Index

• A
• Aaron, high priest, member of the tribe of Levi, 1, 12.
• countenances idolatry, 1, 14.
• meets Moses on Horeb, 1, 15.
• descendants of. See Aaronides.
• Aaron de la Papa. See Papa, Aaron de la.
• Aaron of York, chief rabbi of England, 3, 588.
• sums paid to Henry III by, 3, 591.
• Aaron ben Asher, Massoret, criticised by Saadiah, 3, 196, 207.
• corrects Bible manuscripts, 3, 207.
• as a poet, 3, 223.
• Aaron (II) ben Elia Nicomedi (1300–1369), Karaite philosopher, 4, 95.
• Aaron (I) ben Joseph, the Elder (1270–1300), Karaite physician, disciple of Nachmani, 3, 607; 4, 71.
• fixes the Karaite prayer book, 4, 71.
• Aaron ben Meshullam (1170–1210), scholar, 3, 396.
• Maimunist, attacks Meïr Abulafia, 3, 524.
• Aaron ben Zerach, martyr, 4, 144.
• Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni, physician at Alexandria, 3, 340.
• Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu (943–960), opponent of Saadiah, 3, 194, 195, 196, 200.
• reconciled with Saadiah, 3, 200–1.
• Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 202.
• death of, 3, 207–8.
• in Sherira’s “Letter,” 3, 233.
• Aaron Cohen, of Narbonne, elegy by, 4, 49.
• Aaron Halevi (1235–1300), Talmudist, 3, 621.
• Aaronides, the, oppose idolatry under Manasseh, 1, 283.
• dismissed for not participating in idolatrous worship, 1, 284.
• massacred at the first fall of Jerusalem, 1, 314.
• return with Zerubbabel, 1, 352.
• rejected by Nehemiah, 1, 378.
• provided for, under Ezra, 1, 382.
• exiled by Nehemiah, 1, 386.
• officiate on Gerizim, 1, 390.
• honor Judah I’s remains, 2, 467.
• in charge of Judah II’s remains, 2, 487.
• in Arabia, 3, 55.
• make Abraham ben David’s grave, 3, 490.
• See also High priests, the; Priests, the.
• Ab, the Ninth of, celebration of, by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 152, 159.
• Abaka (Abagha), Tartar king in Persia, 3, 638.
• Abayi Nachmani (280–338), Babylonian Amora, 2, 560.
• disciple of Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 575, 580, 583.
• principal of the Pumbeditha Academy, 2, 583.
• youth of, 2, 583–4.
• integrity of, 2, 584.
• decrease of students under, 2, 584–5.
• dialectics of, 2, 585.
• death of, 2, 585.
• rebukes Raba bar Joseph, 2, 586.
• Abba of Accho, ordination of, 2, 540.
• modesty of, 2, 541.
• Abba bar Abba, Amora, father of Mar-Samuel, 2, 511.
• Abba-Areka (Rab), Amora, authorized to teach in Babylon, 2, 454, 479, 511.
• adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.
• opposed to the purchase of oil from heathens, 2, 484.
• reception of, in Babylonia, 2, 512.
• made Agora-nomos, 2, 512.
• introduces excommunication into Babylonia, 2, 517.
• compared with Hillel, 2, 517.
• wife of, 2, 517.
• modesty of, 2, 517–18.
• descendants of, 2, 518, 544.
• opposes Persian innovations, 2, 521.
• yields to Magian demands, 2, 526.
• influence of, on Jewish Babylonia, 2, 544.
• Abba-Mari ben Isaac, sheriff of St. Gilles, 3, 399.
• Abba-Mari ben Moses (Don Astruc En-Duran), follower of Nachmanides, 4, 27–8.
• appeals to Ben Adret, 4, 28, 29.
• fails to win Jacob ben Machir’s aid, 4, 31.
• aggressive anti-Maimunist, 4, 32.
• adherents of, 4, 33–4.
• secures the support of Asheri, 4, 38.
• draws up the ban against the study of science, 4, 38, 39.
• opposed by the Tibbonides, 4, 41–2.
• in Perpignan, 4, 50.
• Abba Saul, a Tanaite, 2, 330.
• Abbadides, the, in Seville, 3, 315.
• Abbahu, a Palestinian Amora, 2, 531.
• and the observance of the Law in Samaria, 2, 534.
• secular culture of, 2, 537–8.
• education of the daughter of, 2, 537.
• and Diocletian, 2, 538.
• Hebrew style of, 2, 538.
• attacks Christian dogmas, 2, 539–40.
• modesty and generosity of, 2, 540–1.
• on the Greek theatre, 2, 542.
• makes Cæsarea an academic city, 2, 543.
• sons of, 2, 543.
• Abbasside Caliphate (Caliphate of the East, Bagdad Caliphate), the, weakness of, in the twelfth century, 3, 431.
• conquered by Hulagu, 3, 606.
• Abbasside Caliphate, the, the Jews of, in the ninth century, 3, 145–6, 176–80.
• under Al-Mutadhid, 3, 183.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 428–33.
• Abbassides, the, opponents of the Ommiyyades, 3, 125.
• Ab-beth-din, president of the Council of Seventy, 1, 395.
• deputy of the president of the Synhedrion, 2, 360, 404.
• office of, ceases, 2, 453.
• Abdallah Ibn-Allah, vizir, prevents the forced conversion of Jews to Islam, 3, 312.
• Abdallah Ibn-Hakam, murders the king of Saragossa, 3, 266.
• Abdallah Ibn-Sabâ, partisan of Ali, 3, 90.
• Abdallah Ibn-Salâm, Jewish disciple of Mahomet, 3, 73.
• Abdallah Ibn-Tumart, incites the Moors against the Almoravides, 3, 357–8.
• founds the Almohades, 3, 358.
• Abdallah Ibn-Ubey, opponent of Mahomet, 3, 75.
• protects the Benu-Kainukaa, 3, 77.
• promises aid to the Benu-Nadhir, 3, 78.
• Abdallah, son of Saura, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, 3, 74.
• Abdallah Almamun (813–833), son of Haroun Alrashid, at war with his brother, 3, 145.
• prosperity of the Abbasside Caliphate under, 3, 146.
• adopts the Mutazilist theology, 3, 147.
• appealed to by rival parties in the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 155.
• the last of the tolerant caliphs of the East, 3, 176.
• reduces the power of the Exilarchs, 3, 177.
• Abdel-latif, Mahometan physician, on Maimonides, 3, 473, 488.
• Abdon, judge, 1, 66.
• Abdul-Malik, Ommiyyade caliph, tolerance of, 3, 110.
• Abdul Meg’id, sultan of Turkey, 5, 634.
• emancipates the Jews, 5, 641, 664.
• orders a revision of the Rhodes trial, 5, 647.
• secures the Turkish Jews against the blood accusation, 5, 662.
• Abdulmumen, Almohade ruler of northern Africa, tries to force Islam upon his subjects, 3, 358–60, 451.
• Abdul-Rahman III, Ommiyyade caliph, appealed to in behalf of Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 209–10.
• Moslem culture under, 3, 214.
• appoints Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut interpreter, 3, 216.
• death of, 3, 222.
• Abel, Psychic type of the Gnostics, 2, 377.
• Abel. See Abel-Bethmaachah.
• Abel-Bethmaachah, refuge of Sheba, 1, 149–50.
• the region of, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.
• Abelè-Zion, ascetic Karaites in Jerusalem, 3, 182. See also “Mourners of Zion,” the.
• Abenacar, Isaac (Manuel Pimentel), first Jew buried at Ouderkerk, 4, 672.
• Abendana, Jacob, rabbi of London, 5, 214.
• Abenhuacar. See Samuel Ibn-Wakar.
• Abensur, Daniel, millionaire in Hamburg, 5, 205.
• Abia, king of Arabia, at war with Izates of Adiabene, 2, 217–18.
• Abiathar, the family of, under David’s protection, 1, 100.
• partisan of David, 1, 107, 112.
• made high priest, 1, 120.
• on the persecution of the Gibeonites, 1, 123.
• against Absalom, 1, 141.
• urges the recall of David, 1, 146.
• supports Adonijah, 1, 152.
• of the priestly house of Ithamar, 1, 155.
• deposed, 1, 160.
• Abi-Ezri. See Eleazar ben Joel Halevi.
• Abigail, wife of David, 1, 134.
• Abijah, son of Samuel, judge, 1, 79.
• Abijam, son of Rehoboam, king of Judah, 1, 189.
• Abilene, given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.
• Abimaï, son of Abbahu, 2, 543.
• Abimelech, judge, 1, 63.
• Abin, Amora, emigrates from Judæa, 2, 567.
• Abinadab, guards the Ark of the Covenant, 1, 119.
• Abinadab, son of Saul, death of, 1, 103.
• Abinerglus (Abennerig), father-in-law of Izates, 2, 216.
• Abishag, wife of David, and Adonijah, 1, 160.
• Abishai, brother of Joab, kills Abner, 1, 111.
• saves David, 1, 117.
• commander in the Ammonite war, 1, 127.
• conducts the Idumæan war, 1, 128–9.
• against Absalom, 1, 141, 144.
• conducts the war against Sheba, 1, 149.
• Ablaat, astronomer, friend of Mar-Samuel, 2, 521.
• Abner, cousin of Saul, qualities of, 1, 84–5.
• frees Israel from the Philistines, 1, 108.
• makes Ishbosheth Saul’s successor, 1, 108.
• actual founder of the kingdom of the Ten Tribes, 1, 108.
• jealous of Joab, 1, 109.
• power of, 1, 109.
• kills Asahel, 1, 110.
• accused of coveting Rizpah, 1, 110.
• joins David, 1, 110–11.
• murdered, 1, 111–12.
• Abner of Burgos. See Alfonso Burgensis.
• Aboab, Immanuel, defends Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 55.
• Aboab, Isaac, rabbi of Toledo, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 341.
• negotiates for the settlement of Spanish exiles in Portugal, 4, 352, 365.
• death of, 4, 366.
• Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca (1606–1693), rabbi at Amsterdam, instructs at the Talmud Torah, 4, 681.
• member of the first Rabbinical college, 4, 682.
• as a preacher, 4, 682–3.
• vacillating character of, 4, 683.
• goes to Brazil, 4, 693.
• on the war in Brazil, 4, 694.
• devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 52.
• translates Kabbalistic works, 5, 54, 88.
• and Spinoza, 5, 92.
• Sabbatian, 5, 139, 160.
• Aboab, Samuel, rabbi at Venice, and Luzzatto, 5, 240.
• Aboda Zara, Mishnic treatise on idolaters, 2, 477.
• Abodah, the, Day of Atonement Temple service, poem on, 3, 114–15.
• Aboget, alleged poisoner of wells, 4, 102.
• Abrabanel. See Dormido; Isaac ben Judah; Isaac II, son of Isaac; Isaac III, son of Judah Leon; Judah Leon; Samuel I; Samuel II.
• Abrabanel family, the, descended from David, 3, 43.
• Abrabanela. See Benvenida.
• Abradhi, caliph of the East, vizir of, favors Saadiah, 3, 200.
• Abraham, disciple of Meïr of Rothenburg, 4, 74.
• Abraham, monk, convert to Judaism, 3, 21.
• Abraham, patriarch, acquires Machpelah, 1, 4.
• monotheist, 1, 5.
• virtues of, 1, 6.
• revered by the Israelites, 1, 6–7.
• impresses Mahomet, 3, 71.
• in the Zohar, 4, 23.
• Abraham of Aragon, oculist, 3, 583.
• Abraham de Balmes, physician and grammarian, 4, 411.
• instructs Christians in Hebrew, 4, 473.
• Abraham de Beya, traveler in Portuguese employ, 4, 368.
• Abraham of Granada, Kabbalist, 4, 196–7.
• Abraham de Herrera. See Herrera, Abraham de.
• Abraham ben Chasdaï, Maimunist, as poet, 3, 388, 560.
• denounces Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 544.
• epigram by, 3, 544.
• Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni (1065–1136), astronomer, 3, 313; 4, 120.
• Abraham ben David of Posquières (Rabed II, 1125–1198), Talmudist, as a controversialist, 3, 389, 399.
• disciple of Abraham ben Isaac, 3, 392.
• friend of Judah Ibn-Tibbon, 3, 397.
• writes a Mishna commentary, 3, 399.
• criticises Maimonides’ Mishne-Torah, 3, 490.
• death of, 3, 490.
• alleged founder of the Kabbala, 3, 547.
• Abraham ben Isaac, head of the college of Narbonne, 3, 392.
• son-in-law of, 3, 399.
• Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra (1088–1167), personality of, 3, 366–7, 381.
• attitude of, towards the Karaites, 3, 366.
• and Jehuda Halevi and Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 367.
• poetry of, 3, 367–8.
• as an exegete, 3, 368, 370–1, 371–3.
• poverty of, 3, 368–9.
• in the East, 3, 369.
• in Rome, 3, 369–71.
• as a grammarian, 3, 371, 374.
• adheres to the Massora, 3, 371.
• at Mantua and Lucca, 3, 371.
• in southern France, 3, 373.
• poem on, by Jacob Tam, 3, 373, 376.
• in London, 3, 373–4.
• as philosopher, 3, 373.
• defends the Sabbath eve, 3, 374.
• last years of, 3, 374–5.
• son of, 3, 375.
• influence of, on Italian Jews, 3, 423.
• attacked by Nachmani, 3, 534, 608.
• the works of, used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.
• denounced as a heretic, 3, 624.
• admired by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 43.
• the works of, studied in the fourteenth century, 4, 143–4.
• the Pentateuch commentary by, commented upon, 4, 144.
• commentary on the works of, 4, 191.
• exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, 4, 442.
• commentary by, in the Bomberg Bible, 4, 476.
• studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.
• Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia (1240–1291), Kabbalist, 4, 3, 11, 622.
• youth and ideals of, 4, 4–5, 19.
• system of, 5, 5–6, 14.
• disciples of, 4, 6, 8, 10.
• in Italy, 4, 6.
• imprisoned, 4, 7.
• Messianic claims of, 4, 7–8.
• works of, 4, 8.
• declared a heretic, 4, 625.
• Abraham ben Sherira. See Mar-Abraham.
• Abraham Ibn-Alfachar (1160–1223), favorite of Alfonso III of Castile, 3, 384–5.
• ambassador to Morocco, 3, 385.
• encourages Talmud study, 3, 386.
• Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi (1110–1180), physician, philosopher, and historian, 3, 363–6.
• parentage of, 3, 364.
• attainments of, 3, 364.
• as an historian, 3, 364, 365–6.
• as a scientist, 3, 364.
• as a philosopher, 3, 364–5.
• style of, 3, 366.
• death of, 3, 386.
• the work of, consulted by Basnage, 5, 196.
• Abraham Ibn-Shoshan, scholar, Spanish exile in Egypt, 4, 393.
• Abraham Ibn-Zarzal, physician and astrologer, 4, 116.
• Abraham, son of Manessier de Vesoul, 4, 150.
• Abraham Bedaresi, poet, elegy by, 3, 579.
• compared with his son, 4, 42.
• Abraham Benveniste Senior, dignitary at the court of Juan II of Castile, 4, 228.
• frames the law of Avila, 4, 229.
• promotes the marriage of Isabella of Castile, 4, 280.
• friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 341.
• accepts baptism, 4, 351.
• See also Coronel.
• Abraham Bibago, favorite of John II of Aragon, 4, 275.
• Abraham Farissol (1451–1525), Bible commentator and geographer, 4, 411–12.
• protegé of Hercules d’Este I, 4, 412–13.
• polemic writings of, 4, 413.
• Abraham Israel, excommunicates Eibeschütz’s opponents, 5, 264.
• Abraham Klausner, compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.
• Abraham Levi, Spanish exile, Kabbalist, 4, 481.
• Abraham (Abulmeni) Maimuni (1185–1254), son of Maimonides, his successor, 3, 493.
• Talmudist and philosopher, 3, 495.
• visited by rabbis emigrating to Palestine, 3, 505.
• and the attacks upon his father, 3, 525–6, 545.
• Abraham Maimuni II, great-grandson of Maimonides, converts Karaites to Rabbanism, 4, 71–2.
• Abraham Menz, director of the Padua college, 4, 410.
• Abraham Saba, Kabbalist, leaves Portugal, 4, 381.
• Abraham Yizchaki, anti-Sabbatian, 5, 220–1.
• Abraham Zacuto, disciple of Isaac Aboab, pronounces his funeral oration, 4, 366.
• author of an astronomical calendar, 4, 367, 372.
• escapes from Portugal, 4, 378.
• at Tunis, 4, 391.
• writes the Sefer Yochasin, 4, 391.
• flees to Turkey, 4, 392.
• compared with Elias Kapsali, 4, 407.
• chronicle of, published, 4, 608, 629.
• great-grandson of, 4, 678.
• Abraham Zacuto Lusitano (1576–1642), physician, honor paid to, 4, 678.
• Abrianim, transgressors of the Law, addressed by Jesus, 2, 152.
• Absalom, son of David, instigates the murder of Amnon, 1, 134.
• seeks refuge with Talmai of Geshur, 1, 134–5.
• pardoned, 1, 136.
• plots with Ahithophel, 1, 136, 138–44.
• description of, 1, 137.
• hailed as king in Hebron, 1, 139.
• in Jerusalem, 1, 142–3.
• accepts Hushai’s advice, 1, 143.
• killed, 1, 144–5.
• mourned by David, 1, 145.
• monument of, 1, 145.
• children of, 1, 145.
• Absalom, son of John Hyrcanus, 2, 34.
• in Pompey’s triumph, 2, 67.
• Abt, friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 303.
• Abtalion (Pollion), head of the Synhedrion, 2, 71–2.
• maxims of, 2, 72; 3, 573.
• disciples of, 2, 72, 96.
• opposed to Antigonus, 2, 85–6.
• counsels submission to Herod, 2, 88.
• spared by Herod, 2, 89.
• death of, 2, 90.
• Abu-Abdullah Mahomet Alnasir, Almohade caliph, invades Andalusia, 3, 506–7.
• decrees Jew badges, 3, 512.
• Abu-Afak, poet, opponent of Mahomet, 3, 74.
• Abu Amr Joseph ben Chasdaï. See Joseph ben Chasdaï.
• Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik (1080–1148), philosopher, 3, 314–15.
• as a poet, 3, 315.
• death of, 3, 361.
• Abu-Amran Moses, founder of a Karaite sect, 3, 157–8.
• Abu-Amranites, Karaite sectaries, 3, 158.
• Abu-Amrun Musa ben Maimun Obaid Allah, Arabic name of Maimonides, 3, 447.
• Abu Ayub (Solomon Ibn-Almuallem), poet and physician, 3, 312.
• Abu Ayub Sulaiman Ibn-Yachya. See Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.
• Abu-Bekr, Mahomet’s general, repulsed at Kamus, 3, 82.
• Abudiente, Abraham Gideon, Sabbatian, 5, 155.
• Abu Fadhl Chasdaï (1040), Arabic Jewish poet, vizir to the king of Saragossa, 3, 280.
• Abuhajaj Joseph Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 319.
• son of, 3, 361.
• Abu Hussain Joseph Ibn-Nagrela. See Joseph Ibn-Nagrela.
• Abu-Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 318.
• Abu Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus (Yizchaki, 982–1057), physician and philosopher, 3, 273.
• Abu-Isa. See Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak.
• Abu Ishak al-Elviri, Mahometan poet, enemy of the Jews of Granada, 3, 278.
• Abu Ishak Ibn-Mohajar, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, 3, 312.
• Abu Jacob Yussuff Almostansir, Almohade ruler of Morocco, 3, 385.
• Abu-Jafar Ibn-Aljezzar, Mahometan disciple of Isaac Israeli, 3, 181.
• Abu Jafar Almansur, caliph, imprisons Anan ben David, 3, 129–30.
• Abu-Kariba Assad Toban, king of Yemen, besieges Yathrib, 3, 62.
• convert to Judaism, 3, 63.
• end of, 3, 63.
• sons of, 3, 64.
• Abulafia. See Abraham ben Samuel; Abulafia, Moses; Joseph ben Todros; Levi ben Todros; Meïr ben Todros Halevi; Samuel ben Meïr Allavi; Todros ben Joseph.
• Abulafia, Marrano, agent of Ferdinand and Isabella, opposes the Inquisition, 4, 313.
• burnt at the stake, 4, 317.
• Abulafia, Moses, accused of ritual murder, 5, 636.
• tortured, 5, 636–7.
• turns Mahometan, 5, 638.
• Abulafia family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236; 4, 116.
• members of, perish during the Black Death, 4, 113.
• Abul-Ala, Arabic poet, 3, 199.
• Abul Arab Ibn-Moïsha, Mahometan theologian and poet, friend of Maimonides, 3, 456.
• accuses Maimonides of apostasy from Islam, 3, 474.
• Abul-Barkat Hibat-Allah ben Malka. See Nathaniel.
• Abulhassan, king of Morocco, at war with Castile, 4, 84.
• Abulhassan Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Kamnial, physician, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, 3, 312.
• patron of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 320.
• Abulhassan Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi (Ibn-Allevi). See Jehuda Halevi.
• Abulhassan Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 318.
• Abulkasim Ibn-Alarif, vizir of Habus, patron of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 256.
• Abulkassim Mahomet. See Al-Mutamed.
• Abulmeni Abraham Maimuni. See Abraham Maimuni.
• Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, propagandist for Karaism, 3, 203–5.
• as controversialist, 3, 204–5.
• Hebrew style of, 3, 204, 206.
• Abulvalid Mervan Ibn-Janach. See Jonah Marinus.
• Abu Mansur Samuel ben Chananya, Nagid, invites Jehuda Halevi to Cairo, 3, 340–1.
• successor of, 3, 443.
• Abumelik, leads a Moorish army against Castile, 4, 84.
• killed, 4, 85.
• Abunassar Azaria, son of Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, flees to Lucena, 3, 279.
• death of, 3, 284.
• Abu-Sahal Ali (835–853), medical writer, 3, 146.
• Abusahal Dunash ben Tamim. See Dunash ben Tamim.
• Abu Said ben Chalfon Halevi, friend of Jehuda Halevi, 3, 340.
• Abu-Yussuf Chasdaï ben Isaac Ibn-Shaprut. See Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut.
• Abu-Yussuff Almansur, Almohade prince, introduces a garb for apostate Jews, 3, 511–12.
• Abuzurj-Mihir, inventor of chess, 3, 7.
• Abydos, Sabbataï Zevi imprisoned at, 5, 148, 151.
• enriched by the Sabbatians, 5, 149.
• Academies, the Babylonian, authority of the principals of, 2, 547.
• closed under Kobad, 3, 4.
• re-opened, 3, 5.
• work of, 3, 6.
• give religious instruction to the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.
• principals of, deposed by the Exilarchs, 3, 91.
• independent of each other in internal affairs, 3, 96.
• organization of, under the caliphs, 3, 96–7.
• office of the president of, not hereditary, 3, 96.
• meetings of, in Adar and Elul, 3, 97.
• income of, 3, 97–8.
• prayers for the departed at, 3, 101.
• the heads of, excommunicate Anan ben David, 3, 134.
• the Karaites on, 3, 134–5.
• and the election of the Exilarch, 3, 137.
• hold aloof from Islam theology, 3, 148.
• respect paid to, in the ninth century, 3, 160.
• See also under Pumbeditha and Sora.
• Academies, the Babylonian, list of:
• Firuz-Shabur,
• Machuza,
• Nahardea,
• Nares,
• Nisibis,
• Pumbeditha,
• Shekan-Zib,
• Silhi,
• Sora.
• Academies, the Palestinian, origin of, 2, 324.
• established by the disciples of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 335.
• frequented by Babylonian students, 2, 511, 531.
• decline of, 2, 543, 548, 560.
• method of, 2, 557–8.
• See under Acbara; Bekiin; Cæsarea; Emmaus; Jamnia; Lydda; Sepphoris; Tiberias; Schools.
• Academy at Jerusalem, founded by the Vegas, 5, 126.
• Academy of Sciences at Berlin, prize of, won by Mendelssohn, 5, 303–4.
• Mendelssohn proposed as member of, 5, 308.
• Acbara, seat of Jannaï’s academy, 2, 470.
• Accho (Acco; Acre; Ptolemais; St. Jean d’Acre), built by the Canaanites, 1, 3.
• surrenders to Shalmaneser, 1, 264.
• fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, 1, 417.
• the inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, 1, 475.
• Jonathan Haphus meets Demetrius at, 1, 496.
• Jonathan Haphus taken prisoner at, 1, 499.
• surrenders to Ptolemy VIII, 2, 40.
• Vespasian prepares for his Judæan campaign at, 2, 285.
• Talmudists in, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
• Maimonides at, 3, 456.
• Nachmani at, 3, 605.
• Kabbalist center, 3, 626.
• Kabbalists of, burn the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 631.
• Maimonides’ tomb at, desecrated, 3, 631.
• Maimunists in, 3, 631.
• David Maimuni at, 3, 632–3.
• the Jews of, blotted out, 3, 650.
• Acha of Diphta, proposed as principal of the Sora academy, 2, 627.
• Acha ben Jacob, on Chama of Nahardea, 2, 595.
• Achaï bar Huna, Amora, compiler of the Babylonian Talmud, 2, 631.
• Achaia, Paul establishes Christian communities in, 2, 227.
• Achbâr, teacher of the Law among the Arabic Jews, 3, 59.
• Acher. See Elisha ben Abuya.
• Achiab, prevents Herod from committing suicide, 2, 116.
• Achish, Philistine king, in friendly relations with David, 1, 101–2.
• acknowledges David king, 1, 108.
• Achitub, grandson of Eli, high priest at Nob, 1, 79.
• Achiya, first Exilarch known, 2, 509.
• Achiya. See also Chiya.
• Achmed I, sultan, Jewish women under, 4, 629, 630.
• Achmed Shaitan, viceroy of Egypt, treachery of, 4, 395.
• avenges himself on the Jews of Cairo, 4, 395–6.
• Achunaï. See Chananya.
• Acosta, Uriel (Gabriel). See Costa, Uriel da.
• Acra, the, a part of Jerusalem, burnt by Titus, 2, 308.
• Acra (Acrapolis; Baris; Birah), the, the Temple citadel, built by Nehemiah, 1, 382, 524.
• garrisoned by Scopas, 1, 433.
• Greek games taught in, 1, 445.
• refuge of the Hellenists, 1, 454.
• occupied by Menelaus, 1, 470, 478.
• besieged by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 478.
• Hellenists leave, 1, 480.
• reinforced by Bacchides, 1, 491.
• besieged by Jonathan Haphus, 1, 496.
• surrenders to Simon Tharsi, 1, 523.
• the towers of, taken down, 1, 524.
• called Birah, 1, 524–5.
• wife and children of Aristobulus II imprisoned in, 2, 58.
• called Antonia, 2, 106.
• See Antonia.
• Acrabatene, the Samaritans of, slaughtered by the Zealots, 2, 243.
• Acrabattine, the Idumæans driven out of, by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.
• invested by Simon bar Giora, 2, 293.
• Acrapolis, the. See Acra, the.
• Acre. See Accho.
• Actian games, the, introduced into Jerusalem, 2, 105.
• Actium, the battle of, won by Octavius, 2, 96.
• Ada, a Babylonian Amora, 2, 579.
• Adalbert, bishop of Prague, and the slave-trade of Jews, 3, 305.
• Adam, the book of, Sibylline chronicle, quoted, 2, 462.
• Adam Kadmon, Kabbalistic term, the original man, 5, 121, 143.
• Adamantius, apostate Jew in Alexandria, 2, 619.
• Adams, Hannah, history of the Jews by, 5, 593.
• Adarsa, the battle of, won by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 485.
• Adath Jeshurun, the body of advanced Jews in Amsterdam, innovations of, 5, 457.
• Aden, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 436.
• Adher-Baijan (Aserbeidsan), Samuel Ibn-Abbas in, 3, 442.
• Adher-Baijan, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 430–33.
• urged to join David Alrui, 3, 431.
• followers of David Alrui, 3, 433.
• Adiabene, description of, 2, 216.
• the nobles of, conspire against Izates, 2, 217–18.
• the people of, friendly to the Judæans, 2, 219.
• in alliance with the Zealots, 2, 256.
• the royal house of, aids Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.
• the princes of, the only Judæan insurgents spared by Rome, 2, 311.
• conquered by Trajan, 2, 393–4.
• laid waste by Severus, 2, 464.
• Adido, Simon Tharsi assembles his forces at, 1, 500.
• Adiya, father of the poet Samuel, 3, 68.
• Adnan, ancestor of the Arabs, 3, 61.
• Adolph of Nassau, emperor, refuses to surrender Meïr of Rothenburg’s body, 4, 35.
• war of, with Albrecht, 4, 35.
• death of, 4, 36.
• Adonijah, son of David, opposes Absalom, 1, 135.
• rebels, 1, 151–4.
• supporters of, 1, 152.
• royal display of, 1, 152.
• Nathan opposed to, 1, 153.
• acknowledged king, 1, 153.
• pays homage to Solomon, 1, 154.
• killed, 1, 160.
• Adonim. See Dunash ben Labrat.
• Adoniram, superintendent of the building of the first Temple, 1, 163, 172.
• accompanies Rehoboam to Shechem, 1, 181.
• killed, 1, 182.
• Adonis, Baal of the Phœnicians, 1, 54.
• statue of, worshiped at Bethlehem, 2, 422.
• Adora, Idumæan fortress, demolished by John Hyrcanus, 2, 8.
• Adoyot, the oldest Mishna compilation, 2, 343, 460.
• Adraat, chief town of Batanæa, 3, 77.
• Benu-Nadhir settle in, 3, 79.
• Adrammelech, son of Sennacherib, murders him, 1, 280.
• Adramyttium, treasure-house in, for the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 53.
• Adrianople, Karaites move to, 4, 269.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.
• Joseph Karo at, 4, 557.
• Sabbataï Zevi at, 5, 154–66.
• Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 158–9, 161.
• Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, 5, 163.
• Cardoso at, 5, 207.
• Sabbatians in, 5, 210.
• Adrianople, the Jews of, divided into national groups, 4, 478.
• consider trading with Pesaro, 4, 579.
• Adullam, David at, 1, 116.
• Adultery, ritual for suspected cases of, abolished, 2, 238.
• laws against, inviolate, 2, 424.
• “Advice to the Representatives of the People,” by Van Swieden, against the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 453–4.
• Ælia Capitolina, name of Jerusalem under Hadrian, 2, 421–2.
• Ælius Hadrian. See Hadrian.
• Afia, Aaron, scientist in Salonica, 4, 405.
• Africa (northern), Karaites influential in, in the tenth century, 3, 207.
• Jewish captives transported to, 3, 213.
• students from, at the Cordova Talmud school, 3, 228.
• part of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 248.
• Talmud authorities of, in the eleventh century, 3, 248–9.
• Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.
• asylum for persecuted Jews in the fifteenth century, 4, 197–8.
• the Sephardic liturgy adopted in, 4, 198.
• Portuguese conquests on the coast of, 4, 218.
• Marranos flee to, 4, 318.
• Spanish exiles in, 4, 352, 358, 361–2, 389–96.
• descendants of Portuguese Marranos in, 4, 381.
• Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 389.
• emigration of Portuguese Marranos to, forbidden, 4, 508.
• Africa (northern), the Jews of, conspire against the Visigothic empire, 3, 108.
• aid Tarik, 3, 109.
• persecuted, 3, 357–60, 451.
• Africa, Visigothic, the Jews of, enjoy civil and political equality, 3, 45.
• Agada, the, popular exposition of the Prophets and historical writings, 2, 328–9.
• of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 329.
• used by R. Meïr, 2, 440.
• the study of, preferred in Judæa, 2, 540.
• cultivated by the brothers of Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 575–6.
• cultivated under Theodosius II, 2, 623.
• in the synagogue forbidden by Justinian I, 3, 14.
• manifests the spirit of Judaism, 3, 15.
• frequent use of, in the synagogues of the East, 3, 16.
• cultivated among the Arabic Jews, 3, 59.
• replaced by neo-Hebraic poetry, 3, 116.
• cultivated by Eleazar ben Kalir, 3, 117.
• studied by French and Italian Jews in the ninth century, 3, 160.
• used by Rashi, 3, 288.
• used by the Tossafists, 3, 345.
• effect of, on Asiatic Jews, 3, 440.
• contains philosophical doctrines according to Maimonides, 3, 479.
• reconciled with philosophy by Abraham Maimuni, 3, 495.
• rejected by Maimonides, 3, 523, 533.
• accepted literally by Solomon ben Abraham, 3, 527–8.
• view of, held by Nachmani, 3, 533, 535, 599–600.
• in the Kabbala, 3, 549, 552.
• used by Pablo Christiani, 3, 599.
• rationalized by Solomon ben Adret, 3, 619.
• used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.
• authority of, 4, 214.
• declared without authority by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.
• quoted, 4, 242.
• reviled by Aaron Margalita, 5, 194.
• used by Mannheimer, 5, 581.
• Agag, Amalekite king, defeated by Saul, 1, 91–2.
• killed, 1, 93.
• Agape, the meal of the Nazarenes, 2, 223.
• Agen, meeting-place of the Pastoureaux, 4, 56.
• Agobard, bishop of Lyons, incites rebellion again Louis the Pious, 3, 164.
• refuses to restore a runaway slave to a Lyons Jew, 3, 164.
• tries to set Louis the Pious against the Jews, 3, 165–8.
• joins the conspiracy against the empress, 3, 168.
• successor to, 3, 170.
• Agora-nomos, inspector of markets, Abba-Areka appointed as, 2, 512.
• choice of, left to the Jews, 2, 616.
• Agriculture, among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, 3, 35.
• occupation of the Jews of Crissa, 3, 424.
• Jews restricted to, by Frederick II, 3, 569.
• occupation of the immigrants in Palestine, 4, 74.
• See also Real estate.
• Agrigentum, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.
• Agrippa I (10 B. C. E.–44 C. E.), grandson of Mariamne, distinguished by Caligula, 2, 175.
• educated with the son of Tiberius, 2, 175.
• appointed to an office in Tiberias, 2, 175.
• courtier of the governor of Syria, 2, 175.
• supplanted by his brother, 2, 175.
• assisted by Alexander Lysimachus, 2, 175–6.
• kindly treated by Tiberius, 2, 176.
• imprisoned, 2, 176.
• released, 2, 177.
• king of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 177.
• accuses Herod Antipas of treachery to Caligula, 2, 177.
• ruler of Galilee and Peræa, 2, 177.
• rouses the resentment of the Alexandrian Greeks, 2, 181–182.
• and Caligula’s edict concerning images, 2, 188–9.
• king of all Palestine, 2, 190.
• coins in honor of, 2, 190, 194.
• change in the character of, 2, 191.
• popularity of, 2, 191–2.
• piety of, 2, 192.
• sends gifts to Athens, 2, 193.
• favors Cæsarea and Sebaste, 2, 194.
• plans of, for Judæa, 2, 194–5.
• hampered by Vibius Marsus, 2, 195.
• allied with Eastern princes, 2, 195–6.
• death of, 2, 196.
• memory of, insulted, 2, 196–7.
• Agrippa II (27–92), son of Agrippa I, proposed as king of Judæa, 2, 196.
• introduces Judæan envoys to Claudius, 2, 198.
• prince of Chalcis, 2, 235.
• and his sister, 2, 235.
• titular king of Judæa, 2, 236.
• king of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 245.
• given four towns and Tiberias, 2, 245–6.
• accused of encroaching upon the privileges of the Temple authorities, 2, 247–8.
• bribed to make Joshua ben Gamala high priest, 2, 249.
• summons all Judæans to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.
• opposed to revolutionary measures, 2, 257–8.
• flees from Jerusalem, 2, 258.
• sends troops to Jerusalem, 2, 259.
• palace of, burnt, 2, 260.
• sends a contingent to the Roman army, 2, 264–5.
• Tiberias under, 2, 273.
• Varus, representative of, 2, 274–5.
• the inhabitants of Gamala revolt against, 2, 275.
• relation of, to Josephus, 2, 278.
• meets Vespasian, 2, 285.
• lacks patriotism, 2, 288–9.
• pays homage to Galba, 2, 299.
• helps Titus in the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 302.
• spectator at the death of Judæans in the arena of Cæsarea Philippi, 2, 312.
• fall of, 2, 317.
• and Justus of Tiberias, 2, 319–20.
• alleviates the burdens of the conquered Jews, 2, 332, 333.
• Galilee given to, 2, 333.
• treatment of, by Titus, 2, 388.
• death of, 2, 388.
• Agrippina, wife of Claudius, favorable to the Herodians, 2, 245.
• Aguilar, Baron de, saves the Jews of Moravia from exorbitant taxes, 5, 252.
• intercedes for the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.
• Aguilar, de, governor of Palma, asks for Gibraltar as a refuge for Marranos, 4, 282.
• Aguilar, Raphael Moses d’, Sabbatian, 5, 139, 160.
• Aguilar, the Jews of, destroyed, 4, 125.
• Ahab, son of Omri, wife of, 1, 194, 196–7.
• ascends the throne of Israel, 1, 196.
• character of, 1, 196.
• builds an ivory palace, 1, 201–2.
• reproved by Elijah, 1, 202–3.
• a famine announced to, 1, 203.
• summons the priests of Baal to Carmel, 1, 203–4.
• stops the persecution of the prophets, 1, 204.
• imprisons Michaiah, 1, 205.
• ally of Ben-hadad II, 1, 205.
• ally of Jehoshaphat, 1, 206.
• death of, 1, 206.
• destruction of the house of, 1, 211–12.
• Ahasuerus. See Xerxes.
• Ahaz, king of Judah, character of, 1, 257.
• ally of Tiglath-Pileser, 1, 258.
• warned by Isaiah, 1, 258–9.
• introduces Assyrian idolatry into Judah, 1, 260–1.
• not buried in the royal mausoleum, 1, 267.
• Ahaziah, son of Ahab, reign of, over Israel, 1, 206–7.
• Ahaziah, son of Joram, king of Judah, killed by Jehu’s followers, 1, 211.
• Ahijah, of Shiloh, prophet, at the consecration of the Temple, 1, 167.
• rebukes Solomon, 1, 175.
• prophesies success to Jeroboam, 1, 175.
• prophesies the end of Jeroboam’s line, 1, 188.
• Ahikam, father of Gedaliah, 1, 319.
• Ahikam, son of Shaphan, saves Jeremiah, 1, 303.
• Ahimaaz, messenger from Hushai to David, 1, 143.
• Ahinoam, wife of Saul, 1, 95.
• Ahishar, Solomon’s major-domo, 1, 172.
• Ahithophel, councilor of David, 1, 122–3.
• grandfather of Bathsheba, 1, 133.
• opposed to Solomon’s succession, 1, 135.
• plots with Absalom, 1, 136, 138–43.
• with Absalom in Jerusalem, 1, 142.
• advice of, rejected by Absalom, 1, 143.
• suicide of, 1, 143.
• Ahmed, khan of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, 3, 638.
• Ahmed Coprili, Turkish grand vizir, orders the arrest of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 146.
• imprisons Sabbataï at Abydos, 5, 148.
• Ahriman. See Angro-Mainyus.
• Ahunai, teacher of the Law, during Kobad’s persecutions, 3, 4.
• Ahura-Mazda, Persian god of light, influence of the conception of, on Judaism, 1, 402.
• Ai, attacked by the Israelites, 1, 33.
• Aibu, father of Abba-Areka, 2, 511.
• Aibu, son of Abba-Areka, 2, 518.
• Aidug, Arab king, defeats Zorah Yussuf, 3, 64.
• Ain-tab, the new-moon announced at, 2, 458.
• Airvi (Eravi), king of Cranganor, and the Jews of India, 3, 630.
• Aix-la-Chapelle, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, 4, 33.
• the Congress of, the emancipation of the Jews discussed by, 5, 525–7.
• Ajubides, the, make Egypt the Islam center, 3, 457.
• Akbara, Karaite center, 3, 157.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 429.
• Akbarites, the, a Karaite sect, 3, 157.
• Akiba ben Joseph, teacher of the Law, suggested as successor to Gamaliel II, 2, 342.
• effects the re-instatement of Gamaliel II, 2, 345.
• informs Eliezer ben Hyrcanus of his excommunication, 2, 347.
• legends concerning the youth of, 2, 350–1.
• intellectual development of, 2, 351–2.
• system of, 2, 352–3.
• arranges the Halachas in groups, 2, 353.
• disciples and wife of, 2, 354–5.
• in the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 355.
• and Ishmael ben Elisha, 2, 355–6.
• theosophist, 2, 381.
• saying of, 2, 381.
• opposes Gnostic influences, 2, 382.
• disciples of, proselytes, 2, 384.
• and Akylas, 2, 385.
• and Flavius Clemens, 2, 387, 389, 391.
• influences Nerva, 2, 392.
• opposes reckless charity, 2, 405.
• prepares for the revolt against Hadrian, 2, 408; 5, 724–5.
• attracted to Bar-Cochba, 2, 409.
• at Lydda, 2, 423.
• evades Roman spies, 2, 424.
• martyrdom of, 2, 428–9.
• disciples of, ordained, 2, 429.
• disciples of, return to Judæa, 2, 433.
• favorite disciple of, 2, 436.
• dialectics of, adopted by Meïr, 2, 438–40.
• first compiler of the Mishna, 2, 460.
• position of, compared with Rabba bar Nachmani’s, 2, 579.
• Akko. See Accho.
• Akra di Coche, a Babylonian fortification, 2, 507.
• Akrabattine. See Acrabattine.
• Akrish. See Isaac ben Abraham Akrish.
• Akylas (Aquila), convert to Judaism, translates the Scriptures into Greek, 2, 385.
• superintends the rebuilding of Jerusalem, 2, 401.
• mourns for Gamaliel II, 2, 404.
• Akylas, translation of the Scriptures by, literal, 2, 386.
• used by Jews and Ebionites, 2, 387.
• used by Origen, 2, 489.
• Targum Onkelos based on, 2, 581.
• recommended to Jewish congregations by Justinian I, 3, 14.
• Alabarch (Arabarch, Ethnarch), the, prince of the Judæans in Egypt, 1, 507, 510.
• office of, confirmed by Cæsar, 2, 76.
• controls the Nile harbor, 2, 102.
• dignity of, restored by Claudius, 2, 191.
• See also Alexander Lysimachus; Ethnarch.
• Al-ablak, castle of Samuel Ibn-Adiya, 3, 68, 69.
• Aladhid, last Fatimide caliph of Egypt, 3, 443.
• Aladil, sultan, receives emigrant rabbis kindly, 3, 506.
• Alagon, Blasco de, conspires against Pedro Arbues, 4, 329.
• Alami. See Solomon Alami.
• Alani, the, of the Crimea, friendly to the Jews, 3, 123.
• Alarcos, Alfonso VIII defeated at the battle of, 3, 387.
• Alashkar. See Moses ben Isaac Alashkar.
• Albalag. See Isaac Albalag.
• Albalia. See Ibn-Albalia.
• Albanian Gates, the, Jews settle in, 3, 124.
• Albargeloni. See Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni.
• Albergeloni. See Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni.
• Albert I, emperor, war of, with Adolph of Nassau, 4, 35.
• punishes the Rindfleisch followers, 4, 36.
• demands a ransom for Meïr of Rothenburg, 4, 37.
• claims authority over the French Jews, 4, 47.
• Albert II, emperor, imprisons the Jews of Austria, 4, 223.
• banishes the Jews from Austria, 4, 224.
• hostile to the Jews, 4, 249.
• son of, cruel to the Jews, 4, 262–3.
• Albert, duke of Bavaria, under the influence of John of Capistrano, 4, 258.
• Albert von Brandenburg, archbishop of Mayence, convenes a diet to consider the Jewish question, 4, 463.
• ordered to drop the Jewish question, 4, 464.
• Albert of Munich, son-in-law of Maximilian I, 4, 428.
• Albertina, the. See Königsberg, the university of.
• Albertus Magnus, the works of, translated, 4, 69.
• Albi. See Alby.
• Albigenses, the, origin of, 3, 390.
• in Béziers, 3, 394, 395.
• relation of, to the Jews, 3, 501.
• crusade against, 3, 501–2.
• and the council of Montpellier, 3, 508.
• and the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.
• the war against, ended, 3, 519.
• extirpation of, by the Inquisition, 3, 542.
• Albinus, procurator of Judæa, appointed by Nero, 2, 248.
• appealed to against Anan, 2, 248–9.
• taxes Judæa heavily, 2, 249.
• punishes the Sicarii, 2, 249.
• Albo. See Joseph Albo.
• Albrecht I. See Albert I.
• Alby, the council of, forbids Jews to practice medicine among Christians, 3, 582, 583.
• the Jews of, perish, 4, 57.
• Alcala, the academy at, 4, 145.
• the Jews of, ridiculed, 4, 181.
• Alcana, street in Toledo occupied by Jews, 4, 118.
• Alcaniz, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.
• Alcantara, the Order of, and Gonzalo Martinez, 4, 85–6.
• Alcharam. See Mecca.
• Alcharisi. See Jehuda Alcharisi.
• Alcimus (Jakim), leader of the Hellenists, appointed high priest, 1, 482.
• slays sixty Chassidim, 1, 483.
• attracts the Hellenists, 1, 483.
• fears Judas Maccabæus, 1, 483.
• appeals to Demetrius I, 1, 484.
• informs against Nicanor, 1, 484.
• withdraws from Jerusalem, 1, 485.
• takes possession of Jerusalem, 1, 487.
• has the “Soreg” destroyed, 1, 492.
• death of, 1, 492, 508.
• Alcolea, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.
• Aldea de los Judios, village given to Jewish soldiers, 3, 592.
• Aldobrandini, prevents the expulsion of the Ferrara Jews, 4, 660.
• Aleman, Jochanan, Kabbalist, teacher of Pico di Mirandola, 4, 291.
• Alembert, d’, approves of Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.
• Alenu prayer, the, misrepresented by Pessach-Peter, 4, 178.
• attacked by Wülfer, 5, 185.
• denounced by apostates, 5, 191.
• exonerated by Michaelis, 5, 191.
• regulations concerning, 5, 192.
• Aleppo (Haleb), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.
• Jehuda Ibn-Abbas settles at, 3, 442.
• the Jewish liturgy of, changed, 3, 466.
• taken by Hulagu, 3, 606.
• the battle of, gives Egypt to the Turks, 4, 393.
• Sabbataï Zevi in, 5, 133.
• Alessandria, the Jews of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 653.
• Alexander III, pope, convenes a Church Council, 3, 376.
• orders the enforcement of anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 400.
• finances of, managed by a Jew, 3, 421.
• Alexander VI (Borgia), pope, and the Aragon Inquisition, 4, 319.
• banishes the Jews from Rome, 4, 363.
• the favor of, bought by the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 379.
• friendly to the Jews, 4, 407.
• employs a Jewish physician, 4, 407–8.
• Reuchlin at the court of, 4, 434.
• Alexander I, of Judæa. See Alexander Jannæus.
• Alexander II, of Judæa, son of Aristobulus II, marries Hyrcanus II’s daughter, 2, 58.
• seizes Jerusalem, 2, 70.
• has coins struck, 2, 70.
• subdued by Aulus Gabinius, 2, 70–1.
• rebels against Rome, 2, 73.
• beheaded, 2, 75.
• Alexander the Great, of Macedon, destroys the Persian empire, 1, 412.
• legends about, 1, 412–13.
• tolerance of, 1, 413, 415.
• favors the Judæans, 1, 414–15, 418.
• conquests of, 1, 415.
• confusion after the death of, 1, 416.
• Alexander, of Poland, hostile to the Jews, 4, 419.
• Alexander I, of Russia, inquires into the condition of the Jews, 5, 472–3.
• enforces attendance at schools, 5, 473.
• and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 525, 527.
• Alexander, apostate, accuses Jews of blasphemy, 4, 591.
• Alexander, son of Mariamne, designated successor to Herod, 2, 112.
• marriage of, 2, 112.
• executed, 2, 113.
• Alexander, Zealot leader, 2, 238.
• attacks the Samaritans of Acrabatene, 2, 243.
• Alexander Balas, pretender to the Syrian throne, ally of Jonathan Haphus, 1, 494, 496.
• marriage of, 1, 496.
• death of, 1, 496.
• son of, on the throne, 1, 497–8.
• Alexander (I) Jannæus (105–79), third son of Hyrcanus I, 2, 34.
• banished to Galilee, 2, 38–9.
• favors the Pharisees, 2, 39.
• military character of, 2, 39.
• defeated by Ptolemy VIII, 2, 40.
• ally of Ptolemy VIII’s mother, 2, 41.
• takes Gaza, 2, 41.
• mediates between the Pharisees and Sadducees, 2, 42.
• sides with the Sadducees, 2, 42–3.
• refuses to offer the water libation, 2, 43.
• defeated by the Nabathæan king, 2, 44.
• Pharisees revolt against, 2, 44.
• defeated by Eucærus, 2, 44.
• forces Eucærus to retreat, 2, 45.
• crucifies eight hundred Pharisees, 2, 45.
• conquests of, 2, 45–6.
• coins of, 2, 46.
• builds fortresses, 2, 46, 315.
• end of, 2, 47.
• appoints his wife his successor, 2, 47.
• sons of, 2, 47.
• towns conquered by, declared free, 2, 67.
• Alexander Lysimachus, Alabarch of Alexandria, aids Agrippa I, 2, 175–6, 181.
• brother of Philo, 2, 185.
• released from prison, 2, 190.
• sons of, 2, 198, 235.
• descendant of, 2, 395.
• Alexander Polyhistor, writer friendly to the Judæans, 2, 179.
• Alexander Severus (222–235), emperor, friendly to Jews and Judaism, 2, 481–3.
• and Judah II, 2, 482.
• presents a gold candlestick to a synagogue, 2, 482.
• taught Jewish customs by Romanus, 2, 482.
• anarchy after the death of, 2, 486, 526.
• Alexander, Tiberius Julius. See Tiberius Julius Alexander.
• Alexander Zabina, rival of Demetrius Nicator for the Syrian throne, 2, 6.
• disputes the Syrian throne with Antiochus VIII, 2, 6.
• acknowledged king by Hyrcanus I, 2, 6.
• fall of, 2, 7.
• Alexandra. See Salome Alexandra.
• Alexandra, daughter of Aristobulus II, marries two princes of Chalcis, 2, 75.
• Alexandra, daughter of Hyrcanus II, marries the son of Aristobulus II, 2, 58.
• betroths her daughter Mariamne to Herod, 2, 81.
• obtains Mark Antony’s favor for her son, 2, 91.
• accuses Herod of her son’s murder, 2, 92.
• threatened with death, 2, 93.
• imprisoned, 2, 94, 96.
• death of, 2, 105.
• Alexandria, Judæans settle in, 1, 418.
• center of the Egyptian Judæans, 1, 504–5.
• busts of Caligula placed in the synagogues of, 2, 182.
• wheat imported from, for Jerusalem, 2, 218.
• study of the Law in, 2, 359.
• synagogue of, destroyed, 2, 398.
• Karaite community in, 3, 182.
• Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 339–40.
• Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, 4, 388.
• rabbis of, favor the establishment of schools, 5, 663.
• See also under Egypt.
• Alexandria, the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, 2, 396.
• punished by Martius Turbo, 2, 398.
• ill-treated by Cyril, 2, 618–19.
• receive fugitives from Palestine, 3, 23.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 444.
• object to Maimonides’ Mishne-Torah, 3, 472.
• appeal to Mehmet Ali in the Damascus affair, 5, 647.
• rejoice over the release of the Damascus prisoners, 5, 660.
• Alexandria, the Judæans of, influence those of Jerusalem, 1, 427.
• occupy the Delta district, 1, 504.
• under Ptolemy VII, 1, 519.
• under Ptolemy VIII, 2, 12.
• well treated by Cæsar, 2, 76.
• unkindly treated by Cleopatra, 2, 94.
• antagonized by the Greeks, 2, 178, 181.
• conspiracies against, 2, 181–2.
• forced into the harbor, 2, 182–3.
• forced to worship Caligula’s statues, 2, 183–4.
• send envoys to Caligula, 2, 186–7; 5, 654.
• well treated by Claudius, 2, 190–1.
• have a synagogue in Jerusalem, 2, 201.
• impregnated with Greek views, 2, 208–9.
• apostasy among, 2, 209.
• massacred, 2, 263–4.
• undisturbed by the Roman war, 2, 313.
• fugitive Zealots betrayed by, 2, 317–18.
• and the closing of the Temple of Onias, 2, 322.
• Alexandrian school of philosophy. See Judæo-Alexandrian school.
• Alexandrion, fortress, built by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• surrenders to Pompey, 2, 64.
• garrisoned by Aristobulus II, 2, 73.
• Mariamne confined in, 2, 96.
• fire signals on, 2, 363.
• Alfachar. See Ibn-Alfachar.
• Alfadhel, vizir of Saladin, employs Maimonides, 3, 472–3, 489.
• acquits Maimonides of apostasy, 3, 474.
• Alfarda, Strangers’ Tax, in Spain, 4, 344.
• Alfassi. See Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi.
• Alfonsine Tables, the, used by scientists, 4, 367.
• Alfonso I, of Aragon, conquers Saragossa, 3, 316.
• Alfonso II, of Aragon (1162–1196), the Jews under, 3, 387–8.
• Alfonso VI, of Castile, employs Jews on diplomatic missions, 3, 291–2.
• the Jews under, 3, 292–3.
• admonished to dismiss Jews from state offices, 3, 294.
• conquers Toledo, 3, 294.
• opposed by a Mahometan league, 3, 295–6.
• Alfonso VII Raimundez, of Castile (1126–1157), rebels against his parents, 3, 316.
• Jewish favorite of, 3, 361.
• death of, 3, 363, 366.
• Alfonso VIII (III), of Castile (the Noble, 1166–1214), minority of, 3, 363.
• the Jews under, 3, 384–7.
• employs a Jew as ambassador, 3, 385.
• Jewish mistress of, 3, 386.
• assisted by the Toledo Jews against the Almohades, 3, 386–7.
• defeated at Alarcos, 3, 387.
• reproached for his humane treatment of the Jews, 3, 499.
• appeals to Innocent III against the Mahometans, 3, 507.
• protects the Jews of Toledo, 3, 507.
• Alfonso X, of Castile (the Wise, 1252–1284), the Jews under, 3, 592–6.
• patron of learning, 3, 592.
• gives a village to his Jewish soldiers, 3, 592.
• and the Jews of Seville, 3, 592–3.
• employs Jews, 3, 593–4, 615.
• reproached by Nicholas III, 3, 594, 615.
• degrades the Jews, 3, 594–5.
• Jews in the code of, 3, 595–6.
• code of, in Spanish America, 3, 596.
• executes his Jewish Almoxarif, 3, 616.
• imprisons the Jews, 3, 616.
• son of, rebels, 3, 616.
• death of, 3, 616.
• anti-Jewish statutes of, revived, 4, 194–5.
• Alfonso XI, of Castile (1325–1380), the Jews prosperous under, 4, 52, 75–6.
• Jewish favorites of, 4, 79–80.
• petitioned against usury, 4, 80.
• makes a Jew farmer of revenues, 4, 80.
• Jews accused before, 4, 83.
• accuses Gonzalo Martinez of treason, 4, 85.
• besieges Valencia, 4, 86.
• death of, 4, 113.
• bastard sons of, oppose Pedro the Cruel, 4, 113.
• wife of, 4, 114.
• law of, renewed, 4, 193.
• Alfonso II, of Ferrara, death of, 4, 660.
• Alfonso IX, of Leon, does not compel the Jews to wear a badge, 3, 513.
• Alfonso II, of Naples, patron of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 360, 383–4.
• Alfonso III, of Portugal (1248–1279), the Jews under, 3, 618.
• Alfonso V, of Portugal, takes Jews captive at Arzilla, 4, 286–7, 339.
• employs Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 337–8.
• prosperity of the Jews under, 4, 338–9.
• code of, 4, 339.
• Jewish favorites of, 4, 339.
• death of, 4, 340.
• Alfonso, brother of Henry IV, of Castile, crowned, 4, 278.
• death of, 4, 279.
• Alfonso, duke of Poitou, employs a Jewish oculist, 3, 583.
• Alfonso, Infante of Portugal, releases Marranos, 4, 517.
• Alfonso of Aragon, archbishop, protects Marranos, 4, 330.
• Alfonso de Cartagena, influences Eugenius IV against the Jews, 4, 249–50.
• Alfonso de Spina, Franciscan, attacks the Spanish Jews, 4, 276.
• confessor of Alvaro de Luna, 4, 271.
• writes a work against the Jews, 4, 277.
• anti-Jewish work by, reprinted, 4, 415.
• Alfonso of Valladolid. See Alfonso Burgensis.
• Alfonso Burgensis (Abner of Burgos, Alfonso of Valladolid, 1270–1346), apostate, hostile to the Jews, 4, 81, 342.
• infidel, 4, 81–2.
• sacristan, 4, 82.
• attacks the Jews in Hebrew, 4, 82.
• reply to, by Isaac Pulgar, 4, 82.
• accuses the Jews before Alfonso XI, 4, 83.
• disciple of, 4, 141–2.
• work of, refuted, 4, 143.
• charges of, repeated, 4, 213.
• Algazi, Moses Joseph, rabbi of Cairo, seconds Munk’s efforts to establish schools, 5, 664.
• Algazi, Solomon, opposes the Sabbatian movement, 5, 144.
• Alghazali, mystic philosopher, Mahometan, 3, 273, 357.
• Algiers, refuge for the Jews of Spain, 4, 197.
• tax imposed on Marrano fugitives in, 4, 199.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 361, 390–1.
• Alguades, Meïr. See Meïr Alguades.
• Alhakem, Ommiyyade caliph, employs Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 222, 227.
• obtains an Arabic translation of the Mishna, 3, 237.
• appealed to in behalf of Chanoch ben Moses, 3, 238.
• appealed to by Joseph Ibn-Abitur, 3, 238.
• death of, 3, 239.
• founds a medical school at Cordova, 3, 261.
• Ali, Mahomet’s general, defeats Marhab, 3, 82.
• the Judæo-Babylonian community under, 3, 90.
• the candidate of a party, 3, 90.
• aided by Jews and Christians, 3, 90.
• house of, and the Ommiyyades, 3, 92.
• Ali (1106–1143), the second Almoravide ruler, the Jews under, 3, 312.
• Ali Ibn-Isa, vizir of Abradhi, favors Saadiah, 3, 200.
• Ali Ibn-Rahmadan, mathematician, and Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 76.
• Ali Halevi, Gaon of Bagdad, 3, 429.
• son of, 3, 438.
• Ali Ikbal Addaula, prince of Denia, patron of Yizchaki, 3, 273.
• Alice of Montmorency, persecutes the Toulouse Jews, 3, 514.
• Alkabez. See Solomon Alkabez.
• Alkadir, caliph of the East, Sherira arraigned before, 3, 233–4.
• Alkalaï. See Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi.
• Alkamel, sultan, employs a Jewish physician, 3, 495.
• Alkuti (Chepez), Jewish philosopher, sayings of, used by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267.
• Allatif. See Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif.
• Allebrandus, bishop of Worms, protects the Jews, 3, 301–2.
• offers the Jews baptism, 3, 302.
• Allegorical poems in Hebrew literature, 1, 158–9.
• Allegorists, the, Alexandrian Jewish school of Scripture interpreters, 2, 208–9, 329.
• Philo among, 2, 210.
• misrepresentations of, accentuate the legal side of Judaism, 2, 471.
• compared with the Mutazilists, 3, 147.
• Allegorization, the, of the Scriptures by the mystics and the philosophers, 4, 23–4.
• “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” the outgrowth of Crémieux’s activity in the East, 5, 664.
• founders of, 5, 701.
• Alliances, Jewish, value of, 5, 704. See:
• Alliance Israélite Universelle,
• Anglo-Jewish Association,
• Israelitische Allianz,
• Union of American Hebrew Congregations.
• Allorqui. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.
• “Al-Luma’, Rikmah,” grammar and exegesis by Ibn-Janach, 3, 263.
• Almagest, the, translated into Arabic, 3, 146.
• Almaida, Manuela Nuñez da, poetess, 5, 203.
• Almalek Alashraf, Egyptian sultan, besieges Accho, 3, 650.
• Almamun. See Abdallah Almamun.
• “Almansor,” dramatic poem by Heine, 5, 548–9.
• Almanzi, Italian Jewish scholar, 5, 622.
• Almeida, Lopes de, Portuguese ambassador to Sixtus IV, 4, 340.
• Almeirin, residence of the Portuguese king, 4, 493.
• Almeria, captured by the Almohades, 3, 448.
• Almohades (Almovachides, Unitarians), the, a Mahometan sect, 3, 358.
• under Abdulmumen, 3, 358–9.
• take Andalusia, 3, 360–1.
• persecute the Spanish Jews, 3, 360–2.
• irruptions of, into Christian territory, 3, 363.
• drive the Jews from Andalusia, 3, 384.
• attack Castile, 3, 386–7.
• drive the Jews from Ceuta, 3, 424.
• drive the Ibn-Abbas to Asia, 3, 442.
• capture Cordova, 3, 447–8.
• capture Almeria, 3, 448.
• Jewish fugitives from, received in Sicily, 3, 569.
• Almoravides, the, the Jews well treated by, 3, 296, 311–13.
• attack the Arabs of Andalusia, 3, 316.
• rebellion against, 3, 357.
• dynasty of, destroyed by Abdulmumen, 3, 358.
• Almosnino. See Moses Almosnino.
• Almotassem, of Almeria, invades Granada, 3, 278.
• Almovachides, the. See Almohades, the.
• Almoxarif, treasurer in Castile, 3, 593; 4, 75, 79, 138, 160, 169.
• Jews excluded from the position of, 4, 158.
• Alms-giving, in Judæa after Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 393–4.
• Al-Muktadir (908–932), caliph of the East, banishes Mar-Ukba, 3, 184.
• restores the Exilarch to office, 3, 185.
• appealed to by the partisans of Saadiah and of David ben Zaccaï, 3, 195–6.
• death of, 3, 196.
• Al-muktadir Billah, king of Saragossa, patron of Abu Fadhl Chasdaï, 3, 280.
• Almustadhi, Abbasside caliph, and the Exilarch Daniel, 3, 438.
• Almustanjid, Abbasside caliph, and the Exilarch Daniel, 3, 438.
• Al-Mutadhid (892–902), caliph of the East, the Jews under, 3, 183.
• Al-Mutamed Ibn-Abbad (Abulkassim Mahomet), king of Seville, patron of Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 283, 284.
• ally of Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 294.
• kills Alfonso’s ambassador, 3, 295.
• joins the Mahometan league against Alfonso, 3, 295–6.
• Al-Mutavakkil (849–856), caliph of the East, re-enacts Omar’s laws against the Jews, 3, 176–7.
• Almuthadid, king of Seville, receives Jewish fugitives kindly, 3, 279–80.
• Alnakvah family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 235.
• Alnasir Ledin Allah, Abbasside caliph, patron of David of Mosul, 3, 506.
• Alphabet, the Phœnician, adopted by other nations, 1, 3.
• the Assyrian, adopted by the Judæans, 1, 395–6.
• Alroy, or Alrui. See David Alrui.
• Alsace, the Jews of, suffer during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 97.
• declared outlaws, 4, 107.
• abasement of, 5, 347–8.
• taxes paid by, 5, 348, 446.
• forced into usury, 5, 349.
• blackmail levied on, 5, 349.
• receipts from, forged, 5, 350.
• protected by Louis XVI, 5, 350–1.
• memorialize the crown, 5, 351, 352.
• Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation among, 5, 430.
• petition for alleviation of burdens, 5, 431.
• complaints of and charges against, 5, 434.
• number of, 5, 435.
• complain to the National Assembly, 5, 436.
• attacked, 5, 437, 524, 542.
• appeal to Grégoire, 5, 437.
• exposed to attack, 5, 440.
• emancipation of, opposed, 5, 441, 447.
• under special protection, 5, 446.
• relieved of taxes, 5, 446.
• occupations of, 5, 475–6.
• in danger of massacre, 5, 477.
• equality of, restored, 5, 525.
• Alsaid Ibn-Sina Almulk, poet, on Maimonides, 3, 473.
• Al Tanchik, by Ibn-Janach, 3, 263.
• Altiflisi. See Abu-Amran Moses.
• Altona, the Jewish cemetery at, 4, 688.
• Judah Chassid in, 5, 213.
• printing press in, 5, 255.
• Altona, the council of, espouses Eibeschütz’s cause, 5, 264–5.
• punished for its treatment of Jacob Emden, 5, 265.
• urges Eibeschütz to submit to a rabbinical court, 5, 268.
• Altona-Hamburg, the rabbis of, and Moses Meïr Kamenker, 5, 230.
• Alva, the duke of, barbarity of, 4, 601.
• and the Jews, 4, 662.
• Alvalensi. See Samuel Alvalensi.
• Alvarez, Alfonso, de Villasandino, Spanish satirist, 4, 181.
• Alvernes de Gras. See Suasso, Isaac.
• Alypius, of Antioch, oversees the rebuilding of the Temple, 2, 599, 600.
• Amadeus, duke of Savoy, imprisons Jews on account of the Black Death, 4, 103–4.
• Amadia, birthplace of David Alrui, 3, 430, 431, 432.
• Amalarich of Bena, philosopher, disciples of, burnt, 3, 503.
• Amalasuntha, daughter of Theodoric, 3, 31.
• Amalekites, the, dwell with the tribe of Judah, 1, 39.
• war of, with Saul, 1, 91–2.
• burn Ziklag, 1, 106–7.
• Amali, the, a Gothic family, 3, 27.
• Amalrich of Jerusalem, campaign of, 3, 444.
• Amantius, governor of the East, punishes rioters, 3, 17.
• Amasa, cousin of David, joins Absalom, 1, 139.
• lacks military genius, 1, 143.
• influences the men of Judah, 1, 146.
• commander against Sheba, 1, 148.
• killed by Joab, 1, 149.
• Amasia (Amazia), the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.
• the Jews of, accused of murder, 4, 553.
• Amasis, reigns over Egypt, 1, 327.
• opponent of Cyrus, 1, 343.
• Amatus (Chabib) Lusitanus (João Rodrigo de Castel-Branco), physician, 4, 569–70.
• medical works by, 4, 570.
• in Salonica, 4, 580.
• death of, 4, 610.
• Amaziah, of Judah, reconquers Edom, 1, 222–3.
• respects the Law, 1, 223.
• at war with Jehoash of Israel, 1, 224–5.
• taken prisoner, 1, 225.
• conspiracy against, 1, 226.
• murder of, 1, 226.
• interred in Jerusalem, 1, 228.
• Amaziah, high priest of the bull-worship under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.
• opposes Amos, 1, 236–7.
• Ambivius, Marcus, second procurator of Judæa, 2, 135.
• Ambrosius of Milan, bishop, incites persecutions of Arians and Jews, 2, 612–13.
• rebukes mild treatment of Jews, 2, 614.
• accuses the Jews, 2, 614.
• Amemar (390–420), Amora, opens an academy at Nahardea, 2, 606.
• subordinates himself to Ashi, 2, 606.
• at the court of Jezdijird, 2, 610.
• Amemar bar Mar-Janka (469–70?), Amora, executed, 2, 629.
• Am-ha-Arez, the ignorant, addressed by Jesus, 2, 152.
• Ami, Amora, defends a political offender, 2, 529–30.
• subordinates himself to the Babylonian authorities, 2, 531, 537.
• investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, 2, 532.
• investigates the observance of the Law in Samaria, 2, 534.
• appeals to Abbahu, 2, 538.
• meets the corpse of Huna, 2, 548.
• disciples of, 2, 560.
• Amigo, Abraham, Talmudist and Kabbalist, 5, 126.
• Ammon, an Egyptian god, 1, 9.
• Ammonite district, the, governed by Aretas, 1, 447.
• Ammonites, the, idolatry of, 1, 55.
• attack Ephraim and Judah, 1, 64.
• defeated by Jephthah, 1, 64–5.
• invade the territory of Gad and Manasseh, 1, 80.
• besiege Jabesh-Gilead, 1, 89–90.
• at war with David, 1, 126–7.
• subdued by David, 1, 128–9.
• declared bondmen by Solomon, 1, 163.
• attracted to Palestine, 1, 173.
• regain independence, 1, 185.
• urge Zedekiah to revolt, 1, 310.
• in friendly relations with the Judæans, 1, 362.
• hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasion, 1, 474.
• defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.
• as proselytes, 2, 343, 383–4.
• Amnon, eldest son of David, killed, 1, 134.
• Amolo, bishop of Lyons, adversary of the Jews, 3, 171, 172–3.
• Amon, of Judah, idolatry under, 1, 285–6.
• murdered, 1, 286.
• Amoraim, the, connection of, with the Tanaites, 2, 479.
• expounders of the Mishna, 2, 489.
• compared with the Tanaites, 2, 490, 590.
• decisions of, 2, 515.
• of Galilee, methods of, 2, 557.
• last, in Judæa, compile the Jerusalem Talmud, 2, 612.
• Babylonian, create Talmudic dialectics, 2, 635.
• loss of creative power in the disciples of (See Sabureans, the), 3, 5.
• See also Law, the, the teachers of.
• Amoraim, the, list of:
• Abayi Nachmani,
• Abba of Accho,
• Abba bar Abba,
• Abba Areka (Rab),
• Abbahu,
• Abin,
• Acha of Diphta,
• Acha ben Jacob,
• Achaï bar Huna,
• Ada,
• Amemar,
• Amemar bar Mar-Janka,
• Ami,
• Ashi, son of Simaï,
• Assi,
• Chaggai,
• Chama of Nahardea,
• Chananya,
• Chanina bar Chama,
• Chasda of Cafri,
• Chiskiya ben Chiya,
• Chiya bar Abba,
• Chiya bar Abba-Areka,
• Dimé,
• Huna,
• Huna ben Chiya,
• Huna ben Joshua,
• Isaac bar Joseph,
• Jannaï,
• Jeremiah,
• Jochanan bar Moryah,
• Jochanan bar Napacha,
• Jonah II,
• Jonathan ben Amram,
• José (Babylonian),
• José (Palestinian),
• Joseph ben Chiya,
• Joshua ben Levi,
• Judah II,
• Judah III,
• Judah ben Chiya,
• Judah ben Ezekiel,
• Kama,
• Levi bar Sissi,
• Mar bar Ashi,
• Mar-Sheshet,
• Mar-Ukban,
• Mar-Zutra,
• Meshershaya bar Pacod,
• Nachman ben Isaac,
• Nachman ben Jacob,
• Papa bar Chanan,
• Raba bar Joseph bar Chama,
• Rabba bar Abbahu,
• Rabba bar Chana,
• Rabba bar Huna (Rab Abba),
• Rabba bar Matana,
• Rabba bar Nachmani,
• Rabina,
• Samuel,
• Samuel (Arioch),
• Samuel bar Bun,
• Samuel bar Judah,
• Shila,
• Simaï bar Ashi,
• Simlaï,
• Simon bar Abba,
• Simon bar Kappara,
• Simon ben Lakish,
• Tanchuma bar Abba,
• Ulla,
• Ushaya the Elder,
• Ushaya the Younger,
• Zeïra.
• Amorites, the, a subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.
• defeat the tribe of Dan, 1, 39.
• Amos, prophet, depicts the debauchery in Israel, 1, 234.
• beauty of the prophecies of, 1, 235–6.
• intrepidity of, 1, 237.
• prophesies concerning Judah, 1, 237.
• prophesies concerning Israel, 1, 247.
• Amram. See Mar-Amram ben Sheshna.
• Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib, physician and secretary to Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 292.
• ambassador to Seville, 3, 295.
• Amram Efrati, rabbi of Valencia, 4, 162.
• Amru, king of Yemen, 3, 64.
• Amschel, promotes the emancipation of the Frankfort Jews, 5, 505.
• Amschel, Talmudist, opponent of Israel Bruna, 4, 302.
• Amsterdam, the first Portuguese Marranos in, 4, 665–75.
• the first synagogue in, 4, 667.
• the second synagogue in, 4, 671.
• Hebrew printing press in, 4, 675.
• called new Jerusalem, 4, 676.
• the first synagogue of, honored, 4, 678.
• third synagogue of, 4, 680.
• German Jews settle in, 4, 680–1.
• union of the Portuguese congregations of, 4, 681.
• Jewish school in, 4, 681–2.
• Polish-Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.
• the synagogue of, visited by an English ambassador, 5, 33–4.
• Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 79.
• the secular authorities of, and Spinoza, 5, 95.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 139, 150.
• stagnation of the trade of, 5, 149.
• new synagogue at, 5, 166–7.
• Chayon at, 5, 220.
• repudiates Chayon, 5, 231.
• Luzzatto at, 5, 242.
• split in the Jewish community of, 5, 457–8.
• the German rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• rabbinical college at, 5, 700.
• Amsterdam, the Jews of, religious government of, 4, 684–5.
• influence of, 4, 685.
• branches of, 4, 685, 693; 5, 50.
• desirous of settling in England, 5, 18.
• mourn for Isaac de Castro-Tartas, 5, 32.
• alarmed at Spinoza’s scepticism, 5, 90–1, 92.
• try Spinoza, 5, 92.
• lay him under the lesser ban, 5, 93.
• lay him under the greater ban, 5, 94.
• culture of, 5, 109.
• and Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 155.
• warned against Sabbatian emissaries, 5, 220.
• marriages of, 5, 453.
• oppose their own emancipation, 5, 454, 457.
• number of, 5, 455.
• send messengers to the French Synhedrion, 5, 496.
• Amsterdam, the Portuguese Jews (Marranos) of, disturbed in their religious exercises, 4, 666.
• pay a tax on corpses, 4, 673.
• intolerant treatment of, 4, 673.
• culture of, 4, 674, 677–8.
• invited to settle in Denmark, 4, 675.
• early in the seventeenth century, 4, 677.
• wealth of, 4, 677; 5, 205.
• devotion of, to Judaism, 4, 678–9.
• found benevolent institutions, 4, 679.
• morality of, 4, 679–80.
• espouse Chayon’s cause, 5, 223, 225.
• abuse Chacham Zevi, 5, 224.
• urged to oppose Chayon, 5, 225.
• Chacham Zevi summoned before the council of, 5, 226.
• send Chayon to the East, 5, 227.
• hold aloof from the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 264.
• Amsterdam, the rabbis of, mediocrity of, 4, 682.
• Poles, 5, 17, 206.
• try Spinoza, 5, 92–4.
• sentence Moses Meïr Kamenker, 5, 230.
• Anabaptists, the, enthusiasm of, 4, 470.
• Anahita (Anaitis), Persian goddess of love, 1, 408.
• Anakim, the aboriginal inhabitants of Canaan, 1, 2.
• Anan (Seth), a family of high priests, 2, 237.
• Anan, governor of the Temple, envoy to Rome, 2, 244.
• Anan (Ananias, son of Eleazar?) of the family of Anan, high priest under Agrippa II, 2, 236.
• favors Sadducæism, 2, 248, 271.
• dismissed, 2, 248–9.
• house of, burnt, 2, 260.
• important post of, 2, 271.
• supports the charges against Josephus, 2, 281.
• incites a civil war, 2, 295.
• party of, overpowered, 2, 295–6.
• executed, 2, 296.
• Anan, of the family of Seth, high priest, 2, 135.
• Anan ben David, aspirant to the Exilarchate, 3, 128.
• opponents and adherents of, 3, 129.
• imprisoned, 3, 129.
• permitted to emigrate, 3, 130.
• opposes the Talmud, 3, 130; 5, 727.
• works of, 3, 131.
• uses Mishnic rules of interpretation, 3, 131.
• abolishes the fixed calendar, 3, 131.
• rigor of, 3, 132–3.
• exegesis by, 3, 133.
• accepts Jesus and Mahomet, 3, 133–4.
• excommunicated, 3, 134.
• the Exilarch of the Karaites, 3, 135.
• memorial service for, 3, 135.
• mediocrity of, 3, 135.
• son of, his successor, 3, 136.
• characterized by Saadiah, 3, 189.
• descendants of, 3, 444.
• Anan ben Jonathan, advises the surrender of Jerusalem, 2, 265.
• Ananel, high priest, appointed by Herod, 2, 90.
• deposed, 2, 91.
• re-appointed, 2, 92.
• successor to, 2, 107.
• Ananel di Foligno, apostate, denounces the Talmud, 4, 564.
• Anania, merchant, converts Izates of Adiabene, 2, 216.
• Anania, physician to Izates of Adiabene, 2, 217.
• Ananias, high priest. See Anan of the family of Anan.
• Ananias, son of Onias IV, Egyptian general, sides with Cleopatra, 2, 10, 12.
• prevents an invasion of Judæa, 2, 41.
• Ananites, the, appeal to the caliph, 3, 129.
• exiles, 3, 134.
• differ with their founder on various points, 3, 136.
• See Karaites, the.
• Anastasius, the Sinaite, Patriarch at Antioch, killed by the Jews, 3, 18.
• Anathoth, birthplace of Jeremiah, 1, 289, 290.
• Anatoli, Jacob. See Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon Anatoli.
• Anavim, the (the Gentle), disciples of Isaiah, 1, 254.
• and Hezekiah, 1, 267.
• sufferings of, under Manasseh, 1, 283–4.
• spread the doctrines of God, 1, 286.
• nucleus of a nationalistic party in Babylonia, 1, 337–8.
• Anbar. See Firuz-Shabur.
• Ancona, Marranos permitted to settle in, 4, 408, 500.
• Solomon Molcho at, 4, 501.
• Marranos well treated in, 4, 525, 526.
• refuge of the Neapolitan Jews, 4, 544.
• trade of, diverted to Pesaro, 4, 579, 580.
• Jews of, try to regain their trade, 4, 579.
• Jews permitted to remain in, on their expulsion from the Papal States, 4, 591, 659.
• Ancona, the Marranos of, protected by three popes, 4, 568.
• persecuted by Paul IV, 4, 568–9.
• tried by the Inquisition, 4, 570–1.
• Andalusia, broken up into small kingdoms, 3, 255.
• Berbers and Arabs at war in, 3, 316.
• conquered by the Almohades, 3, 360.
• Jews driven from, 3, 384.
• invaded by the Almohades, 3, 506–7.
• taxation of the Jews of, 3, 617.
• the Marranos of, taught by Jews, 4, 334–5.
• expulsion of the Jews from, proposed, 4, 336.
• See also under Spain; Spain, Visigothic.
• Andalusian school, the, of Jewish poetry, 3, 223–4.
• Andrade, Abraham, rabbi, deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 484, 490.
• Andreas, of Hungary, excommunicated for employing Jews, 3, 521.
• Andreas Beltran, Marrano, denounces the Talmud, 4, 213.
• Andreias (Lucuas), leader of the Jews of Cyrene, 2, 395.
• Andrew, disciple of Jesus, 3, 153.
• Andro, Joseph Nassi duke of, 4, 596.
• Andromachos, governor of Cœlesyria, killed by the Samaritans, 1, 414.
• Andronicus, lieutenant of Antiochus Epiphanes, murders Onias III, 1, 448.
• Andronicus, son of Messalam, Judæan champion, 1, 516.
• Angels, imported into Judaism, 1, 403.
• Angiel, one of the Sefiroth, 4, 17.
• “Anglo-Jewish Association,” the, founders and work of, 5, 703.
• Angoulême, the Jews of, maltreated, 3, 570.
• Angro-Mainyus, Persian god of darkness, and Judaism, 1, 402.
• transformed into Satan, 1, 403.
• Anilaï (Chanilai), robber chieftain, 2, 202.
• Anjou, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Anjou, the Jews of, observe a fast, 3, 380.
• under Henry II, 3, 409.
• maltreated, 3, 570.
• Anna, wife of Joceus of York, death of, 3, 415.
• “Annals of Persecution, The,” by Joseph Cohen, 4, 590.
• “Annals of the Kings of France and of the house of Othman, The,” by Joseph Cohen, 4, 556.
• Ano, wife of Jeroboam I, 1, 184.
• Ansar, allies of Mahomet, 3, 73.
• Anteri, Jacob, rabbi of Damascus, charged with ritual murder, 5, 638.
• translates Talmud passages, 5, 640.
• Anthropomorphists, literalist expounders of the Koran, 3, 148.
• among the Jews, 3, 152.
• Antigonus, Macedonian general, and Ptolemy I, 1, 417.
• Antigonus of Soho, disciple of Simon the Just, saying of, 1, 422.
• Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II, graces Pompey’s triumph, 2, 67.
• escapes from Rome, 2, 72.
• second captivity of, 2, 73.
• protected by Ptolemy of Chalcis, 2, 75.
• seeks the aid of Cæsar, 2, 75–6.
• plots against Herod, 2, 80–1.
• king of Judæa, 2, 82–3.
• has coins struck, 2, 83.
• character of, 2, 85.
• dissension between, and the Synhedrists, 2, 85–6.
• declared an enemy of Rome, 2, 86.
• beheaded, 2, 89.
• sister of, 2, 94.
• Antigonus, son of John Hyrcanus, besieges Samaria, 2, 10.
• alleged murder of, 2, 36–7.
• campaign of, against the Ituræans and Trachonites, 2, 37.
• death of, 2, 38.
• Anti-Maimunists, the, opponents of Moses ben Maimun, 3, 523–4.
• led by Solomon ben Abraham, 3, 527.
• excommunicated by the Jews of Aragon, 3, 537.
• invite the Dominicans into the controversy, 3, 542–3.
• subdued by the burning of the Talmud, 3, 579–80.
• of Palestine, excommunicated, 3, 632–3.
• See also under Maimunist controversy, the; Maimunists, the.
• Anti-Maimunists, list of:
• Daniel ben Saadiah,
• David ben Saul,
• Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar,
• Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi (the Elder),
• Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia,
• Moses ben Chasdaï Taku,
• Moses ben Nachman,
• Samson ben Abraham,
• Solomon ben Abraham,
• Solomon Petit,
• Tossafists, the, of northern France, 3, 529.
• Antioch, Judæans settle in, 1, 419.
• gladiatorial combats introduced in, 1, 444.
• partly destroyed by Judæans, 1, 497.
• Verus Commodus at, 2, 47.
• number of Judæans in, 2, 201–2.
• Nazarenes in, 2, 222–3.
• Judæan Christians of, 2, 231.
• the Judæans of, protected by Titus, 2, 313.
• residence of Niger, 2, 463.
• Antioch, the Jews of, interest Christians in Judaism, 2, 613–14.
• dispossessed of their synagogues, 2, 621–2.
• murdered by the green faction, 3, 10–11.
• massacre the Christians, 3, 18.
• subdued, 3, 18.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 426.
• Antiochus, of Commagene, favorite of Caligula, 2, 189.
• allied with Agrippa I, 2, 195.
• son of, 2, 195, 235.
• Antiochus III, the Great, of Syria, defeated at Raphia, 1, 425–6.
• takes Egypt, 1, 432.
• enters Jerusalem, 1, 432.
• besieges the Acra, 1, 433.
• repairs the Temple, 1, 433.
• defeated by the Romans, 1, 434.
• death of, 1, 434.
• Antiochus IV Epiphanes, of Syria, hostage at Rome, 1, 434, 442–3.
• characterization of, 1, 442–3.
• accession of, described in Daniel, 1, 443–4.
• introduces gladiatorial combats into Syria, 1, 444.
• petitioned to admit Judæan athletes to citizenship, 1, 444–5.
• makes Menelaus high priest, 1, 447.
• summons Menelaus to justify himself, 1, 448.
• punishes Onias III’s murder, 1, 448.
• exonerates Menelaus, 1, 449.
• war of, with Egypt, 1, 450–1.
• desecrates the Temple, 1, 451, 455.
• calumniates Judaism, 1, 452–3.
• treats the Judæans cruelly, 1, 453–4.
• orders the worship of the Greek gods in Jerusalem, 1, 454–5.
• sacrifices ordered on the birthday of, 1, 456.
• dependencies of, revolt, 1, 463.
• determines to exterminate the Judæans, 1, 463–4.
• son of, entrusted to Lysias, 1, 463.
• in the East, 1, 466.
• death of, 1, 477.
• appoints a regent, 1, 477.
• persecutes the Samaritans, 1, 516.
• Antiochus V Eupator, of Syria, accession of, 1, 477.
• appealed to by the Hellenists, 1, 478.
• treaty of, with the Judæans, 1, 480, 488.
• makes Judas Maccabæus high priest, 1, 481.
• Rome displeased with, 1, 482.
• Antiochus VI, of Syria, on the throne, 1, 497–8.
• cause of, espoused by the Hasmonæans, 1, 498, 499.
• Antiochus VII Sidetes, of Syria, assisted by Simon Tharsi, 1, 525.
• permits Simon to strike coins, 1, 525, 528.
• hostile to Simon, 1, 528–9.
• investigates Simon’s assassination, 1, 530.
• abandons the assassin, 1, 531.
• besieges John Hyrcanus, 2, 3–4.
• grants a truce, 2, 4.
• counselors of, advise the suppression of Judaism, 2, 4.
• yields up Judæan fortresses, 2, 4–5.
• seeks the alliance of John Hyrcanus, 2, 5.
• death of, 2, 5.
• Antiochus VIII Grypus, of Syria, succession of, opposed, 2, 6.
• poisons his mother, 2, 6.
• harasses the Idumæans of Samaria, 2, 9.
• Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, of Syria, hostile to John Hyrcanus, 2, 9.
• forbidden by Rome to molest the Judæans, 2, 9.
• aids Samaria, 2, 10.
• defeated by the sons of John Hyrcanus, 2, 10.
• allied with Ptolemy VIII, 2, 10.
• Antiparo, Joseph Nassi duke of, 4, 596.
• Antipas I. See Herod Antipas, son of Malthace and Herod I.
• Antipas, of the Herodian family, wickedness of, 2, 236.
• Antipas, treasurer of the Synhedrion, suspected of Roman proclivities, 2, 294.
• Antipater, the Idumæan, counselor of Hyrcanus II, 2, 59.
• intrigues against Aristobulus II, 2, 59.
• bribes Scaurus, 2, 62.
• envoy to Pompey, 2, 63.
• governor of Judæa, 2, 66–7.
• supports Rome, 2, 70.
• causes the death sentence of Pitholaus, 2, 75.
• offers his services to Cæsar, 2, 75.
• tries to coerce the Judæans into loyalty to Cæsar, 2, 77.
• wife and sons of, 2, 77.
• warns Herod, 2, 78.
• urges mild measures upon Herod, 2, 79.
• poisoned, 2, 80.
• Antipater, son of Herod I, conspires against the sons of Mariamne, 2, 112–13.
• conspires against Herod, 2, 113.
• convicted of attempted parricide, 2, 114.
• executed, 2, 116.
• Antipater, son of Jason, envoy to Rome, 1, 526.
• “Anti-Phædon,” by John Balthasar Kölbele, 5, 316.
• Anti-Semitism, prevalence of, 5, 704.
• Antitaktes, an extreme sect of Jewish Christians, 2, 370.
• Anti-Talmudists. See Frankists.
• Anti-Trinitarians, a Christian sect of the Reformation period, 4, 541.
• in Poland, 4, 647.
• Anton, Charles (Moses Gerson Cohen), apostate, descent and history of, 5, 267.
• writes a panegyric on Eibeschütz, 5, 267.
• denies the existence of Sabbatians, 5, 271.
• Antonia, daughter of the triumvir, ward of Alexander Lysimachus, 2, 176.
• Antonia, sister-in-law of Tiberius, advocate of the Judæans, 2, 172.
• patroness of Agrippa I, 2, 176.
• Antonia, fortress of the Temple, named for Mark Antony, 2, 106.
• communicates with the Temple, 2, 109, 111.
• vestments of the high priests kept in, 2, 129.
• pontifical robes removed from, 2, 172.
• strengthened by Agrippa I, 2, 195.
• invested by Cumanus, 2, 242.
• first wall of, taken by Titus, 2, 305.
• See also Acra, the.
• Antoninus, a Jew recommended by Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.
• Antoninus, name of Alexander Severus in Jewish sources, 2, 482.
• Antoninus Pius, emperor, clemency of, 2, 432.
• revokes Hadrian’s decrees, 2, 433.
• revolution in Judæa under, 2, 447.
• death of, 2, 447.
• Antony, Mark, member of the second triumvirate, favors Herod, 2, 81, 87.
• beheads Antigonus, 2, 89.
• interested in Aristobulus (III), 2, 91, 93.
• fall of, 2, 96.
• Antwerp, Amatus Lusitanus at, 4, 569.
• the Jews of, expelled, 4, 662.
• Anusim, forced converts, 4, 179.
• See Marranos, the.
• Anzarbi, Arabic medical authority, taught by Jews, 3, 146.
• Apamea, treasure house in, for the Temple contributions, 2, 53.
• Apelles, of Ascalon, favorite of Caligula, 2, 187.
• Apelles, Syrian overseer, resisted by the Maccabees, 1, 459.
• Aphek, battle of, between Israelites and Philistines, 1, 70.
• Apherema, taken by the Samaritans, 1, 410.
• Aphrodite, worshiped by the Persians, 1, 108.
• Apion, Greek writer, misrepresents Judaism, 2, 180–1.
• envoy to Caligula, 2, 186.
• contrasted with Philo, 2, 187.
• charges of, refuted by Josephus, 2, 390.
• Josephus’ work against, translated, 4, 608.
• Apis, black bull, worshiped by the Egyptians, 1, 9.
• Apocalypse, the Christian, by John, 2, 369.
• Apocrypha, the, rejected from the Canon, 2, 344.
• translated into Greek, 2, 359.
• considered part of the Canon by Christians, 2, 359, 488.
• canonized by the Council of Nice, 2, 624.
• Apollo, Onias III takes refuge in the temple of, at Daphne, 1, 448.
• Apollonius, ambassador to Rome, 2, 4–5.
• Apollonius, commander of Cœlesyria, confiscates the Temple treasures, 1, 438.
• Apollonius, Syrian general, in the war with Jonathan Haphus, 1, 496.
• Apollonius, Syrian general, takes Jerusalem, 1, 453–4.
• defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 462.
• Apollonius Malo, Greek writer, maligns Judaism, 2, 178–9.
• Apollonius Molo, Greek writer, hostile to the Judæans, 2, 68.
• Apollos, of Alexandria, Christian teacher, 2, 231.
• “Apology for the Honorable Nation of the Jews,” by Edward Nicholas, 5, 28–9.
• Apostasy to Christianity among Jews after the destruction of Jerusalem, 2, 322.
• in the early Christian centuries, 2, 377.
• under Constantine, 2, 562–3.
• in Hamburg, 4, 687, 690.
• in Vienna, 4, 706.
• among the Chassidim, 5, 213.
• among the Frankists, 5, 287.
• among the Jews of Germany, 5, 420.
• in Berlin, 5, 587.
• See also under Conversions to Christianity; Marranos, the.
• Apostasy to Islam among Jews in the East in the twelfth century, 3, 441–2.
• among Sabbatians, 5, 153–4, 211.
• among Chassidim, 5, 213.
• See also under Conversions to Islam.
• Apostasy to paganism among Jews in Alexandria, 2, 184.
• Apostate, an, the disappearance of, causes annoyance to the Jews of Paris, 4, 175.
• in Breslau, charges the Jews with host desecration, 4, 261.
• Apostates, account of, by Philo, 2, 184.
• in Alexandria, 2, 209.
• act as spies upon the Jews under Hadrian, 2, 425.
• Constantine protects the Jews against, 2, 564.
• excommunicated by the later Patriarchs, 2, 612–13.
• decisions concerning, by Natronaï ben Nehemiah, 3, 122.
• repentant, kindly received by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 264.
• permitted by Emperor Henry IV to return to Judaism, 3, 306.
• returning, unkindly treated by the Jews, 3, 308–9.
• forbidden to retain Jewish customs, 3, 510.
• house for, in England, 3, 644.
• validity of the evidence of, 4, 36–7.
• force the Jews to attend church, 4, 132.
• inform against Marranos, 4, 180.
• in Spanish satiric literature, 4, 181.
• favored by the Council of Basle, 4, 246.
• employed as censors, 4, 566, 659.
• annoy the Jews of the Papal States, 4, 581, 584.
• refrain from defending the German Jews, 5, 533.
• Heine on, 5, 548–9, 551–2.
• assert the falsity of the blood accusation, 5, 650.
• See also under Apostasy; Conversions; Marranos, the.
• Apostates, list of:
• Abraham Senior, the family of
• Abulafia, Moses
• Adamantius,
• Alexander,
• Alfonso Burgensis,
• Ananel di Foligno,
• Anton, Charles
• Asher of Udine,
• Astruc Raimuch,
• Astruc Sibili,
• Baptista, John
• Bonafoux, Daniel Israel
• Börne, Ludwig
• Chananya, nephew of Joshua,
• Chayon, Nehemiah, son of
• Cohen, Nehemiah
• Diego de Valencia,
• Donin (Nicholas),
• Drusilla,
• Du Vallié, Paul
• Eliano, Victor
• Ferrus, Pero
• Frank, Jacob
• Friedländer, David, the family of
• Gans, Edward
• Gershom ben Jehuda, son of
• Gerson, Christian
• Guidon,
• Heine, Heinrich
• Herz, Henrietta
• Isaac of Mayence,
• Isaac Ibn-Ezra,
• John of Valladolid,
• Joseph,
• Joseph de Vesoul,
• Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives,
• Juan de España,
• Kahtz, Christian
• Karben, Victor von
• Levi ben Shem Tob,
• Levi, Wolf
• Levin, Rachel
• Machault, Denys
• Margalita, Aaron
• Margaritha, Anton
• Mendelssohn, Dorothea
• Mendelssohn, Henrietta
• Moro, Joseph
• Nathaniel (Hibat-Allah),
• Neander, Augustus
• Nunes, Henrique
• Pablo Christiani,
• Paul, apostle,
• Pedro de la Caballeria,
• Pessach-Peter,
• Pfefferkorn, Joseph
• Riccio, Paul
• Sabbataï Zevi,
• Samuel Ibn-Abbas,
• Samuel Abrabanel (Juan de Seville),
• Schwarz, Peter
• Sixtus Senensis,
• Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul de Santa Maria),
• Tiberius Julius Alexander,
• Uriah of Mayence,
• Vayol, Hans
• Wenzel, Francis
• Wolfkan of Ratisbon.
• Apostles, the twelve, trusted disciples of Jesus, 2, 158.
• sent out by the early Christians, 2, 220.
• Apostole, mission tax, collected by the Patriarchs, 2, 487.
• Apostoli, messengers of the Synhedrion, 2, 535.
• Appian, historian, persecuted by Jewish rebels, 2, 396.
• Apries (Hophra), of Egypt, at war with Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 312.
• defeated, 1, 313.
• ally of Judah, 1, 318.
• receives Judæans kindly, 1, 324.
• dethroned, 1, 327.
• Apulia, the Jews of, liable to curial duties, 2, 616.
• invaded by the Mahometans, 3, 212.
• Jews from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• Aquet, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.
• Aquila. See Akylas.
• Aquinas, Thomas, works of, translated, 4, 69.
• studied by Solomon Levi, 4, 183.
• Aquitania, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• gathering place of crusaders, 3, 570.
• Arabarch. See Alabarch, the.
• Arabia, trade with, under Uzziah, 1, 230.
• (Auranitis) Paul flees to, 2, 226.
• Jewish fugitives flee to, 2, 317, 319, 419.
• Jews settle in, 2, 629; 3, 54–5.
• Babylonian Jews emigrate to, 3, 4.
• position of Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 53.
• See also Auranitis.
• Arabia, the Jews of, similarity of, to the Arabs, 3, 56.
• alienate Mahomet’s followers, 3, 74–5.
• rejoice at Mahomet’s death, 3, 84.
• possess good taste, 3, 111.
• find the authority of the Talmud irksome, 3, 119–20.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 436–7.
• Arabia, northern (Hejas), inhabitants of, descended from Ishmael, 3, 60, 61.
• Arabia, northern (Hejas), the Jews of, 3, 54–6.
• lead a Bedouin life, 3, 57.
• distinguish themselves in poetry, 3, 57–8.
• intelligence of, 3, 58.
• religious affairs among, 3, 58–9.
• relation of, to the Arabs, 3, 60–1.
• history of, 3, 67–71.
• dispossessed by Mahomet, 3, 76–83.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 436–7.
• Arabia, southern, inhabitants of, descended from Yoktan, 3, 60.
• called Kachtanites, 3, 61.
• See also Himyarites, the; Yemen.
• Arabia, southern, the Jews of, 3, 56.
• the Jews of, trade with India, 3, 57.
• a Jewish kingdom in, 3, 62–7. See under Yemen.
• Arabia Felix, southern Arabia, 3, 56.
• Arabic, spoken by Jews of Mahometan countries, 3, 110–11.
• used by the Gaon of Sora officially, 3, 178.
• translation of the Bible into, 3, 189–90.
• used in Sherira’s responses, 3, 232.
• spoken by the Jews of Andalusia, 3, 235.
• the Mishna translated into, 3, 237.
• spoken by Italian Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 423.
• translations from, made by Jews, 3, 593.
• taught as a means of conversion, 3, 597; 4, 245.
• forgotten by the Spanish Jews, 4, 60.
• Arabic poetry influences neo-Hebraic poetry, 3, 116, 224.
• Arabs, the, love the Scriptures, 3, 59.
• adopt the Jewish calendar, 3, 59–60.
• relation of, to the Jews, 3, 60.
• supremacy of, 3, 86–7.
• helped by the Jews and Samaritans, 3, 87.
• enthusiasm of, for their language, 3, 110–111.
• obtain access to scientific literature through Jews, 3, 111.
• influence the revival of Hebrew, 3, 111.
• at war with the Chazars, 3, 138.
• defeated by the Chazars, 3, 139.
• unkindly treated by the Spanish Berbers, 3, 261.
• See also under Mahometans, the; Nabathæans, the.
• Arach, the family of, intermarries with the Ammonites, 1, 362.
• Aradus, built by the Canaanites, 1, 3.
• refuses obedience to Antiochus IV, 1, 463.
• Aragon, Jews in, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.
• ally of Castile against the Almohades, 3, 387.
• forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, 4, 180.
• Ferdinand of Castile becomes king of, 4, 205, 206.
• the Inquisition established in, 4, 319.
• opposed to the Inquisition, 4, 319, 328.
• privileges of, canceled, 4, 326.
• inquisitors appointed for, 4, 326.
• exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• Aragon, the Jews of, under Alfonso II, 3, 387–8.
• under Pedro II, 3, 497–8.
• prevent anti-Jewish legislation, 3, 508.
• exempt from wearing the Jew badge, 3, 514–15.
• in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 530, 536, 537.
• letter to, denouncing Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 544.
• under Jayme I, 3, 596–7.
• regarded as “servi cameræ,” 3, 597.
• debate with Pablo Christiani, 3, 602.
• persecuted in the fourteenth century, 4, 77.
• massacred on account of the Black Death, 4, 102–3.
• helped by the higher classes, 4, 103.
• under Pedro IV and Juan I, 4, 145.
• possess penal jurisdiction, 4, 155.
• persecuted in 1391, 4, 170–1, 172.
• converted, 4, 206, 214.
• at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 214.
• under John II, 4, 274, 275.
• warned of approaching danger, 4, 336.
• proclamation expelling, 4, 347–8.
• possessions of, sequestrated, 4, 350.
• Aragon, the Marranos of, 4, 309.
• try to suppress the Inquisition, 4, 329.
• Aram, home of Abraham, 1, 4. See Syria.
• Arama, Isaac. See Isaac Arama.
• Aramæans, the, help the Ammonites against David, 1, 126–7.
• See under Damascus, the kingdom of; Syria.
• Aramaic, learnt by the Judæans in Babylon, 1, 330–1.
• spoken by the Judæans in Hasmonæan times, 2, 14, 15.
• spoken in Galilee, 2, 149.
• words in the Mishna, 2, 461.
• Aranda, Counts de, try to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, 4, 329.
• Aranda, de, Marrano bishop, burnt by Torquemada, 4, 333.
• Arari, David, accused of ritual murder, 5, 636, 638.
• persecuted, 5, 636–7.
• Araunah. See Ornah.
• Arbachshter. See Ardashir.
• Arbues, Pedro, de Epila, inquisitor in Aragon, 4, 326.
• plot against, by the Marranos, 4, 329.
• killed in church, 4, 330.
• honor paid to the memory of, 4, 330–1.
• Marranos concerned in the murder of, sheltered in Navarre, 4, 357.
• Arcadius (395–408), emperor of the East, insignificance of, 2, 615.
• the Jews under, 2, 616.
• Archelaus, of Cappadocia, daughter of, 2, 112, 128.
• Archelaus (Herod II), son of Herod I, sovereign of Judæa and Samaria, 2, 119.
• promises to abolish unjust laws, 2, 120–1.
• attacks those offering the Passover sacrifices, 2, 121.
• forbids the celebration of Passover, 2, 122.
• puts Jerusalem under Quintilius Varus, 2, 122–3.
• ethnarch of Judæa, 2, 127.
• deposes the high priest Joasar, 2, 127.
• war of, against Athronges, 2, 128.
• marries Glaphyra, 2, 128.
• exiled by Augustus, 2, 128.
• property of, confiscated by Augustus, 2, 129.
• Archelaus, Julius, brother-in-law of Agrippa II, 2, 235.
• Archipelago, the, Cardoso in, 5, 207.
• Archisynagogus, title of the rabbi of Speyer, 3, 297.
• Architecture, under Herod, 2, 106–7, 118.
• Ardashir (Arbachshter), establishes the dynasty of the Sassanides, 2, 513, 523.
• restores the Zoroastrian doctrine, 2, 524.
• Ardashir, populated with Jews, 2, 507. See also Ctesiphon.
• Ardebil, Armenian fortress, taken by the Chazars, 3, 139.
• “Are philosophical truths susceptible of mathematical demonstration?” prize essay by Mendelssohn, 5, 303–4.
• “Are there means to make the Jews happier and more useful in France?” prize question of a Metz society, 5, 434–5.
• Areobindus, minister of Justinian I, 3, 15.
• Aretas, Nabathæan king, and the high priest Jason, 1, 447, 481.
• Aretas, Nabathæan king, overthrown, 2, 45.
• Aretas, Nabathæan king, helps Hyrcanus II, 2, 59.
• besieges Aristobulus II, 2, 60.
• raises the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 62.
• defeated by Aristobulus II, 2, 62.
• attacked by Scaurus, 2, 70.
• Aretas, Nabathæan king, aids Quintilius Varus, 2, 126.
• Aretas, Nabathæan king, at war with Herod Antipas, 2, 173.
• Aretas Philodemus, Nabathæan king, creates the office of Judæan ethnarch, 2, 202.
• Argent, d’, marquis, friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 304.
• Argentière, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, 4, 33.
• Argob, fortress, besieged by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 47.
• Argun (1284–1291), khan of the Perso-Mongolian realm, employs Saad-Addaula as physician and financier, 3, 638, 646.
• distinguishes Saad-Addaula, 3, 647.
• enters into diplomatic connections with Europe, 3, 647.
• sickness and death of, 3, 649.
• Arianism, toleration of, under Valentinian I, 2, 603; 3, 44.
• hostility to, by Ambrosius of Milan, 2, 612.
• less hostile to Jews than Catholicism, 3, 26.
• persecuted in Spain, 3, 46.
• Arias Montana, publishes a polyglot Bible, 4, 651.
• Arias, Jean, instigates a persecution, 4, 279.
• Arias, Joseph Szemach, translator of Josephus, 5, 113.
• uninfluenced by Spinoza, 5, 117.
• Arioch. See Samuel.
• Aristides, Church teacher, demonstrates the independence of Christianity, 2, 431.
• Aristobulus (Judah) I, son of John Hyrcanus, defeats Antiochus IX, 2, 10.
• removes his mother from the regency, 2, 35.
• first Hasmonæan to assume a royal title, 2, 35.
• coins of, 2, 35.
• dissensions under, 2, 36.
• imprisons his mother and brothers, 2, 36.
• hostile to the Pharisees, 2, 36.
• accused of matricide and fratricide, 2, 36–7, 38.
• campaign of, against the Ituræans and Trachonites, 2, 37.
• death of, 2, 37–8.
• Aristobulus II, son of Alexander Jannæus, 2, 47.
• protects the Sadducees, 2, 55.
• conspires against Hyrcanus, 2, 56.
• character of, 2, 58.
• made king, 2, 58.
• besieged, 2, 60.
• bribes Scaurus, 2, 62.
• defeats Aretas, 2, 62.
• has coins struck, 2, 62.
• bribes Pompey, 2, 62–3.
• summoned to Damascus by Pompey, 2, 63.
• at war with Pompey, 2, 64–7.
• in Pompey’s triumph, 2, 67.
• escapes from Rome, 2, 72.
• garrisons Alexandrion, 2, 73.
• surrenders Machærus, 2, 73.
• second captivity of, at Rome, 2, 73.
• freed by Cæsar, 2, 75.
• poisoned, 2, 75.
• wife and daughters of, in Chalcis, 2, 75.
• Aristobulus (III), brother of Mariamne, high priest, 2, 91.
• popularity of, 2, 92.
• murdered, 2, 92.
• Aristobulus, brother of Agrippa I, supplants him, 2, 175.
• opposes Caligula, 2, 188.
• wife of, 2, 195.
• begs for a truce, 2, 197.
• Aristobulus, son of Mariamne, designated successor to Herod, 2, 112.
• marriage of, 2, 112.
• executed, 2, 113.
• Aristotle, the Ten Categories of, compared with the Ten Commandments, 3, 197.
• sayings of, used by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267.
• system of, as presented by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 328.
• dominance of, in the twelfth century, 3, 331.
• works of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 398.
• popular among Jews, 3, 448–9.
• philosophy of, interpreted by Ibn-Sina, 3, 478.
• theories of, in Jewish writings, 3, 479.
• denounced by Nachmani, 3, 534.
• works of, translated into Latin, 3, 566–7.
• in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 66.
• opposed by Gersonides, 4, 93.
• authority of, questioned by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 146.
• Ethics of, translated, 4, 193.
• quoted by Jewish preachers, 4, 232.
• writings of, expounded by Judah ben Yechiel, 4, 289.
• system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, 4, 290.
• studied by Polish Jews, 4, 633.
• Ark of the Covenant, the, 1, 23, 41.
• taken by the Philistines, 1, 70–2.
• made by Achitub, 1, 79.
• removed to Jerusalem, 1, 119–120.
• transferred to the Temple, 1, 166.
• Arles (city), Jews participate in battles before, 3, 36.
• Jews remain in, after their banishment from France by Charles VI, 4, 177.
• Arles (district), first Jewish settlement of Gaul in, 3, 35.
• Arles, kingdom of, demanded by Albrecht I, 4, 47.
• Armada, the, collapse of, 4, 663.
• Armenia, the Jews of, taken by Shabur II, 2, 591.
• invaded by the Chazars, 3, 138.
• visited by Petachya, 3, 421.
• Armenians (Tartars?), converted to Judaism, 3, 439–40.
• Armentarius, name borne by Gallic Jews, 3, 36.
• Armleder (Leather-arms) persecutions, the, of the German Jews, 4, 97–8.
• Arnheim, adviser of the duke of Alva, 4, 662.
• Arnim, representative of the romantic school, 5, 515.
• Arnold, cardinal bishop of Cologne, protects the Jews, 3, 352.
• Arnold of Brescia, denounces the popes, 3, 370.
• Arnold of Citeaux, organizes the crusade against the Albigenses, 3, 502.
• organizes a crusade against the Spanish Mahometans, 3, 507.
• instigates an attack upon the Toledo Jews, 3, 507.
• Arnoldists, the, party opposed to Reuchlin, 4, 456.
• Arnstadt, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 611.
• Arnstein, Nathan Adam von, wife of, 5, 414.
• Ar-Rabbi Mor (Arraby Moor), title of the chief rabbi of Portugal, 3, 618; 4, 158–9, 380.
• duties, assistants, and jurisdiction of, 4, 159.
• Arsaces, the dynasty of, fall of, 2, 513, 523.
• Arsaces, satrap of Parthia, revolts from Antiochus IV, 1, 463.
• Arsenios, Samaritan favorite of Empress Theodora, 3, 17.
• Arta (Larta), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Spanish exiles in, 4, 406.
• the Jews of, split up into national groups, 4, 478.
• Artaban, fined for using Mezuzzoth, 2, 424.
• Artabanus, of Parthia, invites Izates to act as arbitrator, 2, 217.
• Artabanus IV (211–226), of Parthia, and Abba-Areka, 2, 513.
• overthrown, 2, 523.
• Artaxerxes I Longimanus, of Persia, assists Ezra, 1, 366.
• influenced by Judæan favorites, 1, 371.
• makes Nehemiah governor of Judæa, 1, 373.
• Artaxerxes II Memnon, of Persia, Egypt rebels against, 1, 407.
• banishes Judæans, 1, 408.
• killed, 1, 409.
• Artaxerxes III Ochus, of Persia, 1, 407.
• Artaxias, of Armenia, independent of Antiochus IV, 1, 463.
• Artemion, leader of a Jewish rebellion on Cyprus, 2, 397.
• Artemion, the school of, deface the Septuagint, 2, 386.
• Artisans, among the Alexandrian Judæans, 1, 505.
• among the teachers of the Law, 2, 344, 348, 441, 442, 575.
• See Handicrafts; Trades.
• Aruch, Talmudic dictionary, by Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, 3, 179.
• by Nathan ben Yechiel, 3, 290, 421.
• See also Lexicon, Talmudical.
• Arverna. See Auvergne.
• Arzilla, Jews taken captive at, 4, 286, 339.
• Portuguese Marranos in, 4, 381.
• Asa, king of Judah, accession of, 1, 189.
• forbids the worship of Astarte, 1, 190.
• at war with Baasha, 1, 190–1.
• ally of Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.
• Asahel, Joab’s brother, killed by Abner, 1, 110.
• Asaph, psalmist, 1, 79, 120–1.
• Asaphites, descendants of Asaph, 1, 120.
• Asara be-Tebeth. See Fast of Tebeth.
• Ascalon (Askelon), Philistine port, 1, 54.
• left in the possession of the Philistines by David, 1, 117.
• Ascalona, the Jews of, exterminated, 4, 170.
• Ascarelli, Deborah, poetess, 5, 68.
• Ascarelli, Joseph, husband of the preceding, 5, 68.
• Ascension, the dogma of, attacked by Abbahu, 2, 539–540.
• Ascetics, among the Arabian Jews, 3, 437.
• Asclepiadotus, lawyer, opposes Belisarius, 3, 32.
• murdered, 3, 32.
• Ashdod (Azotus), Philistine port, 1, 54.
• the Ark of the Covenant at, 1, 71.
• left in the possession of the Philistines by David, 1, 117.
• conquered by Uzziah, 1, 231.
• destroyed, 1, 496.
• revenue from, left to Salome, 2, 120.
• Asher, the tribe of, acquires land in the north, 1, 37.
• relation of, to the Phoenicians, 1, 53.
• twenty towns of, given to Hiram, 1, 164.
• descendants of, around Nishabur, 3, 433.
• Asher, tribesmen of, join Gideon, 1, 62.
• join Solomon’s fleet, 1, 170.
• Asher of Udine, apostate, charges Jews with blasphemy, 4, 584.
• Asher ben Jehuda, hero of Solomon Ibn-Sakbel’s romance, 3, 318.
• Asher ben Meshullam, ascetic, 3, 396–7.
• Asher ben Yechiel (Asheri, 1250–1327), Tossafist, 4, 34–5.
• accepts the evidence of baptized Jews, 4, 37.
• settles in Toledo, 4, 37.
• opposed to the study of science, 4, 37–8, 39, 50, 86–7.
• opinion of, sought by Abba-Mari, 4, 38.
• influence of, on the Spanish Jews, 4, 51.
• as Talmudist, 4, 51.
• severity of, 4, 53.
• sons of, 4, 87.
• prefers Germany, 4, 90, 96.
• See also Asheri family, the.
• Asher Lämmlein, poses as the forerunner of the Messiah, 4, 482.
• adherents of, 4, 483.
• Asher, Saul, deplores the decay of morality among the Jews, 5, 419.
• writes against Fichte, 5, 463.
• Asheri. See Asher ben Yechiel; Jacob ben Asheri; Jehuda ben Asher I; Jehuda ben Asher II.
• Asheri family, the, loses members by the Black Death, 4, 113.
• members of, martyrs in 1391, 4, 169–70.
• See Asher ben Yechiel.
• Ashi (352–457), principal of the Sora academy, wealth of, 2, 605.
• re-builds the academy of Sora, 2, 606.
• receives the title of Rabbana, 2, 606.
• authority of, 2, 606.
• makes Sora the center of Jewish life, 2, 607.
• collects the Talmud, 2, 607–9.
• completes the work of Judah I, 2, 609.
• decisions of, 2, 609.
• at the court of Jezdijird, 2, 610.
• suppresses the Messianic hope, 2, 610–11.
• death of, 2, 611.
• successors of, 2, 626.
• son of, 2, 626.
• Ashkabá, prayer for the departed at the Babylonian academies, 3, 101.
• Ashkenasi. See Saul Cohen Ashkenasi.
• Ashkenazi. See Solomon ben Nathan.
• Ashkenazi, Jacob, Talmudist and Sabbatian, 5, 150.
• Ashkenazi, Jacob Emden. See Emden, Jacob.
• Ashkenazi, Zevi. See Zevi Ashkenazi.
• Ashmodai, a demon introduced from Magianism, 1, 403.
• Ashmun, a Canaanite god, 1, 54.
• Ashura, name for the Atonement Day among the Arabian Jews, 3, 58.
• fast day instituted by Mahomet, 3, 73.
• Asia, the Jews of, esteem Mahometans, 3, 88–9.
• loses the leadership of Judaism, 3, 207.
• Karaites obtain influence in, 3, 207.
• low estate of Judaism in, 3, 440.
• Messianic hopes in, 4, 497.
• See also East, the; Abbasside Caliphate, the.
• Asia Minor, conquered by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.
• votive offerings from, seized by Flaccus, 2, 68–9.
• women in, converted to Judaism, 2, 215.
• Greek-Christian communities in, 2, 227.
• study of the Law in, 2, 358–9.
• chief seat of the Pagan Christians, 2, 367.
• districts of, rebel against Hadrian, 2, 399.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405–6.
• Asia Minor, the Jews of, celebrate two days of the new-moon, 2, 363.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 426.
• molested by Greek Catholics, 4, 552–3.
• Sabbatians, 5, 137.
• Asia Minor, the Judæans of, send contributions to the Temple, 2, 52.
• protected by Cæsar, 2, 76.
• have a synagogue at Jerusalem, 2, 201.
• make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.
• Asinaï (Chasinaï), robber chief near Nahardea, 2, 202.
• “Asiré ha-Tikwah,” drama by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.
• Askaloni, Joseph, manager of Reyna Nassi’s printing press, 4, 628.
• Askelon. See Ascalon.
• Asma, poetess, satirizes Mahomet, 3, 76.
• Asochis. See Sichin.
• Assad, teacher of the Law, converts the Yemenites to Judaism, 3, 62–3.
• Assassins, the, plot against Saad-Addaula, 3, 648–9.
• Assembly, the Great. See Great Assembly, the.
• Asser, deputy to the Synhedrion, 5, 497.
• Asser, Carolus and Moses, members of the Felix Libertate, 5, 452.
• zealous in the emancipation struggle, 5, 454.
• Assi, Palestinian Amora, subordinates himself to the Babylonian authorities, 2, 531, 537.
• investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, 2, 532.
• investigates the observance of the Law in Samaria, 2, 534.
• appeals to Abbahu, 2, 538.
• meets Huna’s corpse, 2, 548.
• disciples of, 2, 560.
• Assidæans, the. See Chassidim, the; Hasmonæans, the; Maccabees, the.
• Assyria, doom of, predicted by Isaiah, 1, 272–3.
• invaded by the Scythians, 1, 287.
• power of, declines, 1, 287, 296.
• fall of, 1, 303.
• Assyrian customs introduced into Judah, 1, 260–1.
• characters used for the Scriptures, 1, 395–6.
• Assyrians, the, extend their territory, 1, 246.
• host of, destroyed at Lachish, 1, 277.
• defeat the Medes, 1, 287.
• Astarte, worship of, by the Canaanites, 1, 54.
• in Samuel’s time, 1, 75.
• under Solomon, 1, 175.
• under Rehoboam, 1, 189.
• under Omri, 1, 195.
• under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.
• under Hezekiah, 1, 269.
• See also Idolatry.
• Asti, French exiles settle in, 4, 177.
• Astorga, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.
• Astronomers and mathematicians, Jewish, list of:
• Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni,
• Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra,
• Abraham Zacuto,
• Bonet de Lates,
• David Gans,
• Isaac ben Baruch Albalia,
• Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II,
• Jacob ben Machir Tibbon,
• Judah ben Moses Cohen,
• Judah Ibn-Verga,
• Levi ben Gerson,
• Meïr Alguades,
• Moses ben Israel Isserles,
• Profiat Duran,
• Sahal Rabban,
• Samuel Ibn-Abbas,
• Simon ben Zemach Duran,
• Vecinho, Joseph
• Zag Ibn-Said.
• Astronomical knowledge, the, of the teachers of the Law, 2, 336, 344–5, 349, 521.
• Astronomy, studied in Portugal, 4, 367–8.
• studied by Polish Jews, 4, 633.
• Astruc En-Duran. See Abba-Mari ben Moses.
• Astruc Levi, at the Tortosa disputation, 4, 208.
• ascribes no authority to the Agada, 4, 214.
• refuses to accept baptism, 4, 215.
• Astruc Raimuch (Francisco God-flesh, Dios-Carne), apostate, expounds Christian dogmas, 4, 182.
• Astruc Sibili, informs against the Palma Jews, 4, 246.
• imprisoned and baptized, 4, 247.
• Astruc, Aristides, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.
• Astyages, of Media, dethroned by Cyrus, 1, 342.
• Asverus, name of Alexander Severus in the Jewish sources, 2, 482.
• Atel. See Volga.
• Athaliah, Ahab’s daughter, marriage of, 1, 206.
• introduces idolatry into Judah, 1, 209.
• upholds Baal worship in Jerusalem, 1, 212, 214.
• executes members of the house of David, 1, 213.
• six years’ rule of, 1, 215.
• murder of, 1, 216.
• Athenion, favorite of Ptolemy II, envoy to Jerusalem, 1, 423.
• and Joseph, son of Tobiah, 1, 424, 425.
• Athenion, general of Cleopatra, sent against Herod, 2, 95.
• Athens, gifts sent to, by Judæan kings, 2, 193.
• Judæans in, 2, 203.
• the Jews of, oppose Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 124.
• Athias, editor of the Ferrara Spanish Bible, 4, 576.
• Athias, Isaac, Chacham of Hamburg, 4, 689.
• Athronges, a shepherd, assumes the royal title, 2, 125.
• war of, with Archelaus, 2, 128.
• Atonement, Day of, forbidden to be observed, 2, 572.
• among the Arabs, 3, 58.
• liturgy of, 3, 113–14.
• a second, 4, 626.
• Atra, besieged by Trajan, 2, 399.
• Attalus, of Pergamus, proclaims Antiochus IV king of Syria, 1, 443.
• Attaman. See Hetman.
• Atzbaha. See Elesbaa.
• Aubriot, Hugues, prevôt of Paris, protects the Jews, 4, 151.
• Auerbach, Jacob, fair-preacher in Leipsic, 5, 573.
• Heine on, 5, 577.
• Auerstädt, defeat of, 5, 495.
• “Augenspiegel,” the, Reuchlin’s pamphlet against Pfefferkorn, 4, 446–8.
• excitement created by, 4, 448.
• adverse opinions of, 4, 450.
• charges against, 4, 451.
• burning of, ordered, 4, 451–2.
• cleared of the charge of heresy, 4, 455.
• declared heretical by the University of Paris, 4, 460.
• translation of, 4, 460.
• Augsburg, the Jews of, saved from the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 36.
• perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
• imprisoned, 4, 163.
• re-admission of, petitioned for, 4, 127–8.
• expelled, 4, 249, 413.
• August, of Brunswick, has Templo’s work translated, 5, 114–15.
• Augustine, Church Father, hates the Jews, 2, 625.
• Augustus (Octavius), member of the second triumvirate, 2, 81.
• favors Herod, 2, 86.
• wins the battle of Actium, 2, 96.
• confirms Herod’s royal dignity, 2, 101–2.
• favors the Egyptian Judæans, 2, 102–3.
• favors the Roman Judæans, 2, 103.
• increases Herod’s territory, 2, 103.
• power of, over Herod, 2, 105.
• statue of, erected in Cæsarea, 2, 106.
• asked to ratify Antipater’s death-sentence, 2, 114.
• condemns the execution of Herod’s sons, 2, 116.
• executor of Herod’s will, 2, 120.
• appealed to by the Herodians, 2, 122.
• seizes Herod’s treasures, 2, 123.
• makes Judæa an ethnarchy, 2, 126–7.
• exiles Archelaus, 2, 128.
• instructions of, to the governor of Syria, 2, 129.
• death of, 2, 135.
• Augustus III, of Poland, and the Frankists, 5, 283.
• Auranitis (Hauran, Havvoth Jair), the Gileadites take possession of, 1, 64.
• Paul flees to, 2, 226.
• given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.
• cavalry from, sent to Jerusalem, 2, 259, 260.
• See also Arabia.
• Aurelian, emperor, conquers Zenobia, 2, 530.
• Aurum coronarium (crown money), tax imposed on Judæa, 2, 463.
• collected by the Patriarchs, 2, 487, 535.
• Austrasia, the Jews of, in the sixth century, 3, 40.
• Austria, Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute confirmed for, 3, 635.
• Jews emigrate to, from Hungary, 4, 111.
• John of Capistrano in, 4, 258.
• Jewish exiles from, take refuge in Poland, 4, 263, 420.
• Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.
• at war with Prussia, 5, 251.
• willing to grant citizenship to the Jews, 5, 518.
• protects the Frankfort Jews, 5, 520.
• in the Quadruple Alliance, 5, 658.
• Jews concerned in the reorganization of, 5, 697.
• Jewish association in, 5, 703.
• Austria, the Jews of, fill offices, 3, 516, 567.
• protected by Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 567–9.
• suffer during the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 36.
• suffer from the Deggenburg persecution, 4, 98.
• accused of well poisoning, 4, 110.
• suffer during the Hussite agitation, 4, 222–4.
• charged with host desecration, 4, 223–4.
• banished, 4, 224, 427.
• restrictions placed on, 4, 585.
• threatened with expulsion, 4, 652.
• condition of, improved by Joseph II, 5, 357–8.
• letter addressed to, by Wessely, 5, 368.
• continued abasement of, 5, 461.
• freed from the poll-tax, 5, 464.
• new taxes imposed on, 5, 508.
• under Francis I, 5, 523.
• influence of Mannheimer on, 5, 579.
• growing self-respect of, 5, 582.
• Austria, Lower, the Jews of, banished, 4, 585.
• Austrian Succession, the, War of, and the Jews of Prague, 5, 251–2.
• Autobiography of Josephus, 2, 390.
• of Uriel da Costa, 5, 64–5.
• of Solomon Maimon, 5, 409.
• Auto-da-fé, the first, of Marranos, 4, 317.
• See also Marranos, the; Inquisition, the.
• Auvergne (Arverna), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.
• Auxerre, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Averroës (Ibn-Roshd), commentaries by, on Aristotle, translated, 3, 566–7.
• views of, opposed by Gersonides, 4, 93.
• admired by Narboni, 4, 94.
• quoted by Jewish preachers, 4, 232.
• system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, 4, 290.
• Avesta, the, laws of clean and unclean in, 1, 402.
• Avicebrol (Avicebron), name of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol among the schoolmen, 3, 271.
• Avicenna. See Ibn-Sina.
• Avigedor Kara, rabbi of Prague, on friendly terms with Emperor Wenceslaus, 4, 166.
• Avignon, the council of, forbids the employment of Jews in state offices, 3, 503–4.
• the papacy at, 4, 162.
• Jews remain in, after their banishment from France, 4, 177, 659.
• David Reubeni in, 4, 499.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 141.
• Jews in, during the French Revolution, 5, 436.
• Avignon, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, 4, 33.
• tolerated by the popes, 4, 177.
• expelled, 4, 592.
• honor Crémieux and Montefiore, 5, 658.
• Avila, de, Marrano bishop, burnt by Torquemada, 4, 333.
• Avila, the Messiah of, 4, 8–9, 9–10.
• religious disputation at, 4, 140–2.
• Henry IV deposed at, 4, 278.
• law of, 4, 229.
• Avila, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.
• converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.
• Avitus, bishop, presides over the council of Epaone, 3, 37.
• forcibly converts the Jews of Clermont, 3, 38–9.
• celebrated in a poem, 3, 39.
• Avran, commander under Lysimachus the Benjamite, 1, 449.
• Ayllon, Solomon (1667–1728),
• Sabbatian, profligacy of, 5, 210.
• youth of, 5, 214.
• rabbi of London, 5, 214.
• rabbi of Amsterdam, 5, 215.
• on Chacham Zevi, 5, 221.
• mistrusted by the Portuguese community, 5, 222.
• supports Chayon’s cause, 5, 222–3.
• refuses reconciliation with Chacham Zevi, 5, 224.
• acquits Chayon of heresy, 5, 224–5.
• Brieli writes to, 5, 225.
• summons Chacham Zevi before the Council, 5, 226.
• abandons Chayon, 5, 231.
• Azael, name of a Sefirah, 4, 17.
• Azariah. See Uzziah.
• Azariah, general of Judas Maccabæus, 1, 476.
• Azariah, high priest, contest of, with Uzziah, 1, 245.
• Azariah ben Zadok, high priest under Solomon, 1, 167.
• Azarya ben Moses deï Rossi (1514–1578), attainments of, 4, 614.
• connects the Talmud with other ancient writings, 4, 614.
• works by, 4, 615.
• as a critic, 4, 615.
• declared a heretic, 4, 616.
• Azeka, offers opposition to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 311.
• “Azharoth,” composed by Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni, 3, 284.
• Aziz, of Emesa, husband of Drusilla, 2, 235.
• Azotus. See Ashdod.
• Azriel, Kabbalist, reduces the Kabbala to a system, 3, 548; 4, 14.
• history of, unknown, 3, 548.
• clothes the Kabbala in philosophical language, 3, 549, 556.
• Azzel Ibn-Samuel, one of the Benu-Kuraiza, 3, 81.
• B
• Baal, altar to, in Samaria, 1, 197.
• priests of, assemble by order of Elijah, 1, 203–4.
• Baal, the worship of, among the Canaanites, 1, 54.
• by Ammonites and Moabites, 1, 55.
• at Ophrah, 1, 62.
• in Samuel’s time, 1, 75.
• under Omri, 1, 195.
• under Athaliah, 1, 212, 214.
• removed from Jerusalem, 1, 216–17.
• under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.
• abolished by Menahem, 1, 244.
• See also Astarte; Idolatry.
• Baal ha-Turim. See Jacob ben Asheri.
• Baal-Peor. See Peor.
• Baal-Perazim, mount, scene of a Philistine defeat, 1, 116.
• Baal-Shem. See Israel of Miedziboz.
• Baal-Zebub, idol, consulted by Ahaziah, 1, 207.
• Baalbek, a Karaite center, 3, 158.
• captured by Hulagu, 3, 606.
• Baalis, king of Ammon, protects Judæan fugitives, 1, 318.
• instigates Gedaliah’s murder, 1, 322.
• Baaltis. See Astarte.
• Baasha, of Israel, kills Nadab, 1, 189.
• ascends the throne, 1, 190.
• allied with the king of Egypt, 1, 190.
• at war with Asa, 1, 190–1.
• allied with Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.
• takes Ramah, 1, 191.
• death of, 1, 191.
• Bab al Abwab, Persian wall against the Chazars, 3, 138.
• Baba ben Buta, follower of Shammai, 2, 133.
• Babenberg, the princes of, permit Jews to fill state offices, 3, 567.
• Babylon, inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, 1, 285.
• description of, 1, 330.
• fall of, 1, 349–50.
• the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.
• the Judæans of, aid Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.
• study of the Law in, 2, 358.
• Babylonia, the scene of Jewish activity, 2, 503–4, 531, 537; 3, 160; 5, 726.
• three meanings of, in Jewish history, 2, 504–5.
• resembles the Holy Land, 2, 544.
• Jewish public life in, 2, 547.
• independent of Judæa, 2, 548.
• rise of, 2, 557.
• the study of the Law flourishes in, 2, 574–5.
• called Irak by the Arabs, 3, 89.
• loses intellectual supremacy, 3, 193, 210, 228.
• Jewish communal life in, in the tenth century, 3, 194.
• visited by Petachya, 3, 421.
• Babylonia, Jewish, described, 2, 504.
• compared with Judæa, 2, 505.
• districts of, 2, 505.
• towns of, 2, 505–8.
• fertility of, 2, 507–8.
• scene of the war between Julian and Shabur II, 2, 601.
• Sora the center of, 2, 607.
• constitution of, 3, 93–101.
• communal constitution of, 3, 98–100.
• power of, 3, 100–1.
• mystic doctrines flourish in, 3, 154.
• Babylonia, the Jews of, resist Trajan, 2, 393, 397.
• favorable position of, 2, 508.
• political chief of, 2, 508–11.
• needs of, produce a new development of the Law, 2, 511.
• resort to the academies of Galilee, 2, 511, 531.
• religious ignorance of, 2, 513.
• immorality of, 2, 516–17, 579.
• establish the sanctity of the law of the land, 2, 520.
• suffer under Magian supremacy, 2, 524–5.
• on friendly terms with the Magi, 2, 525–6.
• injured by Odenathus, 2, 527.
• luxurious habits of, 2, 588.
• oppressed by Shabur II, 2, 591–2.
• favor Julian the Apostate, 2, 597.
• well treated by Jezdijird, 2, 609–10.
• persecuted, 2, 626, 627–8; 3, 8.
• suffer under Zendik communism, 3, 2–3.
• rebel under Mar-Zutra II, 3, 3–4.
• independence of, 3, 3–4.
• kindly treated by Bahram Tshubin, 3, 8–9.
• prosperous under Chosru II, 3, 9–10.
• help the Arabs, 3, 89.
• form a separate community under the Exilarch, 3, 89.
• oppose Moawiyah, 3, 90, 92.
• ill-treated by the caliphs of the East, 3, 176–7.
• Babylonia, the Judæans of, kindly treated, 1, 329–30, 331.
• government and possessions of, 1, 330.
• easily learn Aramaic, 1, 330–1.
• practice idolatry, 1, 332.
• cherish Hebrew literature, 1, 334–6.
• joined by the descendants of the Ten Tribes, 1, 335–6.
• mourning of, 1, 337–8.
• make proselytes, 1, 338–9.
• adopt Chaldæan superstitions, 1, 339–40.
• occupations and wealth of, 1, 339–40.
• literature produced by, 1, 340–2.
• not desirous of returning to Palestine, 1, 340, 341.
• beg for permission to return to Palestine, 1, 342–3.
• hate Babylon, 1, 343.
• persecuted, 1, 343–4.
• divided into the worldly and the pious, 1, 349.
• interested in the war with Cyrus, 1, 349.
• cured of idolatry by the fall of Babylon, 1, 350.
• permitted to return to Palestine, 1, 351.
• number of, returning under Cyrus, 1, 352.
• sympathy of, with the returning exiles, 1, 354–5.
• national enthusiasm of, 1, 363–5.
• accompany Ezra to Palestine, 1, 366.
• send contributions to the Temple, 2, 52.
• welcome Hyrcanus II, 2, 90.
• own large tracts of land, 2, 202.
• in Batanæa, 2, 274.
• massacred by Varus, 2, 275.
• retreat to Gamala, 2, 275.
• Bacchides, Syrian general, sent to Jerusalem, 1, 482.
• slays Judæans at Beth-Zachariah, 1, 483.
• encamps before Jerusalem, 1, 486.
• defeats the Judæans at Eleasa, 1, 487.
• reduces the whole country, 1, 491.
• leaves Judæa, 1, 492.
• makes a truce with Jonathan Haphus, 1, 493–4.
• Bacchus, worshiped in Alexandria, 1, 428.
• Bacharach, the Jews of, massacred, 3, 636.
• Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini, physician, Maimunist, 2, 536, 537.
• Bachurim, Talmud students, 4, 640; 5, 567.
• Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, moral philosopher, system of, 3, 271–2.
• ascetic, 3, 272.
• work of, translated, 3, 392, 397.
• Badajoz, Henrique Nunes murdered at, 4, 490.
• attacked by Spanish Marranos 4, 498.
• Baden, the Jews of, the blood-accusation against, 3, 564.
• obtain political freedom, 5, 502–3.
• persecuted, 5, 530–1.
• honor Riesser, 5, 601.
• Badis, Berber king, supported by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 258.
• makes him vizir, 3, 258.
• makes him chief of the Granada congregations, 3, 259.
• avenges Balkin’s death, 3, 275.
• orders the massacre of the Granada Arabs, 3, 276.
• mistrusts Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 277.
• Baffa, sultana, favorite of, 4, 629.
• Bagdad, a scientific center, 3, 146.
• the Mutazilist theology taught at, 3, 147.
• in the Pumbeditha district, 3, 156.
• Saadiah at, 3, 196.
• Sabbataï Donnolo at, 3, 213.
• birthplace of Dunash ben Labrat, 3, 226.
• Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.
• Bagdad, the Jews of, prosperous under Al-Mutadhid, 3, 183.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 428.
• Talmudical college of, 3, 429, 438.
• invited to join David Alrui, 3, 431.
• enthusiastic for David Alrui, 3, 432.
• Maimunists, 3, 633.
• attacked by the Mongols, 3, 649–50.
• Bagdad Caliphate, the. See Abbasside Caliphate, the.
• Bagoas (Bagoses), Syrian commander, murders Artaxerxes III, 1, 409.
• levies a tax on the daily sacrifice, 1, 409–10.
• Bahir, a Kabbalistic manuscript, 3, 556, 557.
• Bahram Tshubin, Persian general, ascends the throne, 3, 8.
• friendly to the Jews, 3, 8–9.
• dispossessed by Chosru II, 3, 9.
• Bahurim, David passes through, 1, 142.
• Bail, defends the Jews, 5, 522.
• Bailly, mayor of Paris, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 445.
• Bairut. See Beyrout.
• Bajazet (Bajasid) II, sultan, censures the expulsion of the Spanish Jews, 4, 356.
• receives Spanish exiles kindly, 4, 364, 400.
• Jews under, 4, 402.
• Baki, Simon, rabbi, superstition of, 5, 201–2.
• Balaam, magician, employed against the Israelites, 1, 28.
• Balak, king of Moab, hostile to the Israelites, 1, 28.
• “Balance, The,” grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.
• Balanyiar, Jews settle in, 3, 124, 139.
• Balch, birthplace of Chivi Albalchi, 3, 198.
• Baldwin IV, of Jerusalem, banishes the Jews, 3, 427.
• Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, induces Richard I to dismiss the Jews from his palace, 3, 410.
• and Benedict of York’s baptism, 3, 411.
• Balkin (Bologgin), of Granada, abdicates in favor of Badis, 3, 258.
• death of, 3, 258, 275.
• partisans of, leave Granada, 3, 258.
• Joseph Ibn-Nagrela secretary to, 3, 274.
• Bamberg, the council of, enforces Jew badges, 4, 255.
• the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 529.
• Band of Virtue, the, founded by Berlin Jewesses, 5, 423, 425.
• Bandito, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.
• Baptism, the moral meaning of, taught by John the Baptist, 2, 146.
• value of, examined by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 188.
• Baptista, John (Solomon Romano), grandson of Elias Levita, apostate, denounces the Talmud, 4, 564.
• Bar, the Jews of, slaughtered by Cossacks, 5, 11.
• Barak, judge, leads the Israelites against Jabin, 1, 61.
• Barbaro, Mark Antonio, Venetian consul, and Solomon Ashkenazi, 4, 605.
• Barbary states, the, Marranos emigrate to, 4, 485.
• Polish-Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.
• Barbastro, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.
• the Marranos of, conspire against Arbues, 4, 330.
• Barcelona, the disputation at, 3, 598–601.
• bishop of, appointed censor of the Talmud, 3, 603.
• report of the disputation at, 3, 603–4.
• Kabbala taught in, 4, 6.
• Marranos from, in Algiers, 4, 199.
• the Inquisition established in, 4, 332.
• Jews disappear from, 4, 354.
• exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• Barcelona, the Jews of, the leaders of northern Spain, 3, 387–8.
• entreat Nachmani to break off the disputation, 3, 600–1.
• opposed to the study of science, 4, 29, 33, 40.
• charged with causing the Black Death, 4, 102–3.
• persecuted, 4, 171–2.
• Bar-Chanina, teacher of Jerome, 2, 623–4.
• Bar-Cochba, attacks Akiba, 2, 409.
• described as the Messiah, 2, 410.
• confidence of, 2, 411.
• victories of, 2, 411.
• coins of, 2, 411.
• hostile to Christians, 2, 412.
• restores the Jewish state, 2, 412, 413.
• strongholds of, 2, 414–15.
• particulars of the revolt of, 2, 415–16.
• loses the strongholds of the north, 2, 416.
• causes the death of Eleazar of Modin, 2, 418.
• end of, unknown, 2, 419.
• Barebones Parliament. See Parliament, the Short.
• Bar-Eleaza, son-in-law of Judah I, 2, 455–6.
• Barfat Crescas, imprisoned, 4, 150.
• Barfat. See Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat; Zarak.
• Bari, the four Sora emissaries captured at, 3, 203.
• Baris. See Acra, the; Antonia.
• Bar-Kappara. See Simon bar Kappara.
• Bar-Kasha, and Rab, 2, 518.
• Bar-Kosiba, real name of Bar-Cochba.
• Barlæus, Caspar, Socinian, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.
• Barnabas. See Jose Barnabas.
• Barnave, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441.
• Barrios, Miguel (Daniel) de, historian, 5, 202.
• versifier, 5, 204.
• Bartholomaion, demon exorcised by Simon ben Yochaï, 2, 449.
• Baruch, ancestor of the Ibn-Albalias, early settlement of, in Spain, 3, 43.
• Baruch of Benevento, Kabbalist, 4, 481.
• Baruch ben Samuel, Talmudist, member of the Mayence synod, 3, 517.
• Baruch Ibn-Albalia, birth of the son of, 3, 322.
• Baruch, son of Neriah, reads Jeremiah’s prophecies in the Temple, 1, 304.
• taken prisoner by the Chaldæans, 1, 315.
• attends Jeremiah in Mizpah, 1, 320.
• taken captive by Ishmael, 1, 322.
• rescued, 1, 323.
• in Egypt, 1, 324.
• in Babylon, 1, 328.
• brings Jeremiah’s writings to Babylon, 1, 336.
• writes a history of Israel, 1, 336–7.
• Letter of, translated, 2, 359.
• Baruch Gad, Palestinian emissary, on the Sons of Moses, 5, 126.
• Baruch Yavan, carries the Eibeschütz controversy to Poland, 5, 262–3.
• Baruch, Jacob, Börne’s father, deputy to the Congress of Vienna, 5, 513.
• Baruch, Löb (Louis). See Börne, Ludwig.
• Barzaphernes, Parthian commander, 2, 82.
• Barzillai, aids David, 1, 144.
• Bashan, the inhabitants of, appeal to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474–5.
• Basilius (850–866), emperor, tries to convert the Jews, 3, 175–6.
• Basilius, Jewish slave-dealer, and Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.
• Basle, the Talmud printed at, 4, 589.
• Alsatian Jews escape to, 5, 437.
• Basle, the Council of, renews the anti-Jewish measures of previous councils, 4, 245, 248, 251, 264.
• excludes Jews from university degrees, 4, 245.
• favors baptized Jews, 4, 246.
• degrades Eugenius IV, 4, 249, 250.
• decree of, concerning Jewish physicians disregarded, 4, 407.
• Basle, the Jews of, protected from the Black Death persecutions, 4, 106, 108.
• banishment of, demanded, 4, 106–7.
• burnt, 4, 107.
• Basmath, daughter of Solomon, 1, 177.
• Basnage, Jacob (1653–1723), historian of the Jewish dispersion, 5, 195, 593.
• on the persecutions of the Jews, 5, 195–6.
• consults Jewish historians, 5, 196.
• faults of the history by, 5, 196–7.
• prejudiced, 5, 197.
• importance of the history by, 5, 197.
• disciples of, 5, 197.
• history of, suggested by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 202.
• Bassan, Isaiah, teacher of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 235.
• espouses Luzzatto’s cause, 5, 238, 241.
• makes Luzzatto promise not to teach Kabbala, 5, 239.
• has Luzzatto’s writings in safekeeping, 5, 239.
• permits Luzzatto to publish Kabbalistic works, 5, 239.
• Bassora, under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, 3, 98.
• the Mutazilist theology taught in, 3, 147.
• the Gaon of Sora at, 3, 202.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.
• Bassus, Vespasian’s governor of Judæa, 2, 315.
• Basula, Moses. See Moses Basula.
• Batanæa, given to Philip by Herod’s will, 2, 119.
• under Philip, 2, 137.
• given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.
• cavalry from, sent to Jerusalem, 2, 259, 260.
• Babylonian Judæans in, 2, 274.
• Porphyry a native of, 2, 502.
• the Benu-Kainukaa settle in, 3, 77–8.
• Batavian Republic, the, the Jews of, emancipation of, 5, 452.
• number of, 5, 453, 455.
• disabilities of, 5, 453.
• writings hostile to, 5, 453.
• hold aloof from the National Assembly, 5, 454.
• emancipated, 5, 456–7.
• appointed to public offices, 5, 458.
• protection of, in Germany, 5, 458, 463.
• See also Emancipation of the Dutch Jews; Holland.
• Bath-Kol, heavenly voice, 2, 337, 338.
• Bathori, Stephen, election of, as king of Poland, 4, 642.
• the Jews prosperous under, 4, 642–3.
• Bathsheba, wife of Uriah the Hittite, becomes David’s wife, 1, 132.
• sons of, 1, 133.
• made first queen, 1, 134.
• pleads for Solomon’s succession, 1, 153.
• Bathyra, Judæan fortress in Batanæa, 2, 274.
• Baudin, suppresses evidence in favor of the Damascus Jews, 5, 637.
• Bavaria, John of Capistrano in, 4, 258.
• the poll-tax abolished in, 5, 468.
• Bavaria, the Jews of, suffer from the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 35–6.
• suffer from the Hartmann von Deggenburg persecution, 4, 98.
• during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
• accused of aiding the Hussites, 4, 222.
• assaulted by the imperial army, 4, 225.
• expelled, 4, 253–4.
• during John of Capistrano’s visit, 4, 258.
• taxed for the defense of the Ratisbon Jews, 4, 305.
• take refuge in Poland, 4, 420.
• accused of child-murder, 4, 545–6.
• partial emancipation of, 5, 508.
• Bayonne, the kings of Castile and of France meet at, 4, 2.
• Bayonne, the Jews of, addressed in behalf of the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.
• in Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.
• prosperity of, 5, 436.
• emancipated, 5, 442–3.
• Bayreuth, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530.
• Beatrice, wife of Juan I of Castile, heir to Portugal, 4, 158.
• proposes David Negro as chief rabbi, 4, 161.
• Beaucaire (Belcaire), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 400.
• Be-Chatim, home of Achaï bar Huna, 2, 631.
• Bechinath ha-Dath, work of Elias del Medigo, 4, 293.
• Bechinath Olam, by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 49.
• Bedaresi. See Abraham; Yedaya En-Bonet.
• Bedr, battle of, between Mahomet and the Koraishites, 3, 76.
• Beer of Mizricz (Berish, 1700–1772), founder of new Chassidism, 5, 375, 379.
• learning of, 5, 379.
• habits of, 5, 379–80.
• pilgrimages to, 5, 380, 407.
• simulates inspiration, 5, 380–1.
• emphasizes the importance of the Sabbath, 5, 381–2.
• apostles of, 5, 383.
• adopts the Portuguese ritual, 5, 386–7.
• death of, 5, 392.
• a relative of, supreme Zaddik, 5, 393.
• sayings by, 5, 393.
• disciples of, 5, 393.
• Beer, Jacob, private synagogue of, in Berlin, 5, 563.
• Beersheba, frontier town of ancient Israel, 1, 129.
• pilgrimages to, 1, 232.
• Behaim, Martin, at João II’s astronomical congress, 4, 367.
• Bekashoth ha-Memin, prayer by Yedaya Penini, 4, 43.
• Bekiin, center for the teaching of the Law under Gamaliel II, 2, 335, 348.
• Bel, temple of, rebuilt by Alexander the Great, 1, 415.
• Bela IV, of Hungary, invites Jewish agents into his country, 3, 613.
• introduces Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 613–14.
• Belgium, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.
• the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 112.
• Catholic agitators in, hostile to the Jews, 5, 655.
• “Belief of the Universe, The,” by Chayon, 5, 219–20.
• Belillos, Jacob, rabbi of Venice, and Luzzatto, 5, 239.
• Belisarius, Jewish soldiers fight against, 3, 4.
• removes the Temple vessels to Constantinople, 3, 26.
• in Italy, 3, 31.
• opposed by the Jews of Naples, 3, 32.
• Belkis, supposed name of the Queen of Sheba, 1, 173.
• “Bellerophon,” satire by Lefrank, 5, 471–2.
• Bellieta, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.
• Belmonte, Bienvenida Coen, Jewish poetess, 5, 203.
• Belmonte, Jacob Israel, poet, interested in the Amsterdam Marranos, 4, 665.
• Belmonte, Manuel, poet, founder of an academy of poetry, 5, 113.
• Belmontes, the, millionaires at Amsterdam, 5, 205.
• Belvedere, the Nassi palace at Constantinople, 4, 597.
• Hebrew printing press at, 4, 628.
• Ben-Adret. See Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret.
• Benaiah, commander of David’s mercenaries, 1, 122.
• in the Ammonite war, 1, 126.
• opposes Absalom, 1, 141.
• acknowledges Solomon king, 1, 153.
• kills Adonijah and Joab, 1, 160.
• Ben Asai (Azai). See Simon ben Asai.
• Ben Asher. See Moses and Aaron ben Asher.
• Benavente, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.
• Ben-Batiach, Zealot leader, aids Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 323.
• Bendama, and the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.
• Ben David, Messiah, 2, 144.
• Ben-David, Lazarus (1762–1832), philosopher, 5, 405.
• admires Kant’s philosophy, 5, 409.
• lectures on Kant, 5, 410.
• deplores the decay of morality among Jews, 5, 419.
• leaves attacks on Judaism unanswered, 5, 469.
• influences Heine, 5, 546.
• member of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.
• Bene Amri, the, attack the Hasmonæans, 1, 491.
• Bene Bathyra, presidents of the Synhedrion, 2, 90, 358.
• resign in favor of Hillel, 2, 99.
• Bene-Berak, home of Akiba, 2, 355.
• Benedict XII, pope, unable to protect the Jews, 4, 99.
• Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna), pope, debates with Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, 4, 142.
• confers ecclesiastic offices upon Solomon Levi, 4, 184, 190.
• employs a Jewish physician, 4, 200.
• plans the conversion of the Spanish Jews, 4, 206–7.
• arranges the disputation at Tortosa, 4, 207.
• plans the annihilation of the Talmud, 4, 209.
• and Jewish delegates to Tortosa, 4, 210.
• pomp displayed by, 4, 210–11.
• refuses to release the Jews from the disputation, 4, 211.
• presides over the disputation, 4, 212.
• threatens the Jewish delegates with death, 4, 213, 239.
• issues a bull against the Talmud and the Jews, 4, 215–16.
• deposed by the council of Constance, 4, 216, 228.
• sets up a papal court at Peñiscola, 4, 217.
• originates the sermon for Jews, 4, 655.
• Benedict XIV, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood accusation, 5, 282.
• Benedict of York, accepts baptism, 3, 411.
• returns to Judaism, 3, 411.
• death of, 3, 413.
• house of, burnt, 3, 413.
• Bene Korach. See Korah, the sons of.
• Bene Mikra. See Karaites, the.
• Benet, Mordecai, leader of the orthodox party, 5, 567, 572.
• Benevento, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• the Inquisition for Marranos at, 4, 385.
• Benfelden, the council at, banishes the Jews of the upper Rhine, 4, 107.
• Ben-hadad I, of Damascus, ally of Israel and Judah, 1, 191.
• defeats Omri, 1, 195.
• Ben-hadad II, of Damascus, besieges Samaria, 1, 205.
• defeated by Ahab, 1, 205.
• treachery of, 1, 205.
• defeats Ahab and Jehoshaphat, 1, 206.
• murdered, 1, 210.
• Ben-hadad III, of Damascus, defeated, 1, 221–2.
• Benisch, Abraham, founder of the “Anglo-Jewish Association,” 5, 703.
• Benjamin, the tribe of, acquires Gibeon, 1, 38.
• holds assemblies at Shiloh, 1, 41.
• opposed to intermarriages with the heathen, 1, 56.
• aids Ehud against the Moabites, 1, 60.
• attacked by the Philistines, 1, 64.
• aids Saul, 1, 85.
• accuses David of destroying the house of Saul, 1, 124.
• sides with Absalom, 1, 139–40.
• hesitates to recall David, 1, 146.
• meets David at the Jordan, 1, 147.
• closely united with Judah, 1, 174.
• loyal to Rehoboam, 1, 182.
• members of, return from the Captivity, 1, 352.
• Benjamin of Canterbury, Tossafist, 3, 409.
• Benjamin of Fermo, patron of Immanuel Romi, 4, 68.
• Benjamin of Tiberias, and Emperor Heraclius, 3, 19, 22.
• Benjamin ben Jonah of Tudela, traveler, 3, 388–9; 4, 127.
• Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend (800–820), spreads the Mutazilist philosophy, 3, 150–1.
• founder of the Makariyite sect, 3, 151.
• Benjamin Assia, physician, scorns the teachers of the Law, 2, 589–90.
• Ben-Kafren (Ephraim), defends Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 227.
• Ben Kohelet, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260.
• Ben Mishle, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260.
• Ben-Naphtali, criticises the Ben Ashers, 3, 207.
• Ben-Nazar. See Odenathus.
• Ben Shaltiel-Chen. See Serachya ben Isaac.
• Ben Soma. See Simon ben Zoma.
• Ben Tehillim, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260.
• Benu-Aus, the, Arabic family, relations of, to the Jews, 3, 55.
• conversions among, to Judaism, 3, 61.
• hostile to Jewish rule, 3, 67.
• the Jews of Yathrib dependent on, 3, 68.
• feuds of, 3, 70–1.
• Benu-Bachdal, the, Jewish-Arabic tribe, 3, 54–5.
• Benu-Kainukaa, the, Jewish tribe in northern Arabia, 3, 55.
• invited to accept Islam, 3, 74, 76–7.
• forced to surrender to Mahomet, 3, 77.
• settle in Batanæa, 3, 77–8.
• preserve love for Arabic, 3, 111.
• object to Talmudic restraints, 3, 119.
• Benu-Kinanah, the, Arab tribe converted to Judaism, 3, 61.
• Benu-Kuraiza, the, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, 3, 54–5.
• threatened by Mahomet, 3, 77.
• make war upon Mahomet, 3, 80.
• slaughtered, 3, 81.
• Benu-Nadhir, the, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, 3, 54–5.
• threatened by Mahomet, 3, 77.
• meditate treachery against Mahomet, 3, 78.
• forced to emigrate, 3, 78–9.
• war with, justified in the Koran, 3, 79.
• organize an alliance against Mahomet, 3, 79–80.
• rouse the Jews of Chaibar to resist Mahomet, 3, 82.
• preserve love of Arabic, 3, 111.
• object to Talmudic restraints, 3, 119.
• Ben Usiel, champion of the orthodox party, 5, 627.
• Benvenida Abrabanela, wife of Samuel II Abrabanel, character of, 4, 409.
• friend of the duchess of Tuscany, 4, 410, 544.
• supports David Reubeni, 4, 493.
• prevents the banishment of the Naples Jews, 4, 543.
• Benveniste. See Abraham Benveniste Senior; Benveniste Ibn-Labi; Benveniste, Chayim; Isaac; Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi; Judah; Sheshet; Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.
• Benveniste Ibn-Labi, part translator of Aristotle’s Ethics, 4, 193.
• Benveniste, Chayim (1603–1673), rabbi of Smyrna, Sabbatian, 5, 136.
• disappointed in Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 155.
• Benveniste family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.
• Gracia Mendesia of, 4, 571.
• Ben Yasus. See Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus.
• Ben-Zeeb, one of the Measfim, 5, 400.
• Be-Rab, Abba-Areka’s school, 2, 514.
• Berab. See Jacob Berab.
• Berachoth, the eighteen, introduced by Gamaliel II, 2, 363.
• Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan (Crispia, 1230–1270), fabulist, 3, 560.
• Berachya, son of Jacob Querido, Messiah, followers of, 5, 211.
• soul of, in Jacob Frank, 5, 274.
• prayers addressed to, 5, 274.
• Berber princes, the, receive Jewish refugees kindly, 4, 198.
• Berbers, the, establish themselves in southern Spain, 3, 256.
• hostile to the Spanish Arabs, 3, 261, 276, 316.
• incensed against the Jews, 3, 275.
• slay Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 278.
• Berdaa. See Derbend.
• Berenice, daughter of Agrippa I, marriage of, 2, 235.
• Drusilla envious of, 2, 236.
• appeals to Gessius Florus, 2, 254.
• popularity of, 2, 257.
• palace of, burnt, 2, 260.
• captivates Titus, 2, 289, 299.
• wins Tiberius Alexander to Vespasian’s side, 2, 300.
• influence of, over Titus, 2, 302, 307.
• in the arena of Cæsarea Philippi, 2, 312.
• honored at the court, 2, 317.
• fall of, 2, 317.
• obtains pardon for Justus of Tiberias, 2, 319–20.
• consoles her conquered coreligionists, 2, 333.
• abandoned by Titus, 2, 388.
• Berenice, Herod’s niece, marriage of, 2, 112.
• friend of Antonia, 2, 176.
• Bergamo, Bernardinus of Feltre in, 4, 296.
• Berish. See Beer of Mizricz.
• Berlin, settlement of Jews in, 5, 174.
• Chayon at, 5, 218–20.
• subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, 5, 329.
• the Free School of, 5, 416.
• the progressive party in, 5, 418.
• Jewish physicians of, a class, 5, 461.
• the University of, arbiter between the Jews and the Senate of Frankfort, 5, 520.
• Jacobson transplants the Reform movement to, 5, 562–3.
• private synagogues in, closed, 5, 563.
• appoints no rabbi, 5, 566.
• a German Jewish church in, 5, 683.
• rabbinical colleges at, 5, 700.
• Berlin, the Jews of, threatened with expulsion, 4, 652.
• under Frederick I, 5, 190.
• split into two parties, 5, 219.
• culture of, 5, 294–5.
• enterprises of, 5, 396–7.
• devoted to literary pursuits, 5, 397.
• encourage the Meassef, 5, 399.
• influenced by Herz, 5, 407.
• disseminators of culture, 5, 410–11.
• the salons of, 5, 412–13, 422–23.
• millionaires, 5, 414.
• begin the emancipation struggle, 5, 414–16.
• influence of, 5, 416–17.
• apostasy among, 5, 420, 587.
• procure an order against anti-Jewish pamphlets, 5, 469.
• object to Napoleon’s Synhedrion, 5, 494–5.
• antipathy to, weakened, 5, 691.
• See also Reform of Judaism, the.
• “Berlin religion,” the, opposition to, 5, 333.
• Bernal, Abraham Nuñes and Marcus da Almeyda, Marranos, martyrs, 5, 92.
• Bernaldez, Andreas, pastor, on the Spanish Jewish exiles, 4, 349.
• Bernard of Clairvaux, abbot, preaches the second crusade, 3, 349.
• preaches the repudiation of Jewish debts, 3, 349.
• prevents a persecution of the French Jews, 3, 351, 356.
• appealed to, by the archbishop of Mayence, 3, 352.
• denounces Rudolph, 3, 353.
• influences Rudolph, 3, 353.
• Bernard of Sienna, master of John of Capistrano, 4, 257.
• Bernard, Isaac, Mendelssohn’s employer, 5, 296, 303.
• Bernardinus of Feltre, Franciscan, preaches against the Jews in Italy, 4, 296.
• failure of, 4, 296–7.
• in Trent, 4, 297.
• raises the blood accusation, 4, 298.
• Bernardo, Dominican, incites the mob against Marranos, 4, 487.
• Bernays, Isaac (1792–1849), opposes the Hamburg reforms, 5, 574.
• characteristics of, 5, 574–5, 577.
• chief work by, 5, 575.
• criticises Mendelssohn and his school, 5, 575.
• appointed to the Hamburg rabbinate, 5, 576.
• character of the sermons by, 5, 577.
• Heine on, 5, 577.
• respected by the orthodox, 5, 577–8.
• influence of, in Germany, 5, 582.
• influence of, on Steinheim, 5, 602.
• Ben Usiel disciple of, 5, 627.
• forbids the use of the Reform Temple prayer book, 5, 673.
• attacked by the Reform Temple Union, 5, 673.
• supported by the rabbi of Altona, 5, 674.
• Bernays, Jacob, founder of the Breslau seminary, 5, 700.
• Berne, the Jews of, accused of well poisoning, 4, 104–5.
• consuls of, spread the charge against the Jews, 4, 105.
• Bernhard, treasurer of the Frankish empire, friendly to the Jews, 3, 162.
• rebellion against, 3, 166.
• Bernstorff, Danish minister, decides against Eibeschütz, 5, 265.
• Bernstorff, deputy to the Congress of Vienna, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519.
• on the emancipation of the Jews at Aix, 5, 527.
• Berr, Berr Isaac (1744–1828), member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 431.
• a representative French Jew, 5, 436.
• delegate to the National Assembly, 5, 438, 440.
• on the emancipation of the French Jews, 5, 448–9.
• projects a French Bible translation, 5, 449.
• son of, 5, 460.
• deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 482.
• opposes Sabbath sessions, 5, 486.
• candidate for the presidency, 5, 487.
• answers the imperial commissioners, 5, 490.
• Berr, Cerf (Herz Medelsheim, 1730–1793), representative of the Alsatian Jews, 5, 351.
• character of, 5, 430.
• services of, to the Alsatian Jews, 5, 430, 431.
• services of, to the government, 5, 430.
• draws Jews to Strasburg, 5, 431.
• member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 431.
• a representative French Jew, 5, 436.
• accused of bribing, 5, 447.
• culture of the family of, 5, 476.
• brother-in-law of, 5, 484.
• Berr, Lipmann Cerf, speaks in the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 487.
• Berr, Michael (1780–1843), first Jewish attorney in France, addresses the princes of Europe, 5, 460.
• deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 482.
• a state officer in Westphalia, 5, 500.
• member of the Westphalian Consistory, 5, 501.
• addresses the Congress of Aix on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 527.
• Berthold, bishop of Strasburg, at the council of Benfelden, 4, 107.
• Bertinoro. See Obadiah di Bertinoro.
• Bertolio, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 445.
• Bertrand, cardinal-legate, forbids baptized children to return to Judaism, 3, 514.
• Berytus. See Beyrout.
• Besht. See Israel of Miedziboz.
• Bessarabia, Frankists in, 5, 283.
• Bethany, Jesus in, 2, 160.
• the Synhedrion removed to, 2, 240.
• suburb of Jerusalem, 2, 292.
• Bethar, fortress, 2, 414.
• Bar-Cochba retreats to, 2, 416–17.
• legends about, 2, 417.
• siege of, 2, 417–19.
• fall of, 2, 418–19.
• Betharamata. See Beth-Ramatha.
• Beth-Din, name of the Synhedrion, 2, 325.
• Bethel, taken by the Ephraimites, 1, 34.
• description of, 1, 45.
• Samuel holds assemblies at, 1, 78.
• a center of idolatry, 1, 186.
• an association of prophets at, 1, 205, 234.
• visited by Elijah, 1, 208.
• bull-worship at, 1, 233.
• capital of Jeroboam II, 1, 233.
• Amos at, 1, 235, 236.
• Cuthæans worship at, 1, 285.
• purged of idolatry, 1, 294.
• priests of, killed, 1, 295.
• military station under Hadrian, 2, 419.
• Bethhagla, fortress, besieged by Bacchides, 1, 493.
• Beth-Haran, balm of Gilead found near, 1, 43.
• Beth-horon, battle of, won by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 462.
• camp of Nicanor at, 1, 485.
• Cestius Gallus retreats from, 2, 266–7.
• Beth Israel, third Amsterdam synagogue, 4, 680.
• Beth Jacob, first Amsterdam synagogue, 4, 667, 671.
• poem in honor of, 4, 678–9.
• Bethlehem, birthplace of David, 1, 95–6.
• camp of the Philistines, 1, 116.
• children of, murdered by Herod, 2, 116.
• the expected birthplace of the Messiah, 2, 161.
• statue of Adonis worshiped at, 2, 422.
• nunnery at, 2, 623.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
• Bethmaon, Josephus and the men of Tiberias meet at, 2, 279.
• Bethome, Pharisee fortress, 2, 45.
• Bethoron. See Beth-horon.
• Bethpage, suburb of Jerusalem, 2, 292.
• Beth-Ramatha (Betharamata), palace of, destroyed, 2, 125.
• re-named Livia, 2, 138.
• Bethsaida, Jesus in, 2, 157.
• Bethsan (Bethshan). See Bethshean.
• Bethshean (Bethsan, Scythopolis), bodies of Saul and Jonathan dishonored at, 1, 104.
• Greek citizens of, resist Joseph, 1, 425.
• refuge of Antiochus IX, 2, 10.
• recovered by the sons of John Hyrcanus, 2, 11.
• Judæans of, massacred, 2, 262–3.
• sparsely inhabited by Jews in the sixth century, 3, 12.
• Bethshearim, temporary seat of the Synhedrion, 2, 452.
• Beth-Shemesh, battle of, between the kings of Israel and Judah, 1, 224–5.
• Bethsur. See Beth-Zur.
• Beth-Waad, religious school in the Sopheric age, 1, 396.
• Beth-Zachariah, the battle of, Judas Maccabæus defeated at, 1, 479.
• Judæans slain at, by Bacchides, 1, 483.
• Beth-Zur (Bethsur), Judas Maccabæus victorious at, 1, 469–70.
• stronghold against the Idumæans, 1, 473.
• garrison of, surrenders to Lysias, 1, 479.
• reinforced by Bacchides, 1, 491.
• Hellenists take refuge in, 1, 494.
• garrisoned by the Hasmonæans, 1, 498.
• under Simon Tharsi, 1, 523, 524.
• Alexander Jannæus and Cleopatra make a league at, 2, 41.
• Beugnot, Napoleon’s state councilor, favors Jewish emancipation, 5, 480.
• helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 5, 500.
• Beyrout, the Judæans of, perish in the arena, 2, 312.
• Beyrout (Bairut, Berytus), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.
• protected by European consuls, 5, 641.
• appeal to European Jews, 5, 651.
• Bezalel Masserano, requests permission for Jews to own Talmud copies, 4, 658.
• Bezetha, suburb of Jerusalem, fortified by Agrippa, 2, 195.
• destroyed by Cestius Gallus, 2, 265.
• seized by the Romans, 2, 303.
• Béziers (Biterræ), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.
• synagogue of, sold, 4, 48.
• Béziers, the council of, inflicts hardships upon the Albigenses, 3, 581.
• renews ancient restrictions against the Jews, 3, 581–2.
• prohibits Jews from practicing medicine among Christians, 3, 582, 583.
• Béziers, the Jews of, attacked at Eastertide, 3, 173–4, 394.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 394–5.
• under Count Roger, 3, 395.
• suffering of, during the Albigensian crusades, 3, 502–3.
• excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.
• Bible, the. See Law, the; Old Testament, the; Pentateuch, the; Scriptures, the; Septuagint, the; Translation; Vulgate, the; and under its various books.
• Bible exegesis. See Exegesis.
• “Bible for Israelites,” by Sachs, 5, 693.
• “Biblical Orient, The,” ascribed to Isaac Bernays, 5, 575.
• on the symbolism of Judaism, 5, 575–6.
• emphasizes the historical mission of the Jews, 5, 576.
• Bidkar, follower of Jehu, 1, 211.
• Biester, admirer of Mendelssohn, 5, 372.
• Bilbeïs, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 444.
• Bing, Isaiah Berr (1759–1805), writes a defense of the Jews, 5, 434.
• Birah, the. See Acra, the; Antonia.
• Birath, camp of Bacchides, 1, 486.
• Birchath ha-Minim, curse of the Jewish Christians, 2, 379–80.
• Biri, religiousness of the inhabitants of, 2, 480.
• Birtha. See Bitra.
• Biterræ. See Béziers.
• Bither. See Bethar.
• Bitra, the Jews of, hostile to Julian the Apostate, 2, 601–2.
• Black Death, the, ravages of, 4, 100, 133, 135.
• Jews charged with having caused, 4, 101–2, 188; 5, 728.
• in southern France, 4, 102.
• in Spain, 4, 102–3, 112–13.
• in Switzerland, 4, 103–5, 106–7.
• in Germany, 4, 105, 111, 133.
• in Austria, 4, 110.
• in Hungary, 4, 111.
• in Poland, 4, 111–12.
• in Belgium, 4, 112.
• in Catalonia, 4, 112–13.
• in Castile, 4, 113.
• Black Forest, the, the Jews of, molested by Lutheran peasants, 4, 542–3.
• Black Prince, the. See Edward, prince of Wales.
• Black Sea, the, Jews settle on the shores of, 3, 123.
• serfs on, 5, 2.
• Blanche, mother of Louis IX, at the disputation on the Talmud, 3, 576.
• refuses to banish the Jews, 3, 585.
• Blanche de Bourbon, wife of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 116–17.
• party of, 4, 117.
• meditates the banishment of the Spanish Jews, 4, 117.
• murder of, resolved on, 4, 121–2.
• death of, attributed to the Jews, 4, 122.
• illegality of the marriage of, 4, 122.
• Blandrata, disciple of Servetus, 4, 647.
• Bloch, Mattathias, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 133, 137.
• Blois, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 3, 378–81.
• fast prescribed for, 3, 380–1.
• Blood accusation, the, first preferred in Blois in 1171, 3, 378–81.
• under Philip Augustus, 3, 402.
• in Germany in the twelfth century, 3, 418.
• preferred by Innocent III, 3, 499.
• against the Baden Jews, 3, 564.
• in Germany and France in the thirteenth century, 3, 583–5.
• disproved by Innocent IV, 3, 584–5, 635.
• in England under Henry III, 3, 591.
• believed by Alfonso X, 3, 596.
• under Rudolph of Habsburg, 3, 635–7.
• at Mayence, 3, 636.
• at Munich, 3, 636–7.
• in England, 3, 643.
• against the Jews of Austria, 4, 223–4.
• in South Germany, 4, 227.
• against the Jews of Palma, 4, 246–7.
• against the Jews of Silesia, 4, 261–2.
• forbidden by Casimir IV of Poland, 4, 264.
• against the Jews of Trent, 4, 298–9, 304, 307.
• in Ratisbon, 4, 301–2, 304–5.
• not believed by Emperor Frederick III, 4, 305.
• the Jews of Castile charged with, 4, 343–4.
• the Jews of Neuburg charged with, 4, 545.
• injustice of, shown by a Lutheran pastor, 4, 545–6.
• preferred by Dr. John Eck, 4, 546–7.
• preferred by Luther, 4, 550.
• denounced by Stephen Bathori, 4, 642.
• preferred by William Prynne, 5, 45.
• Manasseh ben Israel defends the Jews from, 5, 47–9.
• the Jews of Metz charged with, 5, 174–5.
• Richard Simon disproves, 5, 175–6.
• Moses Germanus disproves, 5, 177.
• denounced by John Wülfer, 5, 185.
• denounced by Wagenseil, 5, 187.
• endorsed by Eisenmenger, 5, 187, 188.
• preferred by the Frankists, 5, 279.
• Jews acquitted of, by Benedict XIV, 5, 282.
• Jews acquitted of, by Clement XIII, 5, 285.
• Believed by the papal nuncio Serra, 5, 286.
• not refuted at Lemberg, 5, 287.
• threatened to be brought in Damascus, 5, 633.
• the Damascus Jews charged with, 5, 636.
• alleged to be proved from the Talmud, 5, 639.
• brought against the Jews of Rhodes, 5, 640–1.
• a Jülich Jew charged with, 5, 642.
• groundlessness of, asserted by apostates, 5, 650.
• groundlessness of, asserted by the London rabbis, 5, 654–5.
• refuted by Mehmet Ali, 5, 661.
• firman securing the Turkish Jews against, 5, 662.
• refuted by Zunz, 5, 669.
• See also Child-murder; Host-desecration.
• Boabdil. See Muley Abu-Abdallah.
• Bodenlaube, castle, Süsskind of Trimberg at, 3, 420.
• Bodo, bishop, accepts Judaism, 3, 168–9.
• hatred of, towards Christians, 3, 169.
• Boëthius, a notability of the sixth century, 3, 31.
• Boëthus, a family of high priests, 2, 108, 237.
• Boëthusans, a Sadducee sect, 2, 108.
• Bohemia, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.
• a Talmud center, 3, 420–1.
• adopts Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 569.
• Jews emigrate to, from Hungary, 4, 111.
• Austrian exiles settle in, 4, 224.
• Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.
• Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 208, 228.
• Jews excluded from parts of, 5, 523.
• rabbis of, oppose the Brunswick conference, 5, 682.
• Bohemia, the Jews of, carry on the slave trade, 3, 305.
• suffer during the first crusade, 3, 305.
• determine to emigrate, 3, 307.
• plundered, 3, 308.
• suffer during the second crusade, 3, 356.
• address Solomon ben Adret on religious questions, 3, 620.
• suffer during the Hartmann von Deggenburg persecution, 4, 98.
• charged with host-desecration, 4, 164–6.
• threatened with expulsion, 4, 417.
• take refuge in Poland, 4, 420, 631–2.
• charged with incendiarism, 4, 544.
• exiled, 4, 544.
• recalled, 4, 545.
• submit religious questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.
• heavily taxed, 4, 652, 702; 5, 508.
• rights of, extended, 4, 707.
• suspected of treason, 5, 252.
• banished, 5, 252.
• modify their synagogue service, 5, 582.
• Böhme, Jacob, mystic, disciple of, 5, 24.
• Boleslav Pius, confirms Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 4, 111, 263.
• Bologgin. See Balkin.
• Bologna, synod at, 4, 218.
• Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.
• Marranos well treated at, 4, 525.
• Bologna, the Jews of, expelled, 3, 421.
• persecuted by Pius V, 4, 590–1.
• flee to Ferrara, 4, 591.
• Bomberg, Daniel, publishes the Babylonian Talmud, 4, 468.
• a rabbinical Bible, 4, 476.
• Bonafides, character in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 325.
• Bonafoux Vidal, opposes the study of science, 4, 28.
• Bonafoux, Daniel Israel, Sabbatian, 5, 207.
• convert to Islam, 5, 208.
• Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, French reactionary leader, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 477–9.
• maligns the Jews, 5, 478, 485.
• in league with Molé, 5, 479.
• Bonastruc de Porta. See Moses ben Nachman.
• Bonastruc Desmaëstre, at the Tortosa disputation, 4, 208.
• Bonastruc, Isaac. See Isaac Bonastruc.
• Bonet. See David Bonet Buen-Giorno.
• Bonet, a Jew of Montpellier, 3, 395.
• Bonet de Lates, physician, to Pope Alexander VI, 4, 407–8.
• to Leo X, 4, 408.
• letter to, from Reuchlin, 4, 453, 454.
• espouses Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 454.
• Bonfed. See Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed.
• Bonifaccio, Balthasar, accuser of Sarah Sullam, 5, 70.
• Boniface VIII, pope, at odds with Philip IV of France, 4, 44.
• Boniface IX, pope, forbids the forcible baptism of Jews, 4, 173.
• Bonnet, Caspar, work of, translated by Lavater, 5, 309.
• works of, criticised by Mendelssohn, 5, 312–13, 314–15.
• disclaims connection with Lavater, 5, 313–14.
• Bonosus, governor of the East, subdues the Jews of Antioch, 3, 18.
• “Book of Creation, The,” commentary on, 3, 197.
• “Book of Riches, The,” work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 261.
• “Book of the Pious, The,” by Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac, 3, 408.
• Book of the Wars of God, early Hebrew poetry, 1, 29.
• “Book of Wisdom, The,” against paganism, 2, 205–8.
• Boppard, the blood accusation in, 3, 418, 637, 639.
• Boraïta, an apocryphal Mishna, 2, 470.
• Boraïtas, explained by Abba-Areka, 2, 515.
• by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.
• Bordeaux, the Marranos in, 5, 341.
• German Jews in, 5, 342.
• struggle in, between German and Portuguese Jews, 5, 342–3.
• foreign Jews ejected from, 5, 343–4.
• Bordeaux, the Jews of, maltreated by crusaders, 3, 570.
• perish during the Pastoureaux massacres, 4, 56.
• addressed in behalf of the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.
• in Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.
• number of, 5, 435.
• prosperity of, 5, 436.
• join the National Guard, 5, 438.
• on the Jewish question, 5, 442.
• emancipated, 5, 442–3.
• not affected by Napoleon’s restrictive laws, 5, 499.
• Borgia, cardinal. See Alexander VI, pope.
• Börne, Ludwig (1786–1837), employed in the Frankfort ducal police, 5, 505, 541.
• defends the German Jews, 5, 533.
• as a Jew, 5, 536.
• as a German, 5, 536–7.
• apostle of liberty, 5, 537, 538–9.
• resemblance of, to Mendelssohn, 5, 538.
• despises the Jews of his time, 5, 538, 540.
• sobriety of, 5, 538.
• life of, in Frankfort, 5, 539.
• style of, 5, 539.
• feeling of, for Jews, 5, 539–40.
• insults offered to, as a Jew, 5, 540–1.
• defends the Jews, 5, 541–2.
• publishes a journal, 5, 542.
• becomes a Christian, 5, 542.
• wit of, 5, 542.
• on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, 5, 542–3.
• answers Dr. Holst, 5, 543–4.
• compared with Heine, 5, 544.
• early home-life of, 5, 545.
• debt of the Jews to, 5, 556.
• debt of Germany to, 5, 556.
• compared with Erter, 5, 615.
• Boso, king of Burgundy, and the Jews, 3, 175.
• Bosporus, the, Jews settle on, 3, 123.
• a Karaite community on, 3, 182.
• Bosporus (Kertch), capital of the Crimea, 3, 222.
• Bossuet, bishop, applauds Richard Simon’s exegesis, 5, 179.
• Bostanaï, Exilarch, restores the office to power, 3, 10.
• recognized as chief of the Jews, 3, 89.
• marries a daughter of Chosru, 3, 89.
• vassal of the Mahometans, 3, 89.
• permitted to wear a signet ring, 3, 89–90.
• dissensions among the sons of, 3, 91.
• descendants of, and the college presidents, 3, 91.
• descendants of, inherit the Exilarchate, 3, 94.
• Sherira a descendant of, 3, 232.
• line of, described in Sherira’s “Letter,” 3, 233.
• Bostra, birthplace of Simon ben Lakish, 2, 495.
• Botarel, Moses. See Moses Botarel.
• Bourbon dynasty, the, restored to the French throne, 5, 512, 596.
• Bourges, the archbishop of, anti-Jewish sentiments of, 3, 171.
• “Bow and Buckler,” polemic by Simon ben Zemach Duran, 4, 238.
• Brabant, soldiers of, enlisted against the Hussites, 4, 225.
• Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, and David Gans, 4, 638.
• Brancas, duke of, given the Jews of Metz, 5, 348, 446.
• Brandenburg, the Mark of, Jews settle in, 5, 173–4.
• Brandenburg, the Mark of, the Jews of, accused of host-desecration, 4, 439–40.
• charged with child murder, 4, 440.
• burnt, 4, 440.
• threatened with expulsion, 4, 652.
• Bray, the Jews of, suffer martyrdom, 3, 404.
• Brazil, Paul de Pina in, 4, 670.
• the Jewish community in, 4, 693–4.
• Breidenbach, Wolff (1751–1829), interested in the abolition of the poll-tax, 5, 467, 468, 472.
• Bremen, Jews admitted into, 5, 507.
• Bremen, the Jews of, threatened with banishment, 5, 512.
• banished, 5, 520.
• Brendel, professor, attacked for defending the Jews, 5, 528.
• Brentano, representative of the romantic school, 5, 515.
• Breslau, the clergy of, upbraided by John of Capistrano, 4, 260–1.
• Chayon at, 5, 218.
• anti-Jewish pamphlets published in, 5, 470.
• rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• the Hamburg reforms adopted in, 5, 573.
• a German-Jewish church in, 5, 682.
• a Jewish seminary at, 5, 699, 700.
• Breslau, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109–10.
• engaged in money-lending, 4, 260.
• charged with host-desecration, 4, 261.
• tortured, 4, 261.
• burnt or banished, 4, 262–3.
• join the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.
• apostasy among, 5, 420.
• Bresselau, Mendel J., Hebrew style of, 5, 398.
• establishes a society and a journal, 5, 398, 399.
• compiles a liturgy, 5, 564.
• scourges the orthodox party, 5, 572.
• secretary of the Reform Temple Union, 5, 672.
• Bretagne, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.
• “Bridle for the Jews, The,” by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.
• Brieli, Jehuda Leon (1643–1722), rabbi of Mantua, innovations of, 5, 200.
• opponent of the Kabbala, 5, 200.
• opposes Chayon, 5, 225.
• Bristol, a Jew of, tortured by King John, 3, 505.
• Britain, rebels against Hadrian, 2, 399.
• Brody, the Chassidim in, 5, 388.
• ban against the Chassidim published in, 5, 392.
• Chassidistic writings burned in, 5, 393.
• beginnings of culture among the Jews of, 5, 612.
• Broglie, Duc de, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 447.
• Bromet, Herz, member of the Felix Libertate, 5, 453.
• zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 454.
• deputy to the National Assembly, 5, 458.
• Broussa, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.
• the Jews of, and the Pesaro trade, 4, 579.
• Brühl, Saxon minister. Jewish agent of, 5, 263.
• and Eibeschütz’s supporters, 5, 263.
• indifferent about Polish affairs, 5, 282.
• Bruna, Israel. See Israel Bruna.
• Brunetta, a Jewess of Trent, on friendly terms with Christians, 4, 297.
• charged with the blood accusation, 4, 298.
• Brunhilde, of Austrasia, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.
• Brünn, the Jews of, banished, 4, 263.
• Israel Bruna exiled from, 4, 302.
• Jews under restrictions in, 5, 523.
• Brunswick, rabbinical conference at, 5, 677–8, 681–2.
• Brunswick, the duke of, honors Mendelssohn, 5, 308.
• commends Mendelssohn’s reply to Lavater, 5, 313.
• conversation of, with Mendelssohn, on Christian dogmas, 5, 315.
• Brunswick, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 652.
• deprived of civil rights, 5, 512.
• Brunswick-Lüneburg abolishes the poll-tax, 5, 467.
• Bruria (Valeria), wife of Rabbi Meïr, 2, 436.
• Brussels, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 112.
• expelled, 4, 662.
• Brutus, Roman leader, suicide of, 2, 81.
• Buchholz, opposes Jewish emancipation, 5, 468, 472.
• Buda, the council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, 3, 614–15.
• Buda-Pesth, rabbinical college at, 5, 700.
• See also Pesth.
• Budnians, anti-Trinitarian sect, 4, 647.
• Budny, Simon, translates the Bible into Polish, 4, 647.
• Buen-Giorno. See David Bonet Buen-Giorno.
• Buffon, praises Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.
• Bugia (Buja), refuge for Spanish Jews, 4, 197.
• suffering of Spanish exiles in, 4, 361.
• Bulan, king of the Chazars, convert to Judaism, 3, 139–40, 327.
• Bulgarians, the, friendly to the Jews, 3, 123.
• vassals to the Chazars, 3, 138.
• Bulls, papal, by Benedict XIII, 4, 215–16.
• Boniface IX, 4, 173.
• Clement IV, 3, 602.
• Clement VI, 4, 103, 105, 173.
• Clement VII, 4, 507, 515, 516.
• Clement VIII, 4, 671.
• Eugenius III, 3, 349–51.
• Eugenius IV, 4, 229, 250, 251.
• Gregory IX, 3, 564.
• Gregory X, 3, 635.
• Innocent III, 3, 497.
• Innocent IV, 3, 584–5; 4, 165.
• Julius III, 4, 565.
• Martin V, 4, 219–20, 226.
• Nicholas V, 4, 253, 254, 256, 287.
• Paul III, 4, 516, 522, 526.
• Paul IV, 4, 566.
• Pius IV, 4, 588, 589.
• Pius V, 4, 591.
• Sixtus IV, 4, 311, 319, 321, 322.
• Sixtus V, 4, 655–6, 658.
• against the immigration of Jews in Palestine, 4, 274.
• Buol Schauenstein, Count von, protects the Frankfort Jews, 5, 530.
• Burgos, Kabbala taught in, 4, 6.
• disputation at, 4, 140.
• coronation of Juan I at, 4, 156.
• Burgos, the cortes of, make the Jews responsible for the civil war, 4, 124–5.
• oppose the employment of Jews, 4, 229.
• Burgos, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.
• taxed heavily, 4, 123, 124.
• persecuted, 4, 170.
• converted, 4, 205.
• Burgundians, the, the empire of, the Jews of, not considered a distinct race, 3, 35.
• occupations of, 3, 35–6.
• discriminated against, 3, 37.
• Burgundy, the Jews of, presented to the Church, 3, 175.
• Burnt-offerings, Samuel on the importance of, 1, 74.
• Jochanan ben Zakkai on, 2, 324, 325.
• Burrus, Nero’s secretary, bribed to oppose the Judæans, 2, 247.
• Bury St. Edmunds, the Jews of, butchered, 3, 415.
• Busche, Hermann von, partisan of Reuchlin, 4, 456.
• Buxtorf, John, senior (1564–1639), renders rabbinical studies accessible to Christians, 5, 21.
• Buxtorfs, the, introduce rabbinical literature to Christians, 5, 179.
• Byk, Jacob Solomon, Hebrew style of, 5, 617.
• Byron, quoted, 4, 127.
• Byzantine emperors, the, Jews under, 5, 725–6.
• Byzantine empire, the, attacked by the Agadists, 3, 16.
• in fear of the Chazars, 3, 138.
• fall of, 4, 267.
• toleration of, 4, 285.
• Byzantine empire, the, the Jews of, under Arcadius, 2, 615–16.
• forbidden to build synagogues, 2, 617.
• treated with hostility, 3, 10.
• forced into Christianity, 3, 122–3.
• emigrate, 3, 123–4.
• in the ninth century, 3, 175–6.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 424–8.
• not admitted to military offices, 3, 425.
• brutal treatment of, 3, 425.
• poets among, 3, 426.
• C
• Cabades. See Kobad.
• Caballeria, Alfonso de, Marrano, tries to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, 4, 329.
• Caballo, Jules, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.
• Cabiri, the seven planets worshiped by the Canaanites, 1, 54.
• Cabrera, governor of the castle of Segovia, 4, 283.
• Cabul, fortress, 2, 414.
• fall of, 2, 416.
• religiousness of the inhabitants of, 2, 480.
• Caceres, Simon de, opens a Jewish burial-ground in London, 5, 49.
• Cacina, Roman consul, and Titus, 2, 317.
• Cadiz, Marranos flee to, 4, 313.
• victims of the Inquisition in the archbishopric of, 4, 317.
• taken by the English, 4, 665.
• Cæsar, Julius, in the first triumvirate, 2, 73.
• frees Aristobulus II, 2, 75.
• favors Antipater, 2, 75–6.
• kindly disposed to the Judæans, 2, 76, 179.
• hated by the Judæans of Palestine, 2, 77.
• murder of, 2, 79.
• remits the tax during the Sabbatic year, 2, 469.
• Cæsar, Sextus, governor of Syria, honors Herod, 2, 78.
• makes Hyrcanus II responsible for the life of Herod, 2, 78.
• Cæsarea (Mazaca). See Mazaca.
• Cæsarea (Straton), beautified by Herod, 2, 106.
• trade and shipping of, 2, 118.
• seat of the procurator, 2, 129.
• residence of Herod (Philip), 2, 173.
• favored by Agrippa I, 2, 194.
• destroyed by an earthquake, 2, 408–9.
• made an academic city, 2, 543.
• anti-Christian riot in, 3, 17.
• played into the hands of the Arabs, 3, 87.
• Cæsarea (Straton), the Greek inhabitants of, rejoice over Agrippa I’s death, 2, 196.
• hate the Judæans, 2, 246–7.
• quarrel with the Judæans, 2, 252–3.
• Cæsarea (Straton), the Jews of, Greek culture of, 2, 538.
• devoted to circus sports, 2, 626.
• Cæsarea (Straton), the Judæans of, deprived of civil rights, 2, 247.
• exterminated, 2, 262.
• perish in the arena, 2, 312.
• Cæsarea Philippi, built by the tetrarch Philip, 2, 138.
• capital of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 158.
• Judæans of, perish in the arena, 2, 312.
• Cæsars, the, sacrifices offered for, 2, 103.
• Cafri, native town of Rabba bar Chana, 2, 454.
• Cain, the Choic type of the Gnostics, 2, 377.
• Cainites, a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.
• Cairo (Fostat), a Karaite community in, 3, 182.
• Talmud study encouraged in, 3, 208, 210.
• Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 340–1.
• two synagogues of, 3, 444.
• Karaites of, 3, 444; 4, 71.
• Maimonides at, 3, 457–92.
• hospital at, 3, 495.
• Spanish spoken at, 4, 388.
• Spanish exiles in, 4, 392–96.
• Purim of, 4, 396.
• Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 76.
• Cairo, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 444.
• maltreated, 4, 396.
• establish schools, 5, 664.
• reconciled with the Karaites, 5, 664.
• Calabrese. See Chayim Vital Calabrese.
• Calabria, the Jews of, subject to curial duties, 2, 616.
• invaded by the Mahometans, 3, 212.
• Calahorra, Abraham Ibn-Ezra dies at, 3, 374.
• Calatayud, the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, 4, 330.
• Calatayud, the Jews of, excommunicate anti-Maimunists, 3, 537.
• converted, 4, 214.
• Calatrava, fortress, taken by Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, 3, 361.
• Calderon, dramatist, 5, 112.
• Calderon, the Jewish, 5, 110–11.
• Calendar, the, arranged by the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 326.
• fixed by astronomical calculations, 2, 336.
• fixed by the Patriarchs, 2, 362–3.
• corrected by Akiba’s disciples, 2, 433.
• arranged by Chananya, 2, 443.
• drawn up by Mar-Samuel, 2, 521–2, 574.
• the computation of, forbidden, 2, 571.
• fixed adopted by Hillel II, 2, 572–4.
• method of calculating, 2, 573.
• Jewish, adopted by the Arabs, 3, 59–60.
• fixed, abolished by Anan ben David, 3, 131.
• fixed, rejected by the Tiflisites, 3, 158.
• key to, by Nachshon ben Zadok, 3, 179.
• Karaite, attacked by Saadiah, 3, 190–1.
• rules of, collected by Saadiah, 3, 196.
• work on, by Dunash ben Tamim, 3, 211, 217.
• Isaac Ibn-Albalia on, 3, 283.
• accuracy of, demonstrated, 3, 313.
• work on, by Maimonides, 3, 451.
• used by the Karaites, 4, 270.
• See also Ibbur.
• Caligula, emperor, distinguishes Agrippa I, 2, 174–5, 176.
• divine honor to the images of, 2, 183–4.
• hates the Judæans, 2, 187.
• statues of, in the Temple, 2, 188–9.
• assassinated, 2, 189.
• Judaism defended before, 5, 654.
• Caliphate of the East, the. See Abbasside Caliphate, the.
• Calixtus, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, 3, 376; 4, 275.
• Callimandrus, Egyptian general against the Judæans, 2, 11.
• Calliopas, charioteer, causes a riot, 3, 11.
• “Calumniator, The,” sobriquet of Joshua Lorqui, 4, 217.
• Calvin, and Michael Scotus, 4, 541.
• Cambridge, the Jews of, expelled, 3, 641.
• Cambyses, of Persia, death of, 1, 358.
• Camith, family of high priests, 2, 237.
• Campanton. See Isaac ben Jacob Campanton.
• Campeggio, cardinal, on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.
• Campo Formio, peace of, and the poll tax of French Jews in Germany, 5, 464.
• Campo-Mayor, refuge for Spanish Marranos, 4, 498.
• “Can the Jews remain in their present condition without harm to the state?” anti-Jewish pamphlet, 5, 469–70.
• Canaan, entry of Israelites into, 1, 1, 32.
• description of the coast of, 1, 2–3.
• claimed by the Israelites, 1, 4–5.
• rapid conquest of, 1, 39–40.
• becomes the Holy Land, 1, 41.
• not entirely conquered, 1, 50–1.
• See Palestine.
• Canaanites, the, description of, 1, 2–4.
• subdivisions of, 1, 3.
• trade of, 1, 3.
• cities of, 1, 3.
• at war with Asher and Naphtali, 1, 37.
• dwell with the tribe of Judah, 1, 39.
• in dread of the Israelites, 1, 40.
• heathenism of, 1, 51.
• idol worship of, 1, 54.
• relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–8.
• suffer under David, 1, 131.
• help to build the Temple, 1, 163.
• See Gibeonites; Jebusites; Philistines, etc.
• Candia. See Crete.
• Canea, the Jews of, importance of, 4, 406.
• Canon, the, of the Holy Writings, completed, 2, 344.
• See Scriptures, the.
• Cansino family, the, dragomans in Oran, 5, 169.
• Cantheras, family of high priests, 2, 237.
• Caorsini (Ultramontanes), usury practiced by, 3, 510.
• Capernaum (Kephar Nahum), Jesus successful in, 2, 153–7.
• the first church at, 2, 565.
• Capets, the first, the Jews oppressed under, 3, 241–2.
• Caphar-Salama, the battle of, Judas Maccabæus victorious at, 1, 484.
• Caphtor, the original home of the Philistines, 1, 54.
• Capistrano. See John of Capistrano.
• Capnion. See Reuchlin, John.
• Capo d’Istrias, Russian plenipotentiary, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 527.
• Cappadocia, study of the Law in, 2, 358.
• the Jews of, under Shabur I, 2, 520, 526.
• “Captives of Hope, The,” drama by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.
• Captivity, the, the return from, 1, 351–6.
• See Babylonia, the Judæans of.
• Captivity, the, Princes of. See Exilarchate, the; Exilarchs, the.
• Capua, the Jews of in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Hillel of Verona in, 3, 629.
• Carabas, impersonates Agrippa I, 2, 182.
• Caracalla, emperor, vices of, 2, 468.
• relation of, to the Jews, 2, 468–9.
• exacts the tax during the Sabbatic year, 2, 469.
• Caraffa, Pietro. See Paul IV, pope.
• Çarça, Samuel. See Samuel Çarça.
• Carcassonne, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.
• Cardoso, Abraham Michael (1630–1706), Marrano, resumes Judaism, 5, 163.
• occupations and morality of, 5, 164.
• figures as a Sabbatian prophet, 5, 164–5.
• proclaims himself Sabbataï’s successor, 5, 207.
• writings of, 5, 208, 248.
• writings of, burned, 5, 220.
• Cardoso, (Isaac) Fernando (1615–1680), Marrano physician, resumes Judaism, 5, 163.
• occupations and life of, 5, 164.
• anti-Sabbatian, 5, 164, 165.
• Sachs compared with, 5, 688.
• Cardozo, Elihu Aboab, erects a synagogue at Hamburg, 4, 689.
• Carenton, the Jews of, attacked by crusaders, 3, 355.
• Carians, the, mercenary troops employed by Athaliah, 1, 214.
• in sympathy with Joash, 1, 215–6.
• Carinthia, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 427.
• Carlovingians, the last, the Jews oppressed under, 3, 241–2.
• Carlsruhe, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530.
• the Hamburg reforms adopted in, 5, 573.
• Carmel, Mount, description of, 1, 44.
• considered holy by the Canaanites, 1, 51.
• Elijah lives on, 1, 203.
• Elisha lives on, 1, 208.
• north-western limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• Carmelite district, the, of Paris, commends the Jews, 5, 444.
• Carmona, the Marranos of, resist the Inquisition, 4, 313.
• conspirators of, burnt, 4, 317.
• Carpentras, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Carpentras, the Jews of, not banished by Charles VI, 4, 177.
• wealth of, 4, 592.
• number of, 5, 436.
• honor Crémieux and Montefiore, 5, 658.
• Carrion, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.
• persecuted, 4, 170.
• Carthage, captured by Genseric, 2, 611.
• the Temple vessels removed from, 3, 26.
• Carvajal, Fernandez (Isaac), a Jew secretly living in London, 5, 38.
• opens a Jewish burial ground, 5, 49.
• Casalmaggiore, the Jews of, number of, 4, 653.
• Casimir III, the Great, of Poland, extends the privileges of the Jews, 4, 111, 263.
• protects the Jews, 4, 111.
• Jewish mistress of, 4, 112.
• Casimir IV, of Poland, extends the privileges of the Jews, 4, 263–5, 419.
• under Capistrano’s influence, 4, 265–6.
• revokes the privileges of the Jews, 4, 266.
• sons of, 4, 419, 631.
• statute of, confirmed by Sigismund III, 4, 643.
• Caspe, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.
• Caspian Sea, the, Jews settle on the coast of, 3, 123.
• island in, refuge of the Chazars, 3, 222.
• Cassander, ally of Ptolemy I, at the battle of Ipsus, 1, 417.
• Cassel, meeting place of the Westphalian consistory, 5, 501.
• Cassiodorus, minister of Theodoric, 3, 30.
• homiletic exposition of the Psalms by, 3, 31.
• on the Jews, 3, 31.
• Cassius, Avidius, rebel, death of, 2, 463.
• Cassius Longinus, Caius, legate of Crassus, retreats before the Parthians, 2, 74.
• defeats the Judæan army, 2, 74.
• governor of Syria, forces contributions from Judæa, 2, 80.
• suicide of, 2, 81.
• Cassius Longinus, Caius, governor of Syria, occupies Jerusalem, 2, 197.
• Castel-Branco, João Rodrigo de. See Amatus Lusitanus.
• Castellane, de, deputy to the National Assembly, 5, 439.
• Castel-Narbonnais, refuge of the Jews from the Pastoureaux, 4, 56.
• Castile, lacks Talmud schools in the twelfth century, 3, 322.
• Jews in, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.
• war of, with Morocco, 4, 84.
• civil war in, 4, 118–19, 120–2, 123–6.
• union of, with Portugal, 4, 161.
• quarrel about the rabbinate of, 4, 161–2.
• forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, 4, 180.
• Marranos of, 4, 309. See under Marranos.
• exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• See also under Spain.
• Castile, the Jews of, under Alfonso VI, 3, 292–3.
• under Alfonso Raimundez, 3, 361, 363.
• oppose the Almohades, 3, 387.
• under Alfonso VIII, 3, 499.
• first persecution of, 3, 507.
• in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 530, 536, 544.
• under Alfonso X, 3, 592–6.
• under Ferdinand III, 3, 592.
• employed at court, 3, 593–4.
• degraded by Alfonso X, 3, 594–6.
• fined, 3, 616.
• under Sancho, 3, 616–17.
• taxed, 3, 617; 4, 125–6.
• send deputies to Huete, 3, 617.
• number of, 3, 617.
• opponents of science, 4, 38.
• in the fourteenth century, 4, 51–3.
• leaders of the Spanish-Jewish community, 4, 75.
• under Alfonso X, 4, 75–6.
• guilty of usury, 4, 80.
• Gonzalo Martinez conspires against, 4, 84–5.
• neglect Jewish science, 4, 86–7, 91.
• not held responsible for the Black Death, 4, 113.
• under Pedro the Cruel, 4, 113–26.
• aid Maria de Padilla, 4, 117.
• in the civil war, 4, 118–19, 120–2, 123–6.
• Pedro’s opponents hostile to, 4, 120–1.
• held responsible for the civil war, 4, 124–5, 167.
• reduced to beggary by the civil war, 4, 137.
• under Henry II, 4, 137–8.
• hostility to, 4, 138.
• degraded by outward signs, 4, 139.
• forced into religious debates, 4, 140–2.
• possess penal jurisdiction, 4, 155.
• deprived of criminal jurisdiction, 4, 157.
• accusations against, 4, 157.
• under Henry III, 4, 193.
• under Juan II, 4, 194, 203–4, 205–6, 228–9.
• assaulted, 4, 204–5.
• bull against, 4, 250–1.
• appeal to Juan II, 4, 251.
• insecurity of, under Juan II, 4, 252–3.
• under Henry IV, 4, 274–6.
• low position of, in Henry IV’s statute book, 4, 278.
• indispensable as financiers, 4, 279–80.
• warned of approaching danger, 4, 336.
• protected by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 343–4.
• help the Marranos, 4, 344.
• proclamation expelling, 4, 347–8.
• See also under Spain.
• Castile, New, the Jews of, taxed, 3, 617.
• Castro, an English Jew, and the Damascus affair, 5, 653.
• Castro, de, a noble Castilian family, 3, 363.
• Castro, Abraham de, Selim I’s master of the mint, benevolence of, 4, 393.
• informs against the Egyptian viceroy, 4, 395.
• Castro, Balthasar (Isaac) Orobio de (1620–1687), Marrano, professor of metaphysics at Salamanca, tortured, 5, 116.
• professor of medicine at Toulouse, 5, 117.
• associates with Spinoza, 5, 117.
• refutes Spinoza’s views, 5, 167.
• prominence of, 5, 199–200.
• Castro, Bendito (Baruch Nehemiah) de, physician, Sabbatian, 5, 140, 150.
• Castro, Moses de, antagonist of Jacob Berab, 4, 534–5.
• Castro, Rodrigo de (1560–1627), Marrano physician, ability of, 4, 686–7.
• owns landed property, 4, 688.
• Castro-Tartas, Isaac de, Marrano, martyrdom of, 5, 31–2.
• Casuistry, in the Mishna, 2, 475–6.
• Catalina of Lancaster, regent for Juan II of Castile, 4, 193.
• issues edicts concerning the Jews, 4, 203–4, 205–6, 275.
• death of, 4, 217, 228.
• Catalonia, part of Aragon, 3, 387.
• Catalonia, the Jews of, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 530.
• massacred, 4, 102–3.
• provide against the Black Death persecutions, 4, 112–13.
• possess penal jurisdiction, 4, 155.
• persecuted in 1391, 4, 172.
• converted, 4, 214.
• loyal to their faith, 4, 215.
• possessions of, sequestrated, 4, 349.
• Catechumens, the house of, supported by the Jews, 4, 566.
• Catherine, empress of Russia, member of the Berlin Academy, 5, 308.
• at war with Poland, 5, 388.
• Catherine, of Portugal, hostile to the Marranos, 4, 489.
• Catherine de Medici, queen mother in France, and Joseph Nassi, 4, 598.
• proposes her son for the Polish throne, 4, 604.
• Catholic Church, the, rise of, 2, 500.
• Catholic Church, the German, established, 5, 682.
• Catholic reaction, the, 4, 650–1.
• the Jews suffer under, 4, 652–3.
• Catholicism, more hostile to the Jews than Arianism, 3, 26.
• overthrown in England, 4, 541.
• and the romantic movement, 5, 516.
• See Christianity.
• Catholics, the, toleration of, under Valentinian I, 2, 603.
• hate Theodoric, 3, 29, 30.
• antagonized by the Arian Visigoths, 3, 44–5.
• in the Damascus affair, 5, 650–1, 662.
• See Christians, the.
• Catholics, the Greek, molest the Turkish Jews, 4, 552–3.
• Cathunho, Isaac, Marrano in Pernambuco, 4, 693.
• Catullus, Roman governor of Cyrene, executes Zealots, 2, 318.
• Caucasus, the, Jews settle in, 3, 123.
• under the Exilarch’s jurisdiction, 3, 429.
• Cavilhão, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.
• Ceba, Ansaldo, priest and poet, tries to convert Sarah Sullam, 5, 69–70.
• Cendebæus, Syrian general, invades Judæa, 1, 529.
• Ceneda, wagers a pound of his own flesh, 4, 657.
• Cenedæus, of Adiabene, relatives of, aid Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.
• Censorship of the press introduced by Caraffa, 4, 563.
• in Germany, 5, 532.
• Censorship of the Talmud under Jayme I of Aragon, 3, 603.
• advised by two popes, 4, 658.
• abuses of, 4, 659, 660.
• See under Talmud, the.
• Census, a, taken by David, 1, 137–8.
• of Judæans ordered by Augustus, 2, 129.
• arouses terror and dissension, 2, 130.
• resisted by the Zealots, 2, 133–4.
• in 66, 2, 251.
• “Centuries,” by Amatus Lusitanus, 4, 570.
• Cervera, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 94, 103.
• Cesis, de, cardinal, on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.
• Ceuta, the Jews of, emigrate, 3, 424.
• battle of, 4, 390.
• Ceylon, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 436.
• Chabar, teacher of the Law among the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.
• Chaberim, fellows, 2, 364.
• Chabib. See Amatus Lusitanus.
• Chabulon. See Cabul.
• Chaburah, order, 2, 364.
• Chacham, officer of the Synhedrion, 2, 360.
• office of, ceases, 2, 453.
• title of the Amsterdam rabbis, 4, 681.
• title of the Hamburg rabbis, 4, 689; 5, 577.
• Chacham Zevi. See Zevi Ashkenazi.
• Chacon, Castilian farmer of taxes, 4, 275.
• Chadija, wife of Mahomet, 3, 71.
• Chages, Jacob (1620–1674), recluse at Jerusalem, 5, 126.
• teacher of Nathan Ghazati, 5, 131.
• threatens Sabbataï Zevi with excommunication, 5, 132.
• Chages, Moses, denounces Chayon’s work as heretical, 5, 222.
• excommunicates Chayon, 5, 224.
• abused by the Amsterdam Portuguese Jews, 5, 224.
• excommunicated and driven from Amsterdam, 5, 226.
• in Altona, 5, 231.
• opposes Luzzatto’s Kabbala, 5, 238.
• threatens Kabbalistic writers with the ban, 5, 239.
• forbids the study of Kabbala to young men, 5, 241.
• deprecates leniency towards Eibeschütz, 5, 249–50.
• opposes the Eibeschütz Talmud edition, 5, 251.
• returns to Palestine, 5, 256.
• Chaggai (Haggai), teacher of the Law, attacks Judah II, 2, 485.
• a Palestinian Amora, 2, 560.
• member of the last Synhedrion, 2, 567.
• Chaibar, Israelites settle in, 3, 54.
• the Benu-Nadhir settle in, 3, 79.
• Chaibar, the Jews of, descendants of the Rechabites, fortifications held by, 3, 55.
• threatened by Mahomet, 3, 81–2.
• roused against Mahomet, 3, 82–3.
• driven away by Omar, 3, 85.
• preserve love for Arabic, 3, 111.
• object to Talmudic restraints, 3, 119.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 437.
• Chaifa, burial place of Nachmani and Yechiel of Paris, 3, 608.
• “Chain of Tradition, The,” by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, 4, 616.
• Chaireas, commander of the fortress Joazer, 1, 474.
• Chakan (Chagan), title of the Chazar kings, 3, 138.
• Chalafta, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• Chalcis, prince of. See Herod II.
• Chaldæan garrison in Judah, 1, 321.
• Chaldæans, the. See Nebuchadnezzar.
• Chaldaic translations of Scriptures, 2, 581–2.
• Chaldee, taught as a means of conversion, 4, 245.
• Chalil, vizir, tries to save Esther Kiera, 4, 630.
• Chama of Nahardea (356–377), Amora, 2, 593.
• principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 594.
• insignificance of, 2, 594–5.
• Chama ben Anilaï, a Jew of Sora, 2, 545–6.
• Chamath, military station under Hadrian, 2, 419.
• Chambéry, supposed center of the well poisoners, 4, 102.
• Chamiz, Joseph, physician, and Leo Modena, 5, 67.
• Kabbalist, 5, 74.
• Champagne, the home of Talmud studies after Rashi, 3, 289.
• Talmud college of, 3, 403.
• Chanan, prince of the Jews of Taima, 3, 437.
• Chanan of Iskia, restores the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 9.
• Chananel ben Chushiel, recognized as a Talmud authority, 3, 211, 248.
• busies himself with the Jerusalem Talmud, 3, 249.
• consults Haï Gaon, 3, 252.
• eulogizes Haï Gaon, 3, 253.
• Alfassi disciple of, 3, 285.
• writings of, the basis of Nathan ben Yechiel’s lexicon, 3, 290.
• Chananel Ibn-Askara, Kabbalist, 4, 74.
• Chananya, Agadist, 2, 575–6.
• Chananya (Achunaï), brother of Anan ben David, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 129.
• death of, 3, 137.
• Chananya, nephew of Joshua ben Chananya, joins Christianity, 2, 370.
• withdrawn from Jewish Christian influences, 2, 443.
• establishes a Synhedrion at Nahor-Pakod, 2, 443.
• arranges the calendar, 2, 443.
• and Simon II, 2, 443–4.
• dissolves his Synhedrion, 2, 444.
• Chananya, principal of the Sora academy, 3, 10.
• Chananya. See also Chanina.
• Chanceller, Jewish Portuguese official, 4, 159.
• Chanilaï. See Anilaï.
• Chanina, teacher of the Law, 2, 330.
• Chanina. See Mar-Chanina.
• Chanina bar Chama, refused permission to teach, 2, 456.
• to be appointed teacher by Gamaliel III, 2, 466.
• the oldest of the Amoraim, 2, 490.
• work of, 2, 490–1.
• compared with Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 2, 491.
• deserted by his disciples, 2, 491.
• veneration for, 2, 491.
• characterizes the people of Sepphoris, 2, 491–2.
• old age of, 2, 492.
• protects Mar-Samuel’s daughter, 2, 528.
• disciples of, 2, 531.
• Chanina ben Abbahu, at Tiberias, 2, 543.
• Chanina (Chananya) ben Teradion, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• refuses obedience to Hadrian’s decrees, 2, 427.
• suffers martyrdom, 2, 429.
• wife and daughter of, 2, 429, 436.
• Chaninaï, Babylonian Jewish judge, declares Bostanaï’s son legitimate, 3, 91.
• Chaninaï, Exilarch, 3, 10.
• Chaninaï, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 10.
• Chaninaï Kahana ben Huna (765–775), Gaon of Sora, 3, 137.
• Chanoch ben Moses (940–1014), attainments of, 3, 229.
• rabbi of Cordova, 3, 230.
• chief of the Andalusian Jews, 3, 236.
• dispute about the position of, 3, 237–8.
• deposed and re-instated, 3, 240.
• on the death of Jacob Ibn-Jau, 3, 241.
• death of, 3, 241.
• Chanukah (Hanukkah), Feast of Lights, instituted, 1, 472–3.
• introduced into Egypt, 2, 6–7.
• observed by pagans, 2, 384.
• abolished by Anan ben David, 3, 132.
• Charag, poll-tax of the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.
• Chares, leader of the Zealots in Gamala, 2, 289.
• Charisi. See Jehuda Alcharisi.
• Charlemagne, predecessors of, and the Jews, 3, 40.
• contributes to the advancement of the Jews, 3, 141, 143.
• protects the Jews, 3, 142.
• embassy of, to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.
• oath imposed by, on Jews testifying against Christians, 3, 144.
• Charles IV, emperor, protects the Jews, 4, 106.
• gives the Jews of Worms to the town, 4, 108.
• at war with Gunther of Schwarzburg, 4, 109.
• punishes the murderers of Jews, 4, 109–10.
• and the Jews of Nuremberg, 4, 110.
• asked to permit Jews to return to Augsburg, 4, 127–8.
• grants “servi cameræ” to the electors, 4, 128.
• deed of, concerning the Jews, 4, 695.
• Charles V, emperor, ambassador of, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 411.
• opposed to Reuchlin, 4, 464.
• adherents of, 4, 468.
• declares Luther an exile, 4, 469.
• refuses freedom of belief to Marranos, 4, 484.
• empowers the Inquisition to proceed against Lutherans, 4, 485.
• Nunes sent to, to learn about the Inquisition, 4, 490.
• threatens the liberty of Italy, 4, 492.
• treats Rome as a hostile city, 4, 497.
• liberates Reubeni from the Spanish Inquisition, 4, 499.
• crowned king of Italy, 4, 503.
• instrumental in the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507, 509, 517, 518.
• delivers Molcho and Reubeni to the Mantua Inquisition, 4, 510.
• imprisons Reubeni, 4, 511.
• hated by Clement VII, 4, 514.
• victorious at Tunis, 4, 517.
• hostile to Paul III, 4, 526.
• banishes the Jews from Naples, 4, 544.
• renews the privileges of the Jews, 4, 547.
• in debt to the Mendes bank, 4, 572.
• orders the Mendes property to be seized, 4, 573.
• expels the Jews from the Netherlands, 4, 661–2.
• Charles VII, anti-emperor, occupies Prague, 5, 251.
• Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, employs a Jewish physician, 3, 628.
• Charles, of Baden, grants the Jews political freedom, 5, 502–3.
• Charles I, of England, promotes the cause of liberty, 5, 25.
• Charles II, of England, the Jews under, 5, 141.
• Charles II, the Bald (843), king of the western Franks, friendly to the Jews, 3, 170, 172.
• condition of the Jews under, 3, 170–4.
• Charles III, the Simple (899–914), of France, grants the possessions of the Narbonne Jews to the Church, 3, 175.
• Charles IV, of France, death of, 4, 77.
• Charles V, of France, permits Jews to return, 4, 129.
• increases the privileges of the Jews, 4, 131, 133.
• prohibits forced attendance of Jews at churches, 4, 132.
• death of, 4, 150.
• Charles VI, of France, protects the Jews, 4, 152.
• and the rights of Jewish creditors, 4, 174.
• banishes the Jews, 4, 175–6.
• protects the exiles, 4, 176.
• Charles VIII, of France, conquers Naples, 4, 360.
• alliance against, 4, 373.
• Charles IX, of France, and the election of a Polish king, 4, 604.
• Charles X, of France, the emancipation of the Jews under, 5, 596.
• Charles III, of Navarre, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 184.
• Charles X, of Sweden, at war with Poland, 5, 15.
• Charles XI, of Sweden, inquires into Karaism, 4, 182.
• Charles XII, of Sweden, inquires into Karaism, 4, 184.
• Chasda of Cafri (217–309), a Babylonian Amora, 2, 545.
• disciple of Rab, 2, 552–3.
• good fortune of, 2, 553, 576, 585.
• estrangement between, and Huna, 2, 553.
• principal of the Sora academy, 2, 553.
• death of, 2, 553, 583.
• Chasdaï (670–730), Exilarch, 3, 92.
• Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas (1340–1410), philosopher, 4, 145–7.
• as Talmudist, 4, 146.
• exposes the weakness of Aristotelianism, 4, 146.
• disciple of Nissim Gerundi, 4, 146.
• character of, 4, 147.
• orthodoxy of, 4, 149.
• authority of, 4, 149–50, 230.
• imprisoned, 4, 150, 155.
• appealed to about the French rabbinate, 4, 150, 153.
• son of, martyr, 4, 172.
• describes the persecution of 1391, 4, 172.
• intrigue against, 4, 185.
• attacks the Christian dogmas, 4, 187–8.
• influences Profiat Duran, 4, 190.
• religious philosophy of, 4, 191–3, 240.
• creed of, 4, 193.
• disciple of, 4, 208, 239.
• anti-Christian polemic by, translated, 4, 235.
• views of, endorsed by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.
• studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.
• Chasdaï ben Solomon of Tudela, rabbi, denounces Chayim ben Gallipapa, 4, 149.
• ambition of, 4, 162.
• Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut (915–970), makes science a principle of Judaism, 3, 187.
• first representative of Judæo-European culture, 3, 188.
• protects Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 209–10, 228.
• corresponds with Dunash ben Tamim, 3, 211, 217.
• the founder of Judæo-Spanish culture, 3, 215, 223.
• modern character of, 3, 215–16.
• attainments of, 3, 216.
• as diplomat, 3, 216, 218–19.
• homage paid to, 3, 217.
• corresponds with Dossa, son of Saadiah, 3, 217.
• translates the work of Dioscorides, 3, 218.
• grieves over the Jewish dispersion, 3, 219.
• communicates with the king of the Chazars, 3, 219–22.
• honored by Alhakem, 3, 222.
• inspires poets, 3, 223–4.
• and Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 224–5, 226–7.
• invites Dunash Ibn-Labrat to Cordova, 3, 226.
• encourages the study of the Talmud in Spain, 3, 227–8.
• favors Chanoch ben Moses, 3, 230.
• death of, 3, 230.
• unique in Spanish-Jewish history, 3, 313.
• Chassidim (Chasidim, Assidæans), the, Nazarites under Simon the Just, 1, 422.
• opposed to the Hellenists, 1, 435–6.
• piety of, 1, 436, 490.
• exponents of the teachings of, 1, 436.
• incite the Judæans to steadfastness, 1, 457.
• hiding-places of, betrayed, 1, 457–8.
• killed in the caves, 1, 458.
• follow Mattathias the Hasmonæan, 1, 460.
• betrayed by Alcimus, 1, 483.
• a distinct party, 1, 489.
• compared with the Hasmonæan party, 1, 489–90.
• incensed at the destruction of the “Soreg,” 1, 492.
• withdraw from public life, 2, 16.
• called Essenes, 2, 16. See Essenes, the.
• give rise to the Pharisees, 2, 16. See Pharisees, the.
• See also under Hasmonæans, the; Maccabees, the.
• Chasinaï. See Asinaï.
• Chassidim, the, Polish Sabbatian sect, emigrate, 5, 212.
• exhort to penance, 5, 212.
• supported by Samuel Oppenheim, 5, 213.
• accept Islam and Christianity, 5, 213.
• Chassidim, the (new), mock at the Talmudists, 5, 379.
• form a brotherhood, 5, 383–5.
• introduce innovations, 5, 386.
• divide into two branches, 5, 388.
• slander Elijah Wilna, 5, 391.
• excommunicated, 5, 391–2.
• conduct of, under persecution, 5, 392–3.
• put themselves under “Rebbes,” 5, 392.
• read only Chassidistic works, 5, 393.
• second interdict against, 5, 393–4.
• writings of, burned, 5, 393.
• resist the opening of secular schools, 5, 394.
• writings of, forbidden in Galicia, 5, 394.
• efforts to suppress, 5, 394.
• persecute readers of non-Hebrew books, 5, 608, 611.
• attacked by Joseph Perl, 5, 612.
• joined by Erter, 5, 613.
• Chassidism, the (new), opposed to Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 375, 379.
• founders of, 5, 375.
• character of, 5, 380–1.
• the leaders of, 5, 381–3.
• circumstances favoring the spread of, 5, 383–6, 387.
• opposed by the Mendelssohnians, 5, 394.
• prevents the spread of culture among Russian Jews, 5, 473.
• revolt from, and culture in Galicia, 5, 611.
• Chastelard, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.
• Chateaubriand, on Judaism, 5, 427, 428.
• reactionary influence of, 5, 477, 478.
• Chatel, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 103–4.
• Châtelet, refuge of the Jews of Paris, 4, 151.
• Chaumette, instrumental in setting up the religion of Reason, 5, 450.
• Chaves, Jacob de, pupil of Luzzatto, 5, 242.
• Chaves, Moses de, patron of Luzzatto, 5, 242.
• Chaya, daughter of Elias Schor, Frankist, 5, 275.
• Chayim of Landshut, appoints three rabbis for Germany, 4, 227.
• Chayim of Lublin, excommunicates Eibeschütz’s opponents, 5, 261, 262.
• deprived of his rabbinate, 5, 263.
• Chayim ben Gallipapa (1310–1380), rabbi of Pampeluna, proposes innovations, 4, 148–9.
• Chayim Ibn-Musa (1390–1460), polemic writer against Christianity, 4, 235–7.
• controversy of, with a Christian, 4, 236.
• refutes Nicholas de Lyra’s charges, 4, 237.
• rules by, for religious controversies, 4, 237.
• Chayim Benveniste. See Benveniste, Chayim.
• Chayim Cohen, disciple of Jacob Tam, 3, 381.
• Chayim Malach, leader of a Sabbatian sect, 5, 212.
• doctrines of, 5, 213.
• joins the Donmäh, 5, 214.
• travels of, 5, 214.
• Chayim Vital Calabrese (1543–1620), Kabbalist, youth of, 4, 623.
• meets Isaac Lurya, 4, 623–4.
• spreads reports about Lurya’s gifts, 4, 624.
• usurps authority over Lurya’s disciples, 4, 625.
• alleged forerunner of the Messiah, 4, 625; 5, 53.
• in Palestine and Syria, 5, 52–3.
• invites Kabbala enthusiasts to Damascus, 5, 53.
• alleges possession of Lurya’s manuscripts, 5, 53.
• brother and son of, 5, 53.
• writings of, sought, 5, 54.
• Messianic speculation in the Kabbala of, 5, 120–1.
• adherents of, in Jerusalem, 5, 125.
• descendant of, 5, 267.
• disfigures Judaism, 5, 559.
• Chayon, Nehemiah Chiya (1650–1726), Sabbatian, education of, 5, 215.
• character of, 5, 215–16.
• doctrines of, 5, 216–17.
• excommunicated, 5, 216.
• publishes a pamphlet, 5, 217.
• preaches Sabbatian doctrines at Prague, 5, 217–18.
• submits his work to Naphtali Cohen, 5, 218.
• enters into relations with Löbele Prosnitz, 5, 219.
• prints his work in Berlin, 5, 219–20.
• at Amsterdam, 5, 220.
• denounced, 5, 221–2.
• work of, denounced, 5, 222.
• supported by Ayllon and Pinto, 5, 223.
• work of, examined by a Portuguese committee, 5, 223.
• excommunicated, 5, 224, 231.
• acquitted of heresy, 5, 224–5.
• homage paid to, 5, 225.
• opposed by Brieli, 5, 225.
• calumniates his opponents, 5, 226.
• exposed, 5, 227.
• disgrace of, 5, 227.
• ban removed from, 5, 228.
• returns to Europe, 5, 230–1.
• death of, 5, 231.
• son of, 5, 231.
• influences Eibeschütz, 5, 248.
• Chayuj. See Jehuda Ibn-Daud.
• Chayyat. See Judah ben Jacob Chayyat.
• Chazanuth, synagogue chanting, 3, 118.
• Chazaria, the Crimean peninsula, 3, 138.
• the Ten Tribes in, 3, 141.
• Chazars, the, friendly to the Jews, 3, 123.
• Jews settle in the capital of, 3, 124.
• found a kingdom, 3, 138.
• warlike, 3, 138.
• conquer the Crimea, 3, 138.
• converted to Judaism, 3, 139–40, 327–30.
• victorious over the Arabs, 3, 139.
• taught the Bible and Talmud, 3, 140.
• influences of Judaism on, 2, 141.
• judicial system of, 3, 141.
• information about, brought to Spain, 3, 219–20.
• power of, in the tenth century, 3, 221.
• flee before Sviatislav, 3, 222.
• Jewish princes of, take refuge in Spain, 3, 254.
• the land of, visited by Petachya, 3, 421.
• Chazraj, the, Arabic family, relations of, to the Jews, 3, 55.
• conversions among, to Judaism, 3, 61.
• hostile to Jewish rule, 3, 67.
• Jews of Yathrib, dependent on, 3, 68.
• feuds of, 3, 70–1.
• Chebrath Dorshe Leshon Eber, society for the promotion of the Hebrew language, 5, 398–9.
• Chelebi, Raphael Joseph, mint-master at Cairo, benevolence of, 5, 124–5.
• devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 125.
• interested in Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 125, 127.
• the Jerusalem Jews appeal to, 5, 127–8.
• Sabbataï Zevi married in the house of, 5, 129.
• letter to, from Nathan Ghazati, 5, 131.
• rewarded by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 145.
• encourages the Italian Sabbatians, 5, 160.
• Chemnitz, leader hostile to the Jews of Worms, 4, 698.
• Chemosh, Ammonite and Moabite god, 1, 55.
• worshiped on the Mount of Olives, 1, 175.
• Chepez Alkuti. See Alkuti.
• Cherem. See Excommunication.
• Cherethites, the, mercenary troops under David, 1, 122.
• in the Ammonite war, 1, 126.
• employed against Sheba, 1, 149.
• attend Solomon, 1, 153.
• Chesheb-Efod, mathematical work by Profiat Duran, 4, 191.
• Chess, inventor of, 3, 7.
• Chiddush, a novelty in Talmud explanations, 4, 641.
• Chiddushim, Talmudic explanations by Nachmani, 3, 532.
• Chiddushim, theoretic discussion of the Talmud, 3, 345.
• Child-murder, charged against Israel Bruna, 4, 302–5.
• Manasseh ben Israel exonerates the Jews from, 5, 42.
• Child-murder, the charge of against the Jews, of Zurich, 4, 105.
• of Spain, 4, 276.
• of Sepulveda, 4, 278–9.
• of Trent, 4, 298–9.
• discredited by the Doge of Venice, 4, 299.
• of Frankfort, 4, 299–300.
• forbidden in Portugal, 4, 372.
• believed by Maximilian I, 4, 414.
• of the Mark of Brandenburg, 4, 440.
• See also Blood accusation, the.
• Childebert I, forbids the Jews to appear on the street at Eastertide, 3, 37.
• anti-Jewish decrees of, revived, 3, 171.
• Chillon, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 103–4.
• the castellan of, spreads evidence against the Jews, 4, 108.
• Chillukim, hair-splitting Talmudic discussions, 4, 641.
• Chilperic, Merovingian king, forces Christianity upon the Jews, 3, 39.
• Chindaswinth (642–652), Visigothic king, kindly disposed towards the Jews, 3, 101–2.
• Chinon, college of, sold, 4, 48.
• the Jews of, martyrs, 4, 57–8.
• Chintila (638–642), Visigothic king, forces Jews into Catholicism, 3, 51–2, 101.
• Chinuch Nearim, Berlin Free School, curriculum of, 5, 416.
• Chios, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• prophets on, silenced by Sabbataï’s apostasy, 5, 157.
• Nathan Ghazati on, 5, 160.
• Chiskiya, Gaon of Pumbeditha and Exilarch, executed, 3, 254.
• sons of (Ibn-Daudi), in Spain, 3, 254, 275.
• Chiskiya, prince of the Cairo Karaites, 3, 444.
• Chiskiya ben Chiya, offends Judah ha-Nassi, 2, 457.
• adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.
• disciple of Judah I, 2, 511.
• Chiskiya ben Reuben, member of the Mayence synod, 3, 517.
• Chivi Albalchi, the first rationalistic Bible critic, 3, 199.
• Chiya, a Babylonian buried in Palestine, 2, 548.
• Chiya (Achiya) bar Abba, Amora, characterization of, 2, 454, 531.
• punished by Judah I, 2, 455.
• sons of, 2, 457, 470, 511.
• announces the new-moon at Ain-tab, 2, 458.
• adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.
• Mishnic compilation of, authoritative, 2, 471.
• intercedes for Abba-Areka, 2, 512.
• investigates the Judæan educational institutions, 2, 532.
• collects the Patriarch’s tax, 2, 536.
• supported by Beth-Silvani, 2, 536.
• leaves Judæa, 2, 536.
• ignorant of the Bible, 2, 536.
• rigor of, 2, 536–7.
• appeals to Abbahu, 2, 538.
• Agadist, 2, 540.
• Chiya, son of Abba-Areka, learned in the Law, 2, 518.
• Chmielniecki, Bogdan (1595–1657), grievances of, against Jews, 5, 7.
• organizes the Haidamak troops, 5, 8.
• conditions of peace, proposed by, 5, 12, 14.
• Chochmoth, the sciences, studied under Measfim influence, 5, 402–3.
• Chocim, Jacob Frank at, 5, 27.
• Chodar-Warda, son of Jezdijird III, at war with his brother, 2, 628.
• Choics. See Gnosticism.
• Chorazin, Jesus in, 2, 157.
• Choreas, Caligula’s murderer, 2, 189.
• Chorin, Aaron, aids the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• recalls his approval of the movement, 5, 571.
• Chosru (Chosroes) I Nushirvan, of Persia, imposes a poll-tax upon the Jews, 3, 5.
• son of, 3, 7.
• protects his dominions against the Chazars, 3, 138.
• Chosru II (590–628), of Persia, supplanted, 3, 8–9.
• protected by Mauritius, 3, 9.
• prosperity of the Jews under, 3, 9–10.
• at war with the Byzantine empire, 3, 19.
• incapacity of, 3, 22.
• death of, 3, 22.
• Chozari (Chosari), philosophical work by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 327–36, 338.
• translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.
• Chrestus, apostle at Rome, 2, 202, 231.
• Christ, the. See Messiah, the.
• Christian IV, of Denmark, invites Jews to settle there, 4, 675.
• employs a Jewish physician, 4, 692; 5, 115.
• Christian VII, of Denmark, subscribes to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.
• “Christian Denunciation, The,” by Wagenseil, 5, 186.
• Christian dogmas, in the Zohar, 4, 23.
• debated at Avila, 4, 141.
• expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.
• in the Kabbala, 4, 292.
• belief in, threatened, 5, 682.
• Christian dogmas, the, criticised, by Abbahu, 2, 539–40.
• Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.
• Joshua Ibn-Vives, 4, 186–7.
• Chasdaï Crescas, 3, 187–8.
• Profiat Duran, 4, 189.
• Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.
• See also under Disputation; Polemical works against Christianity.
• Christian names forbidden to Jews, in Spain, 4, 52, 139.
• in Prussia, 5, 630.
• Christian nurses, Jews forbidden to employ, 3, 294, 400, 508, 582; 4, 566.
• Christian servants, Jews forbidden to keep, by the third Lateran Council, 3, 400, 418, 422.
• by the Council of Avignon, 3, 504.
• by French Church Councils, 3, 508.
• by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.
• by the Council of Béziers, 3, 581, 582.
• by the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.
• by the Council of Vienna, 3, 611.
• under Juan II, of Castile, 4, 203, 205.
• by Eugenius IV, 4, 250, 253.
• by Paul IV, 4, 566.
• by Pius IV, 4, 588.
• Christian servants, Jews keep, under Charles the Bold, 3, 172.
• in Speyer, 3, 298.
• Christian slaves, not permitted to become Jews, 2, 564, 567, 615; 3, 46, 171–2.
• become Jews in Visigothic Spain, 3, 45.
• Christian slaves, Jews forbidden to keep, by the Theodosian code, 2, 617; 3, 28–9.
• by Gregory I, 3, 33–4.
• by Reccared, 3, 46.
• by Sisebut, 3, 48.
• by the Council of Rouen, 3, 294.
• in Hungary, 3, 521.
• See also Slave-trade, the; Slaves.
• Christian state, the, founded by Constantius, 2, 568.
• Christianity, Essenism with foreign elements, 2, 142.
• origin of, in Messianic longings, 2, 142–3.
• helped by the exegesis of the Pharisees, 2, 166.
• averse to Phariseeism, 2, 171.
• power of, over Rome, 2, 174.
• indebted to the apostle Paul, 2, 225, 365.
• does not appeal to cultivated Greeks, 2, 229.
• relation of, to Judaism, according to Paul, 2, 229–30.
• schism in, 2, 230, 232, 365.
• influences the Jewish peasants, 2, 364.
• development of, belongs to Jewish history, 2, 365.
• equivalent to the teaching of Paul, 2, 373.
• elements of, 2, 373–4.
• as viewed by the Gnostics, 2, 377.
• influences Judaism, 2, 380–1.
• mocked at by Hadrian, 2, 407–8.
• independent of Judaism, 2, 431.
• laws hostile to, promulgated by Severus, 2, 464.
• admired by Alexander Severus, 2, 481.
• becomes the Catholic Church, 2, 500.
• new dogmas of, 2, 500–1.
• oppresses Judaism and Samaritanism, 2, 535.
• proselytizing efforts of, 2, 539.
• persecuted by Diocletian, 2, 539.
• triumphant, 2, 559, 560.
• influence of, on Constantine, 2, 561–2.
• completely separated from Judaism, 2, 563–4.
• shaped by Constantius, 2, 566.
• confined by Julian the Apostate, 2, 596.
• and Magianism, 2, 627.
• forced upon the Samaritans, 3, 16–17.
• tolerant in western Europe, 3, 34.
• among the Chazars, 3, 139–40.
• barbarous during the Middle Ages, 3, 187.
• objections of, to Judaism answered by Saadiah, 3, 198.
• contest of, with Islam, 3, 297.
• characterized by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 328–9, 330.
• belief of, in the supernatural, 5, 305.
• dethronement of, by the French thinkers, 5, 305–6.
• Mendelssohn on, 5, 313–14.
• characterized by Heine, 5, 552.
• See also Christian dogmas; Christians; Polemical works against Christianity.
• Christianity, conversions to. See Apostasy; and under Conversion.
• Christianity, Pauline, hostility of, accentuates the legal character of Judaism, 2, 471.
• produces the Talmud, 3, 127.
• Christians, the, regarded as conjurors, 2, 170.
• consider the Apocrypha part of the Bible, 2, 359, 489.
• accuse Jews of cursing Jesus, 2, 380.
• propaganda of, in the pagan world, 2, 383.
• tamper with the Septuagint, 2, 385–6.
• of Judæa, receive Hadrian with servility, 2, 406.
• accounts by, of Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.
• persecuted by Hadrian, 2, 430–1.
• separate themselves from the Jews, 2, 431.
• appeal to Marcus Aurelius, 2, 449.
• intercourse of, with the heathen interdicted, 2, 476–7.
• complain of the indifference of the Jews, 2, 483.
• primitive sects of, merged into the Catholic Church, 2, 500.
• persecuted by the Magi, 2, 524.
• persecuted by Diocletian, 2, 533, 539.
• called Galilæans by Julian, 2, 596.
• reproached for having forsaken Judaism, 2, 597.
• malign Julian, 2, 599.
• object to the rebuilding of the Temple, 2, 600–1.
• well treated by Jezdijird, 2, 609–10.
• oppress Judæa, 2, 611.
• refuse to recognize the authority of the Patriarchs, 2, 612–13.
• forbidden to trade with Jews, 2, 620.
• controversies with, interest the Jews in Scripture studies, 2, 623.
• persecuted by Jezdijird III, 2, 627–8.
• of Babylonia suffer from Zendik communism, 3, 2–3.
• persecuted by Hormisdas IV, 3, 8.
• in possession of Palestine, 3, 11.
• Jewish witnesses cannot testify against, 3, 12, 102, 520; 4, 250.
• of Jerusalem perish at the hands of Persians and Jews, 3, 19.
• forbidden to eat at Jewish banquets in Gaul, 3, 36, 37.
• forbidden to hold intercourse with Jews, 3, 36, 37, 407, 499, 595, 611; 4, 216, 245, 250, 560, 590.
• forbidden to marry Jews in Spain, 3, 44, 46.
• ill-treated in Yemen, 3, 64, 65.
• Mahomet’s revelation against, 3, 78.
• driven out of Najaran, 3, 85.
• restrictions against, in the covenant of Omar, 3, 87–8.
• Jewish testimony against, accepted, 3, 144.
• persecuted under the sons of Haroun Alrashid, 3, 145.
• Frankish, respect Judaism, 3, 163.
• antagonized by Bishop Bodo, 3, 169.
• called Mozarabs among the Mahometans, 3, 215.
• persecuted by Hakim, 3, 247.
• invade Mahometan Spain, 3, 291.
• persecuted by Abdulmumen, 3, 359.
• permitted to testify against Jews, 3, 422.
• deny equal rights to the Marranos, 4, 256–7.
• study Hebrew, 4, 471–4.
• interested in the Kabbala, 4, 481.
• devote themselves to Hebrew literature, 5, 21–2.
• interested in the Sabbatian movement, 5, 137, 151.
• interested in Judaism and the Jews, 5, 176.
• attracted by Jewish literature, 5, 178–9.
• Hebraists, attack the Jews, 5, 184.
• and the Eibeschütz-Emden controversy, 5, 262.
• subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 329.
• See also Christianity; Ebionites; Greek Christians; Jewish Christians; Judæan Christians; Nazarenes; Pagan Christians.
• Christians, the early. See Jewish Christians, the; Judæan Christians, the; Nazarenes, the, etc.
• Christians, the Judaizing, under Receswinth, 3, 104.
• under Erwig, 3, 106–7.
• forbidden to own real estate, 3, 107–8.
• See also Marranos, the.
• Christians, the Nestorian, help the Arabs in Babylonia, 3, 89.
• side with Ali, 3, 90.
• Christians, the Syrian, and the science of grammar, 3, 7.
• make scientific literature accessible to the Arabs, 3, 111.
• Christina, of Sweden, student of Hebrew, 5, 21.
• Manasseh ben Israel recommended to, 5, 22, 23.
• Manoel Texeira’s guest, 5, 140.
• intercedes for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.
• Chronicles, the Books of, written by a Levite, 1, 411.
• Chrysostom. See John Chrysostom.
• Church appurtenances, Jews forbidden to buy, 3, 377.
• Church councils, occupied with the Jewish question, 3, 25.
• discuss the slave-trade of the Jews, 3, 40.
• convened in France by the fugitive popes, 3, 376–7.
• Church councils, list of:
• Alby,
• Avignon (1209),
• Bamberg (1451),
• Basle (1431–1443),
• Béziers (1246),
• Buda (1279),
• Clermont (1095),
• Constance (1414),
• Epaone (517),
• Exeter (1287),
• Illiberis (320),
• Lateran, the third (1179)
• Lateran, the fourth (1215)
• Lateran, the fifth (1512–1517)
• Lyons (829),
• Mâcon (581),
• Meaux (845),
• Montpellier,
• Narbonne (1227),
• Nice (325),
• Orleans (538, 545),
• Oxford (1222),
• Paris (615, 846, 1212),
• Rome (1078),
• Rouen (1231),
• Toledo (589, 633, 652?),
• Tours (1231),
• Trent (1545),
• under Chintila (638),
• under Erwig,
• under Wamba,
• Vannes (465),
• Vienna (1267),
• Zamora (1313).
• Church Fathers, the, works of, connected with the Talmud, 4, 614.
• “Church of the Mother of God,” synagogue in Constantinople, 3, 26.
• Chushiel (950–980), emissary from Sora, settles in Kairuan, 3, 208, 210.
• title of, 3, 211.
• disciples of, 3, 211.
• Chuzpit, interpreter of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357, 429.
• Cicero, animosity of, to Judæans, 2, 68–70.
• indebted to Greek writers, 2, 179.
• Cidellus, Jewish adviser of Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 292.
• Cilicia, mercenaries of, hired by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 39.
• Greek-Christian communities in, 2, 227.
• the Jews of, punish an apostate, 2, 565.
• Cincinnati, rabbinical college at, 5, 700.
• Circumcision, observed by Babylonian proselytes, 1, 339.
• observed by Babylonian Judæans, 1, 364.
• whether optional or imperative with proselytes, 2, 384–5.
• forbidden by Hadrian, 2, 422, 424.
• permitted by Antoninus Pius, 2, 433.
• of slaves, forbidden, 2, 567, 615; 3, 46.
• practiced by the heathen Arabs, 3, 61.
• discussed in Frankfort, 5, 676–7.
• See also under Proselytes.
• “Citizen’s Cry against the Jews, The,” published in Metz, 5, 434.
• Citizenship granted to Judæans in Egypt, 1, 418, 503.
• granted to Judæans in Antioch, 1, 419.
• granted to Judæan athletes, 1, 445.
• withdrawn from the Alexandrian Judæans, 2, 182.
• restored to the Alexandrian Judæans, 2, 191.
• Judæans of Cæsarea deprived of, 2, 247.
• Roman, under Caracalla, 2, 468.
• Roman, of the Jews, guarded by Gregory I, 3, 33.
• accorded to the Jews of Gaul, 3, 35.
• enjoyed by the Jews of Castile, 3, 292–3.
• obtained by the Jews of Tudela, 3, 388.
• enjoyed by the Jews of Messina, 3, 423.
• enjoyed by Jews in the Holy Roman Empire, 4, 443.
• See also Emancipation of the Jews, the.
• Civil offices, Honorius III objects to Jews in, 3, 515.
• Henry II of Castile refuses to exclude Jews from, 4, 125.
• exclusion from, requested in Lisbon, 4, 160.
• Civil offices, Jews excluded from, by Theodosius II, 3, 28, 171.
• by the Council of Toledo, 3, 46.
• by the Council of Mâcon, 3, 39, 171.
• in the Empire of the East, 3, 175, 425.
• by the Arabs, 3, 216.
• by Gregory VII, 3, 293.
• by Innocent III, 3, 400.
• by the Council of Avignon, 3, 504.
• by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.
• in Hungary, 3, 521.
• by Frederick II, 3, 567, 569.
• by the Council of Béziers, 3, 582.
• by Alfonso X, 3, 595.
• by the Council of Vienna, 3, 611.
• by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.
• by Rudolph of Habsburg, 3, 635.
• by Juan II, 4, 194–5, 203, 228, 229.
• by Benedict XIII, 4, 216.
• by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.
• by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.
• by Henry IV, 4, 278.
• See Magisterial offices.
• Civil offices, Jews fill, under Al-Mutadhid, 3, 183.
• in Moslem Spain, after Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 234–5.
• under Alfonso VIII of Castile, 3, 384.
• in Messina, 3, 423.
• in Toulouse, 3, 501, 514.
• in Austria, 3, 516–17, 567.
• under Alfonso X, 3, 593, 596, 615.
• See Magisterial offices.
• Civil war, between the houses of Saul and David, 1, 109–10.
• David and Absalom, 1, 138–44.
• the Zealots and the Peace Party in Jerusalem, 2, 259–70.
• the Zealots and the Moderates in Jerusalem, 2, 295.
• the Zealots and the Sicarii, 2, 297–9.
• Pedro the Cruel and Henry de Trastamare, 4, 118–26.
• “Claims of the Jews to German Citizenship,” by Rühs, 5, 517.
• Claudius, emperor, makes Agrippa I king over Palestine, 2, 190.
• makes Herod II prætor and prince of Chalcis, 2, 190.
• treats the Judæans well, 2, 190–1, 193.
• and the fortification of Jerusalem, 2, 195.
• and Agrippa II, 2, 196.
• makes the governor of Judæa independent of the governor of Syria, 2, 197.
• makes Herod II titular king of Judæa, 2, 198.
• names Tiberius Julius Alexander governor of Judæa, 2, 198.
• expels Judæans from Rome, 2, 202.
• makes Agrippa II king of Chalcis, 2, 235.
• makes Felix governor of Galilee, 2, 242.
• banishes Cumanus, 2, 245.
• gives Agrippa II a kingdom, 2, 245.
• death of, 2, 245.
• Clemens of Alexandria, Father of the Church, critical spirit of, 2, 488.
• Clemens, Flavius, proselyte, sons of, proclaimed Cæsars, 2, 387.
• and four teachers of the Law, 2, 387, 389, 391.
• condemned to death, 2, 389.
• and Josephus, 2, 389, 391.
• Clement III, pope, resists the return of forced converts to Judaism, 3, 306, 308.
• orders the confiscation of the Talmud, 3, 602.
• Clement IV, pope, appealed to against Nachmani, 3, 605.
• Clement VI, pope, has Gersonides’ astronomical treatise translated, 4, 93.
• arrests the Black Death persecutions, 4, 103.
• declares the Jews innocent of well poisoning, 4, 105.
• forbids the forced baptism of Jews, 4, 173.
• Clement VII, pope, friendly to the Jews, 4, 407.
• grants David Reubeni an audience, 4, 492.
• efforts of, for the liberty of Italy, 4, 492.
• treats Reubeni with distinction, 4, 492–3.
• addressed on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 500.
• permits Marranos to profess Judaism, 4, 500.
• intercourse of, with Molcho, 4, 503.
• honors Molcho publicly, 4, 505.
• opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 505.
• saves Molcho from the stake, 4, 507.
• establishes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507.
• sympathizes with the Marranos, 4, 509.
• innocent of Molcho’s death, 4, 512.
• stays the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 513.
• absolves Marranos for leaving the Church, 4, 513–14.
• motive of, in protecting the Marranos, 4, 514.
• appoints a commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.
• death of, 4, 515.
• briefs of, enforced by Paul IV, 4, 516.
• absolves the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568.
• Clement VIII, pope, grants an amnesty to the Marranos, 4, 528.
• expels the Jews from the Papal States, 4, 659.
• forbids the reading of the Talmud, 4, 659.
• incorporates Ferrara with the Papal States, 4, 660.
• absolves Portuguese Marranos, 4, 671.
• Clement IX, pope, death of, 5, 171.
• Clement XIII, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood accusation, 5, 285–6.
• Clemente, Philip, Marrano, tries to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, 4, 329.
• Cleopatra I, sister of Antiochus IV, wife of Ptolemy V, 1, 450.
• Cleopatra II, sister and wife of Ptolemy VI, claimant of the Egyptian throne, 1, 506.
• marries Ptolemy VII Physcon, 1, 518.
• Cleopatra III, second wife of Ptolemy VII, mother of Ptolemy VIII, espouses the cause of Judæa, 2, 10.
• defended by Judæan soldiers, 2, 12.
• sends an army against her son, 2, 40–1.
• in league with Alexander Jannæus, 2, 41.
• Cleopatra VI, friendly to Herod, 2, 86.
• favors Aristobulus (III), 2, 92.
• summons Herod to answer for Aristobulus’ death, 2, 92–3.
• receives the district of Jericho, 2, 93.
• unkind to the Alexandrian Judæans, 2, 94.
• schemes against Herod, 2, 94–5.
• death of, 2, 102.
• body-guard of, given to Herod, 2, 103.
• Cleopatra, wife of Demetrius Nicator, kills her son, 2, 6.
• Cleopatra of Jerusalem, wife of Herod, 2, 119.
• Clermont, the Jews of, and Bishop Avitus, 3, 38–9.
• the council of, resolves upon a crusade, 3, 297.
• Clermont-Tonnerre, Count, defends the Jews, 5, 440.
• favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441.
• Closener of Strasburg, historian, on the persecution of the Jews, 4, 106.
• Clotaire II, Merovingian king, hostile to the Jews, 3, 40.
• Clovis, founder of the Frankish kingdom, 3, 35.
• Jews in the army of, 3, 36.
• converted, 3, 36.
• Coblenz, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 611.
• Cochelet, French consul-general, interferes in the Damascus affair, 5, 647.
• ordered to stop the Damascus trial, 5, 649.
• hinders Montefiore and Crémieux in Egypt, 5, 659, 660.
• Codes, general, defining the status of the Jews. See under
• Alfonso X of Castile,
• Alfonso V of Portugal,
• Henry IV of Castile,
• Napoleon,
• Theodosius,
• Visigothic.
• Codes, Jewish religious. See
• Asher ben Yechiel,
• Mishna, the
• Mishne Torah,
• Mordecai Jafa,
• Moses ben Israel Isserles,
• Shulchan Aruch,
• Turim.
• Cœlesyria, Macedonian province, Judæa belongs to, 1, 414.
• conquered by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.
• revolts from Ptolemy II, 1, 423.
• Joseph, tax-gatherer of, 1, 425.
• Herod governor of, 2, 79.
• Cohen, Aaron. See Aaron Cohen.
• Cohen, Chayim. See Chayim Cohen.
• Cohen, Daniel, scientist, 4, 405.
• Cohen (Soncino), Gershon, establishes a printing house in Prague, 4, 418.
• Cohen, Isaac. See Isaac Cohen Shalal.
• Cohen, Jehuda. See Jehuda ben Solomon Cohen Ibn-Matka.
• Cohen, Jonathan. See Jonathan Cohen.
• Cohen, Joseph ben Joshua. See Joseph ben Joshua Cohen.
• Cohen, Joshua Falk, president of the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 645.
• Talmudist, 4, 703.
• Cohen, Judah. See Judah ben Moses Cohen.
• Cohen, Malachi, rabbi of Leghorn, espouses the cause of Eibeschütz, 5, 264.
• Cohen, Moses. See Moses Cohen de Tordesillas; Moses ben Judah.
• Cohen, Moses Gerson. See Anton, Charles.
• Cohen, Naphtali, Kabbalist, patron of Chayon, 5, 217.
• approves of Chayon’s work, 5, 218.
• refrains from exposing Chayon, 5, 219.
• exposes Chayon, 5, 227.
• Cohen, Nehemiah, announces the approach of the Messiah, 5, 152.
• summoned by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 152.
• disagrees with Sabbataï, 5, 153.
• turns Mahometan, 5, 153.
• betrays Sabbataï, 5, 153.
• returns to Poland, 5, 154.
• Cohen, Nehemiah Vital, rabbi of Venice, and Luzzatto, 5, 239.
• Cohen, Perachyah, physician and scientist, 4, 405.
• Cohen, Raphael (1722–1803), rabbi of the “three communities,” opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 330, 331, 333.
• objects to the study of the sciences, 5, 402.
• retirement of, 5, 566.
• son-in-law of, 5, 570.
• grandson of, 5, 598.
• Cohen, Sabbataï, commemorates the Cossack massacres, 5, 13.
• Cohen, Samuel. See Samuel Cohen ben Daniel.
• Cohen, Saul. See Saul Cohen Ashkenazi; Saul Astruc Cohen.
• Cohen, Shalom, employed by the Hamburg Dayanim, 5, 573.
• Cohen, Simcha. See Simcha Cohen.
• Cohn, Isidore, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.
• Coimbra, the Inquisition at, 4, 508.
• Coin, counterfeiting of, denounced by the Mayence synod, 3, 517.
• clipping of, charged against the English Jews, 3, 642.
• Coinage, the right of, enjoyed by the Jews of Hungary, 3, 521.
• Coins struck by Simon Tharsi, 1, 525, 528.
• by John Hyrcanus, 2, 12.
• by Aristobulus I, 2, 35.
• by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• by Salome Alexandra, 2, 48.
• by Aristobulus II, 2, 62.
• by Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, 2, 70.
• by Antigonus, 2, 83.
• for Agrippa I, 2, 190, 194.
• by the Zealots, 2, 268.
• in honor of Simon ben Gamaliel, 2, 269.
• Judæan, under Vespasian, 2, 292.
• commemorating Titus’ victory, 2, 314.
• by Nerva, 2, 392.
• by Hadrian, 2, 407, 419.
• by Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.
• Collectants, a Dutch sect, 5, 94.
• Colleges, established in Spain by the law of Avila, 4, 229.
• Colleges, Rabbinical, at Metz, 5, 597–8, 700.
• at Padua, 5, 624, 700.
• at Breslau, 5, 699–700.
• at various places, 5, 700.
• Colleges, Talmudical, at Narbonne, 3, 143, 242, 392.
• in western countries founded by emissaries from Sora, 3, 208.
• at Cordova, 3, 209, 228.
• in Egypt and the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 210.
• at Kairuan, 3, 210–11, 248.
• in Spain, 3, 236.
• at Mayence, 3, 243, 247.
• at Lucena, 3, 322.
• at Toledo, 3, 338, 362.
• in Spain, closed, 3, 361, 384.
• at Dampierre, 3, 403.
• at London, 3, 409.
• at Bagdad, 3, 429, 633.
• in France, closed, 4, 48.
• at Paris, 4, 133.
• at Alcala, 4, 145.
• at Padua, 4, 410.
• in Poland, 4, 420, 634, 639.
• at Cremona, 4, 582.
• at Prague, 5, 249.
• the decay of, 5, 566–7, 569.
• See also under Academies; Schools.
• Collegium Germanicum, propagandist seminary, 4, 654.
• Collier, Thomas, refutes anti-Jewish charges, 5, 46.
• “Colloquium Middelburgense,” controversial work, 4, 691.
• Colmar, the Jews of, banished, 4, 416.
• Cologna, Abraham Vita di (1755–1832), deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 488, 490.
• second vice-president of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.
• member of the French consistory, 5, 502.
• conservative, 5, 559.
• Cologne, fair of, visited by Jews, 3, 243.
• university of, and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.
• theologians of, sanction the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 452.
• Cologne, the Dominicans of. See Dominicans, the, of Cologne.
• Cologne, the Jews of, privileges of, abolished by Constantine, 2, 563.
• settlement of, 3, 41.
• protected during the first crusade, 3, 304.
• massacred at Neus, 3, 304–5.
• persecuted during the second crusade, 3, 352.
• represented at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• protected during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 106, 108.
• banished, 4, 227, 413.
• Columbus, aided by Joseph Vecinho, 4, 368.
• Comet, a, orbit of, calculated by Joshua ben Chananya, 2, 349.
• Comino, the isle of, Abraham Abulafia on 4, 8.
• “Commentary,” Talmudical work by Rashi, 3, 288.
• Commerce, under Uzziah, 1, 230.
• pursued by Alexandrian Judæans, 1, 504.
• under the Herodians, 2, 118.
• between Jews and Christians forbidden, 2, 620; 4, 203, 216.
• among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, 3, 35.
• in the hands of Jews in the eighth century, 3, 142–3.
• international, in the hands of Jews, 3, 162.
• in the hands of the Jews under the Saxon emperors, 3, 242–3.
• the, of southern France, carried on by Jews, 3, 391.
• the, of Venice, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.
• of the Turkish Jews, 4, 401.
• of the Jews in Poland, 4, 419.
• capacity for, an argument for the admission of Jews into England, 5, 40–1.
• the, of the Jews, described by Simone Luzzatto, 5, 82–3.
• stagnation of, during the Sabbatian movement, 5, 149.
• forbidden partly to the Jews of Alsace, 5, 348.
• the, of Jews under the Napoleonic law, 5, 524–5.
• Commercial Hall, meeting place of the Synhedrion in Bethany, 2, 239.
• Commodus, emperor, profligacy of, 2, 447.
• death of, 2, 448, 463.
• “Communities of the Friends of Light,” Protestant societies, 5, 682, 683.
• “Compositions,” grammatical work by Yizchaki, 3, 273.
• “Concerning the Jews and their Lies,” by Luther, 4, 548–9.
• “Concerning the superstitions of the Jews,” letter addressed to Louis the Pious, 3, 167–8.
• Conciliador, the, by Manasseh ben Israel, translated, 5, 22.
• Concordance of the Bible, by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, 4, 234–5.
• Condottieri, Italian mercenaries, 4, 286.
• Confederation War, the, Jews suffer during, 5, 387–8.
• Confession of Faith, the, recital of, forbidden, 3, 15.
• Confessional, the, discussed by the Jews of France, 3, 343.
• “Confessions,” by Heine, 5, 553–5.
• Confirmation, the rite of, introduced into German Jewish communities, 5, 562, 573.
• Confiscation and burning, the, of Hebrew books, by the Dominicans, 3, 542–3.
• by Gregory IX, 3, 574–6, 578–9.
• by Pfefferkorn, 4, 429–31, 437–8, 441, 444.
• under Julius III, 4, 565.
• under Paul IV, 4, 567, 583, 584–5.
• under Pius V, 4, 590.
• under Gregory XIII, 4, 654.
• at Kamieniec, 5, 282.
• See also under Talmud, the.
• “Conflict of Duties, the, Letter on,” by Solomon Duran I, 4, 238.
• Conforte, David, itinerant rabbi and historian, 5, 202.
• Congress. See Aix-la-Chapelle; Rastadt; Vienna.
• Coniah. See Jehoiachin.
• Conrad III, emperor, protects the Jews during the second crusade, 3, 351, 416.
• joins the second crusade, 3, 353, 354.
• Conrad of Wintertur, exculpates the Jews from the charge of well poisoning, 4, 106, 108.
• Consistorial organization, in France, approved by Napoleon, 5, 498.
• established in Westphalia, 5, 501–2.
• “Consolation for the Sorrows of Israel,” by Samuel Usque, 4, 558–61.
• Constance, the Council of, and Benedict XIII, 4, 212, 216.
• condemns Ferrer, 4, 217.
• anarchy during, 4, 218.
• elects Martin V pope, 4, 219.
• condemns John Huss to death, 4, 221.
• expenses of, borne by the Jews, 4, 248.
• Constance (Costnitz), the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.
• wait on Martin V, 4, 219.
• Constance (lake), the cities on, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.
• Constantia, queen-mother, contends for the regency in Castile, 4, 52.
• Constantine I, emperor, puts Judaism on an equality with Christianity, 2, 561.
• under the influence of Christianity, 2, 561–2.
• abolishes the privileges of the Jews, 2, 563; 5, 725.
• closes Jerusalem to the Jews, 2, 564; 3, 11–12.
• protects the Jews against apostates, 2, 564.
• anti-Jewish restrictions of, revived, 3, 23, 171.
• Constantine VIII (944–949), Byzantine emperor, and Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 218.
• Constantine, African town, refuge for Spanish Jews, 4, 197.
• Constantine Dragosses, last Byzantine emperor, 4, 267.
• Constantinople, the Temple vessels in, 3, 26–7.
• Karaite center, 4, 69, 71, 269.
• fall of, 4, 267.
• Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, 4, 388.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 402–4.
• the Mendes-Nassi family in, 4, 577.
• rabbis of, advise the diversion of Jewish trade from Ancona, 4, 580.
• rabbis of, excommunicate Daud, 4, 599.
• description of, by Moses Almosnino, 4, 608.
• Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 76.
• Sabbataï Zevi at, 5, 145–8.
• effect of Sabbataï’s apostasy in, 5, 157.
• Sabbatians excommunicated in, 5, 157, 159.
• Sabbataï Zevi banished to, 5, 166.
• Cardoso at, 5, 207.
• Chayim Malach banished from, 5, 214.
• Chayon at, 5, 227–8.
• rabbis of, espouse the cause of Eibeschütz, 5, 264.
• a rabbi of, accused of using human blood, 5, 640.
• revision of the Rhodes trial at, 5, 647.
• Constantinople, the Jews of, inhabit a separate quarter, 3, 26.
• expelled, 3, 26.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 425.
• divided into national groups, 4, 402, 478.
• taxed, 4, 402.
• have a political representative, 4, 404.
• collect a ransom for Polish-Jewish captives, 5, 8.
• appeal to the European Jews, 5, 651.
• Constantius, emperor, influence of, on the Church, 2, 566.
• teachers of the Law banished from Judæa under, 2, 566–7.
• hostile to the Jews, 2, 567–8.
• founder of the Christian state, 2, 568.
• re-enacts Hadrian’s edicts against the Jews, 2, 571.
• makes Julian co-emperor, 2, 595.
• law of, with regard to the slaves of Jews revived, 2, 615.
• law of, concerning the Patriarchs re-enacted, 2, 616.
• Constitutio Judæorum, issued by Innocent III, 3, 497.
• Constitution of the Directory, the, recognizes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 452.
• Constitution, the French, ratified by Louis XVI, 5, 447.
• “Constitutions, The,” code of the Inquisition compiled by Torquemada, 4, 326–8.
• introduced into Portugal, 4, 508.
• Conti, Vincent, prints the Zohar, 4, 583.
• Contra-Remonstrants, the, a Dutch sect, 4, 673.
• “Contrasts and Greatness of Constantinople,” by Moses Almosnino, 4, 608.
• Controversial literature, in Spain in the fifteenth century, 4, 232–8.
• See also Polemical works against Christianity.
• “Conversations and Recollections,” by Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 320.
• Conversion, the, of the Himyarites, 3, 56.
• Conversion, the, of the Jews to Christianity, promoted by Constantine, 2, 562, 564.
• desired by Theodoric, 3, 29–30.
• hoped by Bernard of Clairvaux, 3, 353.
• means used for, by Raymond de Penyaforte, 3, 520.
• encouraged by Louis IX, 3, 570.
• projected by Benedict XIII, 4, 206–7.
• designed by the Council of Basle, 4, 245–6.
• attempted in Ratisbon, 4, 301.
• measures for, devised by Pfefferkorn, 4, 425–6.
• unpopular, 4, 426–7.
• measures for, devised by Gregory XIII, 4, 654–5, 706.
• hoped for by Cromwell, 5, 43.
• agitated by Charles XI of Sweden, 5, 182.
• agitated by Wagenseil, 5, 186.
• urged by Rühs, 5, 517.
• See also Apostasy; Apostates.
• Conversion, the forced, of Jews to Christianity, objected to by Gregory I, 3, 33.
• objected to by Henry IV, 3, 298.
• forbidden by the third Lateran Council, 3, 421.
• deprecated by Gregory IX, 3, 570.
• deprecated by Gregory X, 3, 635.
• advised by Duns Scotus, 3, 644; 4, 277.
• forbidden by Clement VI, 4, 103, 173.
• deprecated by Innocent IV, 4, 165.
• forbidden by Boniface IX, 4, 173.
• deprecated by Martin V, 4, 220.
• advocated by John of Capistrano, 4, 277.
• condemned by Ferdinand Coutinho, 4, 375.
• attempted by Manoel of Portugal, 4, 377.
• objected to by Paul III, 4, 517–18.
• See also Marranos, the.
• Conversions, forced, of Jews to Christianity, in Magona, 2, 619–20.
• in Clermont, 3, 38–9.
• under Chilperic, 3, 39.
• under Sisebut, 3, 48, 49–50.
• under Chintila, 3, 51–2, 101.
• under Receswinth, 3, 102–4.
• under Erwig, 3, 106–7.
• under Leo the Isaurian, 3, 122–3.
• under Basilius, 3, 176.
• in Mayence, 3, 246, 303.
• in Treves, 3, 300.
• in Worms, 3, 301–2.
• in Bohemia, 3, 305, 356.
• in Blois, 3, 380.
• in France, 3, 403, 570; 4, 48, 56.
• in Toulouse, 3, 514.
• during the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 36.
• in Speyer, 4, 107.
• in Strasburg, 4, 108.
• in Hungary, 4, 111.
• in Castile, 4, 126, 137, 205.
• in Seville, 4, 169.
• in Cordova, 4, 169.
• in Toledo, 4, 170.
• in Valencia, 4, 171.
• in Gerona, Barcelona, and Lerida, 4, 172.
• in Aragon, 4, 206, 214.
• in Austria, 4, 224.
• in Palma, 4, 247.
• in Bavaria, 4, 254.
• of children in Breslau, 4, 262.
• in Trent, 4, 298.
• in Spain at the expulsion, 4, 351.
• in Navarre, 4, 358.
• in Genoa, 4, 363.
• in Malaga, 4, 370.
• of children at San Thomas, 4, 371.
• in Portugal, 4, 374, 375–6, 378.
• in the Mark of Brandenburg, 4, 440.
• in Poland, 5, 7–8.
• See also Apostasy; Apostates; Marranos, the.
• Conversions, forced, of Jews to Islam, by Omar, 3, 120.
• decreed by Hakim, 3, 247–8.
• in Morocco, 3, 358–9.
• in northern Africa, 3, 359–60.
• in Lucena, 3, 311–12, 361.
• under Abdulmumen, 3, 451–6.
• in Yemen, 3, 461.
• Maimonides on, 3, 462–4.
• See also Apostasy; Apostates.
• Conversions, forced, of Jews to Magianism, 2, 629.
• Conversions to Judaism, in Babylon, 1, 338–9.
• under Zerubbabel, 1, 356.
• made by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• among the Romans under Tiberius, 2, 136–7.
• among the heathen, 2, 215–19, 383–5.
• among the Roman soldiers of Titus, 2, 306.
• Tacitus and Josephus on, 2, 384.
• forbidden by Antoninus Pius, 2, 433.
• forbidden by Constantine, 2, 562.
• among slaves forbidden, 2, 564, 567–8, 615; 3, 46.
• during the Persian occupation of Palestine, 3, 21.
• forbidden by the councils of Orleans, 3, 37.
• among the Arabs, 3, 61–3.
• punishable with death by the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.
• See also Circumcision; Proselytes.
• Conversions to Paganism in Alexandria, 2, 184.
• Converts, forced, to Christianity, a menace to the Spanish Jews, 4, 179.
• emigrate from Spain, 4, 179.
• relapse into Jewish ceremonies, 4, 180.
• See Marranos, the.
• Converts, forced, to Judaism, the Idumæans under John Hyrcanus, 2, 8–9.
• the Ituræans and Trachonites under Aristobulus I, 2, 37.
• Converts to Christianity, cannot return to Judaism, 3, 49–50, 306, 308.
• See also Apostates; Christians, Judaizing; Marranos, the.
• Converts to Judaism. See Circumcision; Conversions to Judaism; Proselytes.
• Copenhagen, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 531.
• Copia, Sarah. See Sullam, Sarah Copia.
• Copia, Simon, father of Sarah Sullam, 5, 69.
• Coponius, first procurator of Judæa, 2, 129.
• administration of, 2, 135.
• Cordova, ancient gateway in, 3, 42.
• Jews masters of, 3, 109.
• seat of a Talmud school, 3, 210, 228, 236.
• birthplace of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 255.
• taken by Suleiman, 3, 255, 262.
• medical school at, 3, 261.
• home of the Albalias, 3, 283.
• synagogues of, destroyed, 3, 360.
• Talmud school of, destroyed, 3, 384.
• taken by the Almohades, 3, 447–8.
• the Inquisition in, 4, 325.
• Jews disappear from, 4, 354.
• exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• disturbance in, caused by the Inquisition, 4, 484.
• autos-da-fé in, 5, 91, 92.
• Cordova, the Jews of, ransom Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 209.
• choose him as their rabbi, 3, 209.
• appeal to Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 209–10.
• Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut political chief of, 3, 217.
• prosperity of, 3, 229.
• side against Joseph Ibn-Abitur, 3, 238.
• Jacob Ibn-Jau chief of, 3, 239.
• emigrate, 3, 255.
• murdered in 1391, 4, 169.
• Cordova, the Marranos of, attacked, 4, 281–2.
• flee to Granada, 4, 351.
• Corfu, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 363–4.
• Isaac Abrabanel at, 4, 384.
• rites of the Jews of, followed in Greece, 4, 406.
• Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 160.
• honors shown to Crémieux in, 5, 668.
• Corinth, Judæans in, 2, 203.
• Paul establishes a Christian community in, 2, 228.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Cornelianus, Atidius, governor of Syria, defeated by the Parthians, 2, 447.
• Cornelius, Judæan envoy to Claudius, 2, 197–8.
• Coronel, baptismal name of Abraham Senior’s family, 4, 351.
• Coronel, David Senior, Marrano in Pernambuco, 4, 693.
• Coronello, Joseph Nassi’s deputy, 4, 597.
• Correa, Isabel, Marrano poetess, 5, 114.
• “Correction of the False Teacher,” by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, 4, 234.
• Cosmas, bishop of Prague, protects the Jews during the first crusade, 3, 305, 307.
• Cossacks, the, origin and independence of, 5, 2.
• efforts to convert, 5, 2–3.
• highly taxed, 5, 3.
• Jews further the enslavement of, 5, 6.
• insurrections of, 5, 6, 7.
• organized into Haidamak troops, 5, 8.
• massacres of the Jews by, 5, 9–12.
• make peace with the Poles, 5, 12.
• attack the Jews, 5, 14, 15.
• second treaty with, 5, 14.
• losses inflicted upon the Jews by, 5, 15.
• persecutions by, influence Judaism, 5, 16–17.
• ravages of, in Poland, 5, 388.
• Costa, Duarte Nuñes da, Portuguese agent in Hamburg, 4, 692.
• Costa, Emanuel da, Marrano, martyrdom of, 4, 520–1.
• Costa, Isaac Atias da, civic honors of, 5, 458.
• Costa, Joseph da, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 34.
• Costa, Uriel (Gabriel) da (1590–1640), as a Marrano, 5, 56.
• studies the Scriptures, 5, 57.
• returns to Judaism, 5, 57.
• at odds with Amsterdam Judaism, 5, 58–9.
• excommunicated, 5, 59.
• attacked by Samuel da Silva, 5, 59.
• publishes a work hostile to Judaism, 5, 59–60.
• retracts, 5, 60–1.
• formulates a natural religion, 5, 61.
• fails to conform to Jewish usages, 5, 62.
• restrains Christians from becoming Jews, 5, 62.
• refuses to do penance, 5, 62.
• penance imposed upon, 5, 63–4.
• autobiography of, 5, 64–5.
• suicide of, 5, 64.
• violence of, 5, 84.
• case of, compared with Spinoza’s, 5, 92, 93, 97.
• Costnitz. See Constance.
• Costobar, prevents the escape of fugitives from Jerusalem, 2, 89.
• Costobar, of the Herodian family, wickedness of, 2, 236.
• accuses Gessius Florus before Nero, 2, 268.
• Cotys, king of Armenia Minor, ally of Agrippa I, 2, 195.
• Cotys, Byzantine commander, subdues the Jews of Antioch, 3, 18.
• Council of Elders, the, instituted by Moses, 1, 25–6.
• Council of Seventy, the. See Council, the Great.
• Council, the Great, of Seventy, work of, 1, 394–5.
• institutes Chanukah, 1, 472–3.
• informs the Egyptian Judæans of the independence of Judæa, 1, 522.
• composed of Sadducees, 2, 42.
• chief post in, given up to the Pharisees, 2, 48–9.
• reorganized, 2, 50.
• called the Great Synhedrion, 2, 71.
• See Synhedrion, the.
• Council, the Great, couples at the head of:

• José, son of Joëzer.	José, son of Johanan.
  Joshua, son of Perachia.	Matthai of Arbela.
  Judah ben Tabbai.	Simon ben Shetach.
  Shemaya.	Abtalion.
  Hillel I.	Shammai.

• Councils, Church. See Church Councils.
• “Counsels and Lessons,” by Santob de Carrion, 4, 115.
• Couples. See Council, the Great.
• Courts of justice, held on Mondays and Thursdays in Judæa, 1, 394.
• restored to the Jews by Alexander Severus, 2, 482.
• purified by Abba-Areka, 2, 517.
• See also Jurisdiction, Jewish, autonomous.
• Coutinho, Ferdinand, bishop of Algarve, opposes the forcible baptism of Jews, 4, 375.
• describes the baptism of Jewish children, 4, 376.
• opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 500.
• Cracow, Jews massacred in, on the charge of well poisoning, 4, 111.
• the Jews of, number of, 4, 632.
• the German population of, 5, 3.
• Chassidistic writings burned in, 5, 393.
• Cranganor, destroyed, 2, 630.
• Crassus, member of the first Triumvirate, receives Syria, 2, 73.
• robs the Temple, 2, 74.
• slain, 2, 74.
• Creation, Kabbalistic theory of, 3, 552–3.
• theory of, held by Isaac Lurya, 4, 619.
• Creed, the, by Albo, 4, 240.
• by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 193.
• Creed, the, by Maimonides, 3, 459–60.
• effect of, 3, 469, 470.
• objected to, by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 193.
• Creizenach, Michael (1789–1842), advocate of the Reform movement, 5, 674–5.
• Crémieux, Adolf (1796–1880), espouses the cause of the Damascus Jews, 5, 643–4.
• acts in conjunction with the English Jews, 5, 645, 651.
• appeals to Louis Philippe, 5, 645.
• announces the faithlessness of Louis Philippe, 5, 651.
• appeal to, from Damascus, 5, 651.
• sent to Egypt, 5, 652.
• at the London meeting, 5, 653.
• hampered by the French ministry, 5, 658.
• sets out for Egypt, 5, 658.
• honors shown to, 5, 658–9, 667–8.
• introduces himself to Mehmet Ali, 5, 659.
• influences the European consuls and Mehmet Ali, 5, 660.
• tries to establish schools in Egypt, 5, 663, 671.
• services of, acknowledged, 5, 669–72.
• declines a medal, 5, 671.
• president of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 702.
• Cremona, the Talmud burnt at, 4, 582–3.
• Cremona, the Jews of, number of, 4, 653.
• expelled, 4, 660.
• Crescas, Barfat, imprisonment of, 4, 150.
• Crescas, Chasdaï. See Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas.
• Crescas Vidal, opposes the study of science, 4, 28–9.
• reproaches Samuel Sulami for harboring a heretic, 4, 29.
• Crete (Candia), the Judæans of, make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.
• a false Messiah in, 2, 610–11.
• restored to Turkey, 5, 661.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 363–4, 406.
• the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.
• Cardoso on, 5, 207.
• Crimea, the, Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, 3, 123–4.
• the Karaites spread to, 3, 182.
• the land of the Chazars, 3, 222.
• the Karaites in, in the twelfth century, 3, 435.
• Karaites emigrate from, 4, 269.
• Jews of Poland transported to, 5, 8.
• Crispia. See Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan.
• Crissa, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• “Critical History of the Old Testament, The,” by Richard Simon, 5, 179.
• Croatia, the Jews of, proscribed, 3, 614.
• Crœsus, at war with Cyrus, 1, 343.
• Cromwell, Oliver, obtains religious liberty for England, 5, 25–6.
• inspired by the Old Testament, 5, 26, 27.
• regards the Jews favorably, 5, 27.
• dissolves the Long Parliament, 5, 34.
• Protector, 5, 35.
• favors the re-settlement of Jews in England, 5, 35, 42–3.
• invites Manasseh ben Israel to England, 5, 38.
• receives Manasseh, 5, 38–9.
• hopes to convert the Jews, 5, 43.
• assembles a commission on the Jewish question, 5, 43–5.
• followers of, favor the admission of Jews, 5, 44.
• reported the Messiah of the Jews, 5, 45.
• dismisses Manasseh honorably, 5, 49.
• acquits the Marrano Robles, 5, 49.
• permits a Jewish burial ground in London, 5, 49.
• Crossen, the duchy of, Jews settle in, 5, 173.
• Crown money. See Aurum coronarium.
• Crusade, a, against the Albigenses, 3, 501–3.
• against the Mahometans in Spain, 3, 507.
• preached by order of Gregory IX, 3, 570.
• organized by Louis IX with Jewish money, 3, 585.
• Crusade, the first, Jews during, 3, 298–305, 308, 309.
• disgraceful end of, 3, 306.
• Crusade, the second, Jews during, 3, 349–56.
• Crusade, the third, participators in, 3, 404, 411, 418.
• preached by Fulko de Neuilly, 3, 405.
• Crusade, the fourth, and the Jews, 3, 496–7.
• Crusaders, fall upon Jews in the English towns, 3, 412–13.
• Crusades, the, begin with massacres of the Jews, 4, 222.
• Crzemieniec, Jewish children slaughtered in, 5, 12.
• Ctesiphon (Ardashir), capital of the Parthians, 2, 506.
• populated with Jews, 2, 507.
• escapes seizure by Julian the Apostate, 2, 602.
• Cuenca, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.
• autos-da-fé in, 5, 91, 92.
• Cuenqui, Abraham, Sabbataï Zevi’s biographer, 5, 212.
• Cumanus (48–52), procurator of Judæa, 2, 241.
• places a cohort in the Temple, 2, 242.
• punishes the profanation of the Scriptures, 2, 242–3.
• sides with the Samaritans, 2, 243.
• hated in Jerusalem, 2, 244.
• called to Rome to justify himself, 2, 244.
• banished, 2, 245.
• Curiel, Jacob, unites the Portuguese congregations of Amsterdam, 4, 681.
• Portuguese agent in Hamburg, 4, 692.
• Cuthæans, the, a mixed population colonized in Samaria, 1, 285.
• See Samaritans, the.
• Cyaxares, of Media, defeats the Assyrians, 1, 287.
• puts an end to Assyria, 1, 303.
• Cyclades, the, Joseph Nassi duke of, 4, 596.
• Cycle of Rabbi Nachshon, the, key to the Jewish calendar, 3, 179.
• Cydonia, original home of the Philistines, 1, 54.
• Cypros, wife of Agrippa I, appeals to Herodias, 2, 175.
• hostage for her husband, 2, 176.
• Cypros, wife of Antipater, 2, 77.
• Cyprus, refuge of Ptolemy VIII, 2, 12.
• seized by Ptolemy VIII, 2, 40.
• wheat imported from, for Jerusalem, 2, 218.
• the Judæans of, make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.
• promised to Joseph Nassi, 4, 600.
• taken by the Turks, 4, 601.
• as a Jewish state, 4, 611.
• Cyprus, the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, 2, 394.
• Martius Hurbo sent against, 2, 398.
• join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 424–5.
• Cyrenaica, the Judæans of, have a synagogue in Jerusalem, 2, 201.
• the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, 2, 394, 395, 396.
• Cyrene, Judæans settle in, 1, 419.
• position of the Judæans in, 1, 503.
• given to Ptolemy VII, 1, 507.
• the Judæans of, make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.
• Zealots take refuge in, 2, 317, 318.
• Jewish revolt in, 2, 331.
• the Jews of, revolt from Trajan, 2, 395, 397.
• Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, ill-treats the Jews, 2, 618–19; 3, 23.
• Cyrus, of Persia, dethrones the Median king, 1, 342.
• at war with Crœsus, 1, 343.
• called the instrument of God by Isaiah, 1, 348.
• conquers Babylon, 1, 349–50.
• proclaims himself king of Babylon, 1, 350.
• permits the Judæans to return to Palestine, 1, 351–2.
• sends an escort with the returning exiles, 1, 355.
• Czarnicki, Polish general, ill-uses the Jews, 5, 15.
• Czechowic, Martin, Polish Unitarian, writes against Judaism, 4, 648.
• Czenstochow, Frank imprisoned at, 5, 288, 289.
• Czernigov, the Jews of, massacred, 5, 10.
• D
• Dabaritta, the Judæans of, plunder Agrippa II’s agent, 2, 279.
• Dævas, Persian evil spirits, 1, 403.
• Dafiera. See Solomon Dafiera.
• “Dagger of Faith, The,” anti-Jewish work by Raymund Martin, 3, 622–3.
• Dagobert (629), Merovingian king, hostile to the Jews, 3, 40.
• Dagon, Philistine god, 1, 55.
• temple of, burnt, 1, 496.
• Dâï, forerunner of the Messiah, 3, 124.
• Dalalat al Haïrin. See “Guide of the Perplexed, The.”
• Dalberg, Karl von, imperial chancellor, aids Breidenbach, 5, 468.
• favors the emancipation of Jews, 5, 504.
• grants civil rights to the Jews of Frankfort, 5, 505.
• Dalburg, bishop of Worms, refuses to judge the Reuchlin case, 4, 454.
• Dallim (Ebionim), disciples of Isaiah, 1, 254.
• Dalmatia, the Jews of, proscribed, 3, 614.
• Damascus (Aram, Syria), belongs to the king of Israel, 1, 127.
• king of, defeated by David, 1, 127.
• taken by Rezon, 1, 177, 183.
• king of, makes a treaty with Rehoboam, 1, 183.
• extended by Tabrimon, 1, 183.
• conquered by Jeroboam II, 1, 232.
• besieged by Tiglath-Pileser, 1, 259.
• subdued by Sennacherib, 1, 270.
• the goddess of love, worshiped in, 1, 408.
• taken by the Hasmonæans, 1, 498.
• number of Judæans in, 2, 202.
• women of, adopt Judaism, 2, 215.
• the Nazarene community in, 2, 222–3.
• the apostle Paul in, 2, 226, 227.
• Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 342.
• captured by Hulagu, 3, 606.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 399–400.
• Chayim Vital Calabrese in, 5, 52–3.
• Damascus affair, the, reported in the French journals, 5, 642.
• taken up by Crémieux, 5, 644.
• considered in England, 5, 645.
• the Austrian report on, 5, 646.
• in the hands of Mehmet Ali, 5, 647.
• tried by a court of European consuls, 5, 648.
• trial of, stopped by Thiers, 5, 649.
• in the French Chamber of Deputies, 5, 649–50.
• view of, among Catholics, 5, 650–1.
• in Parliament, 5, 652–3.
• discussed by London Jews, 5, 653–4.
• a Mansion House meeting protests against, 5, 656–7.
• rejoicing at the termination of, 5, 667, 669.
• plans for commemorating, 5, 669, 670, 671.
• account of, by Erter, 5, 671.
• Munk on, 5, 671–2.
• Damascus, the Jews of, in an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 426–7.
• liturgy of, changed, 3, 466.
• cause of, espoused by various governments, 5, 633.
• number of, 5, 634.
• suspected of ritual murder, 5, 635, 636.
• arrested and tortured, 5, 636–7.
• houses of, destroyed, 5, 637.
• evidence favoring, suppressed, 5, 637.
• confess under torture, 5, 638.
• pronounced guilty by Ratti Menton, 5, 640.
• appeal to the European Jews, 5, 642, 651.
• torture of, stopped, 5, 648.
• release of, 5, 660–1.
• new crusade against, incited by Catholics, 5, 662.
• Dan, the tribe of, late settlement of, 1, 39.
• isolation of, 1, 51.
• attacked by the Philistines, 1, 64.
• oppressed by the Philistines, 1, 66.
• around Nishabur, 3, 433.
• Dan, northern frontier town of Israel, 1, 129.
• occupied by Sheba’s followers, 1, 149–50.
• center of idolatry, 1, 186, 233.
• subjugated by Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.
• “Danger to the Welfare and Character of the Germans through the Jews,” by J. F. Fries, 5, 521.
• “Dangerous Courses, The,” by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.
• Daniel, the supposed grave of, causes a quarrel, 3, 434–5.
• Daniel, the Book of, written during the Maccabæan struggle, 1, 465–6.
• language of, 1, 465.
• consolations offered by, 1, 465.
• prophesies the end of the Syrian power, 1, 465–6.
• additions to, 2, 359.
• prophecy of, thought to be verified, 2, 482–3.
• explained by Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 494–5.
• as explained by Christians, 2, 502.
• commentary on, by Porphyry, 2, 502.
• a verse of, applied to Odenathus, 2, 527.
• a prophecy of, applied to Julian the Apostate, 2, 598.
• commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373.
• Nissim Gerundi on, 4, 120.
• Gallipapa on, 4, 149.
• commentary on, by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 482.
• Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 81.
• Daniel, friend of Immanuel Romi, 4, 66.
• Daniel, Karaite, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 155.
• Daniel ben Saadiah, anti-Maimunist, 3, 525–6.
• excommunicated, 3, 526.
• Daniel, son of Solomon (Chasdaï?, 1165–1175), Exilarch, 3, 438.
• death of, 3, 439.
• Dante, friend of Immanuel Romi, 4, 65.
• imitated by Immanuel Romi, 4, 66, 67.
• quoted, 4, 325.
• Danz, Frankfort deputy to the Congress of Vienna, objects to the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519.
• Daphne, Verus Commodus at, 2, 447.
• Darius, king of Persia, permits the rebuilding of the Temple, 1, 359.
• Darius, commander of Agrippa II’s troops, 2, 259.
• “Dark Age,” the Jewish, 4, 617.
• Darke ha-Talmud, work by Isaac Campanton, 4, 230.
• Darmstadt, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530.
• Daroca, the Jews of, converted, 4, 206, 214.
• Darshanim, Jewish preachers, deliver sermons in the vernacular, under Louis the Pious 3, 163.
• Daub, professor, protects the Jews of Heidelberg, 5, 531.
• Daud, physician, traduces Joseph Nassi, 4, 598–9.
• banished and excommunicated, 4, 599.
• Dauphiné, Jews remain in, after the expulsion by Charles VI, 4, 177.
• David, king, anointed, 1, 95–6.
• poetic talent of, 1, 96.
• under Samuel’s influence, 1, 96–7.
• and Goliath, 1, 97.
• soothes Saul’s melancholy, 1, 98.
• victorious over the Philistines, 1, 98–9.
• attacked by Saul, 1, 99.
• marries Michal, 1, 100.
• outlawed, 1, 100.
• in friendly relations with Ammonites and Philistines, 1, 100–2.
• at Ziklag, 1, 101–2.
• to help the Philistines against Saul, 1, 102.
• routs the Amalekites, 1, 106–7.
• chosen king by Judah, 1, 107.
• ally of Achish, 1, 107–8.
• resides at Hebron, 1, 109.
• and Abner, 1, 110–12.
• rules over the whole kingdom, 1, 112.
• subdues the Jebusites, 1, 113–14.
• resides at Jerusalem, 1, 114.
• at war with the Philistines, 1, 115–18.
• at Adullam, 1, 116.
• saved by Abishai, 1, 117.
• ally of Hiram, 1, 118.
• builds a cedar palace, 1, 119.
• makes Jerusalem the center of religious life, 1, 119–20.
• introduces choral song into the religious service, 1, 120.
• as Psalmist, 1, 120–1.
• as king, 1, 121.
• loyalty to, 1, 121–2.
• army of, 1, 122.
• favorite and councilor of, 1, 122–3.
• surrenders Saul’s descendants to the Gibeonites, 1, 123.
• buries the remains of Saul and Jonathan, 1, 124.
• at war with the Moabites, 1, 125–6.
• at war with the Ammonites, 1, 126–7.
• at war with the Aramæans, 1, 127.
• at war with the Ammonites and Idumæans, 1, 128–9.
• enlarges his territory, 1, 129–30.
• faith of, 1, 130.
• lenient towards conquered races, 1, 131.
• betrays Uriah, 1, 131–2.
• rebuked by Nathan, 1, 133.
• and Absalom, 1, 134–7.
• orders a census, 1, 137–8.
• conspiracy against, 1, 138–44.
• leaves Jerusalem, 1, 140–1.
• faithful followers of, 1, 141–2, 144.
• enemies of, 1, 142.
• victorious over Absalom, 1, 144.
• mourns Absalom, 1, 145.
• invited to Jerusalem by the northern tribes, 1, 146.
• pardons Amasa, 1, 146.
• met by embassies of Benjamites and Judæans, 1, 146–8.
• suppresses Sheba’s revolt, 1, 148–50.
• returns to Jerusalem, 1, 150.
• restrained from building a Temple, 1, 150–1.
• debility of, 1, 151.
• has Solomon acknowledged king, 1, 153.
• death of, 1, 154.
• summary of the reign of, 1, 154–5.
• number of wives of, 1, 161.
• descendants of, the only ones entitled to the crown, 1, 527–8.
• a descendant of, the Messiah, 2, 143, 144.
• descent from, traced by Spanish families, 3, 43.
• Israelites under, settle in northern Arabia, 3, 54.
• in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.
• favorite character of the Puritans, 5, 26.
• David, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 439.
• David, German immigrant in Turkey, 4, 271.
• David, principino of the Neapolitan Jews, 3, 424.
• David of Mosul, Exilarch in Jerusalem, 3, 506.
• excommunicates Daniel ben Saadiah, 3, 526.
• David de Pomis (1525–1588), physician, employed by Christians, 4, 653.
• attainments of, 4, 656.
• defense of Jewish physicians by, 4, 656–7.
• Talmudic dictionary by, 4, 657.
• David ben Daniel, Exilarch of Mosul, excommunicates Solomon Petit, 3, 632.
• David ben Judah (825–840), Exilarch, 3, 155–6.
• David ben Kalonymos, Tossafist, member of the Mayence synod, 3, 517.
• David ben Maimun, brother of Maimonides, 3, 451, 457.
• David ben Saul, excommunicates the Maimunists, 3, 529.
• excommunicated, 3, 530, 536–7.
• David ben Zaccaï (940), Exilarch, deposes Kohen-Zedek, 3, 186.
• appoints two Geonim of Sora, 3, 192–3.
• excommunicates the congregation of Fars, 3, 194.
• injustice of, 3, 194–5.
• contest of, with Saadiah, 3, 195–6, 200–1.
• cause of, espoused by Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu, 3, 200.
• death of, 3, 201.
• great-grandson of, 3, 254.
• David Ibn-Abi Zimra (1470–1573), scholar, Spanish exile in Cairo, 4, 393.
• rabbi of Cairo, 4, 394.
• abolishes the Seleucidæan era, 4, 394–5.
• reverses the liturgical changes made by Maimonides, 4, 395.
• Kabbalist, 4, 481.
• David Ibn-Albilla, philosopher, 4, 91.
• David Ibn-Yachya, rabbi at Naples, 4, 410.
• David Ibn-Yachya Negro, foresees the expulsion of the Jews from Portugal, 4, 339.
• David Abudarham, a Jew of Castile, 3, 617.
• David Alrui (Alroy, Ibn-Alruchi, Menahem ben Solomon), attainments of, 3, 430.
• summons the Jews of the East to return to Jerusalem, 3, 431.
• imprisoned, 3, 431–2.
• death of, 3, 433.
• David Bonet Buen-Giorna, Marrano, persuaded to remain a Christian, 4, 188.
• epistle to, 4, 188–90.
• David Gans (1541–1613), historian and astronomer, works of, 4, 638–9.
• consulted by Basnage, 5, 196.
• refutes Eibeschütz’s defense, 5, 270.
• David Kimchi (1160–1235), grammarian and lexicographer, 3, 393–4, 561.
• grammatical and exegetical work of, 3, 394.
• Maimunist, 3, 530–1, 540–1.
• denounces Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 544.
• works of, used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.
• commentary of, in the Bomberg Bible, 4, 476.
• David Maimuni (1223–1300), grandson of Maimonides, aided by Solomon ben Adret, 3, 620.
• Nagid of Egypt, friend of the Exilarch Yishaï, 3, 627.
• appealed to by Hillel of Verona, 3, 631.
• in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 632–3.
• David Negro Ibn-Yachya, counselor of Ferdinand I of Portugal, 4, 159–60.
• leaves Lisbon, 4, 160.
• chief rabbi of Castile, 4, 161, 162.
• David Rafan, discovers the Zohar to be a forgery, 4, 20–1.
• David Reubeni, travels of, in the East, 4, 491.
• description of, 4, 491–2.
• at Rome, 4, 492, 493.
• honored by the Jews, 4, 493.
• received by João III of Portugal, 4, 493, 498.
• considered the forerunner of the Messiah, 4, 494, 497–8.
• repulses the Marranos and Solomon Molcho, 4, 495–6.
• opposed by Miguel de Silva, 4, 498–9.
• leaves Portugal, 4, 499.
• prisoner in Spain, 4, 499.
• in Avignon, 4, 499.
• and Molcho, 4, 504.
• and the Venetian senate, 4, 504.
• petitions Charles V, 4, 509–10.
• confined by the Spanish Inquisition, 4, 511.
• David’s chapel, Franciscan church on Mount Zion, 4, 274.
• Daya, character in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 324.
• Dayan, title of the judges in Jewish Babylonia, 3, 98.
• title of Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 229.
• Dayane-di-Baba, judges of the gate, in Babylonia, 2, 547.
• Dayanim, assistants of the rabbis, 5, 566, 569.
• Dead Sea, the, description of, 1, 43.
• Debir, the, the Holy of Holies, 1, 165.
• Debir (Kirjath-Sepher), taken by the tribe of Judah, 1, 38.
• Deborah, judge, inspires resistance to Jabin, 1, 61.
• Debts owing to Jews, the interest on, repudiated by Eugenius III, 3, 349, 351.
• the repudiation of, not permitted by Maria de Molina, 4, 52.
• the repudiation of, urged by Louis the Rich, 4, 254.
• Decapolis, league of towns, freed from Judæan rule, 2, 67.
• Deckendorf (Deggendorf), the Jews of, massacred, 4, 98.
• “Declaration,” by Manasseh ben Israel, concerning the admission of Jews into England, 5, 39–42.
• “Defense of the Rational Worshipers of God,” by Reimarus, 5, 320.
• “Definitions and Descriptions,” by Isaac Israeli, 3, 181.
• Deï Rossi. See Azarya ben Moses deï Rossi.
• Deity, the, Israelitish conception of, 1, 24, 402.
• Delaborde, Count, on the Turkish Jews, 5, 649–50.
• “Delight of all Mankind,” epithet of Titus, 2, 304.
• Delitzsch, Franz, admires neo-Hebraic poetry, 5, 628–9.
• Della Ruvere, Marco, nuncio in Portugal, 4, 514.
• Della Volta, Samuel Vita, physician and scholar, 5, 622.
• Del Medigo. See Elias del Medigo.
• Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon (1591–1655), sceptic, 5, 56, 75–6.
• ancestry and education of, 5, 75.
• wanderings of, 5, 76–80.
• mathematical attainments of, 5, 76.
• among Karaites, 5, 76–7.
• as physician, 5, 76, 80.
• defends the Kabbala, 5, 78.
• at Amsterdam, 5, 79.
• preacher, 5, 79–80.
• end of, 5, 80.
• hypocrisy of, 5, 84.
• Delmedigo, Judah, son of Elias, rabbi of Canea, 4, 406.
• Dembowski, Nicolas, bishop of Kamieniec, persecutes the Frankists, 5, 278.
• Frankists make a partial confession of Christianity before, 5, 279.
• favors the Frankists, 5, 279–80.
• consents to disputations between Frankists and Talmudists, 5, 280, 281–2.
• confiscates and burns the Talmud, 5, 282.
• death of, 5, 282.
• Dembowski, Frankist family, 5, 289.
• Demetrius I, of Syria, sent to Rome as hostage, 1, 443.
• throne of, usurped by Antiochus IV, 1, 443.
• plots to depose Antiochus V, 1, 481.
• escapes from Rome, 1, 482.
• kills Antiochus V, 1, 482.
• appoints Alcimus high priest, 1, 482.
• sends Bacchides to Jerusalem, 1, 482, 486.
• sends Nicanor to Judæa, 1, 484.
• leaves the religious freedom of the Judæans undisturbed, 1, 488, 491–2.
• seeks the friendship of Jonathan Haphus, 1, 494, 495–6.
• Demetrius II Nicator, of Syria, contests the throne with Alexander Balas, 1, 496.
• appealed to by the Hellenists, 1, 497.
• exempts the Judæans from taxation, 1, 497.
• besieged in his palace, 1, 497.
• seeks help with Jonathan Haphus, 1, 497.
• flees from Antioch, 1, 498.
• negotiates with Simon Tharsi, 1, 521.
• acknowledges the independence of Judæa, 1, 521.
• expedition of, against Persia, 1, 525.
• defeated by the Parthians, 2, 5.
• deposed by Alexander Zabina, 2, 6.
• death of, 2, 6.
• Demetrius, librarian of Ptolemy II, advises the translation of the Law, 1, 514.
• Demetrius, son of Antigonus, defeated, 1, 417.
• Demetrius, son-in-law of Agrippa I, 2, 235.
• Demiurge, creator of the world, in the Gnostic system, 2, 375.
• Demons, exorcism of, in Galilee, 2, 148.
• by the Essenes, 2, 151.
• by Jesus, 2, 156–7.
• by the disciples of Jesus, 2, 170.
• Denia, home of Isaac Albergeloni, 3, 284.
• Denmark, the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.
• Jews invited to settle in, 4, 675.
• rabbis of, willing to excommunicate Luzzatto, 5, 241.
• favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519, 531.
• Derasha. See Agada.
• Derbend (Berdaa), Jews settle in, 3, 124.
• refuge of the Chazars, 3, 222.
• Derketades, royal Assyrian house, last member of, 1, 258.
• Derush. See Agada.
• Descartes, philosophy of, studied by Spinoza, 5, 89.
• characteristics of, 5, 90.
• Desfar, Juan, governor of Palma, protects the Jews, 4, 246, 247.
• Dessau, subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, 5, 329.
• Deuteronomy, the Book of, found in the Temple, 1, 289, 292–3. See under Law, the.
• Deuterosis, code of Rabbi Akiba, 2, 354.
• Deuterotes, the Tanaites, 2, 371.
• Deutz, Menahem, member of the French consistory, 5, 502.
• Deutz, the Jews of Cologne take refuge in, 4, 227.
• De Wette, exegete, 5, 623, 695.
• De Witt, John, friend of Spinoza, 5, 107, 108.
• Deza, archbishop of Seville, second inquisitor general, 4, 356, 484.
• Dhor el-Khedib, highest peak of Lebanon, 1, 44.
• Dialoghi d’amore (“Dialogues of Love”), by Leon Abrabanel, 4, 480–1.
• Dias, André, Marrano, assassin of Henrique Nunes, 4, 490.
• Dibre Sopherim, the work of the Council of Seventy, 1, 395.
• traditional Jewish lore, 2, 19, 472.
• See Law, the oral.
• Dictionaries, Chaldean and Rabbinical, by Elias Levita, 4, 474.
• Dictionary. See Aruch; Iggaron; Lexicon; Machbereth.
• Diderot, praises Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.
• Diebitsch, von, defender of the Jews, 5, 470.
• Diego de Valencia, apostate, Spanish satirist, 4, 181.
• Dietary laws, the, observed by the Babylonian Judæans, 1, 364.
• observed by the Judæan Christians of Antioch, 2, 231.
• obeyed by the Jews of Gaul, 3, 36.
• observed by the Jews of Arabia, 3, 58.
• made severer by Anan ben David, 3, 132.
• not observed by the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675.
• declaration against, withdrawn, 5, 676.
• Dieterich. See Theodoric of Burgundy.
• Diez, friend of Dohm, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 358–9.
• Dimé, Palestinian Amora, banished from Judæa, 2, 567.
• Dimuh, so-called synagogue of Moses at, 3, 445.
• Dina d’malchuta dina, sanctity of the law of the land, 2, 519.
• Diniz (1279–1325), of Portugal, Jews under, 3, 618.
• Dio Cassius, historian, on the revolt under Bar Cochba, 2, 411.
• on the fall of Bethar, 2, 418–19.
• Dio Kart, birthplace of Huna, 2, 545.
• Diocæsarea. See Sepphoris.
• Diocletian, emperor, tolerant, 2, 533.
• accuses Judah III of disloyalty, 2, 533–4.
• and Abbahu, 2, 538.
• persecutes Christianity, 2, 539.
• Diodorus, ambassador to Rome, 2, 4–5.
• Diodotus Tryphon, general of Alexander Balas, puts the latter’s son on the throne, 1, 497–8.
• friendly to Jonathan Haphus, 1, 498.
• seeks to make himself king, 1, 498–9.
• takes Jonathan Haphus prisoner, 1, 499.
• negotiates with Simon Tharsi for tribute, 1, 500–1.
• has Jonathan Haphus executed, 1, 501.
• Simon Tharsi hostile to, 1, 521.
• at odds with Antiochus Sidetes, 1, 525, 528, 529.
• Diogenes, Sadducee, favorite of Alexander Jannæus, 2, 42.
• advises the crucifixion of Pharisees, 2, 45.
• put to death by the Pharisees, 2, 55.
• Diokna Kadisha, Kabbalistic term, 4, 538.
• Dionysus, worshiped in Alexandria, 1, 428.
• festival of, in Judæa, 1, 428, 456–7.
• Dios-Carne. See Astruc Raimuch.
• Dioscorides, work of, translated, 3, 218.
• Diospolis. See Lydda.
• Dioterich. See Theodoric.
• Disciples, meaning of, 2, 357.
• See Law, the, the teachers of.
• Dispersion, the, of Judæans under Uzziah, 1, 227.
• after the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 317–18.
• in the lands of the Seleucidæ and the Ptolemies, 1, 420–1.
• value of, 2, 200–1.
• Disputation, between Judæans and Samaritans in Alexandria, 1, 516–17.
• between Donin and four rabbis, 3, 576–8.
• between Pablo Christiani and Nachmani, 3, 598–604.
• at Burgos, 4, 140.
• at Avila, 4, 140–2.
• at Pampeluna, 4, 142.
• at Tortosa, 4, 207–15.
• at Kamieniec, 5, 280–1.
• at Lemberg, 5, 285–7.
• Disputations, between Jews and Christians, under Basilius, 3, 175–6.
• in France in the twelfth century, 3, 343.
• See under Polemical works against Christianity.
• “Distinction,” anti-Karaite work by Saadiah, 3, 192.
• “Diversions,” satire by Joseph ben Sabara, 3, 559.
• Divine Service, the. See Liturgy, the.
• Divorce, abolished by Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 124.
• bills of, criticised after delivery to the wife, 3, 378.
• discussed by the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 491.
• discussed by the French Synhedrion, 5, 497.
• Divorce law, the, as formulated by the Pharisees, 2, 50.
• according to the school of Shammai, 2, 132.
• as interpreted by Meïr, 2, 439.
• alleviations of, proposed by Judah II, 2, 484.
• regulated by Abba Areka, 2, 516–17.
• reformed by Hunaï and Mar-Raba, 3, 92.
• changed by Gershom, 3, 244.
• modified by the Troyes synod, 3, 378.
• changed by Menachem of Merseburg, 4, 228.
• Divorces, frequent among Kabbalists, 4, 627; 5, 210.
• Djabar, the Jews of, pillaged, 5, 641.
• Dnieper, the, colonies of serfs on, 5, 2.
• Doag, captain of the guard under Saul, 1, 91.
• Dob Beer. See Beer of Mizricz.
• Dohm, Christian William (1751–1820), friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 351–2.
• plea by, for the amelioration of the condition of the Jews, 5, 352–62.
• inspired by Mendelssohn, 5, 356, 361, 366.
• admits the depravity of the Jews, 5, 361.
• criticised by Mendelssohn, 5, 361–2.
• enlists Mirabeau’s sympathies for the Jews, 5, 366.
• fails to impress Frederick the Great, 5, 414.
• helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 5, 500.
• entertains a distorted view of Jewish history, 5, 593.
• Dok, fortress, Simon Tharsi assassinated in, 1, 530.
• Ptolemy ben Habub shut up in, 1, 531.
• Dolmäh. See Donmäh.
• Domingo, founder of the Dominican order, 3, 519.
• Dominicans, the, originate in the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.
• persecutions by, in southern France, 3, 519.
• entrusted with the extirpation of the Albigenses, 3, 542.
• interfere in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 542–3.
• preach Jew hatred, 3, 565.
• judges of the Talmud, 3, 575, 602–3.
• at Donin’s disputation, 3, 576.
• charge the Jews of England with the blood accusation, 3, 591.
• taught Hebrew and Arabic for conversion purposes, 3, 597, 621.
• in the Barcelona synagogue, 3, 601.
• appeal to Clement IV against Nachmani, 3, 605.
• enforce Jew badges, 3, 613.
• in Hungary, 3, 614.
• and Robert de Redingge’s conversion, 3, 641.
• deliver sermons to the Jews of England, 3, 643–4.
• denounce the Jews of England, 3, 645.
• arouse hatred against the Hussites and the Jews, 4, 222, 226.
• hate the Jews, 4, 308.
• try to convert the Jews of Spain, 4, 350.
• work for the expulsion of the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 486–7.
• incite the mob against the Marranos, 4, 487.
• have the Jews of Genoa banished, 4, 554.
• arouse Cremona against the Jews, 4, 582.
• Dominicans, the, of Cologne, and their crusade against Judaism, 4, 424–6.
• wish to confiscate the Talmud, 4, 425, 426, 428.
• devise measures for the conversion of the Jews, 4, 426.
• urge Maximilian I to deliver the Jews to them, 4, 428–9.
• eager to associate Reuchlin with themselves, 4, 432.
• suspect Reuchlin of heresy, 4, 435–6.
• obtain Maximilian’s fourth mandate, 4, 440–1.
• decide upon the burning of the Talmud, 4, 444.
• declare the Hebrew Bible heretical, 4, 445.
• publish a refutation of Reuchlin’s defense, 4, 445–6.
• sanction the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 452.
• try to overthrow the Speyer decision against Hoogstraten, 4, 455–6, 458.
• hatred of, for the Jews, increases, 4, 457.
• threaten to withdraw allegiance from the papacy, 4, 459.
• abuse Maximilian I, 4, 459.
• rejoice over the University of Paris decision, 4, 460.
• have the “Augenspiegel” translated, 4, 460.
• plan the extermination of the Jews of Germany, 4, 462–3.
• complain of the treatment accorded them, 4, 465–6.
• Dominicus Haman Epiphanes, pseudonym of a Jewish champion, 5, 471.
• Domitia, empress, Josephus a favorite of, 2, 389.
• Domitian, emperor, celebration of the birthday of, 2, 312.
• celebrates his triumph over Judæa, 2, 314–15.
• Jews troubled under, 2, 345, 384, 388–9.
• cousin of, convert to Judaism, 2, 387.
• Josephus a favorite of, 2, 389.
• prosecutes Josephus, 2, 391.
• Domitilla, Flavia, convert to Judaism, 2, 387, 389.
• Domna, Julia, wife of Severus, 2, 468.
• Donin (Nicholas), Talmudist, excommunicated by the French rabbis, 3, 572–3.
• apostatizes, 3, 573.
• causes the persecution of the Jews of Poitou, 3, 573.
• brings charges against the Talmud, 3, 573–4.
• disputation of, with four rabbis, 3, 576–8.
• and Pablo Christiani, 3, 598, 599, 602.
• charges of, repeated, 4, 213.
• instigates the burning of the Talmud, 4, 460.
• Donmäh (Dolmäh), the, followers of Berachya, 5, 211.
• descendants of, in Salonica, 5, 211.
• joined by Chayim Malach, 5, 214.
• address prayers to their leaders, 5, 274.
• Donnolo. See Sabbataï Donnolo.
• Dora, besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, 1, 528, 529.
• Greek youths of, introduce statues into the synagogues, 2, 193.
• Doria, Andrea, doge of Genoa, opposed to the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 554.
• employs a Jewish physician, 4, 555.
• Doria, Gianettino, and Joseph Cohen, 4, 555.
• Doris, first wife of Herod, 2, 112.
• Dormido, David Abrabanel, petitions Parliament to permit Jews to settle in England, 5, 35.
• Dorotheus, Judæan envoy to Rome, 2, 197–8.
• Dortmund, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• Dortus of Jerusalem, tries to incite a rebellion against Cumanus, 2, 244.
• Dositheus, companion of Onias IV, espouses Ptolemy VI’s cause, 1, 506, 507.
• Dossa ben Nachman (Archinas), teacher of the Law, 2, 330.
• Dossa ben Saadiah, author, 3, 202.
• in correspondence with Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 217.
• “Doubts of the Religion of Jesus,” by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.
• Dowry, the law of, according to Meïr, 2, 439.
• Draï, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 360.
• Drama, the, in Jewish literature, 5, 112.
• Dresden, Jews permitted to live in, 5, 509.
• Dresden, the Jews of, assisted by Mendelssohn, 5, 344.
• present an address to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.
• Drome, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Drouth, under Uzziah, 1, 229–30.
• Drusilla, youngest daughter of Agrippa I, affianced to Epiphanes of Commagene, 2, 195, 235.
• married to Aziz, 2, 235.
• married to Felix, 2, 235, 245.
• envious of Berenice, 2, 236.
• Drusus, son of Tiberius, educated with Agrippa I, 2, 175.
• Drusus, a tower on the wall of Cæsarea, 2, 106.
• Dsimma, Mahometan tax, 3, 110.
• Duarte de Pinel. See Usque, Abraham.
• Dubno, Solomon, writes the commentary to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 329, 332.
• alienated from Mendelssohn, 5, 334.
• Duchan, Jacob Israel, Sabbatian, 5, 156.
• Dudaï ben Nachman (761–764), principal of Pumbeditha, opponent of Anan ben David, 3, 129.
• Duelling, permitted to Jews under Alfonso VI, 3, 293.
• Du Guesclin, Bertrand, aids Henry de Trastamare, 4, 123, 124.
• cruelty of, to the Jews of Castile, 4, 126.
• kills Pedro the Cruel, 4, 126.
• Dulcigno, Sabbataï Zevi banished to, 5, 166.
• Dunash ben Labrat (Adonim, 920–970), poet, founder of Judæo-Spanish culture, 3, 215.
• introduces meter into the Hebrew language, 3, 223.
• supplements Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 225.
• circumstances of, 3, 226.
• criticises Saadiah’s works, 3, 226.
• controversy of, with the disciples of Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 226–7.
• disciples of, grammarians and poets, 3, 237.
• grammar by, known to Rashi, 3, 289.
• Dunash ben Tamim (Abusahal, 900–960), disciple of Isaac Israeli, 3, 181, 211–12.
• admiration of, for Saadiah, 3, 192.
• physician to a caliph, 3, 211.
• works of, 3, 211.
• and Chasdaï Ibn Shaprut, 3, 217.
• Dunin. See Donin.
• Duns Scotus, scholastic philosopher, counsels compulsory baptism of Jews, 3, 644; 4, 277.
• Duport, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441, 447–8.
• Duran. See Profiat; Simon ben Zemach; Simon (II); Solomon (I).
• Dury, John, writes against the admission of Jews into England, 5, 46.
• Düsseldorf, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530.
• “Duties of the Heart, The,” by Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, translated, 3, 397.
• Du Vallié, Antoinette, mother of the next, 5, 175.
• Du Vallié, Paul, apostate, testifies falsely in a blood accusation case, 5, 175.
• Dyeing, trade of the Jews of Jerusalem, 3, 427, 606.
• Dzalski, Frankist family, 5, 289.
• E
• Earthquake, under Uzziah, 1, 229, 236.
• under Hyrcanus II, 2, 61.
• under Herod, 2, 95.
• under Hadrian, 2, 408.
• at Lisbon, 4, 505.
• at Ferrara, 4, 615.
• East, the, conversions to Judaism in, 2, 383.
• East, the, the empire of. See Byzantine Empire, the.
• East, the, the Jews of, affected by Islam theology, 3, 148.
• persecuted, 3, 245–8.
• poor, 5, 205.
• admire the European Jews, 5, 662–3.
• See also under Abbasside Caliphate, the; Byzantine Empire, the.
• East, the, the Roman governors of. See Amantius; Bonosus.
• East India Company, the, Jews interested in, 4, 677.
• Easter, the date of, fixed, 2, 563–4.
• to be celebrated before the Passover, 3, 13.
• tax to be paid at, by Jews, 3, 510.
• Eastertide attacks upon Jews, in France, 3, 173–4.
• in Béziers, 3, 394.
• in Prague, 4, 164.
• in Majorca, 4, 246.
• in Trent, 4, 298.
• Eastertide, Jews forbidden to appear in public during, by the Councils of Orleans, 3, 37.
• by the Council of Mâcon, 3, 39, 171.
• by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.
• by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.
• by the Council of Béziers, 3, 582.
• by the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.
• in Ratisbon, 3, 635.
• by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.
• by Henry IV of Castile, 4, 278.
• Ebal, mountain, described, 1, 45.
• “Eben Bochan,” polemic by Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, 4, 142.
• Eben ha-Ezer, scene of battles between Israelites and Philistines, 1, 70, 78.
• Eberard, Magister Judæorum, under Louis the Pious, 3, 161.
• and the bishop of Lyons, 3, 164, 166.
• Eberhard von Cleve, Dominican provincial, complains of the treatment of his order, 4, 465–6.
• Ebionim (Dallim), disciples of Isaiah, 1, 254.
• Ebionites (Ebionim), the, followers of Jesus, 2, 168, 366.
• communists, 2, 220.
• disappearance of, 2, 373.
• use Akylas’ Scripture translation, 2, 387.
• merged into the Catholic Church, 2, 500.
• See under Jewish Christians, the; Judæan Christians, the.
• Ecbatana, taken by Cyrus, 1, 342.
• the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.
• Ecclesiastes, the Book of, holiness of, discussed in the Synhedrion, 2, 343–4.
• exposition of, by Samuel Ibn-Tibbon, 3, 398.
• commentary on, by Nathaniel of Bagdad, 3, 442.
• Ecclesiasticus, the Book of, by Jesus Sirach, 1, 439–41.
• considered apocryphal, 2, 344.
• translated into Greek, 2, 359.
• Ecija, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 170.
• Eck, Dr. John, writes against the Jews, 4, 546–7.
• accusations of, repeated by Luther, 4, 548, 549, 550.
• Eden, garden of, name applied to Paradise, 1, 404.
• Edessa, destroyed, 2, 398.
• the Christians of, persecuted, 2, 524.
• the Jews of, massacred, 2, 599.
• taken by Nureddin, 3, 349.
• Edict, banishing the Jews from Spain, 4, 347–8.
• Edict of Grace, the, for Marranos, 4, 315.
• Edles, Samuel, Talmudist, 4, 703.
• Edom. See Idumæans, the.
• Education among the Jews. See under Academies; Colleges; Law, the; Schools; Talmud, the; Talmud Torah.
• Edward I, of England, Jews under, 3, 640–6.
• stops the denunciations of coin counterfeiters, 3, 643.
• and the charge of blasphemy against the Jews, 3, 643.
• permits the Dominicans to preach to the Jews, 3, 643–4.
• erects a house for Jewish converts, 3, 644.
• banishes the Jews, 3, 645.
• Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince), aids Pedro the Cruel, 4, 124, 125.
• Edzardus, Esdras, Hamburg preacher, and David de Lara, 5, 115.
• and the Sabbatian movement, 5, 151.
• Efodi. See Profiat Duran.
• Eger, Akiba, reverence paid to, 5, 567.
• Eger, Samuel, protests against reforms, 5, 562.
• Egica, Visigothic king, forbids Jews to hold real estate, 3, 107–8.
• Egidio de Viterbo, cardinal, sides with Reuchlin, 4, 457.
• patron of Elias Levita, 4, 472, 564.
• interested in the Kabbala, 4, 481, 583.
• opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507.
• Egilbert, bishop of Treves, forcibly baptizes Jews, 3, 300, 306.
• Eglon, king of Moab, killed by Ehud, 1, 60.
• Eglon, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.
• Egypt, priests of, 1, 10.
• allied with Solomon, 1, 170.
• hostile to Ben-hadad III, 1, 221.
• helps the Idumæans against Uzziah, 1, 226.
• allied with Hoshea, 1, 263.
• allied with Hezekiah, 1, 270.
• counsels resistance to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304, 306, 309.
• Judæans take refuge in, 1, 317, 318, 324.
• rebels against Persia, 1, 407–8.
• given to Ptolemy I, 1, 418.
• Judæans settle in, 1, 419.
• taken by Antiochus III and Philip V of Macedon, 1, 432.
• wars of, with Antiochus IV, 1, 450–1, 452–3.
• number of Judæans in, 2, 201.
• Zealots flee to, 2, 317–18.
• study of the Law in, 2, 359.
• succumbs to the Arabs, 3, 86.
• Rabbanites in, in the ninth century, 3, 180.
• Karaites spread to, 3, 182.
• schools founded in, by the emissaries from Sora, 3, 208, 210.
• part of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 248.
• Jehuda Halevi in, 3, 339–41.
• Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.
• Maimonides in, 3, 445, 457.
• Louis IX taken prisoner in, 3, 585.
• in the Zohar, 4, 23.
• Karaites of, inclined to Rabbanism, 4, 72.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 392–6.
• taken by the Turkish sultan, 4, 393.
• Isaac Lurya in, 4, 618, 622.
• conquered by Napoleon, 5, 459.
• Crémieux’s schools in, 5, 671.
• Egypt, the Jews of, celebrate two days of the new-moon, 2, 363.
• rebel against Trajan, 2, 394, 395–8.
• hail the Mahometans as liberators, 3, 88–9.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 443–5.
• governed by a Nagid, 3, 443.
• lack of culture of, 3, 444–5.
• pilgrimages of, 3, 445.
• under Saladin, 3, 461.
• liturgy of, changed by Maimonides, 3, 465–6.
• exhorted to establish schools, 5, 663.
• Egypt, the Judæans of, practice idolatry, 1, 326–7.
• neglected under Amasis, 1, 327.
• settlement of, encouraged, 1, 503.
• equality of, with the Greeks, 1, 503.
• alliance of, sought by Syrians and Egyptians, 1, 503–4.
• faithful to the Ptolemies, 1, 504.
• occupations of, 1, 504–5.
• Greek learning of, 1, 505.
• espouse the cause of Ptolemy VI, 1, 507.
• recognize Onias IV as ethnarch, 1, 507.
• sacrifice in the Temple of Onias, 1, 509.
• maintain connection with the Temple at Jerusalem, 1, 509; 2, 52.
• pleased with the Septuagint, 1, 511–12.
• originate the sermon, 1, 515.
• dispute with the Samaritans, 1, 517.
• informed of the independence of Judæa, 1, 522–3.
• urged to celebrate Chanukah, 2, 6–7.
• prosperous under Cleopatra and Ptolemy VIII, 2, 12.
• devoted to the cause of Octavius, 2, 102.
• control the Nile harbors, 2, 102.
• make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.
• go to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.
• Egyptians, the, culture of, 1, 8.
• pantheon of, 1, 9.
• enslave the Israelites, 1, 11.
• refuse to liberate the Israelites, 1, 16–17.
• at the Red Sea, 1, 18–19.
• Ehud, judge, routs the Moabites, 1, 60–1.
• Eibeschütz, Jonathan (1690–1764), disciple of Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 218.
• supposed Sabbatian, 5, 229, 248.
• early education of, 5, 246–7.
• as a Talmudist, 5, 247.
• mysticism of, 5, 248.
• weakness of the character of, 5, 248–9.
• as teacher in Prague, 5, 249, 250.
• excommunicates the Sabbatians, 5, 249.
• clemency shown towards, 5, 249–50.
• in intercourse with Jesuits, 5, 250.
• obtains the right of printing the Talmud, 5, 250.
• and the rabbinate of Metz, 5, 251.
• accused of treason, 5, 252.
• intercedes for the Jews of Moravia and Bohemia, 5, 253.
• declared a traitor, 5, 253.
• popular in Metz, 5, 253.
• rabbi of the “three communities,” 5, 254, 256.
• distributes amulets, 5, 257, 260.
• called on by Emden to clear himself of the charge of Sabbatianism, 5, 258.
• supported by his disciples, 5, 258, 259.
• cause of, espoused by the “three communities,” 5, 260–1.
• opponents of, excommunicated, 5, 261.
• publishes an encyclical, 5, 261–2.
• invited to exculpate himself, 5, 262, 263.
• excommunicated, 5, 263–4.
• cause of, espoused by some rabbis, 5, 264.
• case of, submitted to the king of Denmark, 5, 265, 268, 269.
• letter to, from Ezekiel Landau, 5, 265–6.
• associates himself with an apostate, 5, 267.
• protected by the princes of Brunswick, 5, 267–8.
• before a rabbinical court, 5, 268–9.
• publishes a defense, 5, 270.
• supposed to be a secret Christian, 5, 270.
• again acknowledged rabbi of the “three communities,” 5, 271.
• and the Frankists, 5, 289.
• distrust of, 5, 289.
• Eichhorn, exegete, 5, 623, 695.
• Eighteen Benedictions. See Berachoth.
• “Eighteen Things, The,” decreed by the school of Shammai, 2, 270.
• permitted by Judah II, 2, 483–4.
• Eisenach, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109.
• Eisenmenger, John Andrew, Hebraist, revives the blood accusation, 5, 187.
• title of the book by, against the Jews, 5, 188.
• charges raised against the Jews by, 5, 188–9.
• work of, suppressed, 5, 190.
• death of, 5, 190.
• See “Judaism Unmasked.”
• “Eisenmenger the Second, an open letter to Fichte,” by Saul Asher, 5, 463.
• Ekron, Philistine city, 1, 54.
• left in the possession of the Philistines, 1, 117.
• center of Baal-zebub worship, 1, 207.
• given to Jonathan Haphus, 1, 496.
• fortified by the Syrians, 1, 529.
• Elah, king of Israel, dissipation and death of, 1, 192.
• El-Arish, taken by Napoleon, 5, 459.
• El-Arish, the river of Egypt, boundary under David, 1, 129.
• Elath, port on the Red Sea, 1, 170, 171, 177, 230.
• Elchanan ben Isaac, descendant of Rashi, Tossafist, martyr, 3, 404.
• Eldad, Karaite, adventurer, 3, 182.
• spreads the news of the Jewish Chazar kingdom, 3, 220.
• Elder, title of the ordained, 2, 361.
• Elders, Council of the, formed by Moses, 1, 25–6.
• Eleanor, mother of Edward I, hostile to the Jews, 3, 641, 645.
• Eleanor, wife of Edward I, favorably inclined to the Jews, 3, 644.
• Eleanora, wife of Louis VII of France, accompanies him on the second crusade, 3, 349.
• Eleasa, camp of Judas Maccabæus at, 1, 486.
• the battle of, Judas Maccabæus falls in, 1, 487.
• Eleazar, Galilæan Judæan, persuades Izates of Adiabene to be circumcised, 2, 217.
• Eleazar, high priest, and the Septuagint, 1, 514.
• Eleazar, Jewish name of Bishop Bodo, 3, 169.
• Eleazar, one of David’s warriors, 1, 116.
• Eleazar of Antioch, refuses to sacrifice to the Greek gods, 1, 456.
• Eleazar of Modin, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• prays for Bethar, 2, 417.
• accused as a spy, 2, 417–18.
• Eleazar ben Ananias, leader of the Zealots, 2, 256.
• brings about the rupture with Rome, 2, 258–9.
• relations of, to the leader of the Sicarii, 2, 260–1.
• destroys the Roman garrison of Jerusalem, 2, 261.
• disinterestedness of, 2, 261.
• governor of Idumæa, 2, 270.
• Eleazar ben Arach, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 324, 326.
• tries to establish a school at Emmaus, 2, 334.
• Eleazar ben Azariah, president of the Synhedrion, 2, 342.
• vice-president of the Synhedrion, 2, 345.
• and Flavius Clemens, 2, 387, 389, 392.
• influence of, on Nerva, 2, 392.
• Eleazar ben Dinai, Zealot leader, 2, 238.
• exterminates the Samaritans of Acrabatene, 2, 243.
• Eleazar ben Jacob, disciple of Akiba, 2, 433.
• Eleazar ben Jair, grandson of Judas of Galilee, leader of the Sicarii, 2, 239.
• flees from Jerusalem, 2, 261.
• commander of Masada, 2, 292, 316.
• Eleazar ben Jehuda (Rokeach), Kabbalist, at the Mayence synod, 3, 517.
• Eleazar ben Joel Halevi (Abi-Ezri), Talmudist, at the Mayence synod, 3, 517.
• Eleazar ben Joseph of Chinon, martyr, 4, 49.
• Eleazar ben Joseph (ben Chalafta), accompanies Simon ben Jochai to Rome, 2, 449.
• Eleazar ben Kalir, the greatest of the poetans, 3, 116–17, 245.
• poetry of, rugged, 3, 223.
• Eleazar ben Poira, Pharisee, reproves John Hyrcanus, 2, 32.
• Eleazar ben Shamua, teacher of Judah I, 2, 451.
• Eleazar ben Simon, Zealot leader, treasurer of the Temple, 2, 270–1, 301.
• opposed to the Synhedrion, 2, 293–4.
• Eleazar ben Simon (ben Jochai), reproaches the Samaritans with having altered the Law, 2, 457.
• denounces Jewish freebooters to the Romans, 2, 464–5.
• Eleazar Chasma, in the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• Eleazar Hawran, son of Mattathias the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.
• death of, 1, 479.
• Eleazar. See also under Eleazer and Eliezer.
• Eleazer, commander of Machærus, 2, 315.
• Eleazer ben Nathan of Mayence, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Eleazer ben Simon of Cologne, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Eleazer. See also under Eleazar and Eliezer.
• Elegabalus, emperor, vices of, 2, 468.
• relations of, to the Jews, 2, 469–70.
• Elesbaa (Atzbaha), king of Ethiopia, at war with the Jewish king of Yemen, 3, 66.
• Elhanan, of Bethlehem, Israelite champion under David, 1, 117.
• Eli, judge, characterization of, 1, 69.
• inveighs against idolatry, 1, 70.
• sons of, 1, 70.
• death of, 1, 71.
• grandson of, 1, 79.
• descendants of, murdered by Saul, 1, 100.
• descendants of, inhabit Mamal, 2, 575.
• Elia. See Mar-Elia.
• Eliakim, in Speyer, Rashi’s Talmud teacher, 3, 286.
• Eliakim, son of Hilkiah, made Sochen, 1, 272.
• Eliakim. See Jehoiakim.
• Eliam, father of Bathsheba, 1, 133.
• Eliano, Victor, grandson of Elias Levita, apostate, 4, 564.
• defames the Talmud, 4, 583.
• editor of the Cremona Zohar, 4, 584.
• Elias of London, chief rabbi of England, 3, 588.
• asks permission for the Jews to leave England, 3, 590–1.
• deposed, 3, 591.
• Elias del Medigo (Cretensis, 1463–1498), philosopher, 4, 289, 290–3.
• classical culture of, 4, 290.
• teacher of Pico di Mirandola, 4, 290–1.
• umpire chosen by the University of Padua, 4, 291.
• public lecturer on philosophy, 4, 291.
• denounces the Kabbala, 4, 292; 5, 78.
• views of, on the Talmud and religion, 4, 292–3.
• character of the influence of, 4, 293.
• hostility to, 4, 293.
• and Judah Menz, 4, 295.
• disciple of, 4, 386.
• sons and relatives of, leaders in Canea, 4, 406.
• descendant of, 5, 75.
• Elias ben Elkanah Kapsali (1490–1555), rabbi at Canea, and Judah Delmedigo, 4, 406.
• as an historian, 4, 406–7.
• style of, 4, 557.
• Elias Chendali, husband of Esther Kiera, 4, 629.
• Elias Cretensis. See Elias Del Medigo.
• Elias Halevi, Rabbanite teacher of Karaites, 4, 270.
• Elias Levita (1468–1549), grammarian, teacher of Christians, 4, 471, 507.
• pupils of, 4, 472.
• publishes a Hebrew grammar, 4, 472.
• mediocrity of, 4, 472.
• on the accents and vowel signs, 4, 472–3.
• declines to go to France, 4, 473–4.
• establishes a Hebrew press at Isny, 4, 474.
• grandchildren of, apostates, 4, 564.
• Elias Mizrachi (1455–1526), rabbi of Constantinople, character and attainments of, 4, 402–3.
• feud of, with the Karaites, 4, 403.
• protects the Karaites, 4, 403–4.
• Elias Montalto, physician, employed by Christians, 4, 653.
• dissuades Paul de Pina from becoming a monk, 4, 670.
• buried at Ouderkerk, 4, 672–3.
• physician to Maria de Medici, 4, 673.
• Eliashib, high priest, countenances marriages between Judæans and Samaritans, 1, 362.
• in friendly communication with the Samaritans, 1, 383.
• dismissed by Nehemiah, 1, 385.
• Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 326.
• teacher of the Law at Lydda, 2, 335.
• opposes decisions by the Bath-Kol, 2, 338.
• brother-in-law of Gamaliel II, 2, 339.
• excommunicated, 2, 339–40, 347–8.
• devotion of, to tradition, 2, 346–7, 356.
• called Sinai, 2, 347.
• opposed to Gamaliel II, 2, 347.
• end of, 2, 348.
• ban removed from, 2, 350.
• supposed teacher of Akiba, 2, 351.
• and the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.
• on the admission of proselytes, 2, 384.
• and Akylas, 2, 385.
• mourns for Gamaliel II, 2, 404.
• condemns the instruction of women in the Law, 2, 474.
• compared with Chanina bar Chama, 2, 491.
• Eliezer Kapsali, Rabbanite teacher of Karaites, 4, 270.
• Eliezer. See also under Eleazar and Eleazer.
• Elijah, the Tishbite, prophet, character of, 1, 199.
• a Nazarite, 1, 200.
• disciples of, 1, 200.
• rebukes Ahab, 1, 202–3.
• announces a famine, 1, 203.
• assembles the priests of Baal, 1, 203–4.
• flees from Jezebel, 1, 204.
• instructed to anoint Jehu, 1, 204.
• chooses Elisha as his successor, 1, 207.
• prophesies the death of Ahaziah, 1, 207.
• disappears, 1, 207.
• result of the activity of, 1, 208.
• precursor of the Messiah, 2, 143.
• in the Zohar, 4, 12, 16.
• Elijah, disciples of, Nazarites, 1, 200.
• persecuted by Jezebel, 1, 201.
• saved by Obadiah, 1, 201.
• on Mount Carmel, 1, 203.
• Elijah Wilna (1720–1797), draws attention to the Scriptures, 5, 329, 390.
• disinterestedness of, 5, 389.
• critical powers of, 5, 389–90.
• simple exegetical method of, 5, 390.
• fondness of, for the Kabbala, 5, 390–1.
• slandered by the Chassidim, 5, 391.
• excommunicates the Chassidim, 5, 392, 393.
• persecutes the Chassidim, 5, 394.
• Elijah Zevi, brother of Sabbataï, 5, 145.
• Elionai, high priest, under Agrippa I, 2, 198.
• Elisha, Essene, punished for the use of Tephillin, 2, 424.
• Elisha, father of Ishmael, 2, 427.
• Elisha, prophet, successor to Elijah, 1, 207.
• accompanies Elijah, 1, 208.
• lives on Mount Carmel, 1, 208.
• hates Jehoram, 1, 208–9.
• disciple of, appoints Jehu king of Israel, 1, 210.
• position of, compared with Elijah’s, 1, 217–18.
• in Samaria, 1, 218.
• respected by Jehoash of Israel, 1, 223–4.
• influence of, on Jehoash, 1, 225.
• Elisha ben Abuya (Acher), teacher of the Law, apostate, 2, 358, 377.
• theosophist, 2, 381.
• assists Hadrian in persecuting the Law, 2, 426.
• and Meïr, 2, 437.
• daughters of, 2, 452.
• Elisha Gallaico, member of Karo’s rabbinical college, 4, 616.
• Elishama, keeper of the lists, favors submission to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 305.
• Elizabeth, of Brunswick, has Templo’s work translated, 5, 114–15.
• Elizabeth, of England, and Maria Nuñes, 4, 664.
• Elkanah Kapsali, of Candia, ransoms Spanish exiles, 4, 364.
• Elon, judge, 1, 66.
• Elulai, king of Tyre, subdued by Shalmaneser, 1, 263.
• El-Uz. See Usha.
• Elvira. See Illiberis.
• Elymæans, the, have a synagogue in Jerusalem, 2, 201.
• Elymais, falls to Nabopolassar, 1, 303.
• Emancipation of Jews, the, advocated by John Toland, 5, 197–8.
• favored by Mirabeau, 5, 433–4.
• accomplished by the French, 5, 459.
• urged by Michael Berr, 5, 460–1, 527.
• opposed by Fichte, 5, 462.
• dependent on that of French Jews, 5, 480.
• favored by Dalberg, 5, 504.
• favored by Hardenberg, 5, 507.
• favored by Denmark, 5, 519, 531.
• advocated before the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 5, 525–7.
• favored by Alexander I, 5, 527.
• urged by Italian Jews, 5, 527.
• advocated by Zunz, 5, 621.
• hindrances to, in Judaism, 5, 675.
• completed by the February revolutions, 5, 696–7.
• See also Citizenship.
• Emancipation of the Austrian Jews, the, by Joseph II, 5, 357–8.
• Emancipation of the Baden Jews, the, 5, 502–3.
• Emancipation of the Bavarian Jews, the partial, 5, 508.
• Emancipation of the Dutch Jews, the, celebrated by Friedrichsfeld, 5, 400.
• promoted by French victories, 5, 452.
• opposed by Van Swieden, 5, 453–4.
• opposed by representative Amsterdam Jews, 5, 454.
• Jewish advocates of, 5, 454–5.
• Christian objections to, 5, 455–6.
• favored by Noel, 5, 456.
• passed by the National Assembly, 5, 456.
• does not delight the Jews, 5, 456–7.
• Emancipation of the English Jews, the, 5, 336–8, 430, 698.
• discussed in Parliament, 5, 601.
• advocated by O’Connell, 5, 653.
• Emancipation of the Frankfort Jews, the, 5, 505.
• discussed in the Senate, 5, 598.
• Emancipation of the French Jews, the, promoted by Cerf Berr, 5, 430, 431.
• discussed by the National Assembly, 5, 439–41.
• favored by the heroes of the Revolution, 5, 441.
• opposition to, 5, 441–2.
• equivocal decision on, 5, 442.
• granted to the Portuguese section, 5, 442–3, 444–5.
• subject of a petition to the National Assembly, 5, 443.
• before the Paris Commune, 5, 443–5.
• Abbé Mulot on, 5, 443–4.
• opposed by the Duc de Broglie, 5, 447.
• advocated by Duport, 5, 447–8.
• passed by the National Assembly, 5, 448.
• celebrated by Berr Isaac Berr, 5, 448–9.
• recognized by the Constitution of the Directory, 5, 452.
• endangered, 5, 476.
• objected to by Bonald, 5, 478–9.
• laid before Napoleon’s council, 5, 479.
• determines that of Jews in other countries, 5, 480.
• advocated by Beugnot, 5, 480.
• opposed by Napoleon, 5, 480.
• urged by Regnault and Ségur, 5, 480–1.
• guaranteed by Napoleon, 5, 492.
• curtailed by Napoleon, 5, 498–9.
• under Louis XVIII, 5, 524–5.
• curtailed under the Bourbons, 5, 596.
• considered by Louis Philippe, 5, 597.
• advocated by Mérilhou, 5, 597.
• completed in the Chamber of Peers, 5, 597.
• Emancipation of the German Jews, the, promoted by Dohm’s plea, 5, 356–7.
• promoted by the French, 5, 459.
• urged by the Peace Congress of Rastadt, 5, 463.
• writers against, 5, 468–70, 472.
• retarded by the reaction after Napoleon’s fall, 5, 512.
• urged before the Congress of Vienna, 5, 513–14.
• favored by Hardenberg and Metternich, 5, 514.
• promised in the constitution drawn up by Humboldt, 5, 514.
• retarded by Teutomania, 5, 516.
• opposed by Rühs, 5, 517.
• promised by the Act of Federation, 5, 518.
• opposed by the Hanse Towns, 5, 519.
• favored by Holstein, 5, 519.
• defeated at the Congress of Vienna, 5, 519–20.
• pamphlet literature against, 5, 521.
• favored by Krämer, 5, 521–2.
• leads to estrangement from Judaism, 5, 560.
• Riesser interested in, 5, 599–600.
• on the programme of the liberal party, 5, 602.
• Emancipation of the Hessian Jews, the, legalized, 5, 601.
• Emancipation of the Italian Jews, the, undone by Pius VII, 5, 518.
• Emancipation of the Jews in the Hanse Towns, the, 5, 506–7.
• Emancipation of the Mecklenburg Jews, the, 5, 507.
• Emancipation of the Prussian Jews, the, struggle for, begun, 5, 414–16.
• partial, 5, 507.
• granted by Frederick William III, 5, 508, 630.
• a dead letter, 5, 524.
• Emancipation of the Turkish Jews, the, by Abdul Meg’id, 5, 641.
• Emancipation of the Westphalian Jews, the, 5, 500–1.
• medal commemorative of, 5, 501.
• Emanuel, Byzantine emperor, and his Jewish physician, 3, 425.
• Embicho, bishop of Würzburg, protects the Jews, 3, 354.
• Emden, Jacob (Ashkenazi, Jabez, 1698–1776), grandson of Jacob Ashkenazi, anti-Sabbatian, 5, 221.
• son of Chacham Zevi, studies of, 5, 254–5.
• character of, 5, 255.
• as rabbi, 5, 255.
• candidate for the rabbinate of the “three communities,” 5, 255–6.
• antipathy of, to heretics, 5, 256.
• induced not to expose Eibeschütz, 5, 257–8.
• calls on Eibeschütz to clear himself, 5, 258.
• punished by the Council, 5, 258–9.
• persecuted in Altona, 5, 260.
• excommunicated and flees to Amsterdam, 5, 261.
• returns to Altona, 5, 265, 266.
• historian of the Sabbatian movement, 5, 266.
• maligned by Charles Anton, 5, 267.
• refutes Eibeschütz’s defense, 5, 270.
• appealed to by the Polish rabbis, 5, 277–8.
• exposes the Zohar as a forgery, 5, 278.
• sanctions Frankist persecutions, 5, 278.
• triumphant, 5, 289.
• refers the Schwerin Jews to Mendelssohn, 5, 318.
• opposes Mendelssohn on the subject of hasty burial, 5, 318–19.
• Emden, Portuguese Marranos arrive at, 4, 665.
• Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• Emek ha-Bacha, by Joseph ben Joshua Cohen, 4, 590, 608.
• Emesa, native town of Julia Domna, 2, 468.
• Emicho. See Emmerich.
• Emim, descendants of the Anakim and Rephaim, 1, 2.
• Emmaus (Gimso), Synhedrion established at, 2, 71.
• burnt, 2, 126.
• effort to establish an academy at, 2, 334.
• destroyed by an earthquake, 2, 408–9.
• Emmerich (Emicho), of Leiningen, leader of the first crusade, massacres the Jews, 3, 303.
• disgraceful end of the crusaders under, 3, 306.
• accused before Henry IV, 3, 307.
• “Emunoth,” Kabbalistic work by Shem Tob ben Joseph, 4, 197.
• Emunoth we-Deoth, philosophical work by Saadiah, 3, 197–8.
• Endor, camp of Gideon, 1, 62.
• Saul’s camp, 1, 103.
• the witch of, 1, 103.
• “Enemy of the Jews, The,” Pfefferkorn’s second pamphlet, 4, 427–8.
• Engadi, Essene center, 2, 25.
• Engel, friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 372.
• England, rabbis of, emigrate to Jerusalem, 3, 505–6.
• Marranos unkindly received in, 4, 509.
• struggles for religious freedom in, 5, 25–8.
• Jews gradually establish themselves in, 5, 49–50.
• anomalous position of Jews in, 5, 50.
• ambassador of, intercedes for the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.
• the first country to emancipate the Jews, 5, 430.
• in the Quadruple Alliance, 5, 658.
• England, the Jews of, protected during the second crusade, 3, 356.
• prosperous under Henry II, 3, 409.
• under Richard I, 3, 409–16.
• abused at Richard’s coronation, 3, 410–11.
• massacre of, 3, 412–16.
• under John, 3, 416, 504–5.
• imprisoned, 3, 505.
• wear the Jew badge, 3, 515, 516.
• hated on account of their usurious rates, 3, 571.
• under Henry III, 3, 587–92.
• Christians not permitted to sell food to, 3, 588.
• tax imposed on, 3, 589.
• charges against, 3, 589.
• pledged to the king’s brother, 3, 590.
• restrictions put on, by the Church, 3, 590.
• not permitted to leave England, 3, 591.
• the blood accusation preferred against, 3, 591.
• under Edward I, 3, 640–6.
• the statute of Judaism passed against, 3, 642.
• charged with counterfeiting and clipping coin, 3, 642.
• imprisoned, 3, 642–3, 645.
• forced to listen to Dominican sermons, 3, 643.
• denounced to Honorius IV, 3, 645.
• banished and ill-treated, 3, 645–6.
• take refuge in France, Germany, Spain, 3, 646.
• emancipation of, advocated, 5, 197–8.
• pay the alien duty, 5, 337.
• urge their emancipation, 5, 337.
• naturalization of, 5, 337–8.
• under Polish influence, 5, 558.
• emancipation of, 5, 601, 653, 698.
• act in the Damascus affair, 5, 644–5, 651–2.
• public-spiritedness of, 5, 703.
• number of, 5, 703.
• England, the re-settlement of Jews in, prospects of, 5, 18–19.
• suggested by Messianic hopes, 5, 28.
• negotiations for, interrupted, 5, 34.
• before the Short Parliament, 5, 34.
• the subject of three petitions, 5, 35.
• reasons for, stated by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 39–42.
• favored by Cromwell, 5, 42–3.
• in the hands of a commission, 5, 43–5.
• objections to, 5, 44–5.
• literature on, 5, 45–6.
• Enns, the Jews of, charged with host desecration, 4, 223.
• Enoch, the Book of, Kabbalistic source, 4, 17.
• Enoch Saporta, Rabbanite teacher of Karaites, 4, 270.
• Enriquez, Antonio de Gomez. See Paz, Enrique Enriquez de.
• En-Rogel, spring south of Jerusalem, 1, 114.
• Ensheim, Moses, one of the Measfim, mathematician, and the emancipation of the French Jews, 5, 401, 450.
• Ensisheim, tower of, Meïr of Rothenburg imprisoned in, 3, 639.
• En-Sof, title of God in the Kabbala, 3, 550.
• emanations of, 3, 550–1.
• in the Zohar, 4, 14.
• the son of heaven, 5, 124.
• En-Vidal Ephraim Gerundi, rabbi of Majorca, 4, 162.
• martyr, 4, 171.
• En-Zag Vidal de Tolosa, rabbi, calumniated, 4, 155.
• Epaone, the council of, forbids Christians to take part in Jewish banquets, 3, 37.
• Épée, de l’, Abbé, anticipated by Pereira, 5, 343.
• Ephes-Damim, scene of David’s victory over Goliath, 1, 97.
• Ephesus, a Greek-Christian community in, 2, 227.
• chief seat of the Pagan Christians, 2, 367.
• Ephoros, Jewish overseer in Greece, Macedonia, Illyria, 3, 27.
• Ephraim, the tribe of, in contact with the Egyptians, 1, 7.
• takes Bethel, 1, 34.
• claims the central lands of Canaan, 1, 35–6.
• and the Danites, 1, 39.
• holds assemblies at Shiloh, 1, 41.
• opposes intermarriages with the heathen, 1, 56.
• keeps worshipers from Shiloh, 1, 57.
• assists Ehud against the Moabites 1, 60.
• in conflict with Manasseh, 1, 63.
• attacked by the Ammonites, 1, 64.
• quarrels with Jephthah, 1, 65.
• oppressed by the Philistines, 1, 71.
• not well disposed towards David, 1, 114.
• sides with Absalom, 1, 140.
• persuaded to separate from Solomon, 1, 176.
• chooses Jeroboam as king, 1, 182–3.
• end of, 1, 265–6.
• Ephraim of Tyre, head of the Jews of Tyre, 3, 426.
• Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn (1132–1200), Talmudist and liturgical poet, 3, 419.
• Ephraim, mountain, description of, 1, 45.
• Epicrates, general of Ptolemy VIII, fights against the Judæans, 2, 11.
• Epicurus, teachings of, accepted in Judæa, 1, 429.
• Epiphanes, son of Antiochus of Commagene, affianced to Drusilla, 2, 195, 235.
• Epistles to the Hebrews, the, urge the separation of Jewish Christians from Jews, 2, 371.
• Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, by Crotus Rubianus, a Reuchlinist work, 4, 461–2.
• See “Letters of Obscurantists.”
• Eras used by the Jews, 1, 417; 2, 134; 3, 433; 4, 394–5.
• Erasmus, as humanist, 4, 432, 433.
• supposed author of the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 462.
• on hatred of the Jews, 4, 462–3.
• in the pantomime on the Reformation, 4, 468.
• Eravi. See Airvi.
• Erfurt, refuge of Archbishop Ruthard of Mayence, 3, 307.
• Erfurt, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 611.
• during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109.
• Erfurt, the university of, consulted regarding the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.
• theologians of, sanction the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 452.
• Ergas, Joseph, Kabbalist, denounces Chayon, 5, 227.
• Ermengarde, princess of Narbonne, Jews under, 3, 392.
• “Errors of the Doctrine of the Trinity,” by Michael Servetus, 4, 541.
• Erter, Isaac (1792–1851), Galician scholar, re-animates the Hebrew language, 5, 612–13, 617.
• education and marriages of, 5, 613.
• self-culture of, 5, 613–14.
• influence of Rapoport and Krochmal on, 5, 614.
• excommunicated, 5, 614–15.
• satirizes Orenstein, 5, 615.
• style of, 5, 615–16.
• poverty of, 5, 616.
• poetry of, compared with S. D. Luzzatto’s, 5, 623.
• writes an account of the Damascus affair, 5, 671.
• Erwig, Visigothic king, usurper, enacts anti-Jewish laws, 3, 106–7.
• Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, reduces Babylonia, 1, 284.
• takes Manasseh prisoner, 1, 285.
• Esau, honored by a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.
• Eschenloer, town clerk of Breslau, protests against cruelty towards Jews, 4, 262.
• Escrivao, Jewish-Portuguese official, 4, 159.
• “Eshkol ha-Kofer,” Karaite work by Jehuda ben Elia Hadassi, 3, 362.
• Eskapha, Joseph, Talmudist, teacher of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 118.
• excommunicates him, 5, 122.
• Eskeles, Issachar Berush, intercedes for the Moravian Jews, 5, 252, 253.
• Eski-Crimea. See Sulchat.
• Esperaindo, Juan de, assassin of Arbues, 4, 330.
• Essenes, the, offshoot from the Assidæan party, 2, 16–17, 24.
• give rise to the Pharisees, 2, 17.
• wherein opposed to the Pharisees, 2, 18.
• allied with the Pharisees, 2, 24.
• rigid celebration of the Sabbath by, 2, 24.
• Nazarite practices of, 2, 24–5.
• celibates, 2, 25.
• settle in Engadi, 2, 25.
• communism of, 2, 26.
• habits of, 2, 26–7.
• mysticism of, 2, 27–8.
• popular, 2, 29.
• fatalists, 2, 30.
• avoid the Temple, 2, 30.
• initiation into the brotherhood of, 2, 30–1.
• prophetic power ascribed to, 2, 100.
• exempt from swearing allegiance to Herod, 2, 108.
• conception of the Messianic age by, 2, 145.
• the first to proclaim the advent of the Messiah, 2, 145.
• Jesus attracted to, 2, 150–1.
• displeased with Jesus, 2, 162.
• followers of Jesus, 2, 219–20.
• Essenism, the kernel of Christianity, 2, 142.
• Essex, Earl of, takes Cadiz, 4, 665.
• Essinger, Samuel, testifies in favor of Eibeschütz, 5, 262.
• Estella, the Jews of, massacred, 4, 77–8, 144.
• Esther (Esterka), mistress of Casimir III, 4, 112.
• “Esther,” epic by Ansaldo Ceba, 5, 69, 70.
• Esther, the Book of, additions to, 2, 359.
• read in Spanish translation, 4, 148.
• Estori Parchi, on the suffering of the French Jews, 4, 48–9.
• emigrates to Palestine, 4, 49.
• on the Karaites, 4, 72.
• Etam, springs of, supply the second Temple, 1, 421.
• Etampes, d’, Count, protects the French Jews, 4, 130, 132.
• Eternal Punishment, dogma of, in the Kabbala, 4, 292.
• Ethbaal I, of Tyre, allied with Omri of Israel, 1, 194.
• Ethbaal II, of Tyre, vassal of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304.
• rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.
• urges war against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 309.
• Ethics, The, by Aristotle, translated, 4, 193.
• by Spinoza, 4, 167.
• Ethnarch, the prince of the Judæans in Egypt. See Alabarch, the.
• Ethnarch, office of, created for the Judæans of the Nabathæan kingdom, 2, 202.
• Ethnarch, title of, conferred on Hyrcanus II, 2, 66, 76.
• on Archelaus, 2, 127.
• on the President of the Synhedrion, 2, 360.
• Eucærus, king of Syria, invades Judæa, 2, 44.
• forced to retreat, 2, 45.
• Euchel, Isaac Abraham, Hebrew style of, 5, 398.
• establishes the Chebrath Dorshe Leshon Eber, 5, 398.
• founds a journal, 5, 399.
• mediocrity of, 5, 417.
• founder of the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.
• Eugenius III, pope, absolves the debtors of Jews from payment, 3, 349–51.
• Eugenius IV, pope, exhorts Juan II of Castile to humiliate the Jews, 4, 229.
• hostile to the Jews, 4, 249, 275.
• confirms the privileges of Jews, 4, 249.
• influenced by Alfonso de Cartagena, 4, 249–50.
• revives anti-Jewish restrictions, 4, 250–1.
• issues a bull against the Italian Jews, 4, 251.
• and John of Capistrano, 4, 257.
• Eulæus, guardian of Ptolemy V’s sons, rules Egypt, 1, 450.
• Eumenes, king of Pergamus, proclaims Antiochus IV king of Syria, 1, 443.
• Euonymus of Gadara, philosopher, and Meïr, 2, 437–8.
• Euphrates, the, depredations in the district of, 2, 527.
• fortresses on, captured by Hulagu, 3, 606.
• Euphrates, the, district of, the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, 2, 397.
• opposed by Lucius Quietus, 2, 398–9.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 428–33.
• See also under Babylonia.
• Eupolemos, Judæan envoy to Rome, 1, 485.
• Eupraxios, Byzantine viceroy, Sabbataï Donnolo, physician to, 3, 213.
• Europe, the seat of Judaism in the twelfth century, 3, 383.
• Europe, the Jews of, in the sixth and seventh centuries, 3, 24–5.
• in the latter half of the eighth century, 3, 141.
• in the tenth century, 3, 212.
• admired by the Jews of the East, 5, 662–3.
• Europe, western, early Jewish settlements in, 3, 35.
• position of the Jews of, 5, 704.
• Eusebius, bishop of Cæsarea, historian, asperses Judaism, 2, 562.
• patron of Joseph the apostate, 2, 565.
• Eusebius, chamberlain of Constantius, burdens the Jews with taxes, 2, 572.
• Eutropius, chamberlain of Arcadius, favorably inclined to the Jews, 2, 615–16.
• fall of, 2, 616.
• Evangelists, the, and the revolt of Bar-Cochba, 2, 412–13.
• describe Hadrian’s persecutions, 2, 431.
• Evangels, the, colored by Jewish and Pagan Christian views, 2, 368–9.
• influence of, on Judaism, deprecated by the Tanaites, 2, 378.
• Evil-Merodach, king of Babylon, releases Jehoiachin, 1, 331.
• murdered, 1, 331.
• Evora, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.
• the Marranos of, spied upon, 4, 490.
• tribunal of the Inquisition at, 4, 508.
• Ewald, Heinrich, historian of Israel, 5, 696.
• Ewald, Johann Ludwig, defends the Jews, 5, 522.
• “Examination of the Pharisaic Traditions, An,” by Uriel da Costa, 5, 60.
• “Example of Human Life, An,” autobiography of Uriel da Costa, 5, 64–5.
• Exchequer of the Jews, in England, 3, 588.
• Excommunication, as used by Gamaliel II, 2, 339, 347.
• regulated by the Usha Synhedrion, 2, 405.
• practiced by Simon II, 2, 446.
• introduced into Babylonia, 2, 517.
• used by Judah ben Ezekiel, 2, 551–2.
• the right of, granted to the Patriarchs, 2, 612–13.
• as dispensed in Jewish Babylonia, 2, 99–100.
• introduced among the Karaites, 3, 151.
• freely used by Paltoi ben Abayi, 3, 177.
• threatened for violating the secrecy of a letter, 3, 245.
• threatened for reproaching a repentant apostate, 3, 246.
• threatened for accepting an office from Christian authorities, 3, 518.
• pronounced in Poland only with the concurrence of the whole community, 4, 265.
• employed by the rabbis of Turkey, 4, 599.
• objected to by Mendelssohn, 5, 362–3.
• forbidden by the Austrian government, 5, 614.
• Excommunication of, the community of Fars, 3, 194.
• Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur, 3, 238.
• informers and traitors revived, 3, 378.
• fault-finders with a bill of divorce after its delivery, 3, 378.
• the Maimunists, 3, 528–9, 535.
• the Anti-Maimunists, 3, 530, 536.
• Donin, 3, 572–3.
• students of science, 4, 39–40.
• Uriel da Costa, 4, 58–63.
• Spinoza, 5, 93, 94.
• Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 122.
• Chayim Malach, 5, 214.
• Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 216, 224.
• Chacham Zevi, 5, 226.
• Podolian Sabbatians, 5, 228.
• Sabbatians at Frankfort, 5, 230.
• Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 240, 242.
• Eibeschütz’s opponents, 5, 259, 261.
• Eibeschütz, 5, 263–4.
• the Frankists, 5, 276–7.
• Wessely, 5, 370.
• the Chassidim, 5, 392, 393.
• young Galician scholars, 5, 614.
• Exegesis of the Bible, taught Origen by the Jews, 2, 488.
• Simlaï’s sober method of, 2, 499, 501–2.
• incorrect, favored by the Talmud, 2, 633.
• by Anan ben David, 3, 133.
• freedom in, the principal dogma of Karaism, 3, 157.
• special study of the Karaites, 3, 180.
• cultivated by the Spanish Jews in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 3, 235.
• by Ibn-Janach, 3, 262, 263.
• by Yizchaki, 3, 273.
• by Rashi, 3, 288.
• by Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia, 3, 290.
• supplanted by the study of the Talmud in Spain, 3, 317.
• by the Tossafists, 3, 345–6.
• by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 368, 370–1, 371–3.
• by David Kimchi, 3, 394.
• decay of, in the post-Maimunic time, 3, 561.
• neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 91.
• Jewish, praised by Reuchlin, 4, 441–2.
• scientific, founded by Richard Simon, 5, 178.
• by S. D. Luzzatto, 5, 623–4.
• by Sachs, 5, 692–3.
• by the rationalistic school, 5, 695–6.
• See also Scriptures, the, commentary on.
• Exeter, the Council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, 3, 645.
• “Exilarch, the, Feast of,” court at the Exilarch’s, 3, 95.
• Exilarchate, the, on an equality with the Patriarchate, 2, 454.
• extinction of, a condition of the advent of the Messiah, 2, 457.
• in abeyance after Kobad’s persecutions, 3, 4.
• from 589 to 640, 3, 10.
• restored to power by Bostanaï, 3, 10.
• hereditary in the house of Bostanaï, 3, 94, 137.
• as viewed by the Jews of distant lands, 3, 100.
• co-extensive with the Ommiyyade Caliphate, 3, 100.
• dependent on the Gaonate, 3, 137.
• contests for, 3, 155, 439.
• decay of, 3, 183, 188.
• attachment to, 3, 185–6.
• during Saadiah’s Gaonate, 3, 193–4.
• end of, 3, 201–2.
• revived in the twelfth century, 3, 369, 428.
• extent of, 3, 428–9.
• revived in the thirteenth century, 3, 627.
• Exilarchs, the (Princes of the Captivity, Resh-Galutha), leaders of the Jews in the East, 2, 393.
• political chiefs of the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.
• vassals of Persia, 2, 508.
• royal position of, 2, 508–9.
• descendants of David, 2, 509.
• supreme judges of the Jewish community, 2, 509; 3, 93.
• revenues of, 2, 509–10; 3, 96.
• homage paid to, 2, 510, 515, 606–7.
• religious ignorance of, 2, 510.
• political and spiritual authority of, 2, 511.
• devoted to the study of the Law, 2, 544.
• appoint judges, 2, 547; 3, 98, 428.
• barbarity of, in the time of the Amoraim, 2, 554.
• exercise civil and judicial functions, 3, 89.
• depose the principals of the Babylonian academies, 3, 91.
• history of, dark, 3, 92.
• office of, political, 3, 93.
• installation of, 3, 94–5.
• annual court at the house of, 3, 95.
• authority of, lessened by the Karaite schism, 3, 137.
• power of, reduced, 3, 177, 183.
• hold public assemblies at Pumbeditha, 3, 177.
• Exilarchs, the, list of:
• Achiya,
• Bostanaï,
• Chananya (Achunaï),
• Chaninaï,
• Chasdaï,
• Chiskiya,
• Daniel, son of
• Solomon (Chasdaï?),
• David of Mosul,
• David ben Daniel,
• David ben Judah,
• David ben Zaccaï,
• Huna,
• Huna-Mari,
• Josiah Hassan,
• Judah ben David,
• Judah ben David, son of
• Kafnaï,
• Mar-Kahana,
• Mar-Ukban,
• Mar-Zutra I,
• Mar-Zutra II,
• Nathan,
• Nehemia,
• Solomon,
• Solomon (Chasdaï?),
• Yishaï ben Chiskiya,
• Zaccaï ben Achunaï.
• Exile, the Babylonian, described, 5, 720–1. See Babylonia, the Judæans of.
• Exorcism. See Demons, exorcism of.
• Ezekias, leads the revolt in Galilee against Rome, 2, 77.
• executed, 2, 77–8.
• son of, 2, 125.
• Ezekiel, prophet, encourages and rebukes the Babylonian exiles, 1, 332–4.
• prophecy of, leads to theosophic speculations, 2, 380–1.
• pilgrimages to the grave of, 3, 440–1.
• in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.
• Ezer ha-Emuna, work by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, 4, 141.
• Eziongeber, port on the Red Sea, 1, 170.
• Ezobi (Esobi). See Joseph Ezobi ben Chanan.
• Ezra, descent of, 1, 365.
• studies the Law, 1, 365.
• leads a company of Judæans to Palestine, 1, 366.
• opinion of, on intermarriages, 1, 367–8.
• induces the Judæans to repudiate their heathen wives, 1, 368–9.
• opposition to the severity of, 1, 370.
• reads the Law in Jerusalem, 1, 378–80.
• subordinates the priesthood to the Scriptures, 1, 379.
• exacts an oath from the Judæans to observe the Law, 1, 380–1, 387–8.
• at the consecration of the walls of Jerusalem, 1, 381.
• guardian of the Temple, 1, 382.
• regulations ascribed to, 1, 395.
• the chief of the Scribes, 2, 19.
• Mahomet on, 3, 76.
• pilgrimages to the supposed grave of, 3, 441.
• Ezra, Kabbalist, reduces the Kabbala to a system, 3, 548.
• Ezra Gatiño, commentator on Ibn-Ezra’s Pentateuch commentary, 4, 144.
• F
• Fables, written by Meïr, 2, 436.
• “Fables of Ancient Times,” by Ibn-Sahula, 3, 560.
• Fabulists, list of:
• Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan,
• Ibn-Sahula,
• Meïr.
• Fadak, submits to Mahomet, 3, 83.
• Fadus, Cuspius, procurator, strengthens Rome in Judæa, 2, 197.
• rising of Theudas under, 2, 198.
• deposed, 2, 198.
• Fagius, Paulus, disciple of Reuchlin, and Elias Levita, 4, 474.
• “Faith and Creed,” by Saadiah, 3, 197–8.
• Falaquera. See Shem-Tob Falaquera.
• Falcos, the Jews of, attacked, 4, 78.
• Falero, Abraham Aboab, builds the second synagogue at Hamburg, 4, 691.
• Faliachi, Jacob, Sabbatian, 5, 156.
• Falk, Jacob Joshua, rabbi of Metz and Frankfort, 5, 251.
• against Eibeschütz, 5, 262, 263, 268, 269.
• disciple of, 5, 263.
• Fall, the. See Original Sin.
• Fall, the, of the Angels, dogma of, in the Kabbala, 4, 292.
• Famagusta, besieged by the Turks, 4, 600.
• taken, 4, 601.
• “Familianten,” privileged Jews, 5, 253.
• Famine, in Israel under Ahab, 1, 203.
• in Judah under Uzziah, 1, 229–30.
• in Jerusalem during the siege of Titus, 2, 304, 305–6.
• under Marcus Aurelius, 2, 451.
• Farchi, Chayim Maalem, Jewish minister at Accho, 5, 460.
• Farchi, Raphael Murad, accused of ritual murder, 5, 639.
• restored to his position, 5, 661.
• Farchi family, the, accused of ritual murder, 5, 638.
• Farissol, Abraham. See Abraham Farissol.
• Farnese, Alexander. See Paul III, pope.
• Farnese, Alexander, cardinal, intercedes for the Jews, 4, 567.
• Faro, Count of, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 338.
• Faro, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.
• Farraj Ibn-Solomon (Farragut), physician to Charles of Anjou, 3, 628.
• Fars. See Hamadan.
• Farsistan, the Exilarch’s income from, 3, 96.
• Fast, proclaimed under Jehoiakim, 1, 304.
• in memory of Gedaliah, 1, 325.
• in memory of the Blois martyrs, 3, 380–1.
• during the disputation with Donin, 3, 577.
• on the anniversary of the burning of the Talmud, 3, 579.
• against Gonzalo Martinez, 4, 85.
• to avert the Black Death persecutions, 4, 100.
• during the Hussite war, 4, 225–6.
• commemorating the Nemirov massacre, 5, 13.
• Fast days, observed by the Babylonian exiles, 1, 337.
• Fast of Tammuz abolished, by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 151–2.
• by the Sabbatians, 5, 159.
• Fast of Tebeth, abolished by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 143.
• “Father of the Judæans.” See Ragesh.
• Fatimide Caliphate, the, Talmud schools established in, 3, 210.
• Jewish science in, 3, 211.
• fanaticism of, 3, 212.
• Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur in, 3, 238.
• the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 247–8.
• extent of, 3, 248.
• consequences of the fall of, 3, 461.
• Fauma Kadin, Sarah Zevi’s Mahometan name, 5, 154.
• Fayum, Saadiah’s birthplace, 3, 188.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 444.
• Feast of Ingathering, celebrated in the eighth month, 1, 186. See Tabernacles, the feast of.
• Feast of Lights. See Chanukah.
• February revolution, the, completes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 696–7.
• Federation of the German states, Act of, assures citizenship to the Jews, 5, 518.
• Felgenhauer, Paul, mystic, Messianic speculations of, 5, 35–6.
• Felix, governor of Galilee, husband of Drusilla, 2, 235, 242, 245.
• rouses the Zealots against the Samaritans, 2, 243.
• sides with the Galilæans, 2, 244.
• procurator of Judæa, rapacity of, 2, 245.
• allied with the Sicarii, 2, 246.
• sides with the Greeks against the Judæans, 2, 247.
• Felix Libertate, Dutch club, joined by Jews, 5, 453.
• “Fence,” the, about the Law, 1, 397.
• Ferber, von, and the Jews of Dresden, 5, 344.
• Ferdinand I, emperor, permits the expulsion of the Bohemian Jews, 4, 544.
• expels the Jews from Lower Austria, 4, 585.
• expels the Jews of Prague, 4, 585–6.
• embassy of, negotiates with Joseph Nassi, 4, 597.
• appeals to Joseph Nassi, 4, 601.
• Ferdinand II, emperor, reproves Hamburg for permitting a synagogue, 4, 689–90.
• protects the Jews, 4, 701–2.
• imprisons Lipmann Heller, 4, 705.
• fines him, 4, 706.
• introduces conversion sermons in Vienna, 4, 706.
• Ferdinand III, emperor, extends the rights of the Bohemian Jews, 4, 707.
• Ferdinand I, of Aragon, regent of Castile, 4, 194.
• issues an anti-Jewish edict, 4, 203–4.
• becomes king of Aragon, 4, 205.
• defers to Vincent Ferrer, 4, 206.
• arranges for the disputation at Tortosa, 4, 207.
• advises Benedict XIII to abdicate, 4, 216.
• threatens to besiege Benedict XIII, 4, 217.
• death of, 4, 217.
• Ferdinand II, of Aragon. See Ferdinand V, of Castile, the Catholic.
• Ferdinand III, of Castile, the Holy, hostile to the Jews, 3, 519.
• employs a Jewish physician, 3, 537.
• Jews under, 3, 592.
• Ferdinand IV, of Castile, employs a Jewish treasurer, 4, 51–2.
• death of, 4, 52.
• Ferdinand V, of Castile (II, of Aragon), the Catholic, marriage of, 4, 280.
• ascends the throne of Castile, 4, 284.
• avarice of, 4, 310, 318.
• sanctions the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 310–11.
• obtains sanction for the Inquisition in Aragon, 4, 319.
• introduces the Inquisition into his hereditary lands, 4, 325–6.
• inclined to revoke the Jewish edict of banishment, 4, 348.
• confiscates the possessions of the Jews of his hereditary lands, 4, 350.
• threatens Navarre for protecting Marranos, 4, 357.
• urges the expulsion of the Jews from Navarre, 4, 358.
• and Judah Leon Abrabanel, 4, 384, 385.
• establishes the Inquisition at Benevento, 4, 385.
• See also Ferdinand and Isabella.
• Ferdinand (V) and Isabella (I), of Castile, establish the Inquisition in Spain, 4, 309.
• appoint the commission to frame the statute for the Inquisition, 4, 312.
• papal letter to, concerning the Inquisition, 4, 318.
• refuse to modify the rigors of the Inquisition, 4, 322.
• ask for an inquisitor-general, 4, 324.
• establish the Inquisition at Seville, 4, 335.
• urged to expel the Jews from Seville, 4, 336.
• protect the Jews from chicanery, 4, 336.
• appoint Isaac Abrabanel minister of finance, 4, 343.
• secret treaty of, with Boabdil, 4, 345.
• enter Granada, 4, 345.
• decide on the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 346–7.
• proclamation of, expelling the Jews, 4, 347–8.
• confiscate the treasures of the exiles, 4, 354–5.
• censured for the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 356.
• marry their daughter to Manoel of Portugal, 4, 372–3.
• oppose the Portuguese Marranos at Rome, 4, 379.
• Ferdinand I, of Naples, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 287.
• receives Spanish exiles kindly, 4, 358–9.
• patron of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 359, 383.
• refuses to expel the Jews, 4, 359–60.
• death of, 4, 360.
• Ferdinand I, of Portugal, prosperity of the Jews under, 4, 158–9.
• Jewish favorites of, 4, 159–60.
• death of, 4, 160.
• Ferdinand, duke of Braganza, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 338, 340–1.
• Ferdinand de Medici, duke of Tuscany, receives Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 659.
• permits the use of the expurgated Talmud, 4, 659.
• Fermo, residence of Immanuel Romi, 4, 68.
• Fernando, Manuel, de Villa-Real, Marrano, martyr, 5, 91.
• Ferrajo, Lucio, tries to prove the blood accusation out of the Talmud, 5, 639.
• Ferrara, Hillel of Verona in, 3, 629.
• Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.
• Jewish exiles in, 4, 412–13.
• Marranos well treated at, 4, 526.
• refuge of the Neapolitan Jews, 4, 544.
• Samuel Usque at, 4, 558.
• the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.
• a refuge for Marranos, 4, 568, 569.
• refuge of Gracia Mendesia, 4, 575.
• Marranos of, in distress, 4, 581.
• refuge of the Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.
• becomes part of the Papal States, 4, 660.
• no longer a refuge for Marranos, 4, 661.
• earthquake in, 4, 615.
• Ferrara, the Jews of, liberties of, 3, 628.
• appeal for permission to own the Talmud, 4, 658.
• attached to the house of Este, 4, 660.
• Ferrer. See Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.
• Ferrer, Vincent, humility of, 4, 200–1.
• revives flagellation, 4, 201.
• as an orator, 4, 201.
• fanaticism of, 4, 201–2.
• crusade of, against the Jews, 4, 202.
• extorts Christian confession from the Marranos, 4, 202–3.
• influences Jews to accept Christianity, 4, 204–5, 206, 214.
• procures the crown of Aragon for Ferdinand of Castile, 4, 205, 206.
• denounces Benedict XIII, 4, 216.
• death of, 4, 217.
• refused aid by João I of Portugal, 4, 218.
• in Savoy, 4, 218.
• terror of, spreads to Germany and Italy, 4, 218.
• policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, 4, 246.
• compared with John of Capistrano, 4, 257.
• compared with Bernardinus of Feltre, 4, 296.
• Ferrus, Pero, apostate, satirist, 4, 181.
• Festus, procurator of Judæa, administration of, 2, 247–8.
• Fettmilch, Vincent, leader of the Frankfort guilds against the Jews, 4, 696–7.
• attacks the Jew quarter, 4, 697.
• hanged, 4, 699–700.
• Fez, Dunash ben Labrat in, 3, 226.
• Maimun’s family in, 3, 451–6.
• forced converts emigrate to, 4, 179.
• suffering of Spanish exiles in, 4, 361–2.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 390.
• Fez, the Jews of, consult Haï Gaon, 3, 252.
• persecuted, 3, 360.
• fortunes of, 5, 168.
• Fezara, the, Arab tribe, promise assistance to the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 82.
• Fichte, classes Jews with the nobility and clergy, 5, 461.
• opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 462, 468.
• Saul Asher refutes, 5, 463.
• Fields, the blessing of, by Jews, forbidden, 2, 620; 3, 44.
• Fifth Monarchy, the, believers in, regard the Jews favorably, 5, 23, 27.
• view of, held by Christians, 5, 37.
• as interpreted by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 38.
• believers in, fix the Messianic year, 5, 120.
• Firme-Fé. See Nuñes, Henrique.
• First-born, the, Mosaic law of, as interpreted under Ahaz, 1, 261.
• Firuz (Pheroces, 457–484), Sassanian king, persecutes the Jews, 2, 628–30; 3, 1.
• persecutes the Jews of Ispahan, 2, 629.
• closes the Jewish schools, 2, 629.
• forces Magianism upon Jews, 2, 629.
• death of, 2, 630.
• Firuz-Shabur (Anbar), important Babylonian town, 2, 505.
• the Jews of, in the war between Julian the Apostate and Shabur II, 2, 601.
• academy opened at, 3, 8, 9.
• taken by Ali, 3, 90.
• Fiscus Judaicus, tax instituted by Vespasian, 2, 316.
• extorted from the Jews, 2, 332.
• See Tax.
• “Five Evidences of the Faith,” Sabbatian work, 5, 162.
• Flaccus, prætor in Asia Minor, seizes upon the votive offerings in the Temple, 2, 68.
• defended by Cicero, 2, 68–70.
• Flaccus, Pomponius, governor of Syria, Agrippa I courtier of, 2, 175.
• tool of the Alexandrians, 2, 181.
• deprives Judæans of Alexandrian citizenship, 1, 182.
• deposed, 2, 183.
• Flagellants, the, in Hanover, 4, 111.
• under Vincent Ferrer, 4, 201.
• condemned by the Council of Constance, 4, 217.
• Flanders, Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.
• Portuguese Marranos imprisoned in, 4, 509.
• Flavian house, the, and the Jews, 2, 388.
• Flavio Jacopo de Evora, on Amatus Lusitanus, 4, 610.
• Flavius Josephus. See Joseph ben Matthias.
• Florence, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.
• Elias del Medigo lectures on philosophy at, 4, 291.
• the Jews of, protected against Bernardinus of Feltre, 4, 297.
• the Marranos of, not molested, 4, 500.
• the Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, 5, 205.
• Florentin, Solomon, Talmudist, supporter of Jacob Querido, 5, 210.
• Florus, Gessius (64–66), last procurator of Judæa, rapacity and profligacy of, 2, 249–50.
• favors the Sicarii, 2, 250.
• bribed by the Judæans of Cæsarea, 2, 252–3.
• imprisons Judæan deputies, 2, 253.
• demands a part of the Temple treasures, 2, 253.
• in Jerusalem, 2, 253–4.
• plunders the upper town, 2, 254.
• appealed to by Berenice, 2, 254.
• demands a friendly reception for his troops, 2, 254.
• troops of, attack the Temple, 2, 255.
• leaves Jerusalem, 2, 255.
• Jerusalem rebellious towards, 2, 258.
• refuses to aid the Peace party, 2, 259.
• refrains from interference between the Zealots and the Roman garrison in Jerusalem, 2, 261–2.
• enslaves the Judæans in Cæsarea, 2, 262.
• accused before Nero, 2, 268.
• Fons Vitæ, philosophical work by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 270–1. See “Fountain of Life, The.”
• Fonseca Pinto y Pimentel, Sarah de, Jewish poetess, 5, 203.
• Fontaine, de, Countess, owns the Jews of Metz, 5, 348, 446.
• Fontanes, reactionary influence of, 5, 477, 479.
• “Fool’s Voice, The,” by Leo Modena, 5, 73.
• Forli, Hillel of Verona in, 3, 629.
• synod at, 4, 218.
• “Fortalitium Fidei,” anti-Jewish work by Alfonso de Spina, 4, 277, 415.
• “Fortress, The,” polemic, 4, 234.
• Fortunatus, Venantius, poet, celebrates the achievements of Avitus, 3, 39.
• Forum Judicum, Visigothic code, translated into Castilian, 3, 594–5.
• Fossano, French exiles settle in, 4, 177.
• Fostat. See Cairo.
• Fould, Achille, questions Thiers on the Damascus affair, 5, 649.
• “Fountain of Life, The,” (Mekor Chayim, Fons Vitæ), philosophical work by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 270.
• translated into Latin, 3, 270.
• used by the schoolmen, 3, 271.
• Four Countries, the, Synod of (Vaad Arba Arazoth), functions of, 4, 643–4; 5, 3–4.
• authority of, 4, 644.
• supposed originator of, 4, 645.
• president of, 4, 645.
• and the Kamieniec disputation, 5, 281.
• forbidden to assemble, 5, 387.
• dissolution of, favorable to Chassidism, 5, 387.
• Fourth of August, the, glory of, 5, 437.
• Fox Fables, the, by Berachya ben Natronaï, 3, 560.
• Fraga, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.
• “Fragments of an Unknown,” published by Lessing, 5, 320–1.
• effect of, 5, 321–2.
• attributed to Mendelssohn, 5, 322.
• France, Talmud schools established in, 3, 208.
• Talmudists of, imported into Egypt, 3, 444.
• rabbis of, emigrate to Jerusalem, 3, 505–6.
• rabbis of, in sympathy with Solomon Petit, 3, 627.
• refuge of the Jews banished from England, 3, 646.
• quarrel about the chief rabbinate of, 4, 152–3, 162.
• the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.
• professorships for Hebrew instituted in, 4, 471, 473, 474.
• Portuguese Marranos arrested in, 4, 509.
• ambassador of, and Joseph Nassi, 4, 595, 598–9.
• Joseph Nassi seizes the merchant vessels of, 4, 597.
• the Measfim in, 5, 401.
• the first country to emancipate the Jews, 5, 430.
• congregations of, present addresses to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.
• Central Consistory of, keeps aloof from the Reform movement, 5, 572.
• France, the Jews of, participate in the memorial services at the Babylonian academies, 3, 101.
• advanced under Charlemagne, 3, 141.
• devote themselves to the Agada, 3, 160.
• under Charles the Bald, 3, 170–4.
• decrees against, revived, 3, 171.
• tax levied on, 3, 172.
• antagonized by Bishop Amolo, 3, 172–3.
• exposed to Easter attacks, 3, 173–4.
• under Charles the Simple, 3, 175.
• treated as the wards of the king, 3, 175.
• yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, 3, 236.
• oppressed under the last Carlovingians and the first Capets, 3, 241–2.
• the clergy arouse hatred against, 3, 241.
• accused of using spells against Christians, 3, 242.
• not creative in the eleventh century, 3, 281.
• occupations of, 3, 281.
• compared with the Christians, 3, 281.
• devoted to the study of the Talmud, 3, 281, 343–5.
• protected during the first crusade, 3, 299.
• beginnings of culture among, 3, 343.
• debts owing to, repudiated, 3, 349–51.
• Louis VII roused against, 3, 349–50.
• a persecution of, prevented, 3, 351.
• martyrdom of, during the second crusade, 3, 354–6.
• Jewish culture of, 3, 357.
• and the secular courts, 3, 377.
• observe a fast for the Jews of Blois, 3, 380.
• banished by Philip Augustus, 3, 402–3.
• charges against, by Innocent III, 3, 499.
• forbidden to employ Christian nurses, 3, 508.
• suffer during Gregory IX’s crusade, 3, 570.
• forced into Christianity, 3, 570.
• appeal to Gregory IX, 3, 570.
• under Louis IX, 3, 570–1.
• charged with usury, 3, 571.
• fast during the disputation with Donin, 3, 577.
• charged with the blood accusation, 3, 583–5.
• banished by Louis IX, 3, 585–6.
• return of, 3, 586.
• forced to wear a badge, 3, 612.
• address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, 3, 620.
• banished by Philip IV, 3, 646; 4, 46.
• reasons for the exile of, 4, 47.
• suffering of, 4, 47–9.
• emigrate, 4, 49.
• recalled by Louis X, 4, 53.
• conditions for the re-admission of, 4, 53–4.
• privileges of, extended by Philip V, 4, 54.
• massacred by the Pastoureaux, 4, 55–7.
• accused of poisoning wells, 4, 57.
• permitted to return by John the Good, 4, 129.
• privileges granted to, 4, 129–31, 150.
• hostility to, 4, 131, 132.
• attacked by mobs, 4, 151–2.
• refuse to submit to the German chief rabbi, 4, 152–3.
• conditions of the residence of, in France, 4, 174.
• forced into usury, 4, 174.
• banished by Charles VI, 4, 175–6.
• remain in certain towns and provinces, 4, 176–7.
• settle in Germany and Italy, 4, 177.
• number of, 5, 435.
• not united for concerted action, 5, 436.
• petition for admission into the fraternity of the French people, 5, 438.
• Saint Etienne speaks in behalf of, 5, 439.
• improvement of, planned by Berr Isaac Berr, 5, 449.
• interested in the government, 5, 449–50.
• and the religion of Reason, 5, 451–2.
• recognized as equals by the Constitution of the Directory, 5, 452.
• object to the poll-tax in Germany, 5, 464–5.
• in danger of losing their privileges, 5, 474.
• opposed by the reactionary party, 5, 477–8.
• deprived temporarily of civil equality, 5, 482.
• restrictive laws for, 5, 498–9.
• rights of, not curtailed after Napoleon’s fall, 5, 512–13.
• restrictions against not renewed, 5, 524–5.
• rapid advance of, 5, 557.
• under Polish influence, 5, 558.
• influenced by the Reform movement, 5, 582–3.
• and the Damascus affair, 5, 644, 651.
• asked to support Crémieux’s Eastern schools, 5, 671.
• France, the Jews of, emancipation of. See Emancipation of the French Jews, the.
• France, northern, home of Talmudic studies after Rashi, 3, 289.
• rabbis of, at Donin’s disputation, 3, 576.
• France, northern, the Jews of, devoted to Talmud study, 3, 289, 290, 345, 407–8.
• expect the Messiah, 3, 298.
• prosperous in the twelfth century, 3, 343.
• banished during the third crusade, 3, 405.
• received by Philip Augustus, 3, 405–6.
• not permitted to move from province to province, 3, 406.
• forbidden to buy property confiscated from Jews, 3, 406–7.
• treated as bondmen, 3, 407.
• naïve faith of, 3, 549.
• wear Jew badges, 3, 612.
• France, southern, Judæans in, 2, 203.
• culture and rulers of, 3, 390.
• tolerance in, 3, 390.
• Spanish culture introduced into, 3, 392.
• Jews from, in Palestine, 3, 427–8.
• rabbis of, renounce Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 539, 541.
• See also Languedoc; Narbonne; Provence.
• France, southern, the Jews of, dependent on vassal princes, 3, 242.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 389–91.
• idolize Maimonides, 3, 488–9.
• Maimonides on, 3, 492.
• relation of, to the Albigenses, 3, 501, 513–14.
• suffer during the Albigensian crusade, 3, 501–3.
• not employed as state officials, 3, 503–4.
• send delegates to the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.
• struggle against badges, 3, 513.
• Innocent III’s decrees enforced against, 3, 518.
• Maimunists, 3, 526–7.
• excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.
• philosophical leanings of, 3, 549.
• ordered to enter into disputations with Pablo Christiani, 3, 602.
• obtain the abrogation of the law on badges, 3, 612.
• persecuted in the fourteenth century, 4, 53.
• during the Pastoureaux rising, 4, 56–7.
• massacred on the charge of having caused the Black Death, 4, 102.
• hostility towards, 4, 132.
• Francesco Maria I, duke of Urbino, brings Molcho to Pesaro, 4, 501.
• Francesco Maria II, duke of Urbino, David de Pomis dedicates a book to, 4, 657.
• Francis I, of Austria, emperor, imposes restrictions on the Jews, 5, 508.
• the Jews under, 5, 523.
• intolerance of, 5, 579.
• Francis I, of France, patron of Hebrew learning, 4, 473.
• Franciscans (Minorites), the, order of, originates in the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.
• persecutions by, in southern France, 3, 519.
• in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 542–3.
• judges of the Talmud, 3, 575.
• free English Jews imprisoned on the blood accusation, 3, 591.
• censors of the Talmud, 3, 603.
• in Hungary, 3, 614.
• mock at the Dominicans, 3, 641.
• object to a synagogue on Mount Zion, 4, 274.
• espouse Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 457.
• Franciscus of Sardinia, persecutes the Damascus Jews, 5, 639–40.
• Franco, (Christoval) Mordecai Mendes, Marrano in Holland, 4, 667.
• Franco, Nicolo, papal nuncio, urges the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 310.
• Franco, Samuel, Kabbalist, 4, 405.
• Franconia, the Jews of, suffer during the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 35.
• privileges granted to, 4, 259.
• banished, 4, 259–60.
• attacked by Lutheran peasants, 4, 542.
• persecuted, 5, 529.
• Frank, Eva, daughter of Jacob Frank, 5, 289.
• Frank, Jacob, roguery of, 5, 272.
• joins the Sabbatians, 5, 272.
• accepts Islam, 5, 272.
• Kabbalistic views of, 5, 273.
• considered an incarnation of the Messiah, 5, 273, 274.
• leader of the Polish Sabbatians, 5, 273–4.
• prayers addressed to, 5, 274.
• emigrates to Turkey, 5, 276.
• advises his followers to accept Christianity, 5, 278–9, 284.
• invited to return to Podolia, 5, 283.
• baptized, 5, 287–8.
• betrayed, 5, 288.
• end of the career of, 5, 289.
• Fränkel, David, rabbi of Berlin, Mendelssohn’s teacher, 5, 293–4.
• Fränkel, Jonas, founder of the Breslau Seminary, 5, 700.
• Frankel, Sæckel, compiles Hebrew prayers, 5, 564.
• Frankel, Zachariah (1801–1875), orthodox leader, compared with Holdheim, 5, 684.
• character and scientific activity of, 5, 684, 694–5.
• attitude of, towards reforms, 5, 684–5.
• at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, 5, 685.
• founder of the Breslau seminary, 5, 700.
• Frankenberg, Abraham von, mystic, on the restoration of Israel, 5, 24.
• Frankfort, duchy of, created, 5, 505.
• Frankfort-on-the-Main, diet at, to consider the Jewish question, 4, 463, 464.
• Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• refuses to receive Portuguese Jews, 4, 695.
• Polish-Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.
• rabbis of, Poles, 5, 17, 206.
• Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 80.
• “Judaism Unmasked” printed at, 5, 189.
• Judah Chassid at, 5, 213.
• Moses Meïr Kamenker at, 5, 229–30.
• Börne’s life in, 5, 539.
• without a rabbi, 5, 566.
• Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.
• honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.
• the Reform movement in, 5, 674.
• rabbinical conference at, 5, 683–4, 685–6.
• Frankfort-on-the-Main, the Jews of, burn themselves to escape persecution, 4, 109.
• charged with child murder, 4, 299–300.
• threatened with expulsion, 4, 417, 696.
• confiscation of the books of, by Pfefferkorn, 4, 429–30, 438.
• appeal to Uriel von Gemmingen, 4, 430.
• send a representative to Maximilian I, 4, 430–1, 436–7.
• extermination of, suggested by Pfefferkorn, 4, 463.
• submit disputes to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.
• number of, 4, 694.
• antipathy to, 4, 694–5.
• restrictions imposed on, 4, 695–6, 700.
• houses of labeled, 4, 696.
• attacked by Fettmilch, 4, 697.
• flee, 4, 697–8.
• re-admitted, 4, 699.
• celebrate Purim-Vincent, 4, 700.
• protected by Ferdinand II, 4, 701.
• oppose Eibeschütz’s Talmud edition, 5, 251.
• petition for emancipation, 5, 465–6.
• miserable condition of, 5, 466.
• relieved of the poll-tax, 5, 468.
• oppressed, 5, 503.
• freed from the Ghetto, 5, 504.
• new laws for, 5, 504–5.
• emancipation of, 5, 505.
• under restrictions after Napoleon’s fall, 5, 512, 520.
• send deputies to the Congress of Vienna, 5, 513.
• rely on Prussia and Austria, 5, 520–1.
• persecuted, 5, 529.
• purchase political rights, 5, 541.
• Frankfort-on-the-Main, the senate of, orders the surrender of Hebrew books, 4, 429.
• withdraws aid from Pfefferkorn, 4, 430.
• forbids the sale of Hebrew books, 4, 431.
• protects Hebrew books on sale at the Fair, 4, 438.
• directed to return the Hebrew books, 4, 439.
• discusses the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 598.
• and circumcision, 5, 676–7.
• Frankfort-on-the-Oder, the theological faculty of, permits Jews to live in Hamburg, 4, 687.
• Jews settle in, 5, 174.
• regulations for the Fair at, 5, 415.
• Frankfurter, Naphtali, devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 55.
• complains of the scorn for the Talmud, 5, 56.
• Frankists, the, Sabbatian sect, origin of, 5, 274.
• opposed to Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 274.
• charged with dissoluteness, 5, 275–6.
• excommunicated, 5, 276–7.
• the persecution of, sanctioned by Emden, 5, 278.
• handed over to the Inquisition, 5, 278.
• inclined towards Christianity, 5, 278–9.
• attacked by the Talmud Jews, 5, 279.
• charge the Talmud Jews with the blood accusation, 5, 279.
• favored by Bishop Dembowski, 5, 279–80.
• disputations of, with the Talmudists, 5, 280, 281, 286–7.
• confession of faith by, 5, 280, 285.
• persecuted, 5, 283.
• apply for baptism, 5, 284.
• baptized, 5, 287.
• customs of, 5, 289.
• families descended from, 5, 289.
• regard Eibeschütz as the great Gaon, 5, 289.
• Frankists, list of:
• Chaya, daughter of Elisha Schor,
• Krysa, Jehuda Leb
• Nachman ben Samuel Levi,
• Schor, Elisha
• Solomon of Rohatyn.
• Franks, the, the empire of, independent of the Church, 3, 37.
• Jew hatred introduced into, 3, 38–9.
• extent of, under Charlemagne, 3, 142.
• Jews spread in, 3, 144.
• Franks, the, the empire of, the Jews of, permitted to carry on the slave trade, 3, 34.
• not considered a separate race, 3, 35.
• occupations of, 3, 35–6.
• protected by Charlemagne, 3, 142.
• education of, cared for by Charlemagne, 3, 143.
• oath imposed on, 3, 144.
• under Louis the Pious, 3, 161–70.
• have free access to court, 3, 162.
• synagogues of, visited by Christians, 3, 163.
• and Agobard of Lyons, 3, 164–8.
• Frederick I Barbarossa, emperor, considers the Jews “servi cameræ,” 3, 416–17.
• includes Jews in his general peace, 3, 418.
• Frederick II, emperor, Jews under, 3, 516.
• introduces the Jew badge into Naples and Sicily, 3, 518.
• Gregory IX the enemy of, 3, 519.
• patron of learning, 3, 565.
• corresponds with a Jewish scholar, 3, 565–6.
• brings Jacob Anatoli to Naples, 3, 566–7.
• reproached with heterodoxy, 3, 567, 580.
• excludes Jews from public offices, 3, 567.
• censures Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.
• executes the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 569.
• lays imposts upon Jewish immigrants, 3, 569.
• forces Innocent IV to retire to Lyons, 3, 584.
• the Jews persecuted after the death of, 3, 611.
• Frederick III, emperor, has a Jewish favorite, 4, 224.
• accession of, 4, 249.
• Jews under, 4, 293–4.
• claims the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 300, 416.
• orders Israel Bruna’s release, 4, 303.
• defers Israel Bruna’s execution, 4, 304.
• protects the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 305–6.
• recommends the Jews to his son, 4, 413.
• daughter of, 4, 428.
• Reuchlin at the court of, 4, 433.
• ennobles Reuchlin, 4, 435.
• Frederick V, of Denmark, and the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 265, 269, 271.
• wife of, 5, 267.
• reinstates Eibeschütz, 5, 268.
• Frederick I, of Prussia, Jews under, 5, 190–1.
• and the Alenu prayer, 5, 191–2.
• exerts himself in behalf of “Judaism Unmasked”, 5, 192–3.
• lays the Midrash Rabba under the ban, 5, 194–5.
• court-Jewess of, 5, 219.
• Frederick II, the Great, of Prussia, at war with Austria, 5, 251.
• reputed patron of the Jews, 5, 251.
• the Jews of Berlin under, 5, 294.
• illiberality of, 5, 296.
• poetry of, criticised by Mendelssohn, 5, 302.
• summons Mendelssohn to Sans-Souci, 5, 302–3.
• makes Mendelssohn a “Schutzjude,” 5, 304.
• antipathy of, to Jews, 5, 304.
• objects to Mendelssohn as a member of the Berlin Academy, 5, 308.
• enraged against Voltaire, 5, 339.
• appoints Dohm superintendent of the archives, 5, 351.
• in need of money, 5, 396.
• culture under, 5, 410–11.
• popularizes French literature, 5, 411.
• treatment of the Jews by, 5, 414, 415.
• Frederick the Valiant, archduke of Austria, Jewish statute of, 3, 567–9.
• introduced into a number of countries, 3, 569, 613–14.
• confirmed by Rudolph of Habsburg, 3, 635.
• confirmed in Poland, 4, 111.
• Frederick, elector palatine, corresponds with Abraham Zacuto Lusitano, 4, 678.
• re-admits the Jews into Worms, 4, 699.
• Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony, patron of Luther, 4, 469.
• Frederick, commissioner sent by Louis the Pious to Agobard, 3, 166.
• Frederick Franz, duke of Mecklenburg, emancipates the Jews, 5, 507.
• Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, invites Jewish exiles to his state, 5, 173–4.
• Frederick William I, of Prussia, court Jew of, 5, 219.
• Frederick William II, of Prussia, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 414, 416.
• Mirabeau on Prussia under, 5, 419.
• abrogates the poll-tax, 5, 464.
• Frederick William III, of Prussia, tutor of, 5, 372.
• attends Herz’s lectures, 5, 406.
• grants some political rights to Jews, 5, 507, 508.
• nullifies the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 524.
• interrupts the Reform movement in Berlin, 5, 563.
• forbids Jews to bear Christian names, 5, 630.
• Free Towns, the. See Hanse Towns, the.
• Freedom of Conscience, in the French National Assembly, 5, 439.
• Freemasons’ Lodge, the first Jewish, hearth of the Reform movement, 5, 674.
• Freiburg, the Jews of, protected during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 106.
• burnt, 4, 107.
• French, the, in Naples, 4, 384.
• French literature, attracts the German Jews, 5, 411.
• French Revolution, the, characterized, 5, 429.
• outbreak of, 5, 435.
• excesses of, 5, 436–7.
• progress of, 5, 441.
• Jews take no part in the atrocities of, 5, 450.
• reaction from, 5, 477–8.
• French translation, a, of the Bible projected, 5, 449.
• Frenks, the. See Frankists, the.
• Fresco, Moses, rabbi of Constantinople, urges the Jews to study Turkish, 5, 664.
• Friedländer, Bärmann, prominent Königsberg Jew, 5, 397.
• Friedländer, David (1750–1834), promotes the revival among Jews, 5, 397.
• successor to Mendelssohn, 5, 412.
• urges the abolition of the Jewish poll-tax, 5, 414.
• representative of the Berlin Jewish community, 5, 415.
• director of the Berlin Free School, 5, 416.
• mediocrity of, 5, 417.
• deplores the decay of morality among Jews, 5, 419.
• makes overtures to the Church, 5, 421–2, 426.
• children of, baptized, 5, 422.
• leaves attacks on Judaism unanswered, 5, 469.
• consulted by Jacobson, 5, 502.
• efforts of for the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 508.
• on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, 5, 534.
• influence of, on Heine, 5, 546.
• Heine’s criticism of, 5, 547.
• followers of, criticised by Bernays, 5, 574–5.
• and Mannheimer, 5, 580.
• member of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.
• Jost a disciple of, 5, 595.
• Friedländer, Meyer, prominent Königsberg Jew, 5, 397.
• Friedländer, Wolf, prominent Königsberg Jew, 5, 397.
• Friedrichsfeld, David, one of the Measfim, 5, 400.
• refutes Van Swieden, 5, 454.
• “Friends of Reform,” Society of the, 5, 675–6.
• Fries, J. F., attacks the Jews, 5, 521.
• Friesland, East, Jews live in, 4, 665.
• Frohbach, astronomical work by, 4, 638.
• Fronto, guardian of Jerusalem, 2, 311.
• Fuero juzgo, Visigothic code, translated, 3, 594–5.
• Fueros, Spanish law of custom, grants citizenship to Jews, 3, 292.
• “Fulfillment of Prophecy, The,” by Pierre Jurieu, 5, 176.
• Fulko de Neuilly, preaches the third crusade, 3, 405.
• Fulvia, Roman patrician, proselyte, 2, 136, 215.
• Funes, the Jews of, attacked, 4, 78.
• Furin al-Mizrayim, Purim of Cairo, 4, 396.
• Furtado, Abraham, member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.
• a representative French Jew, 5, 436.
• deputy of the French Jews, 5, 438.
• ancestry and youth of, 5, 483.
• rôle played by, during the Revolution, 5, 483.
• president of the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 487.
• speech of, in answer to the imperial commissioners, 5, 489–90.
• speeches of, before the Synhedrion, 5, 495, 497.
• view held by, of Judaism, 5, 496.
• informs Napoleon of anti-Jewish agitation, 5, 498.
• Fürth, the Jews of, indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 438.
• rabbis of, Poles, 5, 17.
• Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.
• interdicts Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 331–2.
• Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.
• rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.
• Future life, the, doctrine of, 1, 404–6.
• in the Mishna, 2, 473.
• G
• Gabaot, Roman camp under Cestius Gallus, 2, 265–6.
• Gabara, ordered not to protect Josephus, 2, 281.
• taken by Vespasian, 2, 286.
• Gabata, Galilæan fortress, 2, 56.
• Gabinius, Aulus, governor of Syria, subdues Alexander, 2, 70.
• divides Judæa into provinces, 2, 71.
• defeats Alexander, 2, 73.
• Gabriel, the name of an angel, 1, 403.
• makes revelations to Mahomet, 3, 71.
• Gad, Chaldæan god of fortune, 1, 340.
• Gad, prophet, joins David, 1, 100, 113.
• orders David to sacrifice on Mt. Moriah, 1, 138.
• Gad, the tribe of, asks for land east of the Jordan, 1, 29–30.
• appeals to Samuel for help, 1, 80.
• territory of, taken by Hazael, 1, 220.
• descendants of, in Chaibar, 3, 437.
• Gadara, incorporated with Judæa, 2, 103.
• Gaffarelli, Jacob, Christian Kabbalist, taught by Leo Modena, 5, 71.
• Gailan, emir, persecutes Sabbatians, 5, 151.
• oppresses the Jews, 5, 168.
• Galaïgo, Joseph Chayim, addresses Mendelssohn, 5, 369.
• Galaistes, governor of Gabata, assists Aristobulus, 2, 56.
• Galante, Moses, adherent of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 132.
• Galatia, a Greek-Christian community in, 2, 227.
• Galatino, interested in the Kabbala, 4, 481, 583.
• Galba, emperor, short reign of, 3, 299.
• Galen, writings of, elaborated by Maimonides, 3, 473.
• Galerius, emperor, persecutes Christianity, 2, 539.
• Galicia, the Jews of, proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.
• resist the opening of secular schools, 5, 394.
• described by Rohrer, 5, 472.
• taxed, 5, 508.
• oppressed, 5, 523.
• affected by the Reform movement, 5, 582.
• beginnings of culture among, 5, 611–12.
• improvement of, undertaken by the “Israelitische Allianz,” 5, 703.
• Galician school, the, founders of, 5, 607.
• Hebrew style of, 5, 617.
• contribute to the Kerem Chemed, 5, 621.
• inspire the contributors to the Scientific Journal, 5, 625.
• Galilæan Synod, the, second assembly of the teachers of the Law at Usha, 2, 434.
• Galilæans, name given to Christians, 2, 596.
• Galilee, lake, description of, 1, 42.
• Galilee, province, description of, 1, 45.
• Gelil Haggoyim, 1, 164.
• appeals to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 475.
• rescued by Simon Tharsi, 1, 475.
• Judæans of, emigrate, 1, 475.
• Judæans of, killed, 1, 486.
• restored to Judæa, 2, 76.
• declares in favor of Antigonus, 2, 85.
• subdued by Herod, 2, 87.
• given to Herod Antipas, 2, 119.
• Roman troops in, to fight Judas the Galilæan, 2, 126.
• under Herod Antipas, 2, 137.
• lack of culture in, 2, 148.
• morality in, 2, 148.
• language of, 2, 148–9.
• Jesus in the towns of, 2, 157.
• a Messiah from, not acceptable, 2, 161.
• given to Agrippa I, 2, 177.
• pilgrims from, murdered, 2, 243.
• under the command of Josephus, 2, 272, 278–9.
• divided into Upper and Lower, 2, 272.
• civil war in, 2, 282–3.
• strength of, broken by Josephus, 2, 285, 286.
• subject to Rome, 2, 288.
• Zealots of, possess three fortified places, 2, 289.
• end of the Roman conquest of, 2, 290.
• fugitives from, in Jerusalem, 2, 291.
• recovers under Jewish governors, 2, 333.
• the seat of the Synhedrion, 2, 458.
• Babylonian students in the academies of, 2, 511.
• first churches in, 2, 565.
• Jews inhabit the cities of, in the sixth century, 3, 12.
• prevalence of mysticism in, 4, 617.
• Galilee, the Jews of, join the Persian general, 3, 19.
• join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.
• Galileo, teacher of Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 75.
• Gallaico, Elisha. See Elisha Gallaico.
• Gallienus, emperor with Odenathus, 2, 528.
• Gallipoli, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Gallus, emperor, campaign of, against the Persians, 2, 568.
• death of, 2, 572.
• Gallus, Cestius, governor of Syria, on the turbulent state of Judæa, 2, 250–1.
• arranges a demonstration in Jerusalem in 66, 2, 251–2.
• in communication with the Peace party, 2, 257.
• sends a deputy to Jerusalem, 2, 257.
• campaign of, near Jerusalem, 2, 264–6.
• retreats, 2, 266–7.
• losses of, 2, 267.
• death of, 2, 284.
• Gama, Vasco da, aided by Joseph Vecinho’s instruments, 4, 367.
• Gamala, capital of Gaulanitis, taken by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 45.
• birthplace of Judas the Galilæan, 2, 125.
• focus of insurrection in Galilee, 2, 273.
• impregnable position of, 2, 274.
• refuge of the Babylonian Judæans, 2, 275.
• revolts from Agrippa II, 2, 275.
• taken by Vespasian, 2, 289–90.
• Gamaliel I, the Elder, grandson of Hillel, president of the Synhedrion, 2, 192–3.
• gentle reforms of, 2, 193.
• grants heathens the right of gleaning, 2, 478.
• Gamaliel II, Patriarch, president of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 334.
• tries to reconcile the schools of Hillel and Shammai, 2, 335, 336–8.
• humanity of, 2, 336.
• regulates the calendar, 2, 336, 356.
• journeys of, 2, 336.
• character of, misunderstood, 2, 336.
• inquires into the character of students of the Law, 2, 338–9.
• uses excommunication, 2, 339–40, 347.
• contest of, with Joshua ben Chananya, 2, 340–2.
• deposed, 2, 341.
• rejects Moabites and Ammonites as proselytes, 2, 343.
• reconciled with Joshua, 2, 344–5.
• reinstated, 2, 345.
• opposes Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 2, 347.
• death of, 2, 350, 404, 479.
• introduces set prayers, 2, 363.
• supposed relation of, to the Jewish Christians, 2, 379.
• and Akylas, 2, 385.
• journey of, to Rome, 2, 387.
• and Flavius Clemens, 2, 387, 389, 391.
• influences Nerva, 2, 392.
• funeral of, 2, 404.
• sons of, 2, 404, 479.
• Gamaliel III, Patriarch, instructions of his father to, 2, 466.
• recommends trades, 2, 467.
• advises caution in intercourse with the Romans, 2, 467–8.
• and Abba-Areka, 2, 512.
• Gamaliel IV, Patriarch, scant knowledge of the Law of, 2, 532.
• Gamaliel V, Patriarch, successor to Hillel II, 2, 612.
• Gamaliel VI (Batraah, 370–425), last of the Patriarchs, 2, 612.
• dignities bestowed on, 2, 617–18.
• physician, 2, 618.
• last of the house of Hillel, 2, 618.
• Gans, David. See David Gans.
• Gans, Edward, apostate, 5, 551, 587.
• founder of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.
• selfishness of, 5, 585.
• reproaches the Jews, 5, 586.
• desires a professorship, 5, 587.
• compared with Riesser, 5, 600.
• compared with Steinheim, 5, 607.
• Gaon, title of the principal of the Sora Academy, 3, 90–1, 93.
• of the principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 93, 177.
• of Isaac Ibn-Sakni, 3, 285.
• of the head of the Bagdad college, 3, 429.
• of Samuel ben Ali Halevi, 3, 438.
• of Eibeschütz, 5, 289.
• of Elijah Wilna, 5, 389.
• See also Gaonate, the; Geonim, the; Pumbeditha, the academy of, principals of; Sora, the academy of, principals of.
• Gaon of Castile, Isaac Campanton, 4, 230.
• Gaonate, the, Anan ben David hostile to, 3, 130.
• European and African Jews independent of, 3, 208, 210.
• decline of, 3, 231, 253.
• See also Gaon; Geonim, the.
• Garcilaso, Spanish ambassador to Rome, opposes the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 379.
• Gascony, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.
• banished, 3, 646.
• during the Pastoureaux massacres, 4, 56.
• “Gate of Heaven, The,” Kabbalistic work by Abraham de Herrera, 5, 54.
• Gates, the, of the second Temple, 2, 111.
• Gath, Philistine city, 1, 54, 80.
• surrendered to the Israelites, 1, 117.
• returned to the Philistines, 1, 117–18.
• conquered by Hazael, 1, 221.
• conquered by Uzziah, 1, 231.
• “Gatherer, The,” (Ha-Meassef), a Hebrew journal, 5, 399.
• editors of, 5, 400.
• interest in, 5, 403, 404.
• contributors to, in Berlin, 5, 411.
• Gatiño, Ezra. See Ezra Gatiño.
• Gaucelin, de, lords of Lünel, Jews under, 3, 396.
• Gaul, early Jewish settlements in, 3, 35.
• Gaul, the Jews of, 3, 35–40.
• names borne by, 3, 36.
• intermarry with Christians, 3, 36.
• obey the dietary laws, 3, 36.
• treated with hostility, 3, 37–40.
• Gaulanitis (Gaulonitis), invaded by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 44, 45.
• given to Philip, 2, 119.
• given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.
• a field in, given to Judah II, 2, 482.
• Gauls, body-guard of Cleopatra, given to Herod, 2, 103.
• Gayo da Rieti. See Moses ben Isaac da Rieti.
• Gayo, Maëstro. See Isaac ben Mordecai.
• Gaza, Philistine port, 1, 54.
• left in possession of the Philistines, 1, 117.
• frontier town of Israel, 1, 129.
• taken by Necho, 1, 297.
• taken by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.
• battle of, 1, 417.
• Greek citizens of, resist Joseph, 1, 425.
• Jewish prisoners sold at the slave markets of, 2, 419.
• proclaimed the Holy City of the Sabbatians, 5, 132.
• Jews of, flee before Napoleon, 5, 459.
• Gaza, the district of, overrun by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 40.
• surrenders to Ptolemy VIII, 2, 40.
• taken by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 41.
• Gazara, fortified by Bacchides, 1, 491.
• surrenders to Simon Tharsi, 1, 523.
• fortified by Simon Tharsi, 1, 524.
• the son of Simon Tharsi at, 1, 525.
• claimed by Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 4–5.
• a Synhedrion established at, 2, 71.
• Geba. See Gibeah.
• Gedaliah, son of Ahikam, overseer of the Judæan fugitives, 1, 315.
• governor of Judah, disciple of Jeremiah, 1, 319.
• guardian of Zedekiah’s daughters, 1, 319.
• joined by Jeremiah, 1, 320.
• erects a sanctuary at Mizpah, 1, 321.
• informed of Ishmael’s treachery, 1, 322.
• murder of, 1, 322.
• a fast on the anniversary of the murder of, 1, 325.
• Gedaliah Levi, quarrels with Vital Calabrese, 5, 52.
• Gedalya Ibn-Yachya (of the Italian branch, 1515–1587), historian, expelled from Ravenna, 4, 592.
• works of, 4, 616.
• consulted by Basnage, 5, 196.
• Gedalya Ibn-Yachya I (of the Turkish branch), patron of Jewish literature, 4, 609.
• Gedalya Ibn-Yachya II, patron of Jewish literature, 4, 609.
• Gehazi, disciple of Elisha, 1, 218.
• recounts Elisha’s deeds, 1, 223.
• Ge-henna. See Hinnom.
• Geiger, Abraham (1810–1874), scholar, characteristics of, 5, 626.
• attitude of, towards the Talmud, 5, 626, 669.
• devoted to the reform of Judaism, 5, 626.
• journal of, 5, 626, 632.
• at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, 5, 685.
• Gelasius, pope, kind to Jews, 3, 29.
• Geldern, Betty von, Heine’s mother, 5, 545.
• Gelil Haggoyim, 1, 164. See Galilee.
• Gelimer, grandson of Genseric, in the triumph of Belisarius, 3, 26.
• Gemara. See Talmud, the Babylonian.
• Gemara di Bene Ma’araba. See Talmud, the Jerusalem.
• Gematria, Kabbalistic term, 4, 5.
• Gemmingen, Uriel von, archbishop of Mayence, the Frankfort Jews appeal to, 4, 430.
• not friendly to Pfefferkorn, 4, 430, 431.
• appointed commissary, 4, 437.
• and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.
• favors the Jews, 4, 438.
• delays the execution of the judgment against Reuchlin, 4, 452.
• “General Privilege” for the Jews, issued by Frederick the Great, 5, 304.
• Genesareth. See Tiberias, lake.
• Genesis, treatise on, by Samuel Ibn-Tibbon, 3, 398.
• Geneva, the lake of, scene of Black Death persecutions, 4, 103–4.
• Genoa, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.
• suffering of the Spanish exiles in, 4, 362–3.
• Judah Leon Abrabanel in, 4, 384.
• Genoa, the Jews of, under the Ostrogoths, 3, 28.
• seek permission to repair the synagogue, 3, 30.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• banished, 4, 553–4.
• Genseric, the Vandal, carries the Temple vessels to Africa, 2, 611.
• Gentz, Frederick von, on Jewish women, 5, 413.
• immorality of, 5, 423.
• reactionary leader, 5, 477, 512.
• Geonim, the, beginning of the epoch of, 3, 90–1.
• history of, dark, 3, 92.
• duties of, 3, 93.
• power of, as viewed by the Jews of distant lands, 3, 100.
• decisions of, binding, 3, 118–19.
• opposed to the Exilarchs, 3, 137.
• literary works of, in the ninth century, 3, 178–9.
• favor scientific pursuits, 3, 187.
• responses of, criticised, 3, 198.
• chronicle of, by Sherira, 3, 233.
• Talmudic work of, surpassed by Spanish Talmudists, 3, 282.
• See also Gaon; Gaonate, the; Pumbeditha, the academy of, principals of; Sora, the academy of, principals of.
• George II, of England, ratifies the naturalization of the Jews, 5, 337–8.
• George, of Hesse, forbids the use of a sentence in the Alenu prayer, 5, 185.
• George, bishop of Speyer, tries the Reuchlin-Hoogstraten case, 4, 454–5.
• Gepidæ, the, overrun Rome, 3, 27.
• Gerasa, besieged by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 45.
• Gere ha-Zedek, true proselytes, in the daily prayers, 2, 384.
• Gerizim, Mount, description of, 1, 45.
• the Samaritan Temple on, 1, 390.
• Temple of, destroyed, 2, 8.
• temple to Jupiter on, 2, 422.
• Gerlach, archbishop of Mayence, obtains Jews as “servi cameræ” 4, 128.
• German-Frankish empire, the. See Franks, the, the empire of.
• German language, the, carried to Poland by German Jews, 4, 421.
• German merchants antagonize Jews in Poland, 4, 632.
• German translation of the Bible by Luther, 4, 469, 475.
• by Sachs, 5, 693.
• German translation of the Pentateuch by Mendelssohn. See under Pentateuch, the.
• Germans, the simplicity of, 4, 422.
• purity of, 4, 423.
• Germanus, Moses, proselyte, 5, 177–8.
• Germany, Jewish emigrants from, held up in Lombardy, 3, 638–9.
• refuge of the Jews banished from England, 3, 646.
• preferred to Spain by the Asherides, 4, 90, 96.
• re-admits Jews soon after the Black Death, 4, 127–8.
• French exiles settle in, 4, 177.
• exiles from, take refuge in Poland, 4, 263.
• exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• professorships for Hebrew instituted in, 4, 471.
• Messianic hopes connected with Solomon Molcho in, 4, 497.
• Portuguese Marranos perish in, 4, 509.
• religious parties in, 5, 25.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 160, 228.
• Chayim Malach in, 5, 214.
• feeling of solidarity developed in, 5, 515.
• the romantic movement in, 5, 515–16.
• debt of, to Börne and Heine, 5, 556.
• See also Franks, the, the empire of.
• Germany, the Jews of, in the sixth century, 3, 40–1.
• advanced under Charlemagne, 3, 141.
• yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, 3, 236.
• under the Saxon emperors, 3, 241, 242–3.
• compelled to be tradesmen, 3, 242–3.
• lack of culture among, 3, 243.
• not creative in the eleventh century, 3, 281.
• occupations of, 3, 281.
• compared with the Christians, 3, 281.
• devoted to the study of the Talmud, 3, 281, 419.
• suffer during the crusades, 3, 297, 351–4.
• under Henry IV, 3, 298.
• expect the Messiah, 3, 298.
• dependent on the emperor, 3, 308.
• gloom and bigotry of, 3, 309.
• debts owing to, repudiated by the pope, 3, 349.
• become “servi cameræ,” 3, 356–7, 416–17, 516, 569.
• degradation of, 3, 357.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 416–21.
• protected by the emperors during the crusades, 3, 416.
• privileges of, 3, 417–18.
• massacred under Henry VI, 3, 418–19.
• high morality of, 3, 419.
• little affected by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 516–17.
• heavily taxed, 3, 517.
• naïve faith of, 3, 549.
• accused of aiding Jenghis-Khan, 3, 580–1.
• charged with the blood accusation, 3, 583–5, 635.
• persecuted after Frederick II’s death, 3, 611–12.
• address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, 3, 620.
• in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 624.
• piety of, 3, 625.
• determine to emigrate, 3, 634, 637.
• offer to ransom Meïr of Rothenburg, 3, 639–40.
• persecuted by Rindfleisch, 4, 35–7.
• neglect the Talmud in the fourteenth century, 4, 96.
• under Louis IV, 4, 96–7.
• during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 97–8.
• during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 105–111.
• intellectual decay among, 4, 133–4.
• effect of persecution on, 4, 166.
• under Sigismund, 4, 218.
• privileges of, confirmed, 4, 219.
• liturgy of, compiled by Maharil, 4, 225.
• fast during the Hussite wars, 4, 225–6.
• neglect the Talmud in the fifteenth century, 4, 227.
• hatred of, increases, 4, 248; 5, 528, 532–3.
• bear the expenses of the Council of Constance, 4, 248.
• under Albert II, 4, 249.
• terrified by John of Capistrano, 4, 258.
• urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–3.
• under Frederick III, 4, 293–4, 413.
• influence the Jews of Italy, 4, 294.
• speak a corrupt jargon, 4, 388–9.
• representative of, 4, 414.
• uncertain lot of, under Maximilian I, 4, 414–15.
• find a refuge in Poland, 4, 418, 420.
• carry the German language to Poland, 4, 421.
• expulsion of, proposed, 4, 427.
• ordered to submit their books to Pfefferkorn, 4, 429.
• citizens of the Holy Roman Empire, 4, 443.
• the extermination of, planned, 4, 462–3.
• narrow-mindedness of, 4, 479.
• adherents of Asher Lämmlein, 4, 483.
• suffer through the Protestant Reformation, 4, 542–3.
• submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.
• submit disputes to the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.
• during the Catholic reaction, 4, 652, 653.
• seek refuge in Amsterdam, 4, 680.
• in the seventeenth century, 4, 694–5.
• under Matthias, 4, 700–1.
• and the Thirty Years’ War, 4, 701.
• help the Jews of Poland, 4, 707–8; 5, 16.
• intercede for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.
• poverty of, 5, 205.
• Dohm’s apology begins the emancipation of, 5, 356–7.
• after Mendelssohn’s death, 5, 395–6.
• attracted to French literature, 5, 411.
• apostasy among, 5, 420.
• decay of morality among, 5, 422.
• emancipated by the French, 5, 459.
• not well thought of, 5, 461–3.
• subject to the poll-tax, 5, 464.
• in the constitution drawn up by Humboldt, 5, 514.
• attacked by J. F. Fries, 5, 521.
• defenders of, 5, 521–3, 533–4.
• the “hep, hep!” persecutions of, 5, 528–32.
• writers among, 5, 534–5.
• rapid advance of, 5, 557.
• under Polish influence, 5, 558.
• estranged from Judaism, 5, 560.
• influenced by Bernays and Mannheimer, 5, 582.
• effect of the July Revolution on, 5, 598, 600.
• forced into reforms, 5, 628.
• and the Damascus affair, 5, 669.
• rupture among, 5, 672, 674.
• Germany, the Jews of, emancipation of. See Emancipation of the German Jews, the.
• Germany, rabbis of, in sympathy with Solomon Petit, 3, 627.
• insignificance of, 4, 133.
• willing to excommunicate Luzzatto, 5, 241.
• oppose the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• protest against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.
• Germany, North, the Jews of, few in number, 4, 111.
• the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.
• Jews tolerated in the towns of, 4, 686.
• Germany, South, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 4, 227.
• attacked by Lutheran peasants, 4, 542.
• Germany, Young, the creation of Börne and Heine, 5, 556.
• compelled to advocate Jewish emancipation, 5, 602.
• Gerona, Serachya Halevi Gerundi persecuted by the Jews of, 3, 389.
• home of the Kabbala, 3, 556; 4, 1.
• the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 172.
• Geronimo de Santa Fé. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui.
• Gerrick, commissioner of Louis the Pious to Agobard, 3, 166.
• Gershom ben Jehuda (960–1028), disciple of Leontin, founds a Talmud school at Mayence, 3, 242, 243.
• writes commentaries on the Talmud, 3, 243–4.
• authority of, 3, 244, 245.
• studies the Massora, 3, 244.
• forbids polygamy, 3, 244.
• regulates the carrying of letters, 3, 244–5.
• penitential hymns by, 3, 246.
• son of, an apostate, 3, 246.
• protects repentant apostates, 3, 246.
• memory of, perpetuated by the Mayence community, 3, 247.
• consults Haï Gaon, 3, 252.
• introduces Talmud study in France and Germany, 3, 281.
• Talmudical work of, supplanted by Rashi’s, 3, 288.
• abrogation of the polygamy ordinance of, 3, 378.
• Gerson, Christian, vilifies the Talmud, 5, 181.
• Gersonides. See Levi ben Gerson.
• Gerundi. See En-Vidal Ephraim; Jacob ben Sheshet; Jonah ben Abraham; Nissim; Serachya Halevi.
• Gerville, Cahier de, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 444–5.
• Gesenius, exegete, 5, 623, 695.
• Gesereth ha-Roïm. See Pastoureaux.
• Gesereth Mezoraim, the persecution caused by lepers in France, 4, 57–8.
• Ghassanids, the, Arab tribe, 3, 67, 68.
• Ghatafan, the, Arab tribe, induced to make war upon Mahomet, 3, 79.
• distrustful of their allies, 3, 80.
• promise help to the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 82.
• Ghazati. See Nathan Benjamin Levi.
• Ghent, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 662.
• Ghetto, Venetian Jew quarter, the first in Italy, 4, 408.
• See Jew’s quarter.
• Ghinucci, Geronimo de, cardinal, and the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507, 516, 520.
• Ghirondi, rabbi of Padua, scholar, 5, 622.
• Ghuzz, Turkish tribe, allied with the Jews of Khorasan, 3, 434.
• Gibbethon, Danite city, occupied by the Philistines, 1, 189.
• attacked by Elah’s army, 1, 192.
• Omri chosen king at, 1, 192.
• Gibeah (Geba), Philistine garrison of, killed by Jonathan, 1, 85.
• Saul’s capital, 1, 89, 91.
• inhabitants of, flee before the Philistines, 1, 104.
• Gibeon, Joshua’s victory at, 1, 34–5.
• seat of a high priest, 1, 120.
• Gibeonites, the, submit to Joshua, 1, 34.
• massacre of, under Saul, 1, 94.
• murder the descendants of Saul, 1, 123.
• under Ezra, 1, 367.
• Gibraltar, the fortress of, asked as a refuge for Marranos, 4, 282.
• Gideon, judge, delivers the Israelites from the Midianites, 1, 62–3.
• the ideal of Oliver Cromwell, 5, 26.
• Gihon, river west of Jerusalem, 1, 114.
• Gilboa, mount, description of, 1, 44.
• battle of, between Saul and the Philistines, 1, 103.
• Gilead, balm of, where found, 1, 43.
• description of, 1, 50.
• first scene of Elijah’s activity, 1, 200.
• Gilead, the inhabitants of, prosperity of, 1, 64.
• appeal to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474–5.
• emigrate to Judæa, 1, 476.
• Gilgal, camp of the Israelites, 1, 32, 40.
• Samuel holds popular assemblies at, 1, 78.
• Saul at, 1, 85–6.
• the tribes pay homage to Saul at, 1, 90.
• Samuel reproves Saul at, 1, 92–3.
• David met at, by the men of Judah, 1, 146, 147.
• an association of prophets at, 1, 205.
• visited by Elijah, 1, 208.
• development of the prophetical school at, 1, 234.
• Gilion, Evangels, 2, 378.
• Gil-Nunjoz, bishop of Palma, charges the Jews with the blood accusation, 4, 246.
• Gilo, birthplace of Ahithophel, 1, 123.
• Gimso, explanation of, 2, 330.
• See Emmaus.
• Ginæa, murder of Galilæans at, 2, 243.
• Girgashites, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.
• Gischala, the Judæans of, forced into insurrection, 2, 272–3.
• in possession of the Zealots, 2, 289.
• taken by Titus, 2, 290.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
• Giulio, cardinal, and Reubeni, 4, 492.
• Giza, teacher of the Law, flees during Kobad’s persecutions, 3, 4.
• principal of the Sora academy, 3, 5.
• Saburean, 3, 6.
• commits the Talmud to writing, 3, 6–7.
• successors to, not known, 3, 7.
• Gladiatorial combats introduced into Antioch, 1, 444.
• Glaphyra, daughter of Archelaus of Cappadocia, wife of Alexander, 2, 112.
• second and third husband and son of, 2, 128.
• Glass-working, occupation of the Antioch Jews, 3, 426.
• Gleaning, the right of, granted to heathens, 2, 478.
• Gleim, admires “Phædon,” 5, 307.
• Gley, priest, interested in Napoleon’s Synhedrion, 5, 494.
• Glogau, the Jews of, massacred, 4, 111.
• Chayon at, 5, 218.
• Jews from, settle in Brandenburg, 5, 174.
• “Glorious Stone, or the Image of Nebuchadnezzar, The,” by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 37–8.
• “Glory to the Virtuous,” drama by Luzzatto, 5, 242–4.
• Glynn, Lord Chief Justice, on Cromwell’s commission for the Jewish question, 5, 43.
• Gnosis, the higher knowledge of God, 2, 374.
• Gnosticism, spread of, 2, 374.
• sects of, 2, 375.
• system of, 2, 375–7.
• influence of, on Judaism, 2, 377, 380–1.
• Akiba deprecates the influence of, 2, 382.
• Gnostics, the, theosophists, 2, 374–7.
• mystic-allegoric language of, 2, 374.
• the God of, 1, 375–6.
• influence Elisha ben Abuya, 2, 377.
• tamper with the Septuagint, 2, 386.
• hostility of, accentuates the legal character of Judaism, 2, 471.
• God, the name of, not pronounced, 2, 413.
• Godard, and the emancipation of the French Jews, 5, 443.
• God-flesh, Francisco. See Astruc Raimuch.
• Godfrey, bishop of Würzburg, grants privileges to the Jews, 4, 259.
• banishes the Jews, 4, 259–60.
• Godfrey of Bouillon, takes Jerusalem, 3, 308.
• Goethe, admires “Phædon,” 5, 307.
• expresses regard for Solomon Maimon, 5, 409.
• romanticism of, 5, 423.
• prejudices of, against the Jews, 5, 461, 462.
• Goldberg, Samuel Löb, founder of the “Kerem Chemed,” 5, 621.
• Goldbergs, the, Hebrew style of, 5, 617.
• “Golden Bull,” the, issued at the Diet of Nuremberg, 4, 128.
• “Golden Penny,” the, tax imposed on the Jews, 4, 96–7, 166.
• Goldschmidt, Moritz, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,” 5, 703.
• Goldsmid brothers, the, in the Damascus affair, 5, 645.
• Golgotha, the place of skulls, 2, 165.
• temple to Venus on, 2, 422.
• Goliath, Philistine champion, 1, 95.
• killed by David, 1, 97.
• Gomez, archbishop of Toledo, at the Burgos disputation, 4, 140.
• Gomez, Antonio Enriquez de. See Paz, Enrique Enriquez de.
• Gomez, Duarte. See Usque, Solomon.
• Gomez, Isaac, de Sosa, Marrano poet, 5, 113.
• Gonsalvo de Cordova, viceroy of Naples, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 384–5.
• descendant of, a Jewish author, 4, 385, 666; 5, 54.
• opposes the banishment of the Jews, 4, 385.
• dismissal of, 4, 385.
• Gonzago, Ludovico, duke, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 287.
• Gonzago, Vicenzo, duke of Mantua, permits the use of the expurgated Talmud, 4, 659.
• Gonzalez, Luis, Marrano, tries to suppress the Inquisition, 4, 329.
• Gonzalo de Santa Maria, son of Solomon Levi, Benedict XIII’s agent, 4, 216, 217.
• Good Friday. See Eastertide.
• “Good News of the Messiah for Israel,” by Paul Felgenhauer, 5, 36.
• Gorgias, Syrian general, invades Judæa, 1, 467.
• at Emmaus, 1, 468.
• defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 468–9, 476.
• Görres, romanticist, 5, 516.
• Goshen, home of the Israelites in Egypt, 1, 7.
• in the Zohar, 4, 23.
• Gospels, the four, translated into Hebrew, 4, 143.
• Gotha, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109.
• Goths, the, invade the Roman empire, 2, 527.
• in Rome, 3, 27.
• Göttingen, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• Gottschalk, crusader, and the Jews, 3, 298.
• Göze, opponent of Lessing, 5, 326.
• Gozolas, name borne by Gallic Jews, 3, 36.
• Gracian. See Solomon Gracian.
• Gradis, David, member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.
• representative French Jew, 5, 436, 438.
• Graes, Ortuin de (Ortuinus Gratius), inspires anti-Jewish pamphlets, 4, 424.
• writes the “Mirror for Admonition,” 4, 425.
• helps Pfefferkorn with “The Enemy of the Jews,” 4, 428.
• tool of Hoogstraten, 4, 450.
• “Letters of Obscurantists” directed against, 4, 461.
• Grammar, a Hebrew, by Saadiah in Arabic, 3, 190.
• by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, 3, 204.
• by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 261.
• by Ibn-Janach, 3, 262–3.
• by Yizchaki, 3, 273.
• by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.
• by David Kimchi, 3, 394.
• by Profiat Duran, 4, 191.
• by Judah ben Yechiel, 4, 289–90.
• by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267.
• by Reuchlin, 4, 434.
• by Elias Levita, 4, 472.
• Grammar, Hebrew, the study of, stimulated by Karaism, 3, 136.
• among the Spanish Jews, 3, 235, 317; 4, 91.
• decays in the post-Maimunic period, 3, 561.
• Grammarians and Lexicographers, Jewish, list of:
• Aaron ben Asher,
• Abraham de Balmes,
• Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra,
• Abu Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus,
• Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen,
• David de Pomis,
• David Kimchi,
• Dunash ben Labrat,
• Elias Levita,
• Jacob Tam,
• Jehuda Ibn-Balam,
• Jehuda Ibn-Daud,
• Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi,
• Jonah Marinus,
• Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi,
• Judah ben Yechiel,
• Lara, David Coen de
• Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi,
• Menachem ben Saruk,
• Moses ben Asher,
• Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia,
• Moses Kimchi,
• Musaphia, Benjamin
• Nachshon ben Zadok,
• Nathan ben Yechiel,
• Profiat Duran,
• Saadiah,
• Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela,
• Solomon Ibn-Gebirol,
• Solomon Lurya.
• Granada, called the city of the Jews, 3, 42.
• the Jews masters of, 3, 109.
• Talmud school of, 3, 236.
• Cordova Jews emigrate to, 3, 255.
• capital of the Berber kingdom, 3, 256.
• home of the descendants of the Exilarchs, 3, 275.
• massacre of the Arabs of, 3, 276–7.
• invaded by Almotassem, 3, 278.
• Mahometan court of, cultured, 3, 291.
• conspiracy against the Mahometans of, 3, 316.
• home of the Ibn-Ezra brothers, 3, 318.
• Talmud school of, destroyed, 3, 384.
• Samuel Ibn-Wakar farms the import duties of, 4, 80–1.
• at war with Castile, 4, 84–5.
• ally of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 125, 126.
• forced converts emigrate to, 4, 179, 318, 351.
• war of Ferdinand and Isabella with, 4, 344.
• Jewish physicians of, 4, 344.
• fall of, 4, 345–6.
• entered by Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 345.
• Jews disappear from, 4, 354.
• autos-da-fé in, 5, 91–2.
• Granada, the Jews of, Samuel Ibn-Nagrela chief of, 3, 259.
• enjoy complete equality, 3, 261.
• Joseph Ibn-Nagrela chief of, 3, 274.
• arouse the hatred of the Berbers, 3, 275, 278.
• persecuted by the Berbers, 3, 278–80, 281.
• Arabic scholars, 4, 60.
• protected by Boabdil’s treaty, 4, 345.
• Granville, Lord, English ambassador at Paris, presents Montefiore at court, 5, 668.
• Granville, Ranulph de, courtier of Richard I, protects the Jews, 3, 410.
• Grapte, granddaughter of Helen of Adiabene, erects a palace in Jerusalem, 2, 219.
• Grattenauer, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 468, 472.
• refuted, 5, 470, 471.
• Gratus, Valerius, fourth procurator of Judæa, 2, 135, 137.
• Great Assembly (Keneseth ha-Gedolah), the, under Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 381.
• a permanent religious council, 1, 394.
• traditional laws ascribed to, 2, 19.
• “Great Assembly, the,” the court of the Exilarch, 3, 95.
• Greece, Jews from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• Greece, the Jews of, celebrate two days of the new-moon, 2, 363.
• autonomy of, 3, 27.
• occupations of, 3, 175.
• not permitted to hold office, 3, 175.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 424–5.
• in the sixteenth century, 4, 406.
• molested by the Greek Catholics, 4, 552–3.
• Greek art, under John Hyrcanus, 2, 14.
• under Herod, 2, 118.
• Greek Christian communities, established by Paul, 2, 227–8.
• Greek Christians, the, despise the Judæan Christians, 2, 231.
• differences between, and Judæan Christians, 2, 232.
• See Pagan Christians.
• Greek colonies, in Judæa, 1, 419.
• Greek culture, in Judæa in the third century, 1, 426, 427–9.
• acquired by Jews in the Amoraim period, 2, 537–8.
• Greek customs, among the Judæans, 1, 427, 527.
• Greek games, introduced into Judæa, 1, 445.
• Greek islands, the, the Spanish exiles on, 4, 363–4.
• Greek Judæans, the, become Nazarenes, 2, 219–20, 221.
• attack the Law, 2, 221–2.
• Greek language, the, spoken by Judæans in Hasmonæan times, 2, 15.
• study of, forbidden by the teachers of the Law under Hadrian, 2, 400.
• acquirement of, permitted by Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 494.
• spoken by the Jews of Italy in the twelfth century, 3, 423.
• Greek learning, the, of the Alexandrian Judæans, 1, 505.
• Greek philosophy, an aid to Christianity, 2, 373.
• Greek poems, by a Samaritan and a Judæan, 1, 517.
• Greek translation of the Scriptures, by Akylas, 2, 385, 386–7.
• ordered to be read in the synagogues by Justinian I, 3, 14–15.
• See also Septuagint, the.
• Greek translations of Hebrew works, 2, 359.
• Greek words in the Mishna, 2, 461.
• Greeks, the, characteristics of, 1, 411.
• influence of, on the Judæans, 1, 427–9.
• in Judæa, hate the Judæans, 1, 434; 2, 246–7.
• learn Judaism through the Septuagint, 1, 512–14.
• beyond the Jordan, hostile to Judæa, 2, 7.
• cultured, opposed to Christianity, 2, 229.
• and Jews, contrasted, 5, 706–8.
• Grégoire, Abbé, influenced by Ensheim, 5, 401.
• champion of the Jews, 5, 432.
• competes for the Metz prize on the Jewish question, 5, 434–5.
• in the National Assembly, 5, 435, 440.
• exhorts the Jews to obtain naturalization, 5, 436.
• intercedes for the Alsatian Jews, 5, 437.
• entertains a distorted view of Jewish history, 5, 593.
• Gregory I, pope, protects the Jews against forced conversions, 3, 25, 33.
• forbids Jews to own slaves, 3, 33, 34.
• remits the land-tax of converts, 3, 33.
• praises Reccared for his attitude towards the Jews, 3, 34, 46.
• Gregory VII (Hildebrand), pope, on the venality of the clergy, 3, 287.
• and the Jews, 3, 293, 298.
• forbids Jews to hold offices in Christian countries, 3, 293–4.
• tries to arrest the influence of the Jews at the Castilian court, 3, 294.
• Gregory IX, pope, permits the burning of the Talmud, 4, 460.
• hostile to the Jews, 3, 519, 520.
• enforces the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 521.
• banishes philosophical writings from the University of Paris, 3, 528.
• establishes the Inquisition in France, 3, 542.
• legate of, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 542.
• re-issues the Jewish constitution of Innocent III, 3, 564.
• reproaches Frederick II with heterodoxy, 3, 567.
• orders a crusade, 3, 570.
• deprecates the compulsory baptism of Jews, 3, 570.
• the Talmud accused before, 3, 573–4.
• orders the confiscation of the Talmud, 3, 574–5.
• Gregory X, pope, protects Jews against forcible baptism, 3, 635.
• Gregory XIII, pope, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, 4, 653–4.
• puts the Jews under the Inquisition, 4, 654.
• orders the confiscation of the Talmud, 4, 654.
• institutes sermons for Jews, 4, 654–5, 706.
• Gregory, bishop of Tours, charges a poet to celebrate the achievements of Avitus, 3, 39.
• Grimani, Dominico, cardinal, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 411.
• in the Reuchlin-Hoogstraten case, 4, 458.
• Grodno, Mordecai Jafa rabbi at, 4, 645.
• Groede, burial ground of the Dutch Jews at, 4, 672.
• Gröningen, Martin von, translates the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 460.
• Grotius, Hugo, studies Hebrew, 5, 21.
• introduced to Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.
• Grund, Christian, advocate of Jewish emancipation, 5, 463, 465–6.
• Guarini, work of, translated, 5, 114.
• Gudeo, papal legate, presides over the Council of Vienna, 3, 611.
• Guebres, neo-Persians. See Sassanides.
• Guglielmo di Portaleone, Italian physician, 4, 287.
• “Guide of the Perplexed, The” (Moréh Nebuchim, Dalalat al Haïrin), religious philosophical work by Maimonides, 3, 477–85.
• addressed to Joseph Ibn-Aknin, 3, 478.
• connects Judaism and philosophy, 3, 478–9, 485–6.
• explains the Jewish doctrine of the universe, 3, 479.
• on the influence of God on the universe of entities, 3, 480–1.
• on the nature of sin, 3, 481–2.
• on the intellectual and moral powers of man, 3, 482–3.
• on the prophetic faculty and the prophets, 3, 482–4.
• on miracles, 3, 483.
• on Moses, 3, 483–4.
• on revelation, 3, 484–5.
• supplants all other Jewish religious-philosophical systems, 3, 486; 4, 479.
• effect of, on the Mahometan and Christian world, 3, 486.
• Latin translation of, 3, 486, 542–3; 4, 60, 474.
• weakness of, 3, 486–7.
• condemned by Mahometans, 3, 488.
• condemned by Abraham ben David, 3, 490.
• Hebrew translation of, 3, 490–2.
• assailed by anti-Maimunists, 3, 523.
• satirized, 3, 538.
• denounced by Solomon Petit, 3, 626.
• studied by the Italian Jews, 3, 629.
• ordered to be burnt at Accho, 3, 631.
• defended by Shem-Tob Falaquera, 3, 634.
• attacked by Aaron ben Elia Nicomedi, 4, 95.
• neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 143.
• studied by Moses Isserles, 4, 638.
• studied by Mendelssohn, 5, 295.
• studied by Solomon Maimon, 5, 407.
• Guido Ubaldo, duke of Urbino, permits Marranos to live in Pesaro, 4, 569, 578.
• banishes the Marranos, 4, 580–1.
• Guidon, physician, convert to Islam, employed to convert Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 153–4.
• Guienne, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.
• wells of, poisoned, 4, 57.
• Guilds, the, antagonize the Jews in Frankfort, 4, 695, 696.
• antagonize the Jews in Worms, 4, 698–9.
• persecute the Jews in Poland, 5, 1.
• arouse passion against the Jews of Prussia, 5, 191.
• Guldberg, von, Danish minister, and Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 333.
• Gumpertz, Aaron Solomon, friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 295.
• Gumprecht, obtains the emancipation of the Jews of Frankfort, 5, 505.
• Gunther of Schwarzberg, at war with Emperor Charles IV, 4, 109, 110.
• Gustavus Adolphus, the daughter of. See Christina of Sweden.
• Guttenstein, de, count, imprisons Pfefferkorn, 4, 424.
• Gymnasia, introduced into Jerusalem, 1, 445.
• H
• Haaja. See Haï.
• Haarlem, Jews not permitted to settle in, 4, 685.
• Haatakah, tradition, among the Karaites, 3, 159.
• Habakkuk, apocryphal additions to, 2, 624.
• Habor, the Ten Tribes colonized in, 1, 265.
• Habus, king of Granada, vizir of, patron of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 256.
• makes Samuel Ibn-Nagrela minister, 3, 256–7.
• poems addressed to, 3, 257.
• parties formed at the death of, 3, 258.
• makes Samuel Ibn-Nagrela chief of the Granada Jews, 3, 259.
• employs Jewish officials, 3, 319.
• Hadad, prince of Idumæa, allied with Shishak, 1, 176.
• regains possession of Idumæa, 1, 176–7.
• Hadadezer, king of Zobah, ally of the Ammonites, defeated by David, 1, 126–7.
• Hadrian, pope, hostile to the Jews, 3, 142.
• Hadrian, emperor, hostile to the Jews, 2, 350; 5, 724–5.
• rebellions against, 2, 399.
• clemency of, to the rebels, 2, 400.
• deposes and executes Lucius Quietus, 2, 400–1.
• permits the restoration of the Temple, 2, 401–2.
• withdraws the permission, 2, 402–3.
• visits Judæa, 2, 406.
• and Joshua ben Chananya, 2, 406–7.
• coins of, 2, 407, 419.
• projects the rebuilding of Jerusalem as a pagan city, 2, 407.
• mocks at Judaism, 2, 407–8.
• first action of, against Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.
• concerned about the Bar-Cochba rebellion, 2, 413–14.
• sends Julius Severus to Judæa, 2, 414.
• persecutes Jewish prisoners and fugitives, 2, 419–20.
• taxes the Jews heavily, 2, 420.
• decrees laws against Judaism, 2, 421, 423–6.
• sends Turnus Rufus to Judæa, 2, 421.
• rebuilds Jerusalem, 2, 421–2.
• column in honor of, 2, 422.
• erects heathen temples in Judæa, 2, 422.
• tries to graft paganism on Judaism, 2, 422.
• cruelty of, to the dead, 2, 430.
• persecutes the Christians, 2, 430–1.
• death of, 2, 432.
• decrees of, revoked, 2, 433.
• edict of, revived, 3, 23.
• Hagadah, the. See Agada, the.
• Hagenau, the duke of, Jews of Alsace tributary to, 5, 348.
• Haggaï, Jewish name of Robert de Redingge, 3, 641.
• Haggaï, prophet, urges the completion of the second Temple, 1, 359.
• extols Zerubbabel, 1, 360.
• Haggaï. See also Chaggaï.
• Haggeth, wife of David, 1, 135.
• Hagin (Chayim) Denlacres, chief rabbi of England, 3, 644.
• Hagiographa, the, commentaries on, by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 206.
• by Joseph Kara, 3, 346.
• Haï ben David (890–897), Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 183.
• Haï (Haaja, Haya) ben Sherira (969–1038), chief judge, 3, 233, 250.
• Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 234, 250.
• popularity of, 3, 234, 250.
• authority of, rivaled by Gershom ben Jehuda’s, 3, 244.
• character and attainments of, 3, 250.
• compared with Saadiah, 3, 250.
• consults the Patriarch of the Eastern Christians, 3, 250.
• consults the Koran, 3, 251.
• commentary on the Talmud by, 3, 251.
• denounces mysticism, 3, 251–2.
• consulted by African and European Talmudists, 3, 252, 260.
• the head of Judaism, 3, 252.
• revives the academy of Sora, 3, 253.
• eulogies on, 3, 253.
• Haï Gaon. See Haï ben Sherira.
• Haidamaks, the, ravages of, among Polish Jews, 5, 8–10, 11–12, 388.
• See Cossacks, the.
• Hakim, Fatimide caliph, decrees the conversion of Jews to Islam, 3, 247.
• ordains Jew badges, 3, 247–8.
• expels the Jews, 3, 248.
• assassination of, 3, 248.
• Halacha, the, oral teaching, 2, 328, 329.
• knowledge of, acquired by pagans, 2, 384.
• cultivated by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 576, 578.
• neglected under Theodosius II, 2, 623.
• See also Law, the oral; Mishna, the.
• Halacha, the, the study of, scorned by the Nazarenes, 2, 371.
• declines in Judæa, 2, 540.
• new method of, introduced by Judah ben Ezekiel, 2, 545.
• strengthens the judgment, 2, 625.
• Halachas, the, Gamaliel II maintains the authority of, 2, 338, 339.
• arrangement of, by Akiba, 2, 353, 354.
• collected by the half-Tanaites, 2, 470–1.
• See also Law, the oral; Mishna, the.
• Halachic development, the, of the Law, 5, 723–4.
• “Halachoth,” by Alfassi, 3, 286.
• Halachoth Gedoloth, by Simon of Cairo, 3, 179.
• Halachoth Ketuoth, work by Judah the Blind, 3, 136.
• supplemented by Halachoth Gedoloth, 3, 179.
• Halah, the Ten Tribes colonized in, 1, 265.
• Halberstadt, the Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.
• Haleb. See Aleppo.
• Halevi, Aaron. See Aaron Halevi.
• Halevi, Abraham. See Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi.
• Halevi, Abu Said ben Chalfon. See Abu Said.
• Halevi, Ali. See Ali Halevi.
• Halevi, Eleazar ben Joel. See Eleazar ben Joel Halevi.
• Halevi, Elia, French Jewish poet, 5, 460.
• Halevi, Elias. See Elias Halevi.
• Halevi, Isaac. See Isaac ben Asher Halevi; Isaac Halevi.
• Halevi, Jacob ben Moses Mölin. See Jacob ben Moses.
• Halevi, Jehuda. See Jehuda Halevi.
• Halevi, Jephet Ibn-Ali. See Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi.
• Halevi, Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste. See Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi.
• Halevi, Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash. See Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash.
• Halevi, Joseph Amarkala. See Joseph Amarkala Halevi.
• Halevi, Meïr ben Baruch. See Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.
• Halevi, Meïr ben Todros. See Meïr ben Todros Halevi.
• Halevi, Moses Uri. See Moses Uri Halevi.
• Halevi, Samuel. See Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï; Samuel ben Ali Halevi; Samuel Halevi; Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.
• Halevi, Serachya. See Serachya Halevi Gerundi; Serachya Halevi Saladin.
• Halfen, Azaria and Solomon, rabbis at Damascus, charged with ritual murder, 5, 638.
• ordered to translate suspicious Talmud passages, 5, 640.
• Halicz, Karaites in, 5, 182.
• Halle, Aaron. See Wolfsohn, Aaron.
• Halles district, the, of Paris, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 445.
• Hamadan (Fars), center of the Judghanites, 3, 149–50.
• the community of, excommunicated, 3, 194.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 434.
• Hamath, the inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, 1, 285.
• Hamburg, settlement of Jews in, 4, 685–8.
• the Lutherans of, object to Jews, 4, 685, 687, 691–3.
• refuses permission to German Jews to settle there, 4, 685–6.
• harbors Portuguese Jews as “traders,” 4, 686–7.
• admits Jews under restrictions, 4, 688.
• bank of, supported by Jews, 4, 689.
• synagogues at, 4, 689–90, 691.
• German Jews in, 4, 691.
• posts of honor occupied by Jews in, 4, 692.
• called “little Jerusalem,” 4, 693.
• Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 78.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 139, 140–1, 150, 151, 155.
• stagnation of trade in, 5, 149.
• Jews from, settle in Brandenburg, 5, 174.
• Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, 5, 205.
• rabbis of, Poles, 5, 206.
• Lessing at, 5, 319–20.
• the Reform movement in, 5, 563–4.
• Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.
• the Dayanim of, oppose the Reform Temple, 5, 570, 573.
• the “hep, hep!” persecution in, 5, 573.
• Bernays appointed to the rabbinate of, 5, 576–7.
• conflagration in, 5, 674.
• See also Reform Temple Union, the.
• Hamburg, the Jews of, described by John Miller, 4, 690.
• wish to settle in England, 5, 18.
• emancipated, 5, 506.
• Ha-Meassef, a Hebrew journal, 5, 339. See “Gatherer, The.”
• Hamma, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• Hammuna, friend of Chanina bar Chama, 2, 456.
• Hamon, Isaac, physician in Granada, power of, 4, 344.
• Hamon, Joseph, physician to Selim I, 4, 401.
• Hamon, Moses, physician to Solyman I, patron of Jewish literature, 4, 401.
• family of, exempt from taxes, 4, 402.
• protector of the Turkish Jews, 4, 553.
• disposes the sultan in favor of the Mendes family, 4, 575.
• Hanameel, cousin of Jeremiah, 1, 290.
• Hananel, gate, tower at, in Jerusalem, 1, 231.
• Hanania. See Chananya.
• Hananiah, informs Nehemiah of the distress of the Judæans, 1, 372.
• commander of the Birah, 1, 382.
• Hanau, Solomon, teacher of Wessely, 5, 367.
• Hanau, Jews permitted to settle in, 4, 695.
• rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Handicrafts, Jews engage in, 3, 401, 425, 426, 427, 606.
• Jews forbidden to engage in, 4, 203, 205, 216.
• discussed by the French Synhedrion, 5, 497.
• See Artisans; Trades.
• “Handspiegel,” by Pfefferkorn, Reuchlin’s reply to, 4, 446–8.
• Hanna Bachari Bey, opponent of the Damascus Jews, 5, 633, 635.
• Hannah, mother of Samuel, 1, 73.
• Hanover, the flagellants in, 4, 111.
• Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• Chayon at, 5, 231.
• the Jews of, deprived of civil rights, 5, 512.
• Hanse Towns, the, object to the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519.
• Hanse Towns, the, the Jews of, emancipated under French influence, 5, 506.
• send a deputy to the Congress of Vienna, 5, 513.
• oppression of, disapproved of, 5, 514.
• deprived of the rights secured by French influence, 5, 519.
• Hanukkah. See Chanuka.
• Hanun, king of the Ammonites, at war with David, 1, 126–7, 129.
• Haphtarah, the lesson from the Prophets, 1, 400.
• Haquinet, son of Manessier de Vesoul, 4, 150.
• Hardenberg, Prussian minister, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 507, 527.
• disapproves of the oppression of the Jews, 5, 514.
• carelessness of, 5, 519–20.
• Hariri of Basra, Arabic poet, imitated by Solomon Ibn-Sakbel, 3, 318.
• Harith Ibn-Abu Shammir, kills the Jewish chiefs of Yathrib, 3, 67.
• feud of, with Samuel Ibn-Adiya, 3, 68, 69.
• Harith Ibn-Amru, Kendite prince, proselyte, 3, 63.
• “Harmony of Heaven, The,” by Judah Leon Abrabanel, 4, 480.
• Haroun Alrashid, Abbassid caliph, and Charlemagne, 3, 143.
• re-enacts the “covenant of Omar,” 3, 145.
• death of, 3, 145.
• Harp, Lake of the. See Tiberias.
• Harrach, count, patron of Ben-David, 5, 410.
• Harrison, General, Jewish spirit of, 5, 34.
• Hartmann von Deggenburg, leads a massacre of Jews, 4, 98.
• Hartmann, Frederick Traugott, opponent of the Jews, 5, 359, 361.
• Hasmonæan dynasty, the, the members of:
• Alexander I Jannæus,
• Alexander (II),
• Antigonus,
• Aristobulus I,
• Aristobulus II,
• Hyrcanus I, John
• Hyrcanus II,
• Salome Alexandra,
• Simon Tharsi.
• Hasmonæan party, the, leaders of, 1, 489.
• comparison of, with the Assidæans, 1, 489.
• aims of, 1, 489–90.
• attacked by the Bene-Amri, 1, 491.
• defeated by Bacchides, 1, 491.
• fight for Antiochus VI, 1, 498.
• Hasmonæans, the, and Greek art, 2, 14.
• palace of, in Jerusalem, 2, 14.
• mausoleum of, 2, 14.
• hated by the Pharisees, 2, 33.
• assume the royal title, 2, 35.
• contrast between the first and the last, 2, 84.
• temporary character of the rule of, 2, 143.
• See also Maccabees, the.
• Hasselbauer, bishop of Prague, friend of Eibeschütz, 5, 250.
• Hathor, an Egyptian goddess, 1, 9.
• Hatti Sherif, firman emancipating the Turkish Jews, 5, 641, 664.
• Hauran (Havvoth Jair). See Auranitis.
• “Havayot d’Abayi ve Raba,” 2, 585.
• Haya. See Haï ben Sherira.
• Hazael, of Damascus, at war with Jehoram of Israel, 1, 210.
• gains territory from Jehu, 1, 220–1.
• at war with Jehoahaz and Joash, 1, 221.
• Hazor, rallying place of the Canaanites, 1, 37.
• Heathen, the, view held by, of Judæans and Judaism, 2, 203.
• adopt Judaism, 2, 215–19.
• disgusted with the deification of human beings, 2, 228.
• Judæans forbidden to deal with, 2, 270.
• join the Bar-Cochba rebellion, 2, 410.
• intercourse with, regulated by the Mishna, 2, 476–8.
• intercourse with, interdicted by Tertullian, 2, 476–7.
• permitted to glean, 2, 478.
• purchases from, permitted by Judah II, 2, 483–4.
• become acquainted with Jewish literature, 2, 502.
• relaxing of the laws against, 2, 525.
• Heber, the Kenite, in Charisi’s Tachkemoni, 3, 559.
• Hebert, sets up the religion of Reason, 5, 450.
• Hebrew alphabet, the, Assyrian characters of, 1, 395.
• “Hebrew Chrestomathy,” by Adam Martinet, 5, 628, 629.
• Hebrew grammar. See Grammar.
• Hebrew language, the, cherished by the Babylonian exiles, 1, 340, 364.
• Judæans ignorant of, 1, 386.
• cultivated under the Hasmonæans, 2, 14–15.
• called New-Hebrew (Neo-Hebrew), 2, 15.
• used in the historical writings, 2, 16.
• mispronounced in Galilee, 2, 149.
• of the Mishna, 2, 461.
• spoken in Judæa, 2, 461–2.
• learnt by Origen, 2, 488.
• in the Amoraim period, 2, 538–9.
• interest in, under Theodosius II, 2, 623, 625.
• Jews forbidden to teach Christians, 2, 624.
• revived under Arab influence, 3, 111–12.
• furnished with vowel points, 3, 112.
• neglected in the ninth century, 3, 157.
• studied by Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 224–5.
• promoted by the controversy under Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 226–7.
• improvement in, in the twelfth century, 3, 317.
• taught as a means for conversion, 3, 597, 640–1; 4, 245.
• words of, used by Spanish satirists, 4, 181.
• study of, introduced into Germany by Reuchlin, 4, 432, 433, 434.
• panegyric on, by Reuchlin, 4, 433–4, 436.
• study of, at the German universities advised by Reuchlin, 4, 443.
• studied by Egidio de Viterbo, 4, 457.
• professorships for, instituted, 4, 471, 473, 474.
• studied by Christians, 4, 471–4, 651.
• widely studied in Holland, 5, 21.
• society for the promotion of, 5, 398–9.
• a bond for the Jews of western Europe, 5, 402.
• love of, prevents apostasy, 5, 420.
• importance of, in the Jewish liturgy, 5, 562.
• omission of, from the divine service objected to, 5, 564.
• Portuguese pronunciation of, adopted in Hamburg, 5, 571.
• retained in the Vienna Temple, 5, 580.
• renaissance of, through Erter, 5, 613, 616.
• banishment of, from the liturgy proposed by Holdheim, 5, 680.
• abolition of, in the liturgy discussed, 5, 685.
• See also Grammar, Hebrew; Literature, Jewish.
• Hebrew literature, allegories in, 1, 158–9.
• under Hezekiah, 1, 279.
• during the Babylonian Captivity, 1, 334–6, 340–2.
• in the Persian period, 1, 410–11.
• translated into Greek, 2, 359.
• See also Literature, Jewish; Judæo-Greek literature; Poetry.
• “Hebrew Physician, The,” by David de Pomis, 4, 656–7.
• “Hebrew Rites, The,” by Leo Modena, 5, 71–2, 180.
• Hebrew writings. See Confiscation and burning of Hebrew books.
• Hebron, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.
• chief city of Judah, 1, 38, 77.
• residence of David, 1, 109.
• David leaves, 1, 114.
• Absalom declared king in, 1, 139.
• owned by Idumæans, 1, 435, 474.
• Jewish prisoners sold at the slave markets of, 2, 419.
• Maimonides in, 3, 457.
• occupations of the Jews of, 4, 75.
• Sabbataï Zevi at, 5, 128.
• Hechal, the Holy Place, 1, 165.
• Hegel, influence of, on Edward Gans, 5, 583.
• on Young Israel, 5, 585.
• Heidelberg, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530–1.
• Heidelberg, the University of, on the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.
• Spinoza offered a professorship at, 5, 108.
• Heidenheim, Wolf, one of the Measfim, Massoretic studies of, 5, 400.
• Heilmann, rabbi, opponent of Eibeschütz, 5, 262, 263, 268, 269.
• Heilperin, Jechiel, historian, 5, 202.
• Heine, Heinrich (1799–1854), as a Jew, 5, 536, 544.
• as a German, 5, 537.
• as poet, 5, 537.
• as a thinker, 5, 544–5.
• character of, 5, 545, 555–6.
• love of, for his mother, 5, 545.
• Jewish education of, 5, 545–6.
• pride of, in his race, 5, 546.
• attitude of, towards Judaism, 5, 546.
• influence of Berlin Jewish society on, 5, 546.
• joins the Society for the Culture of Jews, 5, 547.
• criticises the Jews, 5, 547–8.
• contempt of, for apostates, 5, 548–9, 551–2.
• glorifies Jewish history in the “Rabbi of Bacharach,” 5, 549–50.
• baptism of, 5, 550–1.
• characterizes Judaism and Christianity, 5, 552.
• on Shylock, 5, 552–3.
• on Moses, 5, 553–5.
• inspired by Jewish poetry, 5, 555, 694.
• on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, 5, 556.
• debt of the Jews to, 5, 556.
• debt of Germany to, 5, 556.
• on Isaac Bernays, 5, 577.
• on Moses Moser, 5, 583.
• on the journal of the Society for Culture, 5, 586.
• on Edward Gans’s apostasy, 5, 587.
• compared with Steinheim, 5, 607.
• compared with Erter, 5, 615–16.
• on Hellenism and Judaism, 5, 688.
• Hejas, the Jews settle in, 3, 54.
• See Arabia, northern.
• Hejira, the, Mahomet’s flight from Mecca, 3, 73.
• Helam, the battle of, the Aramæans defeated at, 1, 127.
• Helen, queen of Adiabene, proselyte, 2, 216–17.
• visits Jerusalem, 2, 218, 224.
• gift of, to the Temple, 2, 218.
• mausoleum of, 2, 219.
• Helicon, favorite of Caligula, 2, 187.
• Heliodorus, treasurer of Seleucus II, tries to force his way into the Temple, 1, 438.
• murders Seleucus, 1, 443.
• Heliopolis (Onion), district containing the Temple of Onias, 1, 508.
• revenues of, devoted to the Temple, 1, 508.
• called the Arabian province, 1, 510.
• Helisachar, incites the sons of Louis the Pious against their step-mother, 3, 166.
• Helkias, son of Onias IV, general, sides with Cleopatra, mother of Ptolemy VIII, 2, 10, 12.
• death of, 2, 41.
• Hell, attorney, levies blackmail on the Jews of Alsace, 5, 349.
• prevents debtors from paying Jews, 5, 350.
• banished, 5, 350.
• Hell, belief in, derived from Magianism, 1, 403.
• Hellenism, the attacks of, accentuate the legal character of Judaism, 2, 471.
• Hellenists, the, aims of, 1, 435–6.
• Onias III opposed to, 1, 437.
• persecute Onias III, 1, 438–9, 444.
• condemned by Jesus Sirach, 1, 440–1.
• invite the interference of Antiochus IV, 1, 444.
• introduce games and gymnasia into Judæa, 1, 444–6.
• refuse to sacrifice to Hercules, 1, 446.
• procure Jason’s dismissal, 1, 446–7.
• disapprove of Menelaus as high priest, 1, 447.
• take refuge in the Acra, 1, 454.
• betray the hiding places of the Chassidim, 1, 457–8.
• appeal to Antiochus V, 1, 478.
• lose favor at the Syrian court, 1, 480.
• oppose Judas Maccabæus, 1, 480, 482.
• fear Judas Maccabæus, 1, 483.
• masters of Palestine, 1, 488.
• called “Traitors of the Covenant,” 1, 489.
• plan to deliver Jonathan and Simon to the Syrians, 1, 493.
• deserted by Bacchides, 1, 494.
• take refuge in Bethzur, 1, 494.
• appeal to Demetrius II, 1, 497.
• driven out of Bethzur, 1, 498.
• secret understanding of, with Diodotus Tryphon, 1, 500.
• driven from their strongholds, 1, 523.
• seek refuge in Egypt, 1, 523.
• end of, 1, 523–4.
• Heller, Lipmann (1579–1654), Talmudist, character and attainments of, 4, 703.
• commentary on the Mishna by, 4, 704.
• rabbi of Vienna and Prague, 4, 704–6.
• apportions the war tax, 4, 704.
• accused and imprisoned, 4, 705.
• fined and deprived of his office, 4, 706.
• relaxes the Jewish marriage law, 5, 13.
• draws up penitential prayers, 5, 13.
• Heman, grandson of Samuel, psalmist, 1, 79, 120–1.
• Hengstenberg, exegete, 5, 695.
• Henna. See Hinnom.
• Hennigs, Augustus von, Danish state councilor, interested in Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 333, 334.
• Henrique, bishop of Ceuta, and the prosecution of Marranos, 4, 499.
• Henrique, Infante of Portugal, grand inquisitor, deposition of, demanded by Paul III, 4, 521.
• sends a list of Marrano delinquencies to Rome, 4, 523.
• Henry II, emperor, banishes the Jews from Mayence, 3, 245–6.
• Henry IV, emperor, and the Jews of Worms, 3, 293.
• issues a decree in favor of the Jews, 3, 298.
• permits Jews forcibly baptized to return to Judaism, 3, 306.
• grants protection to the Jews, 3, 308, 416.
• Henry VI, emperor, Jews massacred under, 3, 418–19.
• Henry of Anjou (III of France), candidate for the Polish throne, 4, 604, 605.
• Henry II (de Trastamare), of Castile, rival of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 114.
• gains allies against Pedro, 4, 122.
• maligns his brother, 4, 122–3.
• begins war with his brother, 4, 123.
• taxes the Jews of Burgos, 4, 123, 124.
• gains Toledo and Seville, 4, 124.
• leaves Spain, 4, 124.
• takes northern Spain, 4, 124.
• refuses to exclude Jews from state offices, 4, 125.
• taxes the Jews, 4, 125–6.
• victorious at Montiel, 4, 126.
• accession of, 4, 136.
• attitude of, towards Jews, 4, 137, 138.
• decrees Jew badges, 4, 139.
• discriminates against Jewish creditors, 4, 139.
• forces Jews into religious debates, 4, 140.
• Jewish courtiers of, 4, 156.
• death of, 4, 156.
• Jews hated under, 4, 167.
• Henry III, of Castile, discord early in the reign of, 4, 167.
• regents for, quell the riot against the Jews of Seville, 4, 168.
• confers dignities upon Solomon Levi, 4, 184.
• employs Jewish physicians, 4, 185, 190.
• advised not to employ Jewish officials, 4, 185.
• Jews under, 4, 193.
• death of, 4, 193, 196.
• appoints Solomon Levi executor of his will, 4, 194.
• Henry IV, of Castile, the Jews under, 4, 274–6.
• plunders the houses of Jews and Marranos, 4, 274.
• employs Jewish officials, 4, 275.
• forbids the Jews to dress luxuriously, 4, 275–6.
• disproves the charge of child murder against the Jews of Spain, 4, 276.
• punishes the murderers of the Jews of Medina del Campos, 4, 278.
• statute book of, assigns a low position to the Jews, 4, 278.
• deposed, 4, 278.
• reproached with partiality towards the Jews, 4, 279–80.
• protects the Marranos of Valladolid, 4, 281.
• death of, 4, 283.
• opposes the establishment of the Inquisition, 4, 310.
• Henry I, of England, grants privileges to the Jews, 3, 504.
• Henry II, of England, the Jews prosperous under, 3, 409.
• Henry III, of England, the Jews under, 3, 570–1, 587–92.
• the minority of, 3, 587–8.
• appoints a chief rabbi, 3, 588.
• restrains the intolerance of the Church, 3, 588.
• summons a Jewish Parliament, 3, 589–90.
• refuses the Jews permission to leave England, 3, 591.
• deposes Elias of London, 3, 591.
• protects the Jews of London, 3, 592.
• Henry VIII, of England, overthrows Catholicism, 4, 541.
• Henry II, of France, Obadiah de Sforno dedicates his works to, 4, 411.
• treats Neapolitan Jews kindly, 4, 544.
• confiscates the Mendes property, 4, 574.
• refuses to pay the Mendes-Nassi family his debt, 4, 596, 597.
• Henry III, of France. See Henry of Anjou.
• Henry IV, of France, and Manuel Pimentel, 4, 672.
• Henry of Orange, well disposed towards Jews, 4, 678.
• Henry de Trastamare. See Henry II, of Castile.
• Henry I, archbishop of Mayence, protects the Jews during the second crusade, 3, 352–3.
• Henry, bishop of Ratisbon, enforces anti-Jewish restrictions, 4, 301.
• attempts to convert the Jews, 4, 301.
• charges Israel Bruna with child-murder, 4, 303.
• urges an inquiry against the Jews, 4, 304.
• Henry Julius, duke of Brunswick, expels the Jews, 4, 652.
• “Hep, hep!” cry, the, against the Jews, 5, 528–32.
• Rachel Levin on, 5, 534.
• “Hep, hep!” persecutions, the, Börne on, 5, 542–3.
• Heine on, 5, 556.
• in Hamburg, 5, 573.
• Hephzi-bah, wife of Hezekiah, 1, 280.
• Heraclius, emperor of the East, sues for peace with Chosru II, 3, 19.
• allies himself with the Jews, 3, 21–2.
• makes peace with the Persians, 3, 22.
• persecutes the Jews of Palestine, 3, 22–3, 47.
• forbids Jews to enter Jerusalem, 3, 23.
• Hercules d’Este I, duke of Ferrara, patron of Abraham Farissol, 4, 412–13.
• Hercules d’Este II, duke of Ferrara, friend of the Jews, 4, 544.
• protects the Marranos, 4, 569.
• protects Gracia Mendesia, 4, 575.
• Hercules, chief of the Jewish community of Arta, 3, 424.
• Hercules, demi-god, Jason sacrifices to, 1, 446.
• Herder, admires “Phædon,” 5, 307.
• aversion of, to Jews, 5, 462.
• Heresy, signs of, enumerated by the Inquisition, 4, 315–16.
• Hermandad, the, union of Spanish towns, enforces anti-Jewish measures, 4, 251.
• Hermann III, bishop of Cologne, protects the Jews during the first crusade, 3, 304.
• Hermann the Carpenter, leader of the first crusade in Cologne, 3, 303, 306.
• “Hermitage” (Stübel), the Zaddik’s room, 5, 382.
• Hermon (Anti-Lebanon), mountain, description of, 1, 44.
• Jesus at, 2, 158.
• Herod I (37–3), son of Antipater, governor of Galilee, 2, 77.
• subdues Ezekias, 2, 77–8.
• honored by Sextus Cæsar, 2, 78.
• before the Synhedrion, 2, 78–9.
• governor of Cœlesyria, 2, 79.
• assassinates Malich, 2, 80.
• betrothed to Mariamne, 2, 81.
• tetrarch of Judæa, 2, 81.
• opposed by the Parthians, 2, 82.
• escapes to Rome, 2, 83, 86.
• favored by Antony, 2, 86.
• proclaimed king of Judæa by the Roman Senate, 2, 86.
• struggle of, with Antigonus, 2, 87.
• marries Mariamne, 2, 87.
• besieges Jerusalem, 2, 87–8.
• has Antigonus beheaded, 2, 89.
• policy of, 2, 89.
• kills the Synhedrists, 2, 89.
• appoints Ananel high priest, 2, 90.
• tries to obliterate his Idumæan descent, 2, 90.
• fears Hyrcanus and Aristobulus (III), 2, 90–1.
• brings Hyrcanus to Jerusalem, 2, 91.
• proclaims Aristobulus (III) high priest, 2, 91.
• has him murdered, 2, 92.
• accused before Cleopatra, 2, 92–3.
• orders the murder of Mariamne, 2, 93.
• threatened by a sister of Antigonus, 2, 94.
• at war with Malich, 2, 94–5.
• orders the execution of Hyrcanus II, 2, 96.
• confines Mariamne in Alexandrion, 2, 96.
• appoints Hillel president of the Synhedrion, 2, 96, 99.
• appoints Menahem deputy, 2, 100.
• received with favor by Octavius, 2, 101–2.
• territory of, increased, 2, 103.
• executes Mariamne, 2, 104.
• quells Alexandra’s sedition, 2, 105.
• submits to Augustus, 2, 105.
• ornaments Sebaste and Cæsarea, 2, 106.
• exhausts the people by taxation, 2, 107.
• degrades the high priesthood, 2, 107.
• marries Mariamne II, 2, 107.
• requires an oath of allegiance from his subjects, 2, 108.
• remodels the Temple, 2, 109–11.
• distrustful of his family, 2, 112.
• appoints Antipater his successor, 2, 112, 113.
• executes Mariamne I’s sons, 2, 113.
• conspiracy against, 2, 113.
• appoints Herod Antipas his successor, 2, 114.
• contest of, with the Pharisees, 2, 114–15.
• attempts suicide, 2, 115–16.
• executes Antipater, 2, 116.
• orders executions for the day of his death, 2, 116.
• death of, 2, 117.
• territory added to Judæa by, 2, 118.
• will of, 2, 119–20.
• sends gifts to Athens, 2, 193.
• palace of, stormed by the Zealots, 2, 260.
• palace of, in Galilee destroyed by Josephus, 2, 279.
• Herod II, brother of Agrippa I, prætor and prince of Chalcis, 2, 190.
• allied with Agrippa I, 2, 196.
• opposes Cuspius Fadus, 2, 197.
• asks for a truce, 2, 197.
• titular king of Judæa, 2, 198.
• death of, 2, 199, 235.
• widow of, 2, 235.
• Herod ben Gamala, partisan of Rome, 2, 274.
• Herod ben Miar, partisan of Rome, 2, 274.
• Herod (Antipas), son of Cleopatra of Jerusalem and Herod I, disinherited, 2, 119.
• Herod (Philip), son of Mariamne II and Herod I, disinherited, 2, 119.
• wife of, 2, 173.
• Herod Antipas (Antipas I), son of Malthace and Herod I, successor to Herod I, 2, 114.
• ruler of Galilee and Peræa, 2, 119.
• envious of Archelaus, 2, 120.
• builds Tiberias, 2, 137–8.
• character of, 2, 138.
• beheads John the Baptist, 2, 147.
• pursues Jesus, 2, 160.
• abandons his wife to marry Herodias, 2, 173.
• defeated by the Nabathæans, 2, 173.
• assisted by Vitellius, 2, 173.
• procures an office for Agrippa I, 2, 175.
• banished to Lyons, 2, 177.
• Herod Philip, son of Cleopatra of Jerusalem. See Philip, tetrarch.
• Herodian dynasty, the, the members of:
• Agrippa I,
• Agrippa II,
• Archelaus,
• Herod I,
• Herod II,
• Herod Antipas,
• Philip.
• Herodian time, the, characterized, 5, 723.
• Herodians, the, appeal to Augustus, 2, 122.
• petition for the removal of obnoxious emblems from the Roman standard, 2, 139.
• oppose John the Baptist, 2, 147.
• morality of the opponents of, 2, 151.
• immorality of, 2, 236.
• Herodias, wife of Herod (Philip), daughter of, 2, 147.
• illegal marriage of, with Herod Antipas, 2, 173.
• appealed to by Cypros, 2, 175.
• envious of Agrippa I, 2, 177.
• banished to Lyons, 2, 177.
• Herodium, fortress, burial place of Herod I, 2, 117.
• surrenders to Bassus, 2, 315.
• Heron, Syrian commander, defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 462.
• Herrera, Abraham (Alonzo) de, descendant of Gonsalvo de Cordova, in Amsterdam, 4, 666.
• identifies the Kabbala with Neo-platonism, 5, 54, 88.
• Herrera, Pedro de. See Pedro de Herrera.
• Herrera, prophetess of, burnt, 4, 494.
• Herschel, Solomon, rabbi of London, repeats Manasseh ben Israel’s oath concerning ritual murder, 5, 654–5.
• Heruli, the, overrun Rome, 3, 27.
• Herz Medelsheim. See Berr, Cerf.
• Herz, Henrietta, influence of, in Berlin, 5, 412–13.
• salon of, 5, 413, 422–3, 540.
• influence of romanticism on, 5, 423.
• relation of, to Schleiermacher, 5, 423.
• and Dorothea Mendelssohn, 5, 424.
• apostasy of, 5, 425–6.
• Herz, Leb, Sabbatian, 5, 152.
• Herz, Marcus (1747–1803), physician, translates the “Vindiciæ Judæorum,” 5, 362.
• youth and education of, 5, 405.
• distinguished by Kant, 5, 405–6.
• as a physician, 5, 406.
• marriage of, 5, 406.
• lectures on Kant’s philosophy, 5, 406.
• influences Berlin Jews, 5, 407.
• house of, a center of culture, 5, 412.
• mediocrity of, 5, 417.
• disapproves of Dorothea Mendelssohn, 5, 424.
• Heschels, Leb, rabbi, opposes Eibeschütz, 5, 262, 263, 268, 269.
• Hesychius, consular agent, accused by Gamaliel V, 2, 613.
• Hess, Hermann, chancellor of the University of Mayence, and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437.
• Hess, Isaac, introduces Mendelssohn to Lessing, 5, 297.
• Hesse, the Jews of, deprived of civil rights, 5, 512.
• emancipated, 5, 601.
• Hetman (Attaman), Cossack chieftain, 5, 2.
• Hewn-stone Hall, meeting place of the Synhedrion in Jerusalem, 2, 239.
• Hexapla, parallel texts of Bible versions by Origen, 2, 488–9.
• Hezekiah, king of Judah, virtues of, 1, 266–7.
• limited power of, 1, 267–8.
• banishes idolatry, 1, 267.
• celebrates the Passover, 1, 268.
• allied with Egypt, 1, 270.
• assures Sennacherib of his submission, 1, 274.
• refuses to surrender to Sennacherib, 1, 274–5.
• illness of, 1, 276.
• recovers, 1, 277.
• honors Merodach-baladan’s embassy, 1, 278–9.
• marriage of, celebrated, 1, 279.
• Hebrew literature under, 1, 279.
• burial of, 1, 280.
• Hibat-allah. See Nathaniel.
• Hiel of Bethel fortifies Jericho, 1, 201.
• Hieronymus. See Jerome.
• High priests, the, seat of, in Shiloh, 1, 41.
• dignity of, raised under Joash, 1, 219.
• heads of the Council of Seventy, 1, 394.
• considered political chiefs, 1, 418.
• installed by the Roman procurator, 2, 129, 137.
• vestments of, kept in the Antonia, 2, 129.
• chosen by the Roman governor, 2, 172, 197.
• chosen by Herod II, 2, 198.
• chosen from certain families, 2, 237.
• feuds among, 2, 237.
• power of, under Agrippa II, 2, 246.
• short terms of, 2, 249.
• deputy to, 2, 330.
• See also Aaronides; Priests.
• High priests, the, list of:
• Aaron,
• Abiathar,
• Achitub,
• Alcimus,
• Alexander Jannæus,
• Amaziah (Bethel),
• Anan, of the family Seth,
• Anan, of the family Anan,
• Ananel,
• Ananias,
• Antigonus,
• Aristobulus I,
• Aristobulus II,
• Aristobulus III,
• Azariah,
• Azariah ben Zadok,
• Eleazar,
• Eli,
• Eliashib,
• Elionai,
• Hilkiah,
• Hyrcanus I, John
• Hyrcanus II,
• Ishmael II,
• Jaddua,
• Jason,
• Jehoiada,
• Jehoiakim,
• Joaser,
• Johanan, son of Joiada,
• Joiada,
• Jonathan ben Anan,
• Jonathan Haphus,
• Joseph, of the house of Camyth,
• Joseph Caiaphas,
• Joshua, of the family of Phabi,
• Joshua, of the family of Sié,
• Joshua ben Damnai,
• Joshua ben Gamala,
• Joshua, son of Jehozedek,
• Judas Maccabæus,
• Manasseh,
• Mathias ben Theophilus,
• Menelaus the Benjamite,
• Onias I,
• Onias II,
• Onias III,
• Phineas,
• Phineas ben Samuel,
• Seraiah,
• Simon I,
• Simon II,
• Simon, son of Boëthus,
• Simon Tharsi,
• Uriah,
• Zachariah ben Jehoiada,
• Zadok.
• High-roads, the king’s, built by Solomon, 1, 171–2.
• “High Tower, The,” drama by Luzzatto, 5, 235.
• Hilchetha Gabriatha, Talmud commentary by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.
• Hildebrand. See Gregory VII.
• Hilderic of Nismes, governor of Septimania, revolts against Wamba, 3, 104–5.
• promises the Jews religious liberty, 3, 105.
• Hildesheim, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• the Jews of, deprived of civil rights, 5, 512.
• Hildesheimer, the Frankfort deputy to the Synhedrion, 5, 497.
• Hilduin, incites the sons of Louis the Pious against their step-mother, 3, 166.
• Hilkia, treasurer of the Temple, envoy to Nero, 2, 248.
• Hilkiah, high priest, charged with the repairs of the Temple, 1, 289.
• finds the Book of the Law, 1, 292.
• counsels Josiah, 1, 293.
• ancestor of Ezra, 1, 365.
• Hillali, oldest copy of the Bible in Spain, destroyed, 3, 387.
• Hillel I, appointed president of the Synhedrion, 2, 96, 99.
• disciple of Shemaya and Abtalion, 2, 96.
• character of, 2, 96–7.
• maxims of, 2, 97–8.
• justifies the oral law, 2, 98.
• justifies new laws, 2, 99.
• enacts the Prosbol, 2, 100.
• followers of, swear allegiance to Herod, 2, 108.
• death of, lamented, 2, 130.
• descendants of, presidents of the Synhedrion, 2, 130, 192.
• spreads the knowledge of the Law in Judæa, 2, 149.
• the model of Jesus, 2, 149–50.
• quoted by Philo, 2, 213.
• compared with Philo, 2, 214.
• followers of, support the Peace party, 2, 256.
• the founder of Talmudic Judaism, 2, 327.
• laws of interpretation by, 2, 327, 338.
• laws of interpretation by, supplemented, 2, 331, 356.
• reverence paid to the house of, 2, 360.
• compared with Abba Areka, 2, 517.
• end of the house of, 2, 618.
• Hillel, disciples of, distinguished, 2, 131.
• conception of the Messiah held by, 2, 144.
• morality of, 2, 151.
• Hillel, the school of, 2, 101.
• conciliatory, 2, 131.
• disputes with the school of Shammai under Gamaliel II, 2, 333, 336–8.
• deductions of, condemned by Joshua ben Chananya, 2, 350.
• estimation of, by the Nazarenes, 2, 372.
• extends the application of tradition, 2, 462.
• Hillel II, brother of Judah II, censured for irreligiousness, 2, 480.
• Agadist, 2, 487.
• maxim of, 2, 487.
• consulted by Origen, 2, 487.
• versed in the Scriptures, 2, 487, 488.
• Patriarch, unselfishness of, 2, 560.
• defamed by Joseph the apostate, 2, 566.
• adopts a fixed calendar, 2, 572–4.
• honored by Julian the Apostate, 2, 597, 598.
• Hillel ben Samuel of Verona (1220–1295), Talmudist, founder of Italian Jewish culture, 3, 629; 4, 59.
• Maimunist, 3, 629, 630.
• accomplishments of, 3, 629.
• tries to prevent a renewal of the Maimunist controversy, 3, 631–2.
• Himyar, ancestor of the Arabs, 3, 61, 62.
• Himyara, part of southern Arabia, 3, 54.
• Himyarite kingdom, the Jewish, 3, 62–7.
• Himyarites, the, conversion of, to Christianity projected, 4, 298.
• Hinderbach, bishop of Trent, charges the Jews with child murder, 4, 298.
• Hinkmar, bishop of Rheims, anti-Jewish feelings of, 3, 171.
• favorite of Charles the Bald, 3, 172.
• Hinnom (Ge-henna), the vale of, south of Jerusalem, 1, 115.
• tower at the gate of, 1, 231.
• Ahaz sacrifices to Moloch in, 1, 260–1.
• sacrifices in, under Manasseh, 1, 283.
• Moloch worship in, under Jehoiakim, 1, 300.
• gives its name to hell, 1, 404.
• Hippicus, tower in the wall of Jerusalem, refuge of the Roman garrison, 2, 260.
• left undemolished by Titus, 2, 309.
• Hippodrome, the, in Jerusalem, occupied during the disturbance by Sabinus, 2, 123.
• Hippos, incorporated with Judæa, 2, 103.
• Hiram, of Tyre, allied with David, 1, 118.
• allied with Solomon, 1, 162.
• supplies material for the Temple, 1, 164.
• supplies Solomon with sailors, 1, 170.
• Hiram, artist in bronze, employed in the building of the Temple, 1, 165.
• Hiram, brother of Merbal, king of Phœnicia, 1, 342.
• Hirsch (Hirschel), Berlin jeweler, excites Voltaire’s animosity, 5, 339.
• Hisham, Ommiyyade caliph, 3, 239.
• releases Jacob Ibn-Jau, 3, 241.
• Historians, Jewish, consulted by Basnage, 5, 196.
• Historians, Jewish, list of:
• Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi,
• Abraham Zacuto,
• Almosnino, Moses
• Barrios, Miguel de Baruch,
• Conforte, David
• David Gans,
• Elias ben Elkanah Kapsali,
• Ephraim ben Jacob,
• Gedalya Ibn-Yachya,
• Heilperin, Jechiel
• José ben Chalafta,
• Joseph ben Joshua Cohen,
• Joseph ben Matthias (Josephus),
• Josephus, pseudo-
• Joseph Ibn-Verga,
• Jost, Isaac Marcus
• Justus, son of Pistus,
• Löwisohn, Solomon
• Luzzatto, Samuel David
• Profiat Duran,
• Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda
• Samuel Shulam,
• Sherira,
• Usque, Samuel
• Usque, Solomon.
• Historians of the Jews, list of:
• Adams, Hannah
• Basnage, Jacob
• Ewald, Heinrich.
• Historical writings of the Jews, the, carried into the Babylonian Exile, 1, 335.
• compiled by Baruch, 1, 336–7.
• collected by the Sopherim, 1, 400.
• translated into Greek, 1, 514.
• History, Jewish, cultivated in Hasmonæan times, 2, 15–16.
• beginnings of, 4, 554.
• in the “Moniteur,” 5, 485.
• distorted, 5, 592–3.
• by Christians, 5, 593.
• by Jews, 5, 593–6.
• as viewed by Krochmal, 5, 609–10.
• the “Kerem Chemed” devoted to, 5, 621.
• a review of, 5, 705–31.
• “History of neo-Hebraic Poetry,” by Franz Delitzsch, 5, 628–9.
• “History of the Jews,” by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, 4, 616.
• “History of the People of Israel, The,” by Ewald, 5, 696.
• “History of the Religion of the Jews,” by Jacob Basnage, 5, 197.
• “History of the World,” by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, 4, 616.
• Hittites, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.
• suffer under David, 1, 131.
• mercenary troops under David, 1, 137.
• declared bondmen by Solomon, 1, 163.
• king of, hostile to Ben-hadad III, 1, 221.
• Hivites, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.
• submit to Joshua, 1, 34.
• declared bondmen by Solomon, 1, 163.
• Hochmeister, title of rabbis in Franconia, 4, 259.
• Hochstraten. See Hoogstraten, Jacob.
• Hodges, English consul-general, services of, in the Damascus affair, 5, 653, 659.
• Hodki, Haidamak leader, 5, 10.
• Holdheim, Samuel (1806–1860), Talmudist, at the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 678, 681.
• opposes Talmudic Judaism, 5, 678, 680–1.
• secular studies of, 5, 678.
• temperament of, 5, 679.
• chief rabbi of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 5, 679.
• view held by, of Judaism, 5, 680–1.
• compared with Frankel, 5, 684.
• at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, 5, 685.
• preacher of the Berlin Reform Association, 5, 686.
• innovations of, 5, 686–7.
• compared with Sachs, 5, 687–8, 692.
• Sachs’s opinion of, 5, 691.
• Holland, soldiers of, in the imperial army against the Hussites, 4, 225.
• a refuge for Jews, 4, 661, 676–7, 678.
• second Jewish colony of, 4, 685.
• learning in, 5, 20–1.
• war of, with England, and the re-settlement of Jews in England, 5, 34.
• displeased with the efforts to settle Jews in England, 5, 46.
• rabbis of, prepared to excommunicate Luzzatto, 5, 241.
• ambassador of, intercedes for the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.
• funds advanced to, by Isaac Pinto, 5, 340.
• the Measfim in, 5, 400–1.
• See also Amsterdam; Batavian Republic, the.
• Holmes, Nathaniel, Puritan, attitude of, towards the Jews, 5, 27.
• on the place of the Jews in the Messianic time, 5, 29–30.
• Holst, Ludwig, attacks the Jews, 5, 543.
• Holstein, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519.
• Holwan, the Exilarch’s income from, 3, 96.
• Holy City, the, beginnings of, 1, 114. See Jerusalem.
• Holy Days, the, kept by the Babylonian Judæans, 1, 364.
• Holy Ghost, the, dogma of, introduced into Christianity, 2, 500–1.
• Holy Land, the. See Palestine.
• Holy of Holies, the, Debir, 1, 165.
• entered by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 451–2.
• entered by Pompey, 2, 66.
• the Romans desecrate, 2, 124.
• entered by Titus, 2, 308.
• Holy Place, the, Hechal, 1, 165.
• Holy Roman Empire, the, dismembered, 5, 465. See Rome; Germany.
• Holy Sepulcher, the, Church of, fear that Jews will gain possession of, 4, 272, 274.
• Holy Week. See Eastertide.
• Homberg, Herz, assists Mendelssohn in his Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.
• teacher in an Austrian school, 5, 369.
• one of the Measfim, 5, 401–2.
• Homel, the Jews of, massacred, 5, 10.
• Homem, Gaspar Lopez, Portuguese Marrano, 4, 664.
• Homem, Mayor Rodrigues, Marrano, sends her daughter toHolland, 4, 664–5.
• emigrates to Holland, 4, 667.
• Homer, read by the Alexandrian Judæans, 1, 505.
• Greek views of the world in, 2, 208.
• “Homilies of the Jews in Divine Worship,” by Zunz, 5, 620–1.
• Honorius III, pope, enforces anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 513.
• exempts the Toulouse Jews from wearing badges, 3, 514.
• prevents the employment of Jews as diplomats, 3, 514.
• Honorius IV, pope, bids the English clergy proceed against the Jews, 3, 645.
• Honorius, emperor of the West, and the Jews, 2, 616–17, 622.
• forbids the collection of the Patriarch’s tax, 2, 617.
• forbids Jews to enter military service, 2, 617.
• Hooghe, Romein de, poet, on the Amsterdam synagogue, 5, 167.
• Hoogstraten, Jacob, Dominican general in Cologne, 4, 424.
• and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.
• decides that the Talmud ought to be burnt, 4, 444.
• proposes the indictment of the Jews, 4, 444.
• accuses Reuchlin of heresy, 4, 450.
• tries Reuchlin and the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 451.
• orders the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 451–2.
• the examination of, ordered by Leo X, 4, 454.
• fails to appear for trial, 4, 454.
• convicted of slander, 4, 455.
• appeals to Leo X, 4, 455.
• tries to have the Speyer judgment overturned, 4, 458.
• summoned to Rome, 4, 458.
• satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.
• asks for a decision by council, 4, 464.
• influences Leo X to suspend his case, 4, 465.
• leaves Rome in disgrace, 4, 465.
• life of, endangered, 4, 465.
• Hoornbeek, John, anti-Jewish author, 5, 46.
• Hophni, son of Eli, character and death of, 1, 70.
• Hophra. See Apries.
• Horeb, mount, scene of the first revelation to Moses, 1, 15.
• Hormisdas IV, of Persia, character of, 3, 7–8.
• persecutes the Jews, 3, 8.
• murdered, 3, 8.
• Hosannas, Day of, a second Day of Atonement, 4, 626.
• Hosea (I), prophet, under Jeroboam II, prophecies of, 1, 240–2.
• Hosea (II), prophet, under Hoshea, 1, 251.
• Hoshea, son of Elah, murders Pekah, 1, 260.
• king of Israel, 1, 263.
• ally of Egypt and vassal to Shalmaneser, 1, 263.
• withdraws his tribute from Shalmaneser, 1, 264.
• fortifies Samaria, 1, 264.
• imprisoned for life, 1, 264.
• Hosiander, probable author of the “Little Book about the Jews,” 4, 545.
• Host desecration, the charge of, believed by Maximilian I, 4, 414.
• Host desecration, charged against the Jews of Röttingen, 4, 35.
• of Deckendorf, 4, 98.
• of Prague, 4, 164–6.
• of Segovia, 4, 195–6.
• of Austria, 4, 223.
• of Silesia, 4, 261.
• of Passau, 4, 306.
• of the Mark of Brandenburg, 4, 437, 440.
• See also Blood accusation, the; Child murder.
• Hosts, God of, meaning of, 1, 130–1.
• House of Commons, the, passes the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.
• “House of God, The,” Kabbalistic work by Abraham de Herrera, 5, 54.
• “House of Jacob,” first Amsterdam synagogue, 4, 667.
• House of the Forest of Lebanon, Solomon’s armory, 1, 108.
• Howan, the Temple of, Jewish children brought up as Magians in, 2, 629.
• Howdon, Lord, on the Damascus affair, 5, 656.
• Hubmaier, Balthasar, Anabaptist, agitates against the Jews, 4, 542–3.
• Huesca, the Jews of, excommunicate the anti-Maimunists, 3, 537.
• the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, 4, 330.
• Huet, Peter Daniel, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.
• Huete, meeting of the deputies of Castile congregations at, 3, 617.
• the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 170.
• Hufnagel, translates Wessely’s “Songs of Glory,” 5, 404.
• Hugh, chaplain of Toulouse, and the Jews, 3, 174.
• Hugh Capet, of France, death of, said to have been caused by the Jews, 3, 242.
• Hujej Ibn-Achtab, chief of the Benu-Nadhir, 3, 78.
• induces Arabian tribes to make war against Mahomet, 3, 79, 80.
• killed, 3, 81.
• daughter of, 3, 83.
• Hulagu, Tartar sultan, ravages of, 3, 606.
• founder of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, 3, 638.
• Huldah, prophetess under Josiah, 1, 286, 293.
• Humanists, the, espouse Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 456.
• courted by Leo X, 4, 465.
• favor Charles V’s election, 4, 468.
• Humboldt, Wilhelm von, relation of, to Henrietta Herz, 5, 423.
• draws up a constitution for Germany, 5, 514.
• Huna, on the refugees from Sepphoris, 2, 571.
• Huna (212–297), Babylonian Amora, chief teacher at Sora, 2, 545.
• agriculturist, 2, 545.
• and Chama ben Anilaï, 2, 546.
• charitableness of, 2, 546.
• presides over the Metibta, 2, 547–8.
• death of, 2, 548.
• and Judah ben Ezekiel, 2, 552.
• and Chasda, 2, 553.
• and Mar-Sheshet, 2, 553–4.
• Huna, Exilarch, buried in Judæa, 2, 455, 509.
• Huna bar Nathan, at the court of Jezdijird, 2, 610.
• Huna ben Chiya, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, wealth of, 2, 576.
• opposition to, 2, 577.
• death of, 2, 577.
• Huna ben Joshua, teacher at the academy of Nares, 2, 593–4.
• Huna-Mar (488–508), Exilarch, Amora, 2, 631; 3, 3.
• Huna-Mari, Exilarch, executed by Firuz, 2, 629.
• learned in the Law, 2, 631.
• Hunaï, Gaon of Sora, reforms the divorce law, 3, 92.
• Hundt, Hartwig, pamphlet by, against the Jews, 5, 532.
• Hungary, adopts Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 569.
• Jews invited into, 3, 613.
• Jewish exiles from, take refuge in Poland, 4, 263.
• Messianic hopes connected with Solomon Molcho in, 4, 497.
• Polish-Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 208.
• rabbis of, protest against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.
• Hungary, the Jews of, condition of, in early days, 3, 520.
• possess the right of coinage, 3, 521.
• farmers of salt mines and taxes, 3, 521.
• kindly treated by Andreas, 3, 521.
• the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council enforced against, 3, 521.
• indispensable to the prosperity of the country, 3, 613.
• proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614–15.
• banished by Louis I, 4, 111.
• liturgy of, arranged by Maharil, 4, 225.
• urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–2.
• Sabbatians, 5, 149.
• modify their divine service, 5, 582.
• Huns, the, incursions of, 2, 604.
• aid Kobad, 3, 2.
• Huozmann. See Rüdiger.
• Hurwitz, Isaiah (Sheloh), devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 52, 55.
• Hurwitz, Phineas Levi (1740–1802), rabbi of Frankfort, opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 331.
• death of, 5, 566.
• Hurwitz, Sabbataï, draws up penitential prayers, 5, 13.
• Hurwitz, Salkind, competes for the Metz prize on the Jewish question, 5, 434.
• in the National Guards, 5, 443.
• Hushai, David’s favorite, 1, 122.
• faithful to David in Absalom’s rebellion, 1, 141–2.
• pretends to submit to Absalom, 1, 142–3.
• Huss, John, attacks the papacy, 4, 221.
• condemned to death, 4, 221–2.
• Hussite war, the, and the Jews, 4, 222.
• cruelties of, 4, 224–6.
• German Jews in sympathy with, 4, 226.
• Hussites, the, hated by Emperor Albert II, 4, 249.
• excite Catholic bigotry, 4, 258.
• protect the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 301.
• the Dominicans threaten to ally themselves with, 4, 459.
• Hutten, Ulrich von, agent at the imperial court, instructed to aid the Jews, 4, 431.
• espouses Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 456–7.
• supposed author of the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 462.
• enemy of ecclesiastical domination, 4, 465.
• favors Charles V, 4, 468.
• in the pantomime on the Reformation, 4, 468.
• Hypatia, killed by monks, 2, 619.
• Hyrcanion, fortress, built by John Hyrcanus, 2, 46.
• held by a sister of Antigonus, 2, 94.
• Hyrcanists, the, Hyrcanus II’s party, defend the Temple, 2, 65.
• Hyrcanus I, John, son of Simon Tharsi, 1, 520.
• lives at Gazara, 1, 525.
• defeats Cendebæus, 1, 529.
• escapes from Ptolemy ben Habub, 1, 530–1.
• mother of, imprisoned, 1, 531; 2, 2.
• reign of, 2, 1.
• contest of, with Ptolemy ben Habub, 2, 2–3.
• besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 3–4.
• sends an embassy to Rome, 2, 4–5.
• furnishes Syria troops against Parthia, 2, 5.
• acknowledges Alexander Zabina king of Syria, 2, 6.
• Samaritan campaign of, 2, 7–8.
• destroys the Temple on Gerizim, 2, 8.
• converts the Idumæans forcibly to Judaism, 2, 8–9.
• appeals to Rome, 2, 9.
• besieges Samaria, 2, 9.
• destroys Samaria, 2, 10.
• conquests of, 2, 11–12.
• has coins struck, 2, 12.
• worldly ambition of, 2, 13.
• erects a mausoleum at Modin, 2, 14.
• employs Pharisees and Sadducees, 2, 31.
• offended by the Pharisees, 2, 32–3.
• fills the high offices with Sadducees, 2, 33.
• death of, 2, 33.
• sons of, 2, 34.
• Hyrcanus I, John, the wife of, queen, supplanted by Aristobulus I, 2, 35.
• imprisonment and death of, 2, 36.
• Hyrcanus II, son of Alexander Jannæus, 2, 47.
• proclaimed high priest, 2, 48, 76.
• conspiracy against, 2, 56.
• accession and character of, 2, 57.
• defeated at Jericho by Aristobulus, 2, 58.
• deprived of the royal dignity, 2, 58.
• aided by the Nabathæan king, 2, 59.
• refuses to supply the sacrificial lamb during the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 60.
• summoned to Damascus, 2, 63.
• favored by Pompey, 2, 64.
• made ethnarch, 2, 66, 76.
• leaves Jerusalem, 2, 70.
• petitioned to punish Herod, 2, 78.
• permits the Synhedrion to summon Herod, 2, 78.
• reproved by Shemaya, 2, 79.
• adjourns the Synhedrion, 2, 79.
• takes counsel with Malich, 2, 80.
• mutilated, 2, 82.
• dethroned, 2, 82–3.
• taken captive to Babylon, 2, 83.
• welcomed by the Babylonian Judæans, 2, 90.
• returns to Palestine, 2, 91.
• executed, 2, 96.
• descendants of, in Nahardea, 2, 551.
• Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, his father’s representative in Egypt, 1, 429–30.
• favored by Ptolemy IV, 1, 430.
• rebuked for extravagance, 1, 430.
• successor of his father, 1, 431–2.
• flees to Alexandria, 1, 432.
• in favor with Ptolemy V, 1, 437.
• wealth of, 1, 437.
• betrayed by the Hellenists, 1, 444.
• tax-collector for the king of Egypt, 1, 444.
• Hyrkania, Judæans banished to, 1, 408.
• I
• Ibbur, impregnation of the soul, Kabbalistic term, 4, 621.
• Ibbur, work on the calendar by Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 283.
• See also Calendar.
• Iberia, early Jewish settlements in, 3, 35. See Spain.
• Ibleam, Zechariah, king of Israel, murdered at, 1, 243.
• Ibn-Abbas. See Jehuda and Samuel Ibn-Abbas.
• Ibn-Abbas, plots to depose Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 258.
• Ibn-Abi Musa, plots to depose Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 258.
• Ibn-Abi Obsaibiya, physician, colleague of Abraham Maimuni, 3, 495.
• Ibn-Abitur. See Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur.
• Ibn-Abitur family, the, opposes Chanoch ben Moses, 3, 238.
• Ibn-Albalia. See Baruch Ibn-Albalia; Isaac ben Baruch Albalia.
• Ibn-Albalia family, the, early settlement of, in Spain, 3, 43.
• Ibn-Alfachar. See Abraham Ibn-Alfachar; Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar.
• Ibn-Alfachar family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 235, 537.
• Ibn-Alfara, Arabic poet, elegy by, 3, 279.
• Ibn-Aljami. See Nathaniel.
• Ibn-Alruchi (Arruchi). See David Alrui.
• Ibn-Benveniste Halevi. See Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi.
• Ibn-Chabib. See Jacob Ibn-Chabib.
• Ibn-Chasdaï. See Abraham ben Chasdaï; Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï.
• Ibn-Daud. See Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi; Jehuda Ibn-Daud (Chayuj).
• Ibn-Daud family, the, traces descent from David, 3, 43.
• Ibn-Daudi, the, descendants of the last Exilarch, settle in Spain, 3, 254.
• Ibn-Ezra. See Abraham ben Meïr; Abuhajaj Joseph; Abu-Ibrahim Isaac; Abulhassan Jehuda; Isaac ben Abraham; Jacob; Jehuda; Moses.
• Ibn-Ezra family, the, Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut a member of, 3, 215.
• of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 235.
• Ibn-Falyaj family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.
• Ibn-Farussal. See Solomon Ibn-Farussal.
• Ibn-Gebirol. See Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.
• Ibn-Giat. See Isaac ben Jehuda; Judah.
• Ibn-Giat family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.
• Ibn-G’ikatilia. See Isaac Ibn-G’ikatilia; Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia.
• Ibn-Janach. See Jonah Marinus.
• Ibn-Jau. See Jacob Ibn-Jau.
• Ibn-Kamnial. See Abulhassan Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Kamnial.
• Ibn-Labi. See Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.
• Ibn-Migash. See Joseph ben Meïr; Meïr ben Joseph.
• Ibn-Migash family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.
• Ibn-Misha’l, Jewish diplomat, 3, 284.
• Ibn-Nagrela. See Joseph Ibn-Nagrela; Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.
• Ibn-Raz, assailant of Rabbinical Judaism in Leo Modena’s work, 5, 73–4.
• Ibn-Roshd. See Averroës.
• Ibn-Rumahis, Moorish admiral, captures and sells the four emissaries from Sora, 3, 203, 208, 209.
• Ibn-Sahal. See Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal.
• Ibn-Sahula (1245), fabulist, 3, 560.
• Ibn-Said (Sid). See Zag Ibn-Said.
• Ibn-Sakbel. See Solomon Ibn-Sakbel.
• Ibn-Sakviyah, Karaite writer, opposed by Saadiah, 3, 192.
• Ibn-Satanas. See Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur.
• Ibn-Shalbib. See Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib.
• Ibn-Shem Tob. See Joseph ben Shem Tob; Shem Tob ben Joseph Ibn-Shem-Tob.
• Ibn-Shoshan. See Abraham; Joseph ben Solomon Ibn-Shoshan; Solomon ben Joseph Ibn-Shoshan.
• Ibn-Shoshan family, the, members of, die from the Black Death, 4, 113.
• Ibn-Sina (Avicenna), Mahometan interpreter of Aristotle, 3, 478.
• Ibn-Tibbon. See Jacob ben Machir; Judah ben Moses; Judah ben Saul; Moses; Samuel.
• Ibn-Verga. See Joseph; Judah; Solomon.
• Ibn-Vives. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.
• Ibn-Wakar. See Jehuda; Samuel.
• Ibn-Yachya. See David; David Negro; Gedalya; Gedalya I; Gedalya II; Joseph; Moses; Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.
• Ibn-Yachya family, the, Turkish branch of, 4, 609.
• Italian branch of, 4, 616.
• Ibn-Yachya-Negro. See David; Judah.
• Ibn-Yachya-Negro, two brothers, favorites of Alfonso V, of Portugal, 4, 339.
• Ibn-Yaish, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI, of Castile, 4, 84.
• Ibn-Zachariah Yachya Chayuj. See Jehuda Ibn-Daud.
• Ibn-Zadik. See Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik.
• Ibrahim, sultan, war of, with Venice, 5, 119.
• Ibzan, judge, 1, 66.
• Icabo, character in Samuel Usque’s work, 4, 558, 559, 560.
• Idolatry, among the Egyptians, 1, 9–10.
• practiced by the Israelites in Egypt, 1, 11.
• among the Israelites in the desert, 1, 23–4.
• of the Israelites at Baal-Peor, 1, 28.
• the Israelites reclaimed from, by Samuel, 1, 75–6.
• under Solomon, 1, 175.
• under Jeroboam, 1, 186–7.
• under Omri, 1, 195–6.
• under Jezebel, 1, 197–8.
• under Joram, 1, 209.
• under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.
• under Menahem, 1, 244, 247.
• under Ahaz, 1, 260–1.
• removed by Hezekiah, 1, 268.
• under Manasseh, 1, 282–3.
• uprooted by Josiah, 1, 294–5.
• relapse into, under Jehoiakim, 1, 299–300.
• under Jehoiachin, 1, 306.
• practiced by Judæans in Egypt, 1, 326–7.
• among the Babylonian exiles, 1, 332, 339, 340.
• stamped out among the Judæans by the fall of Babylon, 1, 350.
• laws against, inviolate under all circumstances, 2, 424.
• regulations against, in the Mishna, 2, 476–8.
• practiced by the Arabs, 3, 72.
• See also Astarte; Baal, the worship of.
• Idumæa, urges Zedekiah to revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 310.
• ruled by procurators, 2, 137.
• Eleazar ben Ananias governor of, 2, 270.
• Idumæan, applied to Herod and Rome, 2, 114–15.
• Idumæans, the, antagonize the Israelites in the desert, 1, 27.
• characteristics of, 1, 55.
• relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–9.
• routed by Othniel, 1, 60.
• attracted to Palestine under Solomon, 1, 173.
• gain independence, 1, 185.
• revolt of, from Judah, 1, 209.
• conquered by Amaziah, 1, 222–3.
• attack Jerusalem under Uzziah, 1, 226–7.
• defeated by Uzziah, 1, 230.
• allies of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 314.
• molest fugitive Judæans, 1, 318.
• appropriate Judæan territory, 1, 325–6.
• settled to the south of Judæa, 1, 355.
• in possession of Judæan territory, 1, 435.
• hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasions, 1, 473, 474.
• defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.
• hostile to Judæa under John Hyrcanus, 2, 7.
• forcibly converted to Judaism, 2, 8–9.
• colony of, in Samaria, 2, 9, 10.
• expeditions of, against Simon bar Giora, 2, 293.
• help the Zealots against Anan, 2, 295–6.
• disliked by the Zealots and the Moderates, 2, 296.
• allied with the aristocratic party, 2, 298.
• one of the factions in Jerusalem, 2, 301.
• try to make terms with Titus, 2, 309.
• Ifra-Ormuzd, mother of Shabur II, leans towards Judaism, 2, 580, 592–3.
• generous towards the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 581.
• protects the Jews, 2, 592.
• assists Raba bar Joseph, 2, 592.
• Iggaron, Hebrew lexicon by Saadiah, 3, 190.
• Iggeret Teman, by Maimonides, 3, 462–4.
• Ignatius, Christian martyr, 2, 621.
• Ijon, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.
• Ikkarim, work by Joseph Albo, 4, 239.
• Ilai, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• Ilhas Perdidas. See San Thomas.
• Illiberis (Elvira), the Council of, forbids Christians to trade with Jews, 2, 620.
• anti-Jewish decrees of, 3, 43, 44.
• Illyria, synagogues of, protected by Arcadius, 2, 616.
• the Jews of, autonomous, 3, 27.
• Ilpha, companion of Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 493.
• Imam, founder of the Fatimide dynasty, 3, 212.
• Imamate, the, the high priesthood among the Mahometans, 3, 110.
• Immaculate Conception, the, dogma of, attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.
• Immanuel ben Solomon Romi (1265–1330), poet, under Maimunist influence, 3, 630; 4, 60.
• characterization of, 4, 63–4.
• position of, in the Roman Jewish community, 4, 64–5.
• friend of Dante, 4, 65.
• works of, 4, 65–7.
• place of, in neo-Hebraic poetry, 4, 67; 5, 112.
• in Fermo, 4, 68.
• on the poets of his time, 4, 68.
• Immorality, under Jeroboam II, 1, 233–4.
• under Jotham, 1, 249–50.
• under Ahaz, 1, 261.
• under Jehoiakim, 1, 300.
• under Zerubbabel, 1, 358.
• of the Judæan aristocracy, 2, 234.
• of Judæans under the Roman dominion, 2, 237–8.
• among the Jews of Babylonia, 2, 516–17, 579.
• among the Marranos at Amsterdam, 4, 680.
• among the Jews of Prussia, 5, 419–20, 422.
• Immortality of the soul, the dogma of, in the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 482, 488.
• Maimonides’ treatment of, attacked, 3, 524.
• in the Kabbala, 3, 554.
• doubt cast upon, by the French thinkers, 5, 305–6.
• Mendelssohn tries to restore the belief in, 5, 306–7.
• Imnestar, the Jews of, punished for Purim pleasantry, 2, 621.
• Imrulkais Ibn-Hojr, Arabic poet, protected by Samuel Ibn-Adiya, 3, 68–9.
• “In Praise and Honor of Emperor Maximilian,” anti-Jewish pamphlet by Pfefferkorn, 4, 439.
• “In Refutation of Anan,” by Saadiah, 3, 189.
• Incarnation, the dogma of, refuted by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, 4, 141.
• expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.
• refuted by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.
• attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.
• criticised by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.
• in the Kabbala, 4, 292.
• Jews averse to, 5, 420.
• belief in, threatened, 5, 682.
• Index expurgatorius, the, Kabbalistic writings on, 4, 584.
• India, trade with, under Solomon, 1, 170.
• Uzziah revives the trade with, 1, 230.
• Jews settle in, 2, 629–30.
• south Arabian Jews trade with, 3, 54, 57.
• under the Exilarch’s jurisdiction, 3, 429.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 435–6.
• desire of the Portuguese to reach, 4, 367.
• Infessura, chancellor of Rome, on Sixtus IV, 4, 321.
• Informers, among the Jewish Christians, 2, 378–9.
• during Hadrian’s persecutions, 2, 425–6.
• under Severus, 2, 464–5.
• against the Jews of Sepphoris, 2, 570.
• the excommunication of, revived, 3, 378.
• decree against, by the Mayence synod, 3, 517.
• against Jews in Spain, 4, 155–6.
• Innocent II, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, 3, 376.
• Innocent III, pope, persecutes Raymond VI of Toulouse, 3, 400, 501–2.
• preaches the third crusade, 3, 405.
• refuses to sanction Philip Augustus’ marriage, 3, 406.
• baneful influence of, 3, 496.
• protects the Jews against the crusaders, 3, 496–7.
• and Pedro II of Aragon, 3, 497–8.
• reproaches Philip Augustus with disregard of anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 498–9.
• reprimands Alfonso III of Castile for kindly treatment of Jews, 3, 499.
• threatens excommunication for intercourse with Jews, 3, 499.
• threatens Count Nevers for favoring the Jews, 3, 500.
• organizes the Albigensian crusade, 3, 502.
• asked to decree a crusade against the Mahometans, 3, 507.
• convokes the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 508–9.
• introduces Jew badges, 3, 511–12.
• death of, 3, 513.
• anti-Jewish decrees of, enforced in southern France, 3, 518.
• anti-Jewish decrees of, in Hungary, 3, 520–1.
• degrades the Jews, 3, 563.
• Jewish constitution of, re-issued, 3, 564.
• anti-Jewish decrees of, confirmed, 3, 611.
• Innocent IV, pope, appealed to, in behalf of the Talmud, 3, 579.
• condemns the blood accusation, 3, 583–5, 635.
• opposes the forcible baptism of Jews, 4, 165.
• Innocent VII, pope, opposes the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 346.
• Innocent VIII, pope, urges the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 368.
• Innocents, the, legend concerning the slaughter of, 2, 116.
• “Inquiry into Light and Truth,” directed against Mendelssohn, 5, 363.
• “Inquiry into Probability,” essay by Mendelssohn, 5, 299.
• Inquisition, the, established in France, 3, 542.
• meets opposition in Navarre, 4, 357.
• established at Benevento, 4, 385.
• condemns Molcho to the stake, 4, 506–7.
• at Rome authorized, 4, 525.
• burns the Talmud and other Hebrew writings in Italy, 4, 565.
• tries the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568, 570.
• permits the printing of the Zohar, 4, 583.
• persecutes the Bologna Jews, 4, 590–1.
• in the Netherlands, 4, 601, 662.
• the Jews of Italy put under, 4, 654.
• cruelties of, to Jews, recounted by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 31–2.
• Inquisition, the Portuguese, commission for the establishment of, 4, 365.
• planned by João III, 4, 490.
• idea of, abandoned, 4, 490–1.
• plans for, mooted, 4, 499–500.
• establishment of, opposed, 4, 500, 505.
• established by Clement VII, 4, 507.
• inhumanity of, complained of by the Marranos, 4, 509.
• proceedings of, stopped by Clement VII, 4, 513.
• power of, abrogated by Clement VII, 4, 514.
• commission on, 4, 514–15.
• reconsideration of, ordered by Paul III, 4, 516.
• arrested by Paul III, 4, 517.
• sanctioned by Paul III, 4, 518, 527.
• cruelty of, 4, 519–20.
• practically abrogated by Paul III, 4, 520.
• rules of, enforced, 4, 521.
• crippled, 4, 522.
• described by Samuel Usque, 4, 522.
• described by an assembly of cardinals, 4, 523.
• imprisons Marranos, 4, 670.
• Inquisition, the Spanish, first germs of, 4, 167.
• deals with Judaizing Marranos, 4, 256.
• and the Jews, 4, 308.
• established by Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 309.
• views on the establishment of, 4, 310.
• authorized by Sixtus IV, 4, 311.
• commission to frame the statute for, 4, 312.
• statute of, ratified, 4, 312.
• judges of, 4, 312.
• established in Seville, 4, 312–13.
• distrust of, 4, 313.
• orders the surrender of fugitive Marranos, 4, 313–14.
• first victims of, 4, 314.
• publishes the Edict of Grace, 4, 315.
• heresy defined by, 4, 315–16.
• first auto-da-fé ordered by, 4, 317.
• cruelty of, censured by Sixtus IV, 4, 318–19.
• established in Aragon, 4, 319, 330.
• opposition to, in Aragon, 4, 319, 328–9.
• opposition to, in Sicily, 4, 319–20.
• judges of, cannot be Marranos, 4, 321.
• rigors of, modified by Sixtus IV, 4, 322.
• confined at first to the southern part of the country, 4, 323.
• description of, by Samuel Usque, 4, 324–5.
• tribunals of, established by Torquemada, 4, 325.
• in Ferdinand’s hereditary lands, 4, 325–6.
• code of, by Torquemada, 4, 326–8.
• the introduction of, resisted by the northern provinces, 4, 332.
• increase of the victims of, 4, 332.
• established in Barcelona and Majorca, 4, 332.
• described by Isaac Arama, 4, 332.
• in Seville, 4, 335.
• turned against the enemies of the Jews, 4, 355.
• victims of, under Torquemada, 4, 356.
• evil effects of, 4, 356.
• described by Peter Martyr, 4, 484.
• Christian victims of, 4, 485.
• executes Marranos denounced by David Reubeni, 4, 511.
• Interest, the charging of, forbidden by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518. See under Usury.
• Intermarriages, between the heathen and the Israelites, 1, 56–7.
• between the Judæans and the Samaritans, 1, 361–2, 383.
• with Ammonites and Moabites prohibited, 1, 362.
• Ezra on, with the heathen, 1, 367–9.
• law against, expounded by Ezra, 1, 380.
• dissolved by Nehemiah, 1, 386.
• between Jews and Christians forbidden by Constantius, 2, 567.
• forbidden by the Council of Illiberis, 2, 620.
• in Gaul, 3, 36.
• between the Vangioni and Jewish women, 3, 41.
• in Spain in the sixth century, 3, 44.
• prohibited by the Council of Toledo and Reccared, 3, 46.
• between Jews and Arabs, 3, 56–7.
• supposed to be prevented by Jew badges, 3, 511.
• in Hungary, 3, 521.
• in southern Spain, 3, 527.
• denounced by Moses of Coucy, 3, 546.
• prohibited by the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.
• objected to by the Remonstrants, 4, 674.
• discussed by the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 491.
• discussed by the French Synhedrion, 5, 496–7.
• permitted in Mecklenburg, 5, 507.
• “Investigation into the Evidences of Christianity against Unbelievers,” by Caspar Bonnet, 5, 309.
• “Investigation of Religion, The,” by Elias del Medigo, 4, 293.
• “Investigation of Van Swieden’s Work in Reference to the Civil Rights of the Jews,” by Friedrichsfeld, 5, 454.
• Ionians, the, buy Judæans as slaves, 1, 227.
• Ipsus, battle of, 1, 417.
• Irak, name for Babylonia among the Arabs, 3, 89.
• divided in jurisdiction between Sora and Pumbeditha, 3, 98.
• See Babylonia.
• Isaac, ambassador from Simon II to Nahar-Pakod, 2, 443–4.
• Isaac, father of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, patron of men of letters, 3, 216, 224.
• Isaac, the Jew attached to Charlemagne’s embassy to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.
• Isaac. See Mar-Isaac.
• Isaac of Accho, Kabbalist, at the siege of Accho, 3, 650.
• suspicious of the authenticity of the Zohar, 4, 20.
• Isaac the Blind (1190–1210), founder of the Kabbala, doctrines and disciples of, 3, 547–8.
• Isaac the Elder. See Isaac ben Samuel.
• Isaac de Leon, last rabbi of Toledo, disciple of, 4, 392.
• Isaac of Mayence, repentant, apostate, 3, 303.
• Isaac of Salzuflen, refused the right of settlement in Hamburg, 4, 685–6.
• Isaac of Vienna, disciple of Judah Sir Leon, 3, 409.
• Isaac the Younger. See Isaac ben Abraham.
• Isaac ben Joseph, Palestinian Amora, banished from Judæa, 2, 567.
• Isaac ben Abba-Mari, Talmudist, 3, 399–400.
• Isaac ben Abraham (Rizba, the Younger), Tossafist, 3, 408.
• Isaac ben Abraham Akrish (1489–1575), Spanish exile, wanderings of, 4, 386.
• Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Ezra, accompanies his father on his journeys, 3, 369, 375.
• apostate to Islam, 3, 442.
• Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif (1220–1290), Kabbalist, system of, 4, 3–4.
• Isaac ben Abraham Troki (1533–1596), Karaite writer, antagonizes Christianity, 4, 648–9.
• Isaac ben Asher Halevi (Riba), of Speyer, Tossafist, 3, 345.
• Isaac ben Baruch Albalia (1035–1094), descent of, 3, 282.
• at Cordova and Granada, 3, 283.
• works of, 3, 283.
• escapes the massacre of Granada, 3, 283.
• as astronomer, 3, 283.
• chief of the Jews of Seville, 3, 283–4.
• hostility of, to Alfassi, 3, 313.
• descendant of, 3, 364.
• Isaac ben Eliakim, rabbi of Würzburg, martyr, 3, 354.
• Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi (Alkalaï, 1013–1103), Talmudist, disciple of Nissim and Chananel, 3, 282, 285.
• originality of, 3, 285–6.
• death of, 3, 309.
• elegies on, 3, 310, 323.
• makes Lucena famous, 3, 311.
• hostility of, to Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 313.
• disciples of, distinguished, 3, 314.
• successor of, 3, 315.
• college of, attended by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 322.
• commentaries of, annotated by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, 3, 389.
• commentary on the Talmudic work of, by Jonathan of Lünel, 3, 397.
• method of, followed by Nachmani, 3, 532.
• Talmudic decisions by, justified by Nachmani, 3, 532.
• Isaac ben Jacob Campanton (1360–1463), Talmudist, 4, 230.
• Isaac ben Jacob Halaban, Tossafist, 3, 421.
• Isaac ben Jehuda Ibn-Giat (1030–1089), poet, philosopher, Talmudist, 3, 282, 284.
• disciple of, 3, 314.
• Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil, author of a religious manual, 3, 587.
• Isaac ben Joseph Caro, escapes from Portugal, 4, 378.
• Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II, astronomer, 4, 51.
• Isaac (I) ben Judah Abrabanel (1437–1509), descent of, 4, 169, 337.
• friend of Yechiel of Pisa, 4, 286–7.
• collects a ransom for Jewish prisoners, 4, 287, 339.
• minister of finance to Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 336–7, 343.
• character and ability of, 4, 337.
• financier for Alfonso V of Portugal, 4, 337–8.
• noble and learned friends of, 4, 338, 341.
• instructs the Italian Jews how to receive the Portuguese embassy, 4, 340.
• family of, 4, 340, 360, 383–4, 408–10.
• flees to Toledo, 4, 341.
• as commentator, 4, 342–3.
• orthodoxy of, 4, 342.
• protects the Castilian Jews, 4, 343–4.
• tries to have the edict of banishment revoked, 4, 348.
• goes to Naples, 4, 359.
• commentary by, on the Books of Kings, 4, 359.
• employed by kings of Naples, 4, 359, 360.
• in Sicily, 4, 383–4.
• in Venice, 4, 385.
• consulted by the Venetian senate, 4, 385–6.
• old age of, 4, 386.
• censures the impure language of the German Jews, 4, 388–9.
• death of, 4, 409.
• condemns free thinkers, 4, 479.
• and Messianic expectations, 4, 482.
• Isaac ben Leon, a Granada Jew, supports Balkin, 3, 258.
• Isaac ben Meïr of Rameru, grandson of Rashi, Tossafist, 3, 345, 375.
• Isaac ben Mordecai (Maëstro Gayo), physician, 3, 628.
• Isaac ben Moses. See Profiat Duran.
• Isaac ben Moses Ibn-Sakni, given the title Gaon at Pumbeditha, 3, 282, 284–5.
• awakens interest in Talmud studies in Bagdad, 3, 429.
• Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni, Talmudist and liturgical poet, 3, 284.
• Isaac ben Samuel (Ri, the Elder), great-grandson of Rashi, Tossafist, completes Rashi’s commentary, 3, 403.
• college of, 3, 403–4.
• collects the “old Tossafoth,” 3, 404.
• son of, a martyr, 3, 404.
• forbids Jews to buy confiscated property, 3, 406–7.
• Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat (Ribash, 1310–1409), Talmudist, 4, 145–6, 148.
• disciple of Solomon ben Adret, 4, 147.
• opposed to the study of science, 4, 147.
• rigid piety of, 4, 147, 148, 149.
• rabbi of Saragossa, 4, 148.
• opposes Chayim ben Gallipapa’s innovations, 4, 149.
• authority of, 4, 149–50.
• imprisonment of, 4, 150.
• appealed to, in a dispute about the French chief rabbinate, 4, 150, 153.
• chief rabbi of Tlemçen, 4, 198–9.
• protects Marrano fugitives, 4, 199.
• attacked by Simon Duran, 4, 199.
• Isaac ben Simeon, a Spanish Jew, has the Jewish prayers compiled, 3, 178.
• Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I (845–940), physician, medical author, and philosopher, 3, 180–1.
• admiration of, for Saadiah, 3, 192.
• influence of, on Jewish science in the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 211.
• Isaac ben Todros, Kabbalist, disciple of, 4, 74.
• Isaac Ibn-Albalia. See Isaac ben Baruch Albalia.
• Isaac Ibn-G’ikatilia, disciple of Menachem ben Saruk, defends him, 3, 227.
• poet, 3, 237.
• teacher of Ibn-Janach, 3, 261.
• Isaac Ibn-Sahal, teacher of Ibn-Janach, 3, 261.
• Isaac (Zag) Ibn-Said, compiler of the Alfonsine Tables, 4, 367.
• Isaac Ibn-Sakni. See Isaac ben Moses Ibn-Sakni.
• Isaac Ibn-Zachin, commits suicide to avoid baptism, 4, 376.
• Isaac (I) Abrabanel. See Isaac (I) ben Judah Abrabanel.
• Isaac (II) Abrabanel, son of Isaac ben Judah, physician, 4, 340, 385.
• Isaac (III) Abrabanel, son of Judah Leon, baptized, 4, 361.
• Isaac Albalag, philosopher, mysticism of, 4, 24.
• accused of heresy, 4, 342.
• Isaac Arama, on the Inquisition, 4, 332.
• Isaac Benveniste, physician, tries to prevent anti-Jewish legislation, 3, 508.
• has delegates sent to the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.
• tries to have the decree on Jew badges repealed, 3, 513.
• honored by Honorius III, 3, 515.
• Isaac Bonastruc, has a tax imposed on Marrano fugitives, 4, 199.
• Isaac Cohen Shalal, Nagid of Egypt, wealth and learning of, 4, 392.
• in Jerusalem, 4, 398.
• Isaac Halevi, of Worms, on Rashi, 3, 287.
• Isaac Hamon. See Hamon, Isaac.
• Isaac Israeli I. See Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I.
• Isaac Israeli II. See Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II.
• Isaac Lurya Levi (1534–1572), descent and youth of, 4, 618.
• under the influence of the Zohar, 4, 618–19.
• evolves a system from the Zohar, 4, 619–22.
• considers himself the Messiah of the branch of Joseph, 4, 622, 624.
• goes to Safet, 4, 622.
• glorified by Chayim Vital Calabrese, 4, 623–4.
• disciples of, 4, 624.
• glorified after death, 4, 624–5.
• principles of, taught in Italy, 4, 625.
• harm done by, 4, 625–7; 5, 559.
• lays stress on devotion in prayer, 4, 626.
• the Sabbath in the system of, 4, 626.
• introduces a second Day of Atonement, 4, 626.
• influence of, on the Judaism of the seventeenth century, 5, 51–2.
• disciples of, spread his Kabbala, 5, 52.
• manuscripts by, 5, 53–4.
• Kabbala of, accepted by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 118, 119.
• Messianic speculations in the works of, 5, 120–1.
• works of, studied by Chelebi, 5, 125.
• Jerusalem Jews adherents of, 5, 125.
• writings of, influence Luzzatto, 5, 236.
• prayer book of, used by the Chassidim, 5, 386–7.
• Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, polemic works by, 4, 234.
• Bible concordance by, 4, 234–5.
• Isaac Pulgar, refutes the charges of Alfonso Burgensis, 4, 82.
• philosopher, 4, 91.
• Isaac Sanjari, converts Bulan to Judaism, 3, 140.
• Isaac Triest, Jewish advocate before Maximilian I, 4, 436–7.
• Isaac Tyrnau, compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.
• orthodoxy of, 4, 227.
• Isaac Zarfati, urges the German Jews to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–3.
• Isaacs, the five, 3, 282.
• Isabella I, the Catholic, of Castile, candidate for the throne, 4, 279.
• marriage of, 4, 280.
• accession of, 4, 284.
• superstition of, 4, 310.
• hesitates to sanction the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 311.
• attitude of, towards the Marranos, 4, 311–12.
• annoyed by opposition to the Inquisition, 4, 320.
• See also Ferdinand and Isabella.
• Isabella II, of Castile, daughter of the preceding, to marry Manoel of Portugal, 4, 373.
• hostile to the Jews, 4, 373, 379–80.
• demands the banishment of the Jews, 4, 374.
• cruelty of, 4, 376.
• death of, 4, 381.
• Isabelle, countess of Chartres, persecutes the Jews of Blois, 3, 379.
• Isaiah, the Babylonian, prophet, describes the suffering of the exiles, 1, 344.
• oratory of, 1, 344–5.
• consolation given by, 1, 345–6.
• describes Israel as the apostle to the nations, 1, 346–7.
• prophesies the fall of Babylon, 1, 347–8.
• Isaiah, son of Amoz, prophet, prophecies of, 1, 251–3.
• wife of, 1, 251.
• disciples of, 1, 253–4, 279. See Anavim, the.
• warns Ahaz against the Assyrian alliance, 1, 258–9.
• advises neutrality between Egypt and Assyria, 1, 270.
• reproves Shebna, 1, 271.
• predicts the doom of Assyria, 1, 272–3.
• predicts Sennacherib’s failure, 1, 273, 276.
• exhorts Hezekiah not to surrender, 1, 275.
• reproves Hezekiah for his reception of Merodach-baladan’s embassy, 1, 279.
• in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.
• Isaiah, the Book of, reading of, forbidden by Justinian I, 3, 15.
• commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373.
• Isaiah ben Abba-Mari, authorized to ordain disciples in France, 4, 152.
• relieves Jochanan of his office as chief rabbi, 4, 152, 162.
• appoints his relations to the French rabbinates, 4, 153.
• Isaiah Chassid, Sabbatian leader, 5, 213, 229.
• Isambert, French deputy, charges Ratti Menton with cruelty, 5, 650.
• Isavites, adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 125.
• Iscion, Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.
• Isebab, teacher of the Law, clerk of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• charitably inclined, 2, 405.
• martyr, 2, 429.
• Ishbi of Gath, Philistine champion, 1, 117.
• Ishbosheth, son of Saul, made king of the Ten Tribes by Abner, 1, 108.
• peaceable disposition of, 1, 109.
• deserted by Abner, 1, 110.
• mourns Abner, 1, 112.
• death of, 1, 112.
• Ishmael, ancestor of the northern Arabs, 3, 60.
• Ishmael II, high priest, appointed by Agrippa II, 2, 246.
• envoy to Nero, 2, 248.
• Ishmael of Akbara, founds a Karaite sect, 3, 157.
• Ishmael ben Elisha, teacher of the Law, opponent of Akiba’s system, 2, 355–6.
• martyr, 2, 356, 427–8.
• praises Simon ben Nanos, 2, 358.
• nephew of, 2, 370.
• deprecates Minæan influence on Judaism, 2, 378.
• emigrates to Usha, 2, 405.
• at Lydda, 2, 423.
• counsels religious laxness as a measure of self-preservation, 2, 424.
• Meïr disciple of, 2, 436.
• method of, in southern Judæa, 2, 442.
• Ishmael ben José (ben Chalafta), teacher of the Law, ill-treated by the Samaritans, 2, 457–8.
• denounces Jewish freebooters to the Romans, 2, 464–5.
• denounced, 2, 465.
• Ishmael Ibn-Nagrela. See Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.
• Ishmael, son of Nethaniah, protected by Baalis of Ammon, 1, 317–18.
• treacherous to Gedaliah, 1, 321–2.
• kills Gedaliah, 1, 322.
• takes refuge with the Ammonites, 1, 322–3.
• end of, unknown, 1, 325.
• Ishmael Almansur Ibnul’Kaim, Fatimide caliph, patron of Dunash ben Tamim, 3, 211.
• Ishmael Chanina, rabbi of Bologna, steadfastness of, 4, 591.
• Ishmaelites, the northern Arabians, 3, 61.
• Isidore, archbishop of Seville, presides over the Council of Toledo, 3, 49.
• writes two books against the Jews, 3, 50.
• Isidorus, an Alexandrian actuary, hostile to the Judæans, 2, 181.
• envoy of the Greek Alexandrians to Caligula, 2, 186.
• Isis, Egyptian goddess, 1, 9.
• Islam, the faith of Mahomet, 3, 71.
• intolerance of, 3, 87–8.
• divided on the election of the fourth caliph, 3, 90.
• among the Chazars, 3, 139.
• champion of, tries to convert Bulan, 3, 139–40.
• philosophy of, called Kalâm, 3, 146–9.
• theology affects the Jews of the East, 3, 148.
• objections of, to Judaism, answered by Saadiah, 3, 198.
• conversion to, decreed by Hakim, 3, 247.
• contest of, with Christianity, 3, 297.
• characterized by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 329, 330.
• characterized as idolatry by a Jewish writer, 3, 453.
• See also Conversions, forced, of Jews to Islam.
• Isle de France, the inheritance of the kings of France, 3, 401.
• Jews banished from, by Philip Augustus, 3, 402–3.
• the Jews of, not permitted to move to Champagne, 3, 406.
• Isny, Hebrew printing house at, 4, 474.
• Ispahan, Armenian Jews colonized in, 2, 591.
• called Jehudia, 2, 591.
• Ispahan, the Jews of, persecuted by Firuz, 2, 629.
• adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 124.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 434.
• Ispahanites, adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 125.
• Israel (Ten Tribes), the house of, renounces allegiance to David, 1, 140.
• revolts from David, 1, 148–50.
• dislike of, to Judah under Solomon, 1, 174.
• Israel (Ten Tribes), the kingdom of, first indications of, 1, 109.
• founded by Jeroboam, 1, 183.
• subjects of, worship at Jerusalem, 1, 185.
• idolatry introduced into, by Jeroboam, 1, 185–7.
• loyalty to monotheism in, under Ahab, 1, 198–9.
• luxury in, 1, 232.
• immorality in, under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.
• idolatry in, under Menahem, 1, 244, 247.
• invaded by Pul, 1, 246–7.
• power of, under Menahem, 1, 247.
• invaded by Tiglath-Pileser II, 1, 259–60.
• inhabitants of, carried to Assyria, 1, 260.
• debauchery of the nobles of, under Hoshea, 1, 262–3.
• end of, 1, 264–5.
• See also Samaria, etc.
• Israel (Ten Tribes), the kings of, list of:
• Ahab,
• Ahaziah,
• Baasha,
• Elah,
• Hoshea,
• Jehoahaz,
• Jehoash,
• Jehoram (Joram),
• Jehu,
• Jeroboam I,
• Jeroboam II,
• Menahem,
• Nadab,
• Omri,
• Pekah,
• Pekahiah,
• Shallum,
• Tibni,
• Zechariah,
• Zimri.
• Israel (whole nation), history of, by Baruch, 1, 336–7.
• See under Israelites, the.
• Israel, Young, under Hegel’s influence, 5, 585.
• Israel of Enns, charged with host desecration, 4, 223.
• Israel of Kozieniza, leader of the Chassidim, 5, 393.
• Israel of Miedziboz (Baal Shem, Besht, 1698–1759), founder of the new Chassidism, 5, 375.
• early life of, 5, 376.
• intense devoutness of, 5, 376–7.
• visions of, 5, 377.
• occupation of, 5, 378.
• miracles done by, 5, 378.
• followers of, 5, 378–9.
• successor of, 5, 379.
• introduces pilgrimages, 5, 380.
• sayings by, 5, 393.
• Israel Bruna (1400–1480), rabbi of Ratisbon, 4, 300, 302.
• calumniated by an apostate, 4, 302, 303.
• misfortunes of, 4, 302.
• opposition to, in Ratisbon, 4, 302–3.
• imprisoned, 4, 303.
• protected by Frederick III, 4, 303–4.
• released, 4, 304.
• Israel Isserlein, defends Israel Bruna, 4, 302.
• death of, 4, 303.
• Israel Najara, Damascus poet, 4, 609.
• Israel Saruk, teaches Lurya’s principles in Italy, 4, 625.
• Israel Zamosc, teaches Mendelssohn, 5, 295.
• Israel, Abraham. See Abraham Israel.
• Israeli I. See Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I.
• Israeli II. See Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II.
• Israelites, the (whole nation), entry of, into the Holy Land, 1, 1, 32.
• claim Canaan, 1, 4–5.
• in Egypt, 1, 7–18.
• influenced by the Egyptians, 1, 8–9, 10.
• Egyptian bondmen, 1, 11.
• degenerate in slavery, 1, 11–12.
• liberation of, 1, 16–18.
• pass through the Red Sea, 1, 18–19.
• at Mount Sinai, 1, 20–1.
• influence of the Sinaitic revelation on, 1, 22.
• worship idols in the desert, 1, 23–4.
• wanderings of, in the desert, 1, 25–31.
• elect judges in the desert, 1, 26.
• wars of, in the desert, 1, 26–9.
• opposed by the Idumæans, 1, 27.
• defeat Sihon, 1, 27.
• practice idolatry at Baal-Peor, 1, 28.
• cross the Jordan, 1, 31.
• defeated at Ai, 1, 33.
• defeat the five kings of Canaan, 1, 34–5.
• conquest of Canaan by, 1, 39–40.
• and the heathen practices of the Canaanites, 1, 51, 57–9.
• relation of, to the neighboring nations, 1, 53–9.
• intermarriages of, with the heathen, 1, 56–7.
• oppressed by the Moabites, 1, 60.
• oppressed by the Philistines, 1, 61.
• oppressed by Jabin, 1, 61.
• oppressed by the Midianites, 1, 61–3.
• attacked by the Philistines, 1, 70–2.
• idolatry of, under Samuel, 1, 75.
• warfare of, with the Philistines and Ammonites, 1, 80.
• demand a king, 1, 80.
• choose a king, 1, 82–3.
• condition of, at the beginning of Saul’s reign, 1, 84.
• defeat the Philistines at Michmash, 1, 86–9.
• defeat the Amalekites, 1, 91–2.
• wage war with Achish, 1, 102–4.
• divided into two kingdoms, 1, 109.
• David king of, 1, 112.
• wage war with the Philistines, 1, 115–18.
• champions of, in the Philistine war, 1, 117.
• at war with Moabites, Ammonites, etc., 1, 125–9.
• enlargement of the territory of, 1, 129–30.
• See also Jews, the; Judæans, the.
• Israelites, the (whole nation), the kings of, list of:
• David,
• Rehoboam,
• Saul,
• Solomon.
• “Israelitische Allianz,” founders and object of, 5, 703.
• “Israel’s Hope,” by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 31–2, 33.
• Issachar, the tribe of, acquires pasture land in the north, 1, 36–7.
• relation of, to the Phœnicians, 1, 53.
• Isserlein, Israel. See Israel Isserlein.
• Isserles. See Moses ben Israel Isserles.
• Issor, a proselyte of Machuza, 2, 587–8.
• Italy, loses its importance, 2, 560.
• a province of the Byzantine Empire, 3, 32.
• under the Lombards, 3, 33.
• Talmud scholars of, in the tenth century, 3, 212.
• French exiles settle in, 4, 177.
• Austrian exiles settle in, 4, 224.
• tolerance in, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.
• German rabbis in, hostile to philosophy, 4, 293.
• Marranos flee to, 4, 318, 485.
• Spanish exiles go to, 4, 352, 407–10.
• ships of, carry Spanish exiles, 4, 358.
• Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.
• Spanish exiles leaders in, 4, 389.
• professorships for Hebrew instituted in, 4, 471.
• Jewish fugitives in, gather in national groups, 4, 478.
• the Kabbala in, 4, 481; 5, 488.
• liberty of, defended by Clement VII, 4, 492.
• Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.
• rabbis of, Poles, 5, 206.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 209.
• congregations of, present addresses to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.
• rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• attitude of, towards the Damascus affair, 5, 650.
• See also under Rome.
• Italy, the Jews of, in the fifth and sixth centuries, 3, 27–34.
• governed by the decrees of Theodosius I, 3, 29–30.
• and Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.
• under Theodoric, 3, 29–30.
• Cassiodorus on, 3, 31.
• support Theodatus, 3, 31–2.
• under the Byzantine rule, 3, 32.
• under the Lombards, 3, 33.
• under Pope Gregory I, 3, 33–4.
• devoted to the Agada in the ninth century, 3, 160.
• banishment of, decreed by Louis II, 3, 174.
• yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, 3, 236.
• uncultured in the eleventh century, 3, 290.
• political position of, favorable, 3, 290.
• culture of, before Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 369.
• taught the importance of Hebrew grammar, 3, 371.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 421–4.
• not interested in Talmud study, 3, 421.
• favorable condition of, under Alexander III, 3, 421.
• speak four languages, 3, 423.
• influence of Abraham Ibn-Ezra on, 3, 423.
• address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, 3, 620.
• in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 624.
• refuse to support Solomon Petit, 3, 627–8.
• political condition of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 628.
• influenced by Maimonides’ philosophical works, 3, 629–30.
• culture of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 59.
• Maimonides’ works translated for, 4, 60.
• distress of, during Vincent Ferrer’s crusade, 4, 218.
• delegates of, wait on Martin V, 4, 219.
• poetry of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 230.
• Eugenius IV’s bull against, 4, 251.
• Nicholas V’s bull against, 4, 253.
• Nicholas V abolishes the privileges of, 4, 254.
• privileges of, as financiers, 4, 286.
• as physicians, 4, 287.
• on friendly terms with Christians, 4, 287–8.
• culture of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 289.
• as printers, 4, 289.
• participate in the renaissance, 4, 289, 290.
• influence of German immigrants on, 4, 294.
• the clergy arouses ill-will against, 4, 295–6.
• Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against, 4, 296.
• instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, 4, 340.
• popes friendly to, 4, 407.
• joined by numerous exiles, 4, 408.
• ruled over by the immigrants, 4, 408.
• adherents of Asher Lämmlein, 4, 485.
• submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.
• suffer from the Catholic reaction, 4, 653–5.
• under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, 4, 654.
• conversion of, planned by Gregory XIII, 4, 654–5.
• bribe the censors, 4, 659.
• poor, 5, 205.
• emancipated by the French, 5, 459.
• send deputies to the Assembly of Notables, 5, 482, 488.
• emancipation of, nullified by Pius VII, 5, 518.
• address the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 5, 527.
• influenced by the moderate Reform movement, 5, 582–3.
• See also under Franks, the, the empire of, the Jews of; Rome, the Jews of.
• Italy, Lower, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.
• Italy, northern, the Jews of, number of, 3, 423–4.
• Italy, southern, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 421–4.
• driven away by the Catholic reaction, 4, 653.
• Itil (Atel). See Volga, the.
• Itil (Atel), capital of the Chazars, captured, 3, 222.
• Ittai, commander of mercenary troops under David, 1, 137.
• faithful to David in the war with Absalom, 1, 141.
• commander at Mahanaim, 1, 144.
• Ittur, Talmudic work by Isaac ben Abba-Mari, 3, 400.
• Ituræa, conquest of, planned by John Hyrcanus, 2, 13.
• Ituræans, the, converted by Aristobulus I, 2, 37.
• Itzig, Daniel, connected by marriage with Friedländer, 5, 397.
• daughter of, 5, 413.
• representative of the Berlin Jewish community, 5, 415.
• Itzig, Fanny, holds a salon in Vienna, 5, 413–14.
• Itzig, Itzig Daniel, director of the Berlin Free School, 5, 416.
• Ivan IV, of Russia, candidate for the Polish throne, 4, 603.
• refuses to permit Jews to trade in Russia, 4, 633.
• Izates, prince of Adiabene, converted to Judaism, 2, 216.
• accession of, 2, 216–17.
• arbitrator in Parthia, 2, 217.
• war of, with Abia of Arabia, 2, 217–18.
• sons of, study Hebrew, 2, 218.
• death of, 2, 218–19.
• relatives of, aid Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.
• J
• Jaabez, Joseph. See Joseph Jaabez.
• Jaazer, fortress taken by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.
• Jabbok, the, river, description of, 1, 46.
• Jabesh-Gilead, besieged by the Ammonites, 1, 89–90.
• the inhabitants of, bury Saul and Jonathan, 1, 104, 107.
• Jabez. See Emden, Jacob.
• Jabin, Canaanite king, oppresses the Israelites, 1, 61.
• Jabin, king of Hazor, defeated by Joshua, 1, 37.
• Jabne. See Jamnia.
• Jabustrissa, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Jacob, another name for the tribe of Judah, 1, 76.
• Jacob, brother of Jesus. See James.
• Jacob, the patriarch, buys land near Shechem, 1, 4.
• Jacob, Syrian priest, incites a crusade against the Damascus Jews, 5, 662.
• Jacob of Belzyce, controversialist, 4, 648.
• Jacob of Kephar Samia, a Jewish Christian, 2, 370.
• Jacob of London, Talmudist, chief rabbi of England, 3, 504.
• Jacob the Minæan, physician, defends the dogma of the Ascension, 2, 539.
• Jacob of Navarre, shelters a Marrano, 4, 357–8.
• Jacob of Orleans, Tossafist, founds a school in London, 3, 409.
• commits suicide, 3, 411.
• Jacob de Perpignan, permitted to remain in Bordeaux, 5, 344.
• Jacob of Segovia, Kabbalist, 4, 2.
• Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon Anatoli (1200–1250), Maimunist, at the court of Frederick II, 3, 566.
• as a translator, 3, 566, 567.
• public discourses of, 3, 566.
• influences Italian Jewish culture, 3, 629.
• attacked by the anti-Maimunists, 4, 32, 39, 40, 41.
• Jacob ben Asheri (Baal ha-Turim, 1280–1340), Talmudist, piety of, 4, 87–8.
• poverty and disinterestedness of, 4, 88.
• religious code of, 4, 88–90, 537, 539.
• See also Turim.
• Jacob ben Eleazar, messenger to the Chazars, 3, 220.
• Jacob ben Machir Tibbon (Profiat, 1236–1312), scientist, attainments of, 4, 30–1.
• chief of the enlightened party, 4, 31.
• appeals to Solomon ben Adret, 4, 33.
• excommunicates the opponents of science, 4, 40–2.
• Jacob ben Meshullam, the Nazarite, first promoter of the Kabbala, 3, 396.
• Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi (Maharil, 1365–1427), compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 135.
• orders a fast during the Hussite wars, 4, 225–6.
• rigid orthodoxy of, 4, 227.
• Jacob ben Nathaniel Ibn-Alfayumi, Talmudist of Yemen, 3, 436.
• appeals to Maimonides, 3, 462, 464.
• Jacob ben Natronaï, Gaon of Sora, 3, 184, 185, 186.
• Jacob ben Nissim Ibn-Shahin, disciple of Chushiel, Talmudist, 3, 211.
• elicits Sherira’s “Letter,” 3, 233.
• disciple of, 3, 252.
• Jacob ben Samuel, disciple of Saadiah, defends him, 3, 204.
• Karaite reply to, 3, 204–5, 206.
• Jacob ben Sheshet Gerundi (1243–1246), Kabbalist, 3, 556.
• Jacob ben Sosa, Idumæan leader, helps the Zealots, 2, 295, 301.
• Jacob ben Yechiel Loans, physician to Emperor Frederick III, 4, 413.
• favored by Maximilian I, 4, 414.
• teacher of Reuchlin, 4, 433.
• Jacob Ibn-Chabib, scholar, 4, 405.
• Jacob Ibn-Ezra, father of the poet Moses, official under Habus, 3, 319.
• Jacob Ibn-Jau, supports Joseph Ibn-Abitur, 3, 238, 240.
• chief judge of the Andalusian Jews, 3, 239.
• loses his power, 3, 240–1.
• death of, 3, 241.
• Jacob Ibn-Nuñez, physician to Henry IV of Castile, 4, 275.
• Jacob, son of Judas the Galilean, insurrectionary leader, crucified, 2, 199.
• Jacob, son of Zebedee, disciple of Jesus, 2, 153.
• Jacob Abbassi, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 4, 60.
• Jacob Abi-Ayub, physician, executed on a charge of murder, 4, 553.
• Jacob Almansur, Almohade leader, at war with Alfonso VIII, 3, 386–7.
• Jacob Berab (1474–1541), Spanish exile, rabbi of Fez, 4, 390.
• in Egypt, 4, 393.
• Talmudist, 4, 418.
• tries to re-introduce the Semichah, 4, 531–2.
• and Levi ben Chabib, 4, 533–4, 536.
• reason adduced by, for the revival of ordination, 4, 535.
• forced to leave Palestine, 4, 535.
• ordains four Talmudists, 4, 535–6.
• death of, 4, 536.
• Jacob Emden. See Emden, Jacob.
• Jacob Jehuda Leon. See Leon.
• Jacob Joshua Falk. See Falk, Jacob Joshua.
• Jacob Mantin. See Mantin, Jacob.
• Jacob Pascate, supposed well poisoner, 4, 102.
• Jacob Perpignano (1170), head of the Marseilles Jewish community, 3, 400.
• Jacob Polak (1460–1530), Talmudist, alleged originator of the Pilpul, 4, 418.
• Jacob Querido, supposed son of Sabbataï Zevi, reverenced by the Sabbatians, 5, 209.
• declared the Messiah, 5, 210.
• profligacy of, 5, 210.
• accepts Islam, 5, 211.
• death of, 5, 211.
• son of, 5, 211.
• prayers addressed to, 5, 274.
• Jacob Tam of Rameru (1100–1171), Tossafist, respected by the king of France, 3, 343.
• grandson of Rashi, 3, 345.
• attacked by crusaders, 3, 355.
• poem by, on Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373, 376.
• character and life of, 3, 375–6.
• as a grammarian, 3, 376.
• presides over rabbinical synods, 3, 376–8.
• orders mourning for the Jews of Blois, 3, 380–1.
• death of, 3, 381.
• disciples of, in England, 3, 409.
• ancestor of the Ibn-Yachya family, 4, 609.
• Jacob Tus, translates the Pentateuch into Persian, 4, 401.
• Jacob Weil. See Weil, Jacob.
• Jacobacio, cardinal, on the commission to examine Paul III’s Inquisition bull, 4, 520.
• Jacobi, accuses Lessing of Spinozism, 5, 372.
• Jacobson, Israel (1769–1828), procures the abolition of the poll-tax in Brunswick Lüneburg, 5, 467.
• character of, 5, 500–1.
• commemorates the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 501.
• effects consistorial organization in Westphalia, 5, 501–2.
• president of the consistory, 5, 501, 502.
• foolhardiness of, 5, 502.
• desires reforms, 5, 502.
• influence of Heine on, 5, 546.
• the reforms of, 5, 561–2.
• private synagogue of, in Berlin, 5, 562–3.
• delivers German sermons, 5, 563.
• party of, 5, 568.
• aids the Hamburg Temple, 5, 568.
• enlists the aid of Libermann, 5, 568, 571.
• disciples of the school of, 5, 578, 595.
• and Mannheimer, 5, 580.
• advises the Society for Culture, 5, 583.
• Jacoby, Joel, author of the “Plaints of a Jew,” 5, 631, 632.
• Jacopo, Flavio, poet, 4, 610.
• Jaddua, high priest, and Alexander the Great, 1, 413.
• Jael, Kenite woman, murders Sisera, 1, 61.
• Jaen, home of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut’s ancestors, 3, 216.
• the Jews of, captives, 4, 126.
• Inquisition tribunals in, 4, 325.
• the Marranos of, flee, 4, 351.
• Jafa, Mordecai. See Mordecai Jafa.
• Jaffa, Marcus Schlesinger, only Jew permitted in Venice, 5, 172.
• Jaffa. See Joppa.
• Jager, Johann. See Rubianus, Crotus.
• Jahaz, the Israelites victorious at, 1, 27.
• Jakim. See Alcimus.
• James (Jacob), brother of Jesus, 2, 148.
• leader of the Law-abiding Nazarenes, 2, 169, 222.
• rebukes Peter, 2, 231.
• Jamnia (Jabne), conquered by Uzziah, 1, 231.
• occupied by Gorgias, 1, 476.
• revenue from, given to Salome, 2, 120.
• possession of the Roman emperors, 2, 324.
• school established at, 2, 324–5, 334–5.
• Simon II at, 2, 434.
• Jamnia, the Synhedrion of. See Synhedrion, the, of Jamnia.
• Jampol, the blood accusation at, 5, 279.
• Jannaï, disciple of Judah I, on the relation between the Jews and Romans, 2, 469.
• permits the cultivation of the land in the Sabbatical year, 2, 469.
• adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.
• Jannaï, neo-Hebraic poet, introduces rhyme, 3, 116.
• poems of, versified Agadas, 3, 116.
• disciple of, 3, 116.
• Janow, Hirsch (1750–1785), rabbi of Posen, opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 330.
• acuteness and godliness of, 5, 330–1.
• Japha (Japhia), taken by Vespasian, 2, 287.
• Japhet ben Elia, Talmudist, 3, 427.
• Jarmuk, the, description of, 1, 46.
• Jarmuth, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.
• Jaroslav, Aaron, assists in Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.
• Jaroslaw, meeting place of the Polish Talmudists, 4, 640, 644; 5, 3.
• Jason, brother and son of high priests, Hellenist, 1, 435.
• representative of Onias III, 1, 439.
• buys the high priesthood, 1, 444.
• introduces games and gymnasia into Judæa, 1, 444–6.
• sends ambassadors to Olympian games, 1, 446.
• deposed by Antiochus IV, 1, 446–7.
• takes refuge with Aretas, 1, 447.
• enters Jerusalem with troops, 1, 451.
• death of, 1, 480–1.
• Jason, son of Eleazar, Judæan envoy to Rome, 1, 486.
• Jatape, daughter of Samsigeramus, wife of Aristobulus, 2, 195.
• Jayme I, of Aragon, recommends Isaac Benveniste to the pope, 3, 515.
• exhorted not to employ Jews as diplomats, 3, 515.
• employs a Jewish physician, 3, 536.
• considers the Jews “servi cameræ,” 3, 596–7.
• under the influence of Raymond de Penyaforte, 3, 597; 4, 77.
• invites Nachmani to a disputation, 3, 598.
• expresses admiration for Nachmani, 3, 601.
• appoints censors for the Talmud, 3, 602–3.
• tries Nachmani on the charge of blasphemy, 3, 604.
• reprimanded by Clement IV, 3, 605.
• Jean d’Acre. See Accho.
• Jean de Vendières. See John of Gorze.
• Jebilé, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.
• Jebirol. See Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.
• Jebus. See Jerusalem.
• Jebusites, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.
• compact of, with Judah, 1, 38.
• hold territory in the center of Palestine, 1, 51.
• barrier between Ephraim and Judah, 1, 77.
• subdued by David, 1, 113–14.
• occupy Mount Moriah, 1, 119.
• suffer under David, 1, 131.
• declared bondmen by Solomon, 1, 163.
• Jeconiah. See Jehoiachin.
• Jedidiah, name of Solomon, 1, 133.
• Jeduthun, psalmist, 1, 79, 120–1.
• Jehoahaz, son of Jehu, king of Israel, at war with Syria, 1, 221.
• Jehoahaz (Shallum), son of Josiah, king of Judah, deposed by Necho, 1, 298–9.
• Jehoash, king of Judah. See Joash.
• Jehoash (Joash), son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, defeats Ben-hadad III, 1, 221–2.
• shows respect for the Law, 1, 223.
• reinstates the Shunamite, 1, 223–4.
• takes Amaziah of Judah prisoner, 1, 224–5.
• ransacks Jerusalem, 1, 225.
• death of, 1, 225.
• Jehoiachin (Jeconiah, Coniah), son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, opposes Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306, 307.
• practices idolatry, 1, 306.
• exiled to Babylonia, 1, 307.
• distinguished by Evil-Merodach, 1, 331.
• son of, 1, 342.
• grandson of, 1, 351.
• Jehoiada, high priest, loyal to the house of David, 1, 214, 215.
• anoints Joash king, 1, 215–16.
• removes Baal-worship from Jerusalem, 1, 216–17.
• raises the position of the high priest, 1, 219–20.
• death of, 1, 220.
• Jehoiakim (Eliakim), son of Josiah, king of Judah, pays tribute to Necho, 1, 299.
• idolatry and immorality under, 1, 299–300.
• slays Uriah, the prophet, 1, 301.
• refuses allegiance to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304.
• orders Jeremiah to be killed, 1, 305.
• vassal of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.
• rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.
• death of, 1, 307.
• Jehoiakim, high priest, leader of the Judæan community after the exile, 1, 360, 362.
• Jehoram (Joram), son of Ahab, king of Israel, accession of, 1, 207.
• at war with Moab, 1, 208–9.
• at war with Hazael of Damascus, 1, 210.
• killed by Jehu, 1, 210–11.
• Jehoram, son of Jehoshaphat. See Joram.
• Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, ally of Ahab, 1, 206.
• at war with Ben-hadad II, 1, 206.
• at war with Mesa, 1, 209.
• death of, 1, 209.
• Jehoshebah, daughter of Joram of Judah, saves Joash from Athaliah, 1, 213.
• wife of Jehoiada, raises Joash in the Temple, 1, 215–16.
• Jehozabad, a noble of Judah, kills Joash, 1, 221.
• anointed, 1, 210.
• kills Jehoram of Israel and Ahab’s other descendants, 1, 211–12.
• homage paid to, 1, 212.
• exterminates Baal-worship in Israel, 1, 212.
• loses territory, 1, 220–1.
• favorite character with the Puritans, 5, 26.
• Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar, bears the title prince, 3, 385.
• physician to Ferdinand III of Castile, 3, 537.
• anti-Maimunist, 3, 540–1.
• censured, 3, 544.
• Jehuda ben Asher I (1284–1349), Talmudist, piety of, 4, 87–8.
• rabbi of Toledo, authority of, 4, 90.
• disciple and successor of, 4, 145.
• Jehuda ben Asher II, great-grandson of Asheri, martyr, 4, 170.
• Jehuda ben David Melun, at the disputation with Donin, 3, 576, 578.
• Jehuda ben Elia Hadassi, Karaite writer, 3, 362–3.
• Jehuda ben Isaac ben Sabbataï, satirist, 3, 559–60.
• Jehuda ben Isaac Ibn-Wakar, treasurer to the regent of Castile, 4, 52.
• piety and severity of, 4, 53.
• Jehuda ben Meïr (Leon, Leontin), founder of the scientific study of the Talmud, 3, 242.
• teacher of Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 242, 243.
• Jehuda ben Moses ben Daniel (Leone Romano, 1292), Italian Jewish scholar, 4, 60, 68–9.
• teacher of Robert of Naples, 4, 68.
• as translator, 4, 69.
• Jehuda ben Nathan (Riban), son-in-law of Rashi, Tossafist, 3, 345.
• Jehuda ben Shamua, petitions Turnus Rufus, 2, 432.
• Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi. See Jehuda Halevi.
• Jehuda ben Solomon Cohen Ibn-Matka (1247), Jewish scholar in correspondence with Frederick II, 3, 565–6.
• Jehuda Ibn-Abbas, poet, 3, 318, 426.
• the son of, 3, 442.
• Jehuda Ibn-Balam (1070–1100), grammarian, 3, 290.
• Jehuda Ibn-Daud (Ibn-Zachariah Yachya Chayuj), defends Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 227.
• recognizes the triliteral root in Hebrew, 3, 237.
• teacher of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 255.
• compared with Ibn-Janach, 3, 262.
• grammatical work of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 371.
• Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, commander of Calatrava, protects the Jews against the Almohades, 3, 361–2.
• steward of the imperial palace, 3, 362.
• persecutes the Karaites, 3, 362–3.
• Jehuda Alcharisi, on Abu Ayub, 3, 312.
• on the Jews of Barcelona, 3, 387–8.
• on Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï Halevi, 3, 388.
• translates Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 3, 492; 4, 60.
• satirist, 3, 559.
• in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.
• Jehuda Halevi (Abulhassan Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi, 1086–1142), writes an elegy on Isaac Alfassi, 3, 310, 323.
• elegy by, on Solomon Ibn-Farussal, 3, 313.
• eulogizes Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash, 3, 315, 322, 323.
• on Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 321.
• importance of, as a poet, 3, 321–2; 4, 67; 5, 112.
• character of, 3, 322.
• student at Lucena, 3, 322.
• early poems of, 3, 322.
• friendship of, with Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 323.
• love poems by, 3, 323.
• attainments and occupations of, 3, 323–4.
• theory of, on poetry, 3, 324.
• nature descriptions by, 3, 325.
• religious poems by, 3, 325.
• the national poetry of, 3, 325–6, 327–8.
• religious philosophical system of, 3, 326–7, 330–6.
• philosophical work by, 3, 327–36.
• on philosophy, Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, 3, 328–31.
• characterizes Judaism in detail, 3, 331–6.
• compares Talmudic Judaism and Karaism, 3, 334.
• view of, on Israel’s suffering, 3, 335–6.
• view of, on the Holy Land, 3, 336–7.
• longing of, for the Holy Land, 3, 338.
• sets out for Palestine, 3, 338–9.
• journey of, through Spain, 3, 339.
• at sea, 3, 339.
• at Alexandria, 3, 339–40.
• at Cairo, 3, 340–1.
• in Jerusalem, 3, 342.
• at Tyre and Damascus, 3, 342.
• death and epitaph of, 3, 342.
• and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 367.
• philosophical work of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.
• in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.
• compared with Luzzatto, 5, 233–4.
• glorified by Heine, 5, 555.
• time of, described by Samuel David Luzzatto, 5, 625.
• Jehuda Leb Krysa. See Krysa.
• Jehuda. See also under Judah; Judas.
• Jehudaï. See Judah the Blind.
• Jehudia, Ispahan, 2, 591.
• Jelal Addaulah, caliph of Bagdad, executes the last Gaon and Exilarch, 3, 254.
• Jena, the theological faculty of, permits Jews to live in Hamburg, 4, 687.
• battle of, 5, 495.
• Jenghis-Khan, the Jews of Germany accused of aiding, 3, 580–1.
• Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi (950–990), Karaite, controversialist, 3, 205–6.
• works, ability, and style of, 3, 206.
• poetry of, 3, 223.
• Jephthah, judge, defeats the Ammonites, 1, 64–5.
• humbles the Ephraimites, 1, 65.
• daughter of, 1, 66.
• Jeremiah, Palestinian Amora, 2, 560.
• Jeremiah (645 or 640–580 or 570), prophet, character of, 1, 289–90.
• style of the prophecies of, 1, 290–1.
• the first prophecy by, 1, 291.
• announces universal ruin, 1, 296.
• lamentation by, for Josiah, 1, 297.
• prophecies of, under Jehoiakim, 1, 301.
• danger of, 1, 302.
• saved by Ahikam, 1, 303.
• has his prophecy read in the Temple, 1, 304–5.
• ordered to be killed, 1, 305.
• protected by the princes, 1, 306.
• counsels submission to Babylonian rule, 1, 310.
• rôle of, during the siege, 1, 311–12.
• reproaches Zedekiah with perjury, 1, 312.
• imprisoned, 1, 312–13.
• taken captive by the Chaldæans, 1, 314.
• lamentations of, over Jerusalem, 1, 316.
• disciple of, 1, 319.
• considerately treated by Nebuzaradan, 1, 319–20.
• joins Gedaliah at Mizpah, 1, 320.
• taken captive by Ishmael, 1, 322.
• rescued, 1, 323.
• advises against emigration to Egypt, 1, 324.
• goes to Egypt, 1, 325.
• rebukes the Egyptian Judæans for idolatry, 1, 326–7.
• end of, 1, 327–8.
• writings of, studied by the Babylonian exiles, 1, 336.
• on the conduct of Jews in foreign lands, 2, 520.
• Jericho, taken by Joshua, 1, 32, 33.
• David passes, when fleeing from Absalom, 1, 142.
• fortified by Hiel, 1, 201.
• an association of prophets at, 1, 205, 234.
• visited by Elijah, 1, 208.
• Hyrcanus II defeated at, 2, 58.
• a Synhedrion established at, 2, 71.
• Aristobulus (III) murdered at, 2, 92.
• district of, given to Cleopatra, 2, 93.
• Herod attempts suicide in, 2, 116.
• palace at, burnt, 2, 125.
• some Benu-Nadhir settle in, 3, 79.
• Jeroboam I, employed by Solomon as superintendent of buildings, 1, 174.
• incites rebellion against Solomon, 1, 175–6.
• flees to Egypt, 1, 176.
• returns to Palestine, 1, 180.
• leader of the Shechemite rebellion, 1, 180–2.
• chosen king by the Ephraimites, 1, 182–3.
• allied with Shishak, 1, 184.
• fortifies Israelitish towns, 1, 185.
• introduces calf-worship, 1, 185–7.
• rebuked by Ahijah, 1, 188.
• death of, 1, 189.
• end of the house of, 1, 189.
• Jeroboam II, king of Israel, at war with the Aramæans, 1, 225.
• in friendly relations with Uzziah, 1, 231, 232.
• conquests and luxuriousness of, 1, 232.
• immorality and idolatry under, 1, 233–4.
• death of, 1, 234.
• Jerome (Hieronymus, 331–420), Church Father, taught by Jewish teachers, 2, 623–4.
• translates the Scriptures into Latin, 2, 625.
• hates the Jews, 2, 625; 4, 552.
• on the Talmud, 3, 577.
• on a supposed Jewish formula of imprecation, 4, 83.
• exegetical works of, used by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.
• pattern of Reuchlin, 4, 433, 435.
• Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 500, 501.
• reprimands Jacobson, 5, 562.
• Jerubbaal. See Gideon.
• Jerusalem, the site of, occupied by the Jebusites, 1, 3.
• king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.
• physical features of, 1, 114–15.
• becomes the royal residence, 1, 114.
• fortified and extended, 1, 118–19.
• center of religious life, 1, 119–20.
• prosperity and importance of, under Solomon, 1, 168–9.
• religious center for the northern tribes, 1, 185.
• fortified by Rehoboam, 1, 185.
• Baal-worship at, under Athaliah, 1, 212.
• Jehoiada ends Baal-worship in, 1, 216–17.
• the first conquest of, 1, 225.
• deprived of fortifications, by Jehoash, 1, 226.
• fortified by Uzziah, 1, 231.
• fortified by Jotham, 1, 249.
• besieged by Rezin and Pekah, 1, 258, 259.
• fortified against Sennacherib, 1, 271.
• celebration of the Passover at, under Josiah, 1, 295.
• the nation gathers in, to pray for help against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304.
• besieged by generals of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 307.
• fortified by Zedekiah, 1, 311.
• besieged by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 311–12.
• siege of, raised, 1, 312.
• siege of, resumed, 1, 313.
• taken by the Chaldæans, 1, 313–14.
• destroyed by Nebuzaradan, 1, 315.
• destruction of, mourned by the Babylonian Jews, 1, 337–8.
• return of exiles to, under Zerubbabel, 1, 354–6.
• arrival of Ezra in, 1, 366.
• attacked by Sanballat, 1, 371.
• taken by Sanballat, 1, 372.
• Nehemiah rebuilds the fortifications of, 1, 374–5.
• settlers invited to, by Nehemiah, 1, 377–8.
• the Law read in, by Ezra, 1, 378–80.
• the walls of, consecrated, 1, 381–2.
• a religious school established in, 1, 396.
• suffering in, under Bagoas, 1, 409–10.
• taken by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.
• the fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, 1, 417.
• improved by Simon the Just, 1, 421.
• entered by Antiochus III, 1, 432.
• taken by Scopas, 1, 432.
• athletic contests introduced in, 1, 435.
• gymnasia introduced in, 1, 445.
• occupied by Sostrates, 1, 447.
• occupied by Jason, 1, 451.
• taken by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 451.
• entered by Apollonius, 1, 453–4.
• entered by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 471.
• desolate condition of, after the Syrian depredations, 1, 471–2.
• besieged by Lysias, 1, 479–80.
• occupied by Alcimus, 1, 487.
• fortified by Jonathan Haphus, 1, 494.
• fortified by the Hasmonæans, 1, 498.
• venerated by the Egyptian Judæans, 1, 509.
• celebrated by Philo the Elder, 1, 517–18.
• besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 3–4.
• taken by Aristobulus II, 2, 58.
• besieged by Aretas, 2, 60.
• siege of, raised at the order of Rome, 2, 62.
• besieged by Pompey, 2, 64–6.
• walls of, razed, 2, 67.
• taken by Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, 2, 70.
• a Synhedrion established in, 2, 71.
• entered by Crassus, 2, 74.
• walls of, rebuilt by Cæsar, 2, 76.
• besieged by the Parthians, 2, 82.
• besieged by Herod, 2, 87–8.
• Herod’s buildings in, 2, 105.
• the people of, hate Herod, 2, 107.
• in charge of Quintilius Varus, 2, 122–3.
• Jesus in, 2, 161–2.
• fortified by Agrippa I, 2, 195.
• occupied by Cuspius Fadus, 2, 197.
• foreign synagogues in, 2, 201.
• visited by Helen of Adiabene, 2, 194, 218.
• famine in, 2, 218.
• mausoleum of Helen in, 2, 219.
• annual pilgrimages to, 2, 220.
• the Synhedrion removed from, 2, 239.
• rebels against Cumanus, 2, 244.
• Agrippa II resides in, 2, 247.
• the Passover celebration of 66 in, 2, 251.
• the upper city of, plundered, 2, 254.
• the insurrection against Rome begins in, 2, 255, 261.
• garrisoned with Roman troops, 2, 255.
• conciliated by Agrippa II, 2, 257–8.
• the Roman garrison of, surrenders to the Zealots, 2, 260.
• the walls of, strengthened, 2, 268.
• rallying place of the patriots, 2, 291–2.
• fortifications of, 2, 292.
• undisturbed by Vespasian for two years, 2, 297.
• parties in, 2, 301.
• besieged by Titus, 2, 301–10.
• summoned to surrender, 2, 302.
• attacked from the north, 2, 303.
• famine in, 2, 304, 305–6.
• upper city of, taken, 2, 309.
• remnant in, after the Roman siege, 2, 311.
• the religious center, 2, 322.
• replaced by Jamnia as a religious center, 2, 325.
• rebuilt by Hadrian, 2, 407, 421–2.
• in the hands of the Jews under Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.
• ploughed over, by Turnus Rufus, 2, 421.
• Jews forbidden to enter, 2, 433, 564; 3, 23, 87.
• permission for Jews to pray at, obtained from Marcus Aurelius, 2, 457–8.
• Jews permitted by Alexander Severus to enter, 2, 482.
• a Christian city, 2, 597; 3, 11.
• taken by Sharbarza, 3, 19.
• not given to the Jews by the Persians, 3, 21.
• entered by Heraclius, 3, 22.
• Temple vessels removed to, by Justinian I, 3, 27.
• Arabian Jews pray towards, 3, 58.
• turning towards, in prayer instituted by Mahomet, 3, 73.
• taken by Omar, 3, 87.
• conflict in, between the Karaites and the Rabbanites, 3, 135.
• asceticism of the Karaites in, 3, 181–2.
• Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 342.
• Christian kingdom of, attacked by Nureddin, 3, 349.
• Christian pilgrims permitted by Saladin to enter, 3, 405.
• return to, projected by David Alrui, 3, 431.
• Maimonides in, 3, 457.
• Jews allowed by Saladin to settle in, 3, 474.
• mourning in, for Maimonides, 3, 492–3.
• rabbis of France and England emigrate to, 3, 505–6.
• notable for its illustrious dead, 3, 506.
• devastated by the Tartars, 3, 605–6.
• Nachmani in, 3, 606.
• pilgrims to, in the fourteenth century, 4, 73–4.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 396–8.
• improved morally by the exiles, 4, 397, 398.
• ordinances for the government of, 4, 398.
• subordinated to Safet, 4, 533.
• rabbis of, support Jacob Berab, 4, 534.
• Sabbataï Zevi at, 5, 126–7.
• rabbis of, threaten Sabbataï Zevi with excommunication, 5, 132.
• replaced by Gaza as the Sabbatian Holy City, 5, 132.
• Chayim Malach in, 5, 213–14.
• rabbis of, excommunicate Chayon, 5, 216.
• Jerusalem, the Jews of, join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.
• burnt during the first crusade, 3, 308.
• dyers in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
• banished by Baldwin IV, 3, 427.
• occupations of, 4, 74–5.
• wish to build a synagogue on Mount Zion, 4, 273–4.
• offended by Jacob Berab, 4, 532.
• suffer through the Cossack wars, 5, 16, 125, 127.
• Kabbalists, 5, 125–6.
• credulity of, 5, 126.
• appeal to Chelebi, 5, 127–8.
• adherents of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 132.
• oppose Napoleon, 5, 459–60.
• Jerusalem, a Babylonian. See Nahardea.
• Jerusalem, the, of the Occident, 4, 136.
• “Jerusalem,” by Mendelssohn, on ecclesiastical power and Judaism, 5, 364–6.
• praised by Kant, 5, 365.
• effect of, on Michaelis, 5, 365–6.
• Jerusalem Talmud, the. See Talmud, the Jerusalem.
• Jesheboam, one of David’s warriors, 1, 116.
• Jeshurun, Isaac, falsely charged with child murder, 5, 42.
• Jesiba de los Pintos, Jewish school at Rotterdam, 4, 685.
• Jesirat-ul-Amar, the Jews of, well treated by Zenki, 3, 429.
• Jesse, father of David, 1, 96.
• Jesse, Henry, enthusiast for Israel’s restoration, 5, 24, 35.
• Jessel, Sir George, Master of the Rolls, 5, 699.
• Jesuits, the, order of, authorized by Paul III, 4, 524.
• welcomed in Portugal, 4, 525.
• influence of, 4, 650.
• instigate persecutions of the Jews in Poland, 5, 1.
• alienate the Cossacks, 5, 2.
• hold intercourse with Eibeschütz, 5, 250.
• Jesurun, David, poet, escapes from the Inquisition to Amsterdam, 4, 669.
• Jesurun, Rohel (Paul de Pina), Marrano poet, leans towards Christianity, 4, 669.
• returns to Judaism, 4, 670.
• festival songs by, 4, 678–9.
• Jesus of Nazareth (Galilee), birthplace and family of, 2, 148–9.
• moral purity of, 2, 149.
• religiousness of, 2, 149–50.
• Hillel the model of, 2, 149–50.
• disciple of John the Baptist, 2, 150.
• doctrines of, similar to Essenism, 2, 150–1.
• addresses himself to the lowest classes, 2, 152.
• unsuccessful in Nazareth, 2, 153.
• disciples of, 2, 153, 157–8.
• teachings of, 2, 154–5.
• relation of, to Judaism, 2, 155–6.
• merit of, 2, 156.
• miracles of, 2, 156–7.
• in the towns of Galilee, 2, 157.
• declares himself the Messiah, 2, 158.
• calls himself the “son of man,” 2, 158–9.
• public sentiment against, 2, 159–60.
• followers of, in Bethany, 2, 160.
• in the Temple, 2, 161.
• reception of, in Jerusalem, 2, 161–2.
• betrayed by Judas Iscariot, 2, 163.
• trial of, 2, 163–6.
• declared guilty of blasphemy by the Synhedrion, 2, 164.
• execution of, according to the Roman law, 2, 164–5.
• not mentioned by Judæan historians, 2, 166.
• followers of, after his death, 2, 166.
• resurrection of, 2, 168.
• attitude of the disciples of, to Judaism, 2, 168.
• denied by Simon Peter, 2, 169.
• disciples of, claim miraculous power, 2, 169–70.
• compared with Philo, 2, 214.
• the Messianic character of, held to have annulled the Law, 2, 221.
• followers of, who cling to the Law, not molested, 2, 222.
• the resurrection of, and the apostle Paul, 2, 225–6.
• according to Paul, sets aside the Law, 2, 230.
• appeals to the Jewish peasants, 2, 364.
• as regarded by the Jewish Christians, 2, 366, 367.
• as regarded by the Pagan Christians, 2, 367.
• gradually endowed with divine attributes by the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.
• said to have been cursed by the Jews three times daily, 2, 380; 5, 185–6.
• denial of, demanded of Christians by Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.
• spread of the worship of, counteracted by the Synhedrion, 2, 413.
• called “Lord,” 2, 413.
• Julian the Apostate’s opinion of, 2, 596.
• as viewed by Anan ben David, 3, 133–4.
• in the Talmud, 3, 574, 577, 578.
• Messianic character of, confirmed by the Bible and Talmud according to Pablo Christiani, 3, 598, 599.
• in the Biblical and rabbinical writings, according to Raymund Martin, 3, 622.
• the advent of, discussed by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 188.
• proved the Messiah from the Talmud by Joseph Lorqui, 4, 207, 208–9, 211, 212.
• dogma of the divinity of, found in the Kabbala, 4, 292.
• said to be alluded to, in the Alenu prayer, 5, 185.
• Jesus ben Sapphia, Zealot leader in Tiberias, 2, 274.
• sets fire to a palace in Bethmaon, 2, 279.
• leader of discontented Galileans, 2, 280.
• Jesus, son of Pantheras, the Jesus of the Talmud, according to Yechiel of Paris, 3, 577.
• Jesus Sirach (200–176), describes Simon the Just in Ecclesiasticus, 1, 421–2.
• the book of proverbs by, 1, 439–41.
• defends social pleasures, 1, 439.
• recommends the employment of medical skill, 1, 439–40.
• condemns the Hellenists, 1, 440–1.
• urges obedience to the Law, 1, 440.
• reviews Jewish history, 1, 440–1.
• the proverbs of, considered apocryphal, 2, 344.
• the book of, translated into Greek, 2, 359.
• Jethro, father-in-law of Moses, 1, 26.
• Jew badges, decreed by Omar I, 3, 88.
• decreed by Haroun Alrashid, 3, 145.
• introduced by Al-Mutavakkil, 3, 176–7.
• ordained by Hakim, 3, 247–8.
• introduced by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 511–12.
• supposed to prevent intermarriages, 3, 511.
• decreed by Almohade princes, 3, 511–12.
• the use of, spreads through Europe, 3, 512.
• effect of, on the wearers, 3, 512–13.
• the Jews struggle against, 3, 513.
• enforced in Spain, 3, 513.
• not enforced in southern France and Aragon, 3, 514–15.
• worn by the Jews of England, 3, 515.
• decreed by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.
• introduced into Naples and Sicily, 3, 518.
• enforced by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.
• introduced into Hungary, 3, 521.
• enforced by Frederick II in Sicily and Naples, 3, 569.
• enforced by the Council of Béziers, 3, 582.
• insisted on in England under Henry III, 3, 590.
• ordained in the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.
• enforced by the Council of Vienna, 3, 612.
• enforced by Louis IX of France, 3, 612.
• abrogated at the instance of the Jews of southern France, 3, 612.
• re-introduced into France by Philip III, 3, 613.
• decreed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.
• not used in Portugal, 3, 618.
• decreed in England by the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.
• insisted on in Montpellier, 4, 54.
• in France under John the Good, 4, 131, 133.
• decreed for the Jews of Castile under Henry II, 4, 139.
• not worn by the Vesoul family, 4, 150.
• insisted upon in Castile under Juan II, 4, 203.
• enjoined by Benedict XIII’s bull, 4, 216.
• decreed by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.
• decreed by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.
• enforced by Nicholas de Cusa, 4, 255.
• enforced in Naples, 4, 258.
• decreed by Henry IV of Castile, 4, 278.
• worn in Morocco, 4, 389.
• for the Portuguese Marranos under João III, 4, 519.
• ordered for the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 545.
• enforced by Paul IV, 4, 566.
• enforced by Pius V, 4, 590.
• worn by the Frankfort Jews, 4, 695.
• Jews released from wearing, in Vienna, 4, 702.
• proposed by Rühs, 5, 517.
• Jew quarters. See Ghetto; Jew’s quarter, the.
• “Jew-roaster,” name assumed by German families, 3, 611.
• Jew streets, in Austria, 5, 523.
• See Jew’s quarter, the.
• Jewish Christians, the, antagonized by Tarphon of Lydda, 2, 357.
• condemned by Samuel the Younger, 2, 358.
• observe the Law, 2, 365–6.
• view of Jesus held by, 2, 366.
• called Ebionites, 2, 366.
• as propagandists, 2, 366.
• differ from Pagan Christians, 2, 367.
• hate Paul, 2, 367, 368.
• views of, in the evangels, 2, 369.
• hate Rome, 2, 369.
• relation of, to the Jews, 2, 369–70.
• and the Tanaites, 2, 370.
• gradually endow Jesus with divine attributes, 2, 370.
• sects of, 2, 370.
• separate from the Jews, 2, 370–2, 431.
• merge into the Pagan Christians, 2, 373.
• accused of damaging the Jews with the Roman authorities, 2, 378.
• discussed by the Synhedrion, 2, 379–80.
• inimically treated by Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.
• spy upon the Jews under Hadrian, 2, 425.
• persecuted by Hadrian, 2, 430–1.
• the Mishna not hostile to, 2, 476.
• See also Ebionites, the; Judæan Christians, the; Nazarenes, the.
• Jewish Church, the German, the founding of, 5, 682, 686.
• and Sachs, 5, 691.
• Jewish converts. See Apostates.
• “Jewish Curiosities,” by Schudt, 5, 549.
• Jewish history. See under History.
• “Jewish Letters,” to Voltaire, by a priest, 5, 346–7.
• Jewish Literature. See under Literature.
• Jewish state, the, restored under Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.
• the restoration of, conditioned on the appearance of the Messiah, 2, 600.
• Spinoza on, 5, 103–7.
• Jews, the, libeled by Manetho, 1, 511.
• kindly treated by Vespasian and Titus, 2, 331.
• the solidarity of, 2, 367–8; 5, 632–3.
• relation of, to the Jewish Christians, 2, 369–70.
• breach between, and the Jewish Christians, 2, 370–2.
• apostasy among, in the early Christian centuries, 2, 377.
• said to have cursed Jesus three times daily, 2, 380; 5, 185–6.
• tamper with the Septuagint, 2, 386.
• use Akylas’ translation of Scripture, 2, 387.
• extermination of, decreed by Rome, 2, 387.
• and the Flavian house, 2, 388.
• suffering of, under Domitian, 2, 388–9.
• hate Josephus, 2, 389, 391.
• kindly treated by Nerva, 2, 391–2.
• oppose Trajan, 2, 393–4.
• in rebellion against Hadrian, 2, 399–401.
• attempt the restoration of the Temple, 2, 401–3.
• peaceable disposition of, described by Hadrian, 2, 407.
• outraged by the rebuilding of Jerusalem as a pagan city, 2, 407.
• prepare for a revolt against Hadrian, 2, 408.
• join the standard of Bar-Cochba, 2, 410.
• obtain possession of Jerusalem under Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.
• the Romans kindly treated by, 2, 411–12.
• heavily taxed by Hadrian, 2, 420.
• spied upon by renegades and Jewish Christians, 2, 425–6.
• forbidden to enter Jerusalem, 2, 433, 564; 3, 23, 87.
• persecuted under Antoninus Pius, 2, 446.
• persecuted under Verus Commodus, 2, 447.
• enmity between, and the Samaritans, 2, 457–8, 534.
• unkindly treated by Marcus Aurelius, 2, 463.
• cruelly treated by Commodus and Niger, 2, 463–4.
• under Caracalla, 2, 468–9.
• under Elegabalus, 2, 469–70.
• kindly treated by Alexander Severus, 2, 481–2, 482–3.
• permitted to enter Jerusalem, 2, 482.
• consulted by Origen on Bible exegesis, 2, 488.
• hostile to Zenobia, 2, 529–30.
• Diocletian tolerant to, 2, 533.
• weakened by hostility to the Samaritans, 2, 535.
• included in Constantine’s act of toleration, 2, 561.
• dignitaries of, exempt from onerous civic duties, 2, 561.
• aspersed by Church dignitaries under Constantine, 2, 562.
• forbidden to make converts, 2, 562, 564.
• privileges of, abolished by Constantine, 2, 563.
• protected by Constantine against converts, 2, 564.
• hostility to, shown by Constantine, 2, 566–7.
• regarded as atheists under Constantine, 2, 572.
• rescued from oppression by Julian, 2, 572.
• oppressed by Shabur II, 2, 591.
• benevolence of, admired by Julian, 2, 596–7.
• not interested in the rebuilding of the Temple by Julian, 2, 599–600.
• toleration of, under Valentinian I and Valens, 2, 603.
• antagonized by Ambrosius and Chrysostom, 2, 613–14.
• mock at the Christians, 2, 620–1.
• forbidden to teach Christians Hebrew, 2, 624.
• superiority of, in Scripture studies, 2, 624.
• hated by Jerome and Augustine, 2, 625.
• preserved by the Talmud, 2, 635.
• competent witnesses only in their own cases under Justinian I, 3, 12–13.
• treated kindly by the popes, 3, 25.
• well treated in Arian countries, 3, 26.
• and the fall of Rome, 3, 27–8.
• suffer persecution from the German tribes, 3, 28.
• Isidore of Seville writes against, 3, 50.
• antagonized by Mahomet, 3, 75–6.
• Mahomet’s revelations against, 3, 75, 78.
• hostility to, in the Koran, 3, 84.
• restrictions against, in the covenant of Omar, 3, 87–8.
• freer in Islam than in Christian lands, 3, 88.
• reverence of, for Jewish Babylonia, 3, 100–1.
• of Mahometan countries speak Arabic, 3, 110–11.
• corrupt language of, in the seventh and eighth centuries, 3, 111.
• make scientific literature accessible to the Arabs, 3, 111.
• in the eighth century control commerce, 3, 142–3.
• under the Merovingian kings, 3, 143.
• considered the wards of the emperor by Louis the Pious, 3, 170.
• persecutions of, in the eleventh century, 3, 245–8.
• not permitted to hold office in Christian countries, 3, 293–4.
• during the first crusade, 3, 298–305.
• Jehuda Halevi’s view of the suffering of, 3, 335–6.
• superiority of, in the twelfth century, 3, 347.
• treatment of, in Christian and Mahometan countries, 3, 348.
• persecutions of, increase in the twelfth century, 3, 348–9.
• forbidden by a rabbinical synod to purchase Church appurtenances, 3, 377.
• the morality of, described by Joseph Kimchi, 3, 393.
• forbidden to keep Christian domestics, 3, 400.
• banished from the Isle de France, 3, 402–3.
• debts owing to, repudiated during the third crusade, 3, 405.
• not allowed to live in Mecca and Medinah, 3, 436.
• allowed by Saladin to settle in Jerusalem, 3, 474.
• the position of, affected by the death of Maimonides and the ascendancy of the papacy, 3, 494.
• protected against the crusaders by Innocent III, 3, 496–7.
• denounced by Innocent III, 3, 498–501.
• decrees against, by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510–11.
• isolated in speech and manners by the Jew badge, 3, 512–13.
• mission of, in the Kabbalistic system, 3, 553.
• persecutions of, after the thirteenth century, 3, 563–4, 610–11.
• scholarliness of, 3, 565.
• absorbed in the study of the Talmud in the thirteenth century, 3, 571–2.
• banished from the hereditary dominions of Louis IX, 3, 585–6.
• exonerated from the blood accusation by Innocent IV, 3, 635.
• protected against forced baptism by Gregory X, 3, 635.
• banished from England, 3, 645.
• permitted in Palestine under the Egyptian Sultans, 4, 73.
• charged with causing the Black Death, 4, 101.
• desolation of, after the Black Death, 4, 127.
• indispensable to the Christians in the fourteenth century, 4, 127–8.
• restrictions laid upon, by Benedict XIII’s bull, 4, 215–16.
• and the Hussite war, 4, 222.
• accused of supplying Hussites with money, 4, 222.
• appeal to Martin V, 4, 226.
• feared by the papacy in the fifteenth century, 4, 254.
• well received in Italy in the fifteenth century, 4, 286.
• jeopardized by the blood accusation against the Jews of Trent, 4, 299.
• suffering of, attributed to heresy, 4, 343.
• divided into German speaking and Spanish speaking Jews, 4, 421.
• rights of, advocated by Reuchlin, 4, 443–4.
• indictment of, proposed by Hoogstraten, 4, 444.
• intercourse with, defended by Reuchlin, 4, 447–8.
• in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.
• Luther on, 4, 470.
• affected by the Protestant Reformation, 4, 471.
• morality of, in the Middle Ages, 4, 477.
• lack spirituality, 4, 477–8.
• split up into national groups, 4, 478.
• narrow-mindedness of, in the Middle Ages, 4, 479.
• suffer through the Reformation, 4, 540.
• hatred of, fed by the Unitarian tendencies of the Reformation, 4, 542.
• attacked by Eck and Luther, 4, 546–52.
• restrictions against, under Pius V, 4, 590.
• persecution of, during the Catholic reaction, 4, 652.
• prospects of the re-settlement of, in England, 4, 18–19. See England.
• prejudices against, in England, 5, 19.
• favorably regarded by Christian visionaries, 5, 23.
• enthusiasts for the restoration of, 5, 24–5.
• favorably regarded by the Puritans, 5, 27.
• defended by Richard Simon, 5, 181.
• attacked by Christian Hebraists, 5, 184.
• defended by Surenhuysius, 5, 194.
• degradation of, in the seventeenth century, 5, 199–200, 204–5.
• poverty of, 5, 205–6.
• speak a jargon in the eighteenth century, 5, 300.
• artificial studies of, 5, 300–1.
• neglect the Bible, 5, 328.
• slandered by Voltaire, 5, 340.
• condition of, described by Dohm, 5, 353.
• emancipated in the wake of French victories, 5, 459. See Emancipation.
• prejudices of Goethe against, 5, 461.
• Fichte on, 5, 461–3.
• and Napoleon, 5, 474, 481.
• maligned by Bonald, 5, 478.
• the emancipation of, dependent on that of the French Jews, 5, 480.
• in the French wars, 5, 511.
• excluded from Tyrol, 5, 523.
• Heine on, 5, 547–8, 553–5.
• debt of, to Börne and Heine, 5, 556.
• rapid advance of, 5, 557.
• historical mission of, 5, 576, 718–19.
• self-respect of, 5, 590.
• effect of the July revolution on, 5, 596–8.
• criticised by Riesser, 5, 599–600.
• contrasted with the Greeks, 5, 706–8.
• the religion of, 5, 709.
• faults of, 5, 713–14.
• literature of, 5, 714.
• See also Israelites, the; Judæans, the; and under the various countries, cities, etc.
• “Jews, The,” by Lessing, 5, 297, 320, 360.
• “Jews, The, and their Just Claims on the Christian States,” by August Krämer, 5, 522.
• Jews, the, conversion of. See under Conversion.
• Jews, the, emancipation of. See under Emancipation.
• Jew’s quarter, the, in Rome, 2, 68.
• in Constantinople, 3, 26, 425.
• in Speyer, 3, 298.
• at Palermo, 3, 567.
• in Seville, 3, 593.
• of Toledo, 4, 118.
• of Seville, mobbed, 4, 169.
• in Palma, 4, 171.
• Castilian Jews forced into, 4, 203.
• decreed by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.
• decreed by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.
• decreed by Henry IV of Castile, 4, 278.
• enforced by the cortes of Toledo, 4, 335.
• first, in Italy, 4, 408.
• enforced by Paul IV, 4, 566.
• in Vienna, 4, 702; 5, 172.
• in Alsace and Metz, 5, 348.
• of Frankfort destroyed, 5, 503–4.
• Roman Jews return to, 5, 518.
• See also Ghetto; Jew street, the; Juderia.
• Jews, secret. See Christians, Judaizing; Marranos, the.
• Jezaniah, Judæan emigrant to Egypt, 1, 324.
• Jezdijird (400–420), Sassanian king, friendly to the Jews, 2, 609–10.
• Jezdijird III (440–457), Sassanian king, persecutes the Jews, 2, 627–8.
• Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, marries Ahab, 1, 194.
• character of, 1, 197.
• builds a temple to Baal, 1, 197.
• persecutes Elijah’s disciples, 1, 201.
• has Naboth killed, 1, 202.
• threatens Elijah, 1, 204.
• end of, 1, 211.
• Jezreel, son of Hosea, 1, 240.
• Jezreel, the plain of, in Canaan, 1, 36.
• description of, 1, 44.
• Philistines encamp in, 1, 102.
• Ahab’s winter palace in, 1, 201–2.
• towns in, restored to Judæa, 2, 76.
• Jikatilla. See Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla.
• Joab, warrior, joins David, 1, 100.
• jealous of Abner, 1, 109.
• ends the civil war, 1, 110.
• kills Abner, 1, 111.
• receives a house at Jerusalem, 1, 119.
• field officer under David, 1, 122.
• conducts the Ammonite war, 1, 126–7, 128–9.
• captures the Water-Town of Rabbath Ammon, 1, 128.
• faith of, 1, 130.
• ordered to expose Uriah the Hittite, 1, 132.
• partisan of Absalom, 1, 135.
• employs the woman of Tekoah to plead for Absalom, 1, 135–6.
• takes up a military census, 1, 137.
• faithful to David in the civil war with Absalom, 1, 141.
• commander against Absalom at Mahanaim, 1, 144.
• reproaches David for long mourning over Absalom, 1, 145.
• replaced by Amasa, 1, 148.
• victorious over Sheba, 1, 149–50.
• supporter of Adonijah, 1, 152.
• killed by Benaiah, 1, 160.
• family of, forms a league in Babylon, 1, 330.
• favorite character of the Puritans, 5, 26.
• Joachim I, elector of Brandenburg, has thirty Jews burnt, 4, 440.
• Joachim II, elector of Brandenburg, alleged to have been poisoned by a Jew, 4, 652; 5, 188.
• Joah, chancellor, under Josiah, 1, 292.
• Joan, pope, satire on, 3, 169.
• Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, proposed as wife to Manoel of Portugal, 4, 373.
• Joanna, queen of Naples, appoints John of Capistrano inquisitor of the Jews, 4, 258.
• João I, of Portugal, Grand Master of Avis, rival of Leonora, 4, 160.
• regent of Portugal, 4, 161.
• popularity of, as king, 4, 173.
• promotes conquests on the coast of Africa, 4, 217–18.
• refuses assistance to Vincent Ferrer, 4, 218.
• João II (1481–1495), of Portugal, character of, 4, 340.
• executes the Duke of Braganza, 4, 341.
• confiscates the property of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 341.
• negotiations with, for the settlement of the Spanish Jews in Portugal, 4, 352.
• baptizes the son of Judah Leon Abrabanel, 4, 361.
• permits Spanish exiles to settle in Portugal, 4, 365–6.
• summons an astronomical congress, 4, 367.
• delivers Marranos to the Inquisition, 4, 368.
• insists upon the Spanish exiles’ leaving Portugal at the appointed time, 4, 368–9.
• sells Spanish exiles as slaves, 4, 370–1.
• sends the children of Spanish exiles to San Thomas, 4, 371.
• death of, 4, 371.
• cause of the misfortunes of, 4, 373.
• João III (1522–1557), of Portugal, hostile to the Marranos, 4, 488–90.
• resolves to introduce the Inquisition, 4, 490.
• gives up the plan of establishing the Inquisition, 4, 490–1.
• receives David Reubeni, 4, 493, 498.
• treats the Marranos more kindly, 4, 493–4.
• withdraws his favor from David Reubeni, 4, 498–9.
• urged to introduce the Inquisition, 4, 499–500.
• cupidity of, censured by Pucci, 4, 505.
• chooses Duarte de Paz for a secret mission, 4, 512.
• tries to influence Paul III in favor of the Inquisition, 4, 515.
• disobeys the papal injunction to absolve the Marranos, 4, 516.
• rigor of, towards the Marranos, 4, 518–19.
• enforces the rules of the Inquisition, 4, 521.
• forbids emigration, 4, 524.
• requested by the pope to treat the Marranos mildly, 4, 527.
• tries to make good Catholics of the Marranos, 4, 528.
• Joaser, coadjutor of Josephus in Galilee, 2, 278, 279.
• Joaser, son of Simon b. Boëthus, high priest, the deposition of, demanded, 2, 121.
• deposed, 2, 127.
• again installed, 2, 127.
• defends the Roman census, 2, 134.
• deposed by Quirinius, 2, 135.
• Joash, king of Israel. See Jehoash.
• Joash, king of Judah, escapes the slaughter of Athaliah, 1, 213.
• raised in the Temple, 1, 215–16.
• anointed king, 1, 216.
• repairs the Temple, 1, 218–19.
• stones the high priest Zachariah, 1, 220.
• yields to Hazael, 1, 221.
• killed, 1, 221.
• “Job,” poem by Jacob Israel Belmonte, 4, 665.
• Job, the Book of, composed during the captivity, 1, 341–2.
• expounded by Simon ben Lakish, 2, 496–7.
• commentary on, by Rashi, 3, 346.
• paraphrased by Zarak Barfat, 4, 140.
• Joceus, a wealthy Jew of York, takes refuge in the citadel, 3, 413.
• end of, 3, 415.
• Joceus, chief rabbi of England, 3, 588.
• Jochai, a friend of the Romans, 2, 440.
• Jochanan, secretary to Gamaliel I, 2, 192.
• Jochanan of Alexandria, the sandal maker, disciple of Akiba, 2, 433.
• Jochanan bar Moryah, Amora, 2, 609.
• Jochanan bar Napacha (199–279), chief of the Amoraim, 2, 479.
• and Judah II, 2, 485, 493, 494.
• description of the beauty of, 2, 492–3.
• method of, 2, 493.
• at Tiberias, 2, 493–4.
• leniency of, 2, 494.
• explains the prophecy of Daniel, 2, 494–5.
• morality of, 2, 495.
• misfortunes of, 2, 495.
• opponent of, 2, 495, 497.
• restores order in southern Judæa, 2, 498.
• on Abba Areka, 2, 514.
• decisions of, 2, 515.
• and Mar-Samuel, 2, 522–3.
• alarm of, on account of the Babylonian Jews, 2, 525.
• feeling of, against Palmyra, 2, 529, 530.
• disciples of, 2, 531.
• decision of, with regard to the new-moon, 2, 532.
• view of, on the Samaritans, 2, 534.
• permits Jewish women to acquire Greek culture, 2, 537.
• quoted by Abbahu, 2, 537.
• Jochanan ben Gudgada, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• Jochanan ben Mattathiah Provenci, elected chief rabbi of France, 4, 152.
• relieved of his office by Isaiah ben Abba-Mari, 4, 152, 162.
• appeals to Spanish authorities, 4, 153.
• Jochanan ben Nuri, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• upholds the ordinances of Gamaliel II, 2, 405.
• Jochanan ben Torta, opposes Akiba’s Messianic hopes, 2, 410.
• Jochanan ben Zakkai, disciple of Hillel, 2, 131.
• abolishes the ritual for cases of suspected adultery, 2, 238.
• abrogates the sin offering for murders, 2, 239.
• leader of the faithful Judæans, 2, 240.
• vice-president of the Synhedrion, 2, 240.
• importance of, 2, 322–3.
• member of the Peace party, 2, 323.
• takes refuge in the camp of Titus, 2, 323–4.
• receives permission to establish a school at Jamnia, 2, 324.
• mourns for the Temple, 2, 324.
• forms a Synhedrion at Jamnia, 2, 325.
• changes made by, 2, 326.
• disciples of, 2, 326.
• proficient in the oral Law, 2, 328.
• lectures by, 2, 328–9.
• on the advantages of peace, 2, 329.
• intercourse of, with pagans, 2, 329, 331.
• gentle character of, 2, 331–2.
• description of Israel in mourning by, 2, 332.
• compared with Jeremiah and Zerubbabel, 2, 333.
• death of, 2, 333.
• maxim of, with regard to the study of the Law, 2, 338–9.
• on Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 2, 346.
• Jochanan Aleman. See Aleman.
• Jochanan. See also Johanan; John; Jonathan.
• Joel, prophet, exhortations of, under Uzziah, 1, 230.
• under Jeroboam II, 1, 237–40.
• Joel, son of Samuel, acts as judge in Beersheba, 1, 79.
• Joel, Emanuel, founder of the Breslau seminary, 5, 700.
• Johanan, father of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.
• Johanan, son of Joiada, high priest, slays his brother in the Temple, 1, 409.
• Johanan, son of Kareah, chief of the Judæans in Palestine after the fall of Jerusalem, 1, 318.
• submits to Gedaliah, 1, 321.
• informs Gedaliah of Ishmael’s treachery, 1, 322.
• pursues Ishmael, 1, 322–3.
• Johanan, son of Simon Tharsi. See Hyrcanus I, John.
• Johanan Gadi, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.
• leader of the Hasmonæan party, 1, 489.
• killed by the Bene Amri, 1, 491.
• Johanan. See also Jochanan; John; Jonathan.
• Johannsen, bishop of Speyer, protects the Jews during the first crusade, 3, 300–1.
• John XXII, pope, opposes a crusade, 4, 35.
• sister of, hostile to the Jews, 4, 61.
• John XXIII, pope, vices of, 4, 201.
• John II, of Aragon. See Juan II, of Aragon.
• John II, of Brabant, protects the Jews of Brussels, 4, 112.
• John, of England, the Jews under, 3, 416, 504–5.
• pretends friendship for the Jews, 3, 504.
• appoints Jacob of London chief rabbi, 3, 504.
• protects the Jews of London, 3, 505.
• imprisons the English Jews, 3, 505.
• John, the Good, of France, captivity of, 4, 128–9.
• permits the Jews to return to France, 4, 129.
• curtails the privileges of the Jews, 4, 131.
• John, author of the Apocalypse, hates Rome, 2, 369.
• John, the Baptist, Essene, beliefs of, 2, 145–6.
• influence of, on the Judæan poor and the aristocracy, 2, 146–7.
• imprisoned and beheaded, 2, 147.
• Jesus the disciple of, 2, 150.
• the work of, continued by Jesus, 2, 151.
• identified with Elijah, 2, 158.
• John, Judæan envoy to emperor Claudius, 2, 197–8.
• John, leader of the Idumæans, helps the Zealots, 2, 295.
• John of Capistrano, Franciscan, hostile to the Jews, 4, 249, 258–63.
• executes Nicholas V’s anti-Jewish bull, 4, 253.
• characteristics of, 4, 257.
• used by the popes to restore their authority, 4, 257–8.
• inquisitor of the Jews, 4, 258.
• in Germany, 4, 258–60.
• in Bavaria, 4, 258–9.
• in Franconia, 4, 259–60.
• in Silesia, 4, 260–3.
• in Poland, 4, 263, 265–6, 418.
• preaches a crusade against the Turks, 4, 268.
• advocates the baptism of Jewish children, 4, 277.
• exalted by Bernardinus of Feltre, 4, 296.
• John of Gischala. See John ben Levi.
• John of Gorze (Jean de Vendières), ambassador from Otho I to Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 219.
• John of Valladolid, apostate, in religious disputations with Jews, 4, 140, 141, 209.
• John ben Levi, of Gischala, leader of the insurrection in Upper Galilee, 2, 273.
• troops of, 2, 273.
• repugnant to Josephus, 2, 279–81.
• accuses Josephus before the Synhedrion, 2, 281.
• escapes to Jerusalem, 2, 290.
• helps the Zealots of Jerusalem, 2, 295.
• heroism of, 2, 296–7.
• leader of the Galilean Zealots in Jerusalem, 2, 301.
• destroys Roman works, 2, 304.
• hopefulness of, 2, 305.
• refuses to lay down arms, 2, 309.
• in Titus’ triumph, 2, 313.
• in a Roman dungeon, 2, 314.
• John, son of Zebedee, disciple of Jesus, 2, 153.
• leader of the early Christians, 2, 169, 222.
• John. See also Jochanan; Johanan; Jonathan; Juan.
• John Albert of Poland, hostile to the Jews, 4, 419.
• John Casimir, of Poland, permits forced converts to return to Judaism, 5, 13.
• guards the rights of Jews in making a treaty, 5, 14.
• John Chrysostom, bishop of Antioch, preaches against Jewish institutions, 2, 613–14.
• John George, elector of Brandenburg, accuses Lippold of poisoning Joachim II, 4, 652.
• expulsion of the Jews by, 5, 173.
• John Hyrcanus. See Hyrcanus I, John.
• John Maurice, of Nassau, stadtholder of Brazil, assisted by Marranos, 4, 693.
• John Sobieski, of Poland, scatters the Karaites, 5, 182.
• Joiada, high priest, under Nehemiah, 1, 386.
• sons of, 1, 409.
• Joigny, represented at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Jokthel, name of Petra changed into, 1, 223.
• Jollivet, French government commissioner, protests against the imposition of a poll-tax on French Jews in Germany, 5, 465.
• Jonadab, son of Rechab, a Nazarite, 1, 200; 3, 55.
• helps Jehu to exterminate Baal-worship, 1, 212.
• Jonah, fisherman, sons of, disciples of Jesus, 2, 153.
• Jonah II, Palestinian Amora, 2, 560.
• member of the last Synhedrion, 2, 567.
• permits bread baking on the Sabbath for the Roman army, 2, 568.
• Jonah, prophet, encourages war with the Aramæans, 1, 225.
• Jonah, rabbi of Vienna, counsels self-destruction to escape the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
• Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi the Elder, excommunicates the Maimunists, 3, 529.
• excommunicated, 3, 530, 536–7.
• aided by Nachmani, 3, 536.
• refers the Maimunist controversy to the Dominicans, 3, 542–3.
• repents of his persecution of Maimonides’ works, 3, 579–80, 624.
• makes public confession, 3, 580.
• author of Talmudical works, 3, 580.
• disciple of, a Maimunist, 3, 629.
• Jonah Marinus (Abulvalid Mervan Ibn-Janach, 995–1050), grammarian, 3, 261–4.
• teachers of, 3, 261.
• as a poet, 3, 261–2.
• studies medicine, 3, 261, 262.
• hostile to Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 262, 313.
• creator of Hebrew syntax, 3, 263.
• works of, 3, 263.
• calmness and clearness of, 3, 263–4.
• and Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 264.
• adversely criticised by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.
• works of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.
• Jonathan, keeper of the lists, jailer of Jeremiah, 1, 313.
• Jonathan, nephew of David, Israelite champion, 1, 117.
• Jonathan, priest, messenger from Hushai to David, 1, 143.
• Jonathan, Sadducee leader, friend of John Hyrcanus, 2, 31.
• estranges Hyrcanus from the Pharisees, 2, 33.
• Jonathan, tax-gatherer, deputy of the Judæans of Cæsarea, 2, 253.
• Jonathan, teacher of the Law, in the south of Judæa, 2, 442.
• Jonathan, Zealot leader, accuses Josephus of disloyalty to Rome, 2, 318.
• Jonathan ben Absalom, general under Simon Tharsi, 1, 500.
• Jonathan ben Amram, disciple of Judah I, rebukes him, 2, 451.
• Jonathan ben Anan, high priest, appointed by Vitellius, 2, 172.
• former high priest, envoy to Rome, 2, 244.
• seeks the appointment of Felix as procurator of Judæa, 2, 245.
• assassinated, 2, 246.
• Jonathan ben Nachman (Archinas), teacher of the Law at the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 330.
• Jonathan ben Uziel, disciple of Hillel, 2, 131.
• Jonathan, son of Saul, qualities of, 1, 84.
• destroys the Philistine garrison at Gibeah, 1, 85.
• defeats the Philistines at Michmash, 1, 86–8.
• condemned to death by Saul, 1, 88–9.
• friendship of, with David, 1, 97, 98.
• death of, 1, 103.
• body of, dishonored, 1, 104.
• remains of, buried, 1, 124.
• Jonathan, son of Simon Tharsi. See Hyrcanus I, John.
• Jonathan Cohen, of Lünel, writes a commentary on Alfassi’s Talmudical work, 3, 397.
• advocates the study of science by Jews, 3, 397.
• reverence of, for Maimonides, 3, 489, 526.
• emigrates to Jerusalem, 3, 505, 506.
• Jonathan Eibeschütz. See Eibeschütz, Jonathan.
• Jonathan Haphus, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.
• in command beyond the Jordan, 1, 475.
• leader of the Hasmonæan party, 1, 489.
• made the leader of the people, 1, 490.
• weakness of the forces of, 1, 491.
• strengthens his defences, 1, 492–3.
• authority of, 1, 493.
• defends Bethhagla, 1, 493.
• makes a truce with Bacchides, 1, 493–4.
• friendship of, sued for by Demetrius I and Alexander Balas, 1, 494–5.
• officiates as high priest on the Feast of Tabernacles, 1, 495.
• ally of Alexander Balas, 1, 494, 496.
• entertained by Ptolemy VI and Alexander Balas, 1, 496.
• loyal to Alexander Balas, 1, 496.
• receives Ekron, 1, 496.
• besieges the Acra, 1, 496.
• compact of, with Demetrius II, 1, 497.
• espouses the cause of Antiochus VI, 1, 497–8, 499.
• distinguished by Diodotus Tryphon, 1, 498.
• taken prisoner, 1, 499.
• executed, 1, 501.
• burial of, at Modin, 1, 501.
• achievements of, 1, 501–2.
• ancestor of Flavius Josephus, 1, 502.
• state of Judæa after the death of, 1, 501–2, 519–20.
• Jonathan Levi Zion, advocate of the Jews before Maximilian I, 4, 436–7.
• Jonathan. See also Jochanan; John; Jonathan.
• Jonghe, Isaac de, zealous for the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 455.
• Jonghe, Lublink de, objects to the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 455–6.
• Joppa (Jaffa), fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, 1, 417.
• taken by Jonathan Haphus, 1, 496.
• Simon Tharsi sends a detachment to, 1, 500.
• taken by Simon Tharsi, 1, 524.
• claimed by Antiochus Sidetes, 1, 529.
• in the possession of Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 4–5.
• in the possession of Antiochus IX, 2, 9.
• taken by Vespasian, 2, 288.
• Joram, son of Ahab. See Jehoram.
• Joram (Jehoram), son of Jehoshaphat, marries Athaliah, 1, 206.
• king of Judah, introduces idolatry, 1, 209.
• death of, 1, 211.
• Joram, son of Tôi, king of Hamath, congratulates David on his victories, 1, 127.
• Jordan, the, Israelites cross, 1, 29, 32.
• description of, 1, 42, 46.
• José (471–520), Amora, principal of the Pumbeditha school, completes the Babylonian Talmud, 2, 630–1.
• José, brother of Jesus, 2, 148.
• José, the Galilean, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• at Lydda, 2, 423.
• José, Palestinian Amora, 2, 560.
• member of the last Synhedrion, 2, 567.
• permits bread baking on the Sabbath for the Roman army, 2, 568.
• on the second day of the festivals, 2, 573.
• José of Phaeno, servant of Judah I, 2, 466.
• José bar José Hayathom, the first poetan., poems of, 3, 114–15.
• artificiality of the works of, 3, 115.
• founder of neo-Hebraic poetry, 4, 67.
• José ben Chalafta, disciple of Akiba, 2, 433.
• on Meïr, 2, 437.
• artisan, 2, 442.
• historian, 2, 442.
• on Meïr and Nathan, 2, 446.
• on the Romans, 2, 448.
• banished to Laodicea, 2, 448.
• son of, in Rome, 2, 449.
• José, son of Joëzer, opponent of the Hellenists, 1, 436.
• probable end of, 1, 483.
• José, son of Johanan, opponent of the Hellenists, 1, 436.
• José Barnabas of Cyprus, proselytizes among the heathen, 2, 219.
• disciple of the apostle Paul, 2, 227.
• observes the dietary laws, 2, 231.
• José. See also under Joseph.
• Joseph I, emperor, refuses to remove the ban from “Judaism Unmasked,” 5, 193.
• Joseph II, emperor, improves the condition of the Jews, 5, 357–8.
• forbids the circulation of an anti-Jewish work, 5, 359.
• hymn to, by Wessely, 5, 368.
• reforms of, opposed by the pious, 5, 369.
• reforms of, welcomed by the cultured, 5, 370.
• reforms of, resisted in Galicia, 5, 394.
• abolishes the poll-tax on Jews, 5, 415, 464.
• the Jewish regulations of, disregarded by Francis I, 5, 523.
• Joseph, Jewish king of the Chazars, addressed by Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 220–1, 222.
• residence of, 3, 221.
• answers Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 221–2.
• Joseph, duke of Mantua, banishes rabbis, 4, 295.
• Joseph, the tribes of, claim the central lands of Canaan, 1, 35–6.
• Joseph, apostate under Constantine, persecutes the Palestinian Jews, 2, 564–5.
• made comes, 2, 565.
• builds churches in Galilee, 2, 565.
• defames Hillel II, 2, 566.
• possible connection of, with Constantine’s persecution of the Jews, 2, 567.
• Joseph, brother of Herod, guardian of Mariamne, 2, 83.
• besieged in Masada, 2, 87.
• Joseph, brother-in-law of Herod, ordered to murder Mariamne in case of his death, 2, 93.
• calumniated by his wife, 2, 93.
• beheaded, 2, 94.
• Joseph, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.
• Joseph, of the house of Camyth, high priest under Herod II, 2, 198.
• Joseph of Arimathea, disciple of Jesus, 2, 160.
• Joseph of Arli, Kabbalist, hopes in the Messiah as announced by Molcho, 4, 511–12.
• Joseph de Avila, discovers the Zohar to be a forgery, 4, 20–1.
• Joseph of Ecija. See Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi.
• Joseph of Gamala, Zealot leader, 2, 289.
• death of, 2, 290.
• Joseph of Nazareth, father of Jesus, 2, 148.
• Joseph de Vesoul, apostate, 4, 150.
• Joseph bar Abba (814), mystic, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 154.
• Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla, Kabbalist, 4, 3, 6.
• writings of, 4, 10.
• works of, used by Reuchlin, 4, 466.
• Joseph ben Chasdaï, a Cordova poet, eulogizes Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 273.
• son of, 3, 274, 280.
• Joseph ben Chiya (270–333), refuses the Pumbeditha principalship, 2, 577–8.
• superstition of, 2, 578.
• flees from Pumbeditha, 2, 580.
• principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 581.
• characteristics of, 2, 581.
• method of, 2, 581.
• devotes himself to the Targum, 2, 581–2.
• severity of, 2, 582.
• death of, 2, 583.
• Joseph ben Chiya (828–833), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 155.
• resigns, 3, 156.
• re-installed, 3, 156.
• Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi, of Ecija, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 76, 79.
• attack on, in Valladolid, 4, 79.
• jealous of Samuel Ibn-Wakar, 4, 80, 81.
• patron of Gonzalo Martinez, 4, 83.
• end of, 4, 84.
• Joseph ben Gershom Loans (Joslin, Josselman of Rosheim, 1480–1555), representative of the German Jews, 4, 414.
• warns Molcho and Reubeni against petitioning Charles V, 4, 510.
• Joseph ben Gorion, a moderate zealot, 2, 271.
• “Joseph ben Gorion.” See Josippon.
• Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur (Ibn-Satanas or Santas), candidate for the Cordova rabbinate, 3, 229–30, 238.
• liturgical poetry of, 3, 236.
• translates the Mishna into Arabic, 3, 237.
• excommunicated, 3, 238.
• appeals to Alhakem, 3, 238.
• refuses the Cordova rabbinate, 3, 240.
• Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi (1150–1170), introduces Spanish culture into southern France, 3, 392.
• polemical work by, against Christianity, 3, 392–3.
• Joseph ben Israel, father of Manasseh, Marrano, emigrates to the Netherlands, 4, 671.
• Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal (1070–1121), rabbi of Cordova, poetry of, 3, 314.
• Joseph ben Joshua Cohen (1496–1575), historian and physician, dazzled by Molcho, 4, 511.
• expelled from Genoa, 4, 544, 555.
• historical works by, 4, 555–6, 560, 590, 608.
• style of, 4, 556, 557.
• Joseph ben Kisma, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• counsels subservience to Hadrian’s decrees, 2, 426–7.
• Joseph ben Matthias (Flavius Josephus, 38–95), historian, descendant of Jonathan Haphus, 1, 502.
• does not mention Jesus in his works, 2, 166.
• a moderate Zealot, 2, 271.
• governor of Galilee, 2, 272, 275–6.
• education of, 2, 276.
• at Rome in his youth, 2, 276–7.
• secretly a Roman partisan, 2, 277–8.
• relation of, to Agrippa II, 2, 278.
• administration of, 2, 278–9.
• opposed by Jesus ben Sapphia, 2, 279.
• relation of, to John of Gischala, 2, 279–81.
• duplicity of, 2, 280–1.
• deposed by the Synhedrion, 2, 281.
• deceives the envoys of the Synhedrion, 2, 282.
• wins credulous Galileans to his side, 2, 282–3.
• re-instated, 2, 283.
• breaks the strength of Galilee, 2, 283–4.
• defeated by Vespasian, 2, 285.
• appeals to the Synhedrion for aid, 2, 286.
• at Jotapata, 2, 287–8.
• gives himself up to the Romans, 2, 288.
• execrated by the Judæans, 2, 293, 389, 391.
• made commander of Titus’ body-guard, 2, 302.
• tries to persuade Jerusalem to surrender, 2, 304.
• witness of Titus’ triumph in Rome, 2, 314.
• rewarded by Vespasian and Titus, 2, 317.
• given the name Flavius Josephus, 2, 317.
• as an historian, 2, 319.
• on Jewish customs observed by pagans, 2, 384.
• considers circumcision optional with proselytes, 2, 385.
• favorite of Domitian, 2, 389.
• and Flavius Clemens, 2, 389, 391.
• completes his Jewish history, 2, 389–90.
• vindicates himself against the attacks of Justus of Tiberias, 2, 390.
• vindicates his race against Apion, 2, 390.
• prosecuted by Domitian, 2, 391.
• death of, 2, 391.
• immortalizes the war of the Zealots, 2, 415.
• works of, read at the court of Louis the Pious, 3, 162.
• history of, the basis of Josippon, 3, 180.
• the work of, against Apion, translated, 4, 608.
• the works of, connected with the Talmud by Azarya deï Rossi, 4, 614.
• a work of, translated by Arias, 5, 113.
• the history of, continued by Basnage, 5, 195.
• the works of, studied by Frankel, 5, 684.
• Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi (1077–1144), Talmudist, eulogized by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 315, 322, 323.
• successor to Alfassi, 3, 315–16, 323.
• respect for, 3, 316.
• condemns a traitor to be stoned, 3, 317.
• son and disciples of, 3, 317, 447.
• Joseph ben Pilat, Talmudist in Damascus, 3, 426.
• Joseph ben Sahara, satirist and physician, 3, 559.
• Joseph ben Satia, Gaon of Sora, 3, 196.
• successor to Saadiah, 3, 202.
• abandons the academy of Sora, 3, 202.
• Joseph ben Shem Tob Ibn-Shem Tob (1400–1460), philosopher and preacher, dignitary at the Castilian court, 4, 228–9.
• polemic works of, 4, 235.
• opposed to his father’s views, 4, 243.
• religio-philosophical system of, 4, 244.
• Joseph ben Solomon Ibn-Shoshan (1135–1204–5), favorite of Alfonso VIII of Castile, 3, 384.
• erects a synagogue in Toledo, 3, 384.
• encourages the study of the Talmud, 3, 384, 385–6.
• poem on, 3, 388.
• Joseph ben Solomon Kolon (1460–1490), rabbi of Mantua, wanderings of, 4, 294.
• authority of, 4, 294–5.
• controversies of, 4, 295.
• rabbi of Pavia, 4, 295.
• Joseph ben Todros Abulafia, Kabbalist, 4, 2.
• Joseph Ibn-Aknin, disciple of Maimonides, attacked by Mar-Sacharya, 3, 477.
• “The Guide of the Perplexed” addressed to, 3, 478.
• cautioned by Maimonides against letting his book fall into the hands of the Mahometans, 3, 486.
• finds Maimonides’ system inconsistent with Judaism, 3, 487.
• urges the excommunication of Daniel ben Saadiah, 3, 526.
• Joseph Ibn-Alfual, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 4, 60.
• Joseph Ibn-Jau, supports Joseph Ibn-Abitur, 3, 238, 239.
• Joseph Ibn-Migash, supports Balkin, 3, 258.
• leaves Granada, 3, 258.
• occupies a high office in Seville, 3, 280.
• Joseph Ibn-Nagrela (1031–1066), eulogized by Joseph ben Chasdaï, 3, 273.
• vizir and Nagid, 3, 274, 275.
• secretary to Balkin, 3, 274.
• wife of, 3, 274.
• protects the sons of the last Gaon, 3, 275.
• as Talmudist, 3, 275.
• accused of poisoning Balkin, 3, 275.
• opposes the massacre of the Granada Arabs, 3, 276–7.
• loses the favor of Badis, 3, 277.
• accused of treason, 3, 278.
• killed, 3, 278.
• wife and son of, flee to Lucena, 3, 279.
• library of, 3, 279.
• elegy on, 3, 279.
• patron of Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 283.
• patron of Isaac Ibn-Giat, 3, 284.
• Joseph Ibn-Verga, historian, 4, 555.
• ancestors of, 4, 556.
• historical work of, 4, 557.
• style of, 4, 557.
• arraignment of the Jews by, 4, 557.
• Joseph Ibn-Yachya, at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 208.
• Joseph Ibn-Yachya, pleads with the Portuguese Jews for the Spanish exiles, 4, 366.
• Joseph, son of Tobiah, leader of the Judæans, 1, 423–4.
• flatters the Egyptian ambassador, 1, 424.
• at the court of Ptolemy III, 1, 424–5.
• tax-gatherer of Cœlesyria and Phœnicia, 1, 425.
• favorite of Ptolemy IV, 1, 425–6.
• wealth of, enriches Judæa, 1, 426–7.
• introduces Dionysian festivals into Judæa, 1, 428.
• son of, his representative, 1, 429–30.
• death of, 1, 431.
• descendants of, called Tobiades, 1, 432.
• Joseph, son of Zachariah, general of Judas Maccabæus, 1, 476.
• Joseph Albo (1380–1444), at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 208, 233.
• holds the Agada to be authoritative, 4, 214.
• refuses to accept baptism, 4, 215.
• writes an account of a religious controversy, 4, 234.
• physician and philosopher, 4, 239.
• on freedom of inquiry, 4, 240.
• on the articles of the creed, 4, 240.
• style of, 4, 240.
• religio-philosophical system of, 4, 240–3.
• on salvation of the soul, 4, 240, 243.
• Joseph Al-Kabri persecutes the Karaites in Spain, 3, 362.
• Joseph Amarkala Halevi, prince of the Jews about Nishabur, 3, 433.
• Joseph Barihan Alfalach, representative of the Mosul congregation, and David Alrui, 3, 433.
• Joseph Caiaphas, high priest, president of the tribunal that tried Jesus, 2, 163, 164.
• removed from office, 2, 172.
• Joseph Ezobi ben Chanan (1230–1250), poet, works of, translated, 3, 561.
• advice of, to his son, 3, 561.
• Joseph Hamon. See Hamon, Joseph.
• Joseph Jaabez, attributes the suffering of the Jews to their heresy, 4, 343, 479.
• Joseph Kara, Bible exegete, 3, 345–6.
• writes commentaries on the Prophets and the Hagiographa, 3, 346.
• Joseph Karo (1488–1575), infected with Messianic enthusiasm by Molcho, 4, 496–7, 537.
• longing of, for martyrdom, 4, 511.
• ordained by Jacob Berab, 4, 536, 538.
• learning and wanderings of, 4, 537.
• elaborates Jacob Asheri’s code, 4, 537, 539.
• visions of, 4, 537–8.
• among the Kabbalists, 4, 538.
• Messianic dreams of, 4, 538–9.
• code by, intended to bring about religious unity, 4, 539, 612.
• chief rabbi of Safet, 4, 540.
• appealed to on the question of trade with Ancona, 4, 580.
• excommunicates Daud, 4, 599.
• publishes the “Shulchan Aruch,” 4, 612.
• Spanish tendencies of the code of, 4, 613.
• orders Azarya deï Rossi’s works to be burned, 4, 616.
• code of, commented upon by Moses Isserles, 4, 637.
• the highest Jewish authority in the seventeenth century, 5, 51.
• See also Shulchan Aruch, the.
• Joseph Kaspi, philosopher, 4, 87, 91.
• Joseph Orabuena, physician, chief rabbi of Navarre, 4, 184–5.
• Joseph Pichon, receiver general of taxes under Henry II of Castile, 4, 138.
• denounced by Jewish courtiers, 4, 156.
• condemned as a traitor, 4, 156.
• beheaded by the Jews, 4, 156.
• the execution of, arouses excitement against the Jews, 4, 157–8, 167.
• Joseph Rabban, leader of the Jews in India, 2, 629–30.
• special rights conferred on, 2, 630.
• Joseph Saragossi, Kabbalist, disciple of, 4, 393.
• reforms life in Safet, 4, 399.
• introduces the Kabbala into Safet, 4, 399.
• Joseph Tob-Elem, writes a commentary on Abraham Ibn-Ezra’s Pentateuch commentary, 4, 144.
• Joseph Zapateiro de Lamego, traveler, employed by João II of Portugal, 4, 368.
• Joseph Zevi, brother of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 145.
• Josephus, Flavius. See Joseph ben Matthias.
• Josephus, pseudo-. See Josippon.
• Joshua, father of Narboni, 4, 94.
• Joshua, leader of the Israelites, 1, 31, 32–3.
• victory of, at Gibeon, 1, 34–5.
• contest of, with the tribes of Joseph, 1, 36.
• defeats Jabin, 1, 37.
• dwells among the Ephraimites, 1, 41.
• declining years of, 1, 50.
• death of, 1, 52.
• Israelites under, settle in Arabia, 3, 54.
• Joshua, of the family of Phabi, made high priest, 2, 107.
• Joshua, of the family of Sié, made high priest, 2, 127.
• Joshua deï Cantori, defames the Talmud, 4, 583.
• Joshua ben Chananya, teacher of the Law, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 324, 326.
• contemporary of Gamaliel II, 2, 335.
• opposes decisions by the Bath-Kol, 2, 337.
• dispute of, with Gamaliel II, 2, 340–2.
• on the admission of proselytes, 2, 343, 384.
• reconciled with Gamaliel II, 2, 344–5.
• artisan, 2, 344, 348, 442.
• character of, 2, 348.
• popularity and homeliness of, 2, 349.
• astronomical knowledge of, 2, 349.
• condemns Shammai’s rules, 2, 349–50.
• conciliatory intercourse of, with the Roman rulers, 2, 350.
• removes the ban from Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 2, 350.
• obtains lucrative posts for poor scholars, 2, 345, 357.
• nephew of, 2, 370, 443.
• and Akylas, 2, 385.
• journey of, to Rome, 2, 387.
• and Flavius Clemens, 2, 387, 389, 391.
• influence of, on Nerva, 2, 392.
• advises against the rebellion against Hadrian, 2, 403–4.
• leader of the people under Hadrian, 2, 404.
• mourns for Gamaliel II, 2, 404.
• president of the Synhedrion, 2, 404.
• and Hadrian, 2, 406–7.
• tries to induce Hadrian not to rebuild Jerusalem, 2, 407–8.
• death of, 2, 408.
• disciples of, discard the Jewish garb, 2, 424.
• praises the Halachic knowledge of Bruria, 2, 436.
• Joshua ben Damnai, high priest, 2, 249.
• Joshua ben Gamala, high priest, obtains his office through bribery, 2, 249.
• improves the educational system of Judæa, 2, 249.
• procures the governorship of Galilee for Josephus, 2, 277–8.
• suspected of Roman proclivities, 2, 294.
• executed by the Zealots, 2, 296.
• Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui (Geronimo de Santa Fé), epistle of, attacking Christian dogmas, 4, 186–7.
• physician to Benedict XIII, 4, 200.
• instrument for the conversion of the Jews of Spain, 4, 206, 231–2.
• champion of Christianity at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 207.
• proves the Messiahship of Jesus from the Talmud, 4, 208–9, 211, 212.
• accuses the Talmud of blasphemy, 4, 213–14.
• end of, unknown, 4, 217.
• charges of, refuted, 4, 232, 238.
• leaves the Marranos unconvinced, 4, 256.
• Joshua ben Karcha, denounces Eleazar ben Simon, 2, 465.
• Joshua ben Levi, teacher of the Law, collects the Patriarch’s tax in Rome, 2, 486, 498.
• accompanies Chanina bar Chama to Cæsarea, 2, 491.
• prays for rain, 2, 492.
• reputation of, 2, 497.
• restores order in southern Judæa, 2, 498.
• legends about, 2, 498.
• and Ulla bar Kosher, 2, 530.
• Joshua, son of Jehozedek, high priest, leader of the exiles returning under Cyrus, 1, 352.
• erects an altar on the site of the Temple, 1, 356.
• urges the completion of the second Temple, 1, 359.
• sole leader of the Judæan community, 1, 360.
• Joshua, son of Joiada, slain by his brother, 1, 409.
• Joshua, son of Perachia, Pharisee leader, maxim of, 2, 20.
• Joshua Falk Cohen. See Cohen, Joshua Falk.
• Joshua Lorqui. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui.
• Joshua Sirach. See Jesus Sirach.
• Josiah, son of Amon (638–608), king of Judah, minority of, 1, 286.
• averts the capture of Jerusalem by the Scythians, 1, 288.
• fears to suppress idolatry, 1, 288.
• repairs the Temple, 1, 288–9.
• under the influence of Jeremiah, 1, 289.
• receives the Book of the Law found in the Temple, 1, 292, 293.
• has the Book of the Law read to the people, 1, 294.
• uproots idolatry, 1, 294–5.
• desecrates the idolatrous altar at Bethel, 1, 295.
• summons the nation to celebrate Passover at Jerusalem, 1, 295.
• social conditions under, 1, 296.
• mortally wounded at Megiddo, 1, 297.
• sons of, 1, 298.
• Josiah, teacher of the Law, in the south of Judæa, 2, 442.
• Josiah Hassan, appointed Exilarch by Saadiah, 3, 195, 196.
• banished to Khorasan, 3, 196.
• Josippon (“Joseph ben Gorion,” pseudo-Josephus), history of the Jews between the destruction of the first and the second Temple, 3, 179–80.
• Joslin of Rosheim. See Joseph ben Gershom Loans.
• Josselman Rosheim. See Joseph ben Gershom Loans.
• Jost, Isaac Marcus (1793–1860), historian, basis of the history by, 5, 594–5.
• service rendered by, 5, 595.
• objections to the work of, 5, 595–6.
• limitations of, 5, 609, 610.
• compared with Rapoport, 5, 619.
• Jotapata, resistance of, to Vespasian, 2, 285–6, 286–7.
• fall of, 2, 287.
• Jotham, son of Uzziah, regent of Judah, 1, 246.
• king, ally of Pekah and Rezin, 1, 248.
• state of the kingdom under, 1, 248–50.
• death of, 1, 257.
• Jotham, brother of Abimelech, parable of, 1, 63.
• Jourdan, French general, frees the Jews from the Frankfort Ghetto, 5, 503–4.
• Journals, Jewish, list of:
• Ha-Meassef, 5, 399–400.
• Journal for the Science of Judaism, 5, 585.
• Kerem Chemed, 5, 621, 625.
• Orient, The, 5, 693.
• Scientific Journal, The, 5, 625.
• Zion, 5, 693.
• Jovianus, emperor, concludes peace with Shabur II, 2, 602.
• religious toleration under, 2, 602.
• Jozachar, a noble of Judah, kills Joash, 1, 221.
• Juan I, of Aragon, Jews under, 4, 145, 170.
• Chasdaï Crescas at the court of, 4, 146.
• Juan II, of Aragon, the Jews under, 4, 274, 275.
• Juan I, of Castile, coronation of, 4, 156.
• punishes Fernan Martin, 4, 157.
• deprives the Jews of criminal jurisdiction, 4, 157.
• confirms anti-Jewish restrictions, 4, 158.
• possible heir to Portugal, 4, 158.
• regent of Portugal, 4, 160–1.
• makes David Negro chief rabbi of Castile, 4, 161.
• gives up Portugal, 4, 162.
• death of, 4, 167.
• Juan II, of Castile, Jews under, during his minority, 4, 193–4.
• anti-Jewish edict issued in the name of, 4, 203–4.
• issues a second edict concerning the Jews, 4, 205–6.
• admits Jews to state affairs, 4, 228–9.
• confirms the law of Avila, 4, 229.
• refuses consent to anti-Jewish bulls, 4, 251.
• protects the Jews, 4, 251–2.
• weakness of, 4, 252–3.
• complains of the backsliding Marranos, 4, 256.
• Juan de Abadia, Marrano, tries to suppress the Inquisition, 4, 329.
• hires an assassin to kill Pedro Arbues, 4, 329–30.
• suicide of, 4, 331.
• Juan de España (the Old), apostate, Christian propagandist, 4, 233.
• Juan de Lucena, minister to Aragon, urges the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 348–9.
• brother of, persecuted by the Marranos, 4, 355.
• Juan de Sevilla. See Samuel Abrabanel.
• Juan de Seville, intercedes for the Marranos, 4, 322–3.
• circulates Sixtus IV’s bull against the Inquisition, 4, 323.
• Juan Alfonso, governor of Seville, threatened by a mob, 4, 168.
• Juan Alfonso de Albuquerque, minister to Pedro the Cruel, recommends a Jew as minister of finance, 4, 115–16.
• falls into disgrace, 4, 117.
• Juan Arias, bishop of Avila, delivers up the Jews of Sepulveda to butchery, 4, 279.
• Juan Emanuel, regent for Alfonso XI of Castile, the Jews under, 4, 52–3.
• Juba, king of Numidia, marries Glaphyra, 2, 128.
• Jubilee, the year of, ceases to exist as a year of release, 1, 393.
• Judæa, under Gedaliah, 1, 319–23.
• depopulated by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 325.
• becomes a Persