse´yu, chicken; setse´yu (set-tseyu), hog; Gu´ădal-tseyu, "Red Pet," or "Little Red."
• tsĭ´mgyä—crooked.
• tso—rock, stone.
• Tso p'a—"rock river." (1) The Purgatoire or Las Animas river, a south tributary of the Arkansas, in Colorado. (2) San Saba river, Texas; called also Tĭp ho´novĭt, "rock river," by the Comanche.
• Tso´ai´—"tree rock," i.e., monument, from tso and ä. (1) The Mato-tipi or Bear-lodge of the Dakota, also known as the Devil's Tower, near Sun-dance, Wyoming; the Kiowa have a myth concerning it. (2) A monument-like rock, somewhere on the Salt fork of Arkansas river.
• tso´dal—wing, and figuratively, arm (applied only to the upper arm).
• Tso´dalhe´ñte—"No-arm," from tso´dal, heñ, and te; William Allison, who built and kept a trading post on the Arkansas, just below the junction of Upper Walnut creek, for fifteen years or more, about 1850 to 1865. Fort Zarah was a short distance above, on the north bank of Walnut creek. He was so called from having had his left arm shot off in a quarrel. Sometimes also called Mânhe´ñk`ia, conveying the same meaning, from mândă, heñ, and k`ia.
• Tsodalhe´ñ-de p'a—"No-arm's river;" Upper Walnut creek, a northern tributary of Arkansas river in Kansas (see Tsodalhe´ñte),
• Tsodalhe´ñ-de P'a´gya-Yä´`pähe´-k`u´dal-de´e—"place where (de´e) soldiers (yä´`pähe´) stay (k`u´dal) at (-gya) No-arm's river" (Tsodalhe´ñ-de p'a); Fort Zarah, Kansas, formerly on the left (north) bank of Upper Walnut creek, 2 miles above its junction with the Arkansas. Just below it was Allison's trading post.
• tso´dal-tem—"wing bone," from tso´dal and tem; a whistle made from the wing bone of an eagle, and used in the Sun dance and the peyote ceremony.
• Tso-do´i-gyätä´dă´-de´e—"rock house (i. e., cave) in which they were surrounded," from tso, do´, gyätä´dă, and de´e; the Hueco Tanks, in western Texas, just south of the New Mexico line (see Summer 1857).
• tsodo´m—a stone mortar, from tso and dom.
• Tsodo´m p'a—"stone-mortar creek;" Sugar creek, the eastern fork of Rainy-mountain creek. Cf. Tsen p'a and Se´pyä´daldä p'a.
• Tso´-gyäze´mä—"moving stones;" a lake or water hole on the Staked plain, in Texas, so called because, according to the Indians, the stones there shift about. They do not add toñ or setso´. Perhaps Laguna Sabinas.
• tso´`ka—rock bluff precipice, from tso. Cf. Tso´`kaka´n, Tso´`kada´hä´, also do´ha´.
• Tso´`kada´hä´ (or Tso´`kada´hä´go)—"medicine bluff," from tso´`ka and da´hä; Medicine bluff, a noted precipice on the south side of Medicine-bluff creek, about 3 miles west of Fort Sill, on the reservation. It is figured in Marcy's report.
• Tso´`kada´hä p'a—"medicine-bluff creek;" Medicine-bluff creek, or Bluff creek, joining Cache creek near Fort Sill.
• Tso´`kada´hä´gya (-Yä´`pähe´-k`u´dal-de´e—Fort Sill, on the reservation. The full name signifies "where the soldiers stay at Medicine bluff," but as the place is so well known it is commonly abbreviated to Tso´`kada´hä´gya, "At Medicine bluff."
• Tso´`kada´hä´ So´le p'a—see So´le p'a.
• Tso´`kaka´n—"end of the bluff," from tso´`ka, and aka´n; a point on the south side of the North fork of Red river above the junction of Elm fork, at K`o´b-aka´n mountain, q. v., in Greer county, Oklahoma.
• Tso´k`o´dalte—"Stone-necklace," from tso, k`o´dalpä, and te; a Kiowa girl who died in 1845. The full form would be Tso´k`o´dalpã´te. Cf. Äk`o´dalte, T'ebo´dalte.
• Tso´lai´—Fourth of July; the Kiowa think this is the name of the day instead of the month. On account of the Indian races encouraged by the traders and officers on this occasion, it is also known as Tsä´nkia-ki´adă, "race day."
• Tso´ñboho´n—"Down-feather-cap," from tsoñkya and boho´n; an early head chief of the Kiowa.
• tso´ñda—light-haired. Cf. boiñ.
• tso´ñkya—down feathers; in composition, tsoñ.
• Tso´ñ-t'a`ka´-i—light-haired, or blond Mexicans, from tsoñda and T'a`ka´-i; the Mexicans about Laredo, on the lower Rio Grande.
• tso´paiñ—adobe; literally, "dust rock," or "earth rock," from tso and paiñ.
• Tso´paiñ Do´—"adobe house;" Bent's fort, on Arkansas river, in Colorado. Originally built of adobe, by William Bent, the noted trader for the Cheyenne, on the north bank of the Arkansas, 15 miles above the junction of the Purgatoire, and about halfway between the present La Junta and Las Animas. It was abandoned by him about 1849. In 1860 Fort Wise, afterward called Fort Lyon, was established near the same site, and was called by the same name among the Kiowa until the removal of Fort Lyon farther up the river in 1867. (See list of posts, etc, page 382.)
• tsoq! (Comanche)—that! A Comanche word commonly used by Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache in the do´a´ game.
• Tso´sa´ p'a—"—— rock river;" Yellowstone and upper Missouri river; etymology doubtful; tso is rock or stone, and sa, is said to be connected with sa´top, pipe, but may possibly be from some obsolete word for yellow, whence "Yellowstone." According to Clark, the Indians call this stream "Elk river," from its head to Powder river, or only to Rosebud river, while below that they call it and the Missouri the "Muddy, or Big Muddy river."
• Tso´-t'ai´ñ p'a—"white-rock river;" a creek, perhaps Wanderer creek, described as a southern tributary of North fork, above Doan's, in Greer county, Oklahoma.
• Tso´t'ai´ñto´ñda´ti—"spring where there is rock above," from tso, taide, toñtep, and dati; Cedar spring, on Fort Sill road, about 4 miles southward from Anadarko.
• Tso´-`t'a`ka´-i or Tso´-`t'a`ka´-i-dombe—"rock white-man (country);" the Mexicans and their country about Silver City, southwestern New Mexico. The Kiowa generally kept on friendly terms with them and traded with them for silver ornaments. The name may have included also the Chihuahua mountain region. Cf. K`o´p-t'a`ka´-i, Toñhe´ñ-t'a`ka´-i, Ä´-t'a`ka´-i, T'o-t'a`ka´-i.
• Tunk-aht-oh-ye—"Tunk-aht-oh-ye, the Thunderer;" the name of a Kiowa boy, brother of Gunpã´ñdamä, as given by Catlin, who painted his picture in 1834. not be identified.
• ŭsarĕ´răhu (Pawnee)—a Pawnee moon or month (see page 371).
• Wa´băna´ki—Delaware, from one of their own names, Wa´bana´qki; there is a band of about 100 on the Wichita reservation.
• Wasa´si—see K`apä´to.
• Wa-toh-konk—see Gu´ato-ko´ñkya.
• Wi´tapähä´tu (Sioux and Cheyenne)—the Kiowa (see Kiowa synonymy).
• wo´ha´—cow; a jargon word used between Indians and whites and supposed by the Indians to be the English name, from the fact of having heard it used so frequently in the form of "whoa haw!" by the early emigrants and Santa Fé traders in driving their ox teams. The proper Kiowa word is tsenbo.
• Woha´te—"Cow;" a Kiowa warrior and Florida prisoner in 1875.
• Wo´ifdo´ĭsh (Cheyenne)—see A´`päta´te.
• Wun-pan-to-mee—see Gunpä´ñdamä.
• yä´daldä—hill; there is no fixed distinction between this word and k`op, mountain, but the latter is generally understood to mean a higher and more rocky elevation. Cf. k`op, ba´dlo´, do´ha´, tso´`ka.
• Yä´daldä p'a—see Guadal-k`udal-dee p'a.
• yai´po—rope, sash.
• yai´po-gu´ădal—"red sash;" the name of three of the ten sashes of the Kâ´itse´ñko, made of red cloth (see page 285).
• yai´po-ko´ñkya—"black sash;" the principal of the ten sashes of the Kâ´itseñko, made of black elk skin (see page 285).
• Yä´`pähe´—warrior, soldier (no plural form); the military organization of the Kiowa (see page 229). Within the last twenty years, since their intimate acquaintance with the whites, the old term has been generally superseded by so´le, plural sole´go, from "soldier."
• yi´a—two.
• Yi´a k`op—"two mountains;" Double mountain, between the two forks of Brazos river, Stonewall county, Texas.
• Yi´a k`op p'a—apparently the name of Double-mountain fork of Brazos river.
• Yi´a P´a-da´ti—"at the two creeks," i. e., "at the forks;" the forks of Washita river, where Gageby creek joins the main stream, on the western line of Oklahoma. When necessary, it is further described as near the head of the Washita.
• yi´ătä´te—see do´ti.
• Yi´ătä´tehe´ñko—see Dohe´ñko.
• Ze´bä-do´-k`i´a—see Ä´`to-t'ai´ñ.
• Ze´bä-gi´ăni—"Long-arrows;" an unidentified band of the Apache proper (see Tagu´i.)
• ze´bat—arrow, plural zebä. The medicine lances carried by Set-t'a´iñte and Tän-gu´ădal were also called ze´bat.
• ze´dălbe—terrible, powerful, wonderful, dangerous; gyäze´dălbe, it is wonderful.
• zep—milk, teat.
• zepko—bow (for shooting).
• Ze´pko-ee´tte—"Big-bow," from zepko, ee´t, and te; (1) a Kiowa war chief about 1843. (2) his grandson and successor of the present day, the "Zipkoh Eta" of Battey.
• Zipkoh eta—see Ze´pko-ee´tte.
• zo´dal—vomiting; vomit (noun), zo´dal; I vomit, dehi´ăto.
• Zo´daltoñ p'a—"vomiting spring (or water) creek;" the upper part of Walnut creek, a southern tributary of the Washita, on the reservation; so called on account of a (medicinal?) spring, near its head, which induces vomiting. Sometimes known to the whites as Stinking creek.
• zoñ—tooth, plural zoñko.
• Zo´ñk`i´a—"Tooth-man;" a Kiowa warrior and Florida prisoner in 1875; also known as Ki´ñasâ´hek`i´a, "Green-shield-man," from kiñ or kyuñi, sâ´he, and k`ia.
• Zo´ñtam—a Kiowa warrior and Florida prisoner in 1875, afterward educated in the East and ordained as an Episcopal minister in 1881 under the name of Paul Zotom; now with his tribe. The name refers to biting, from zoñ, tooth. He is sometimes called P'o´dal-â´dalte, "Snake-head."
• zo´tă´—a corral or driveway for catching antelope (see page 309). Kazo´tătso´`ta, I am going to make a corral; figuratively, I am going to entrap some one.
• Zotom, Paul—see Zo´ñtam.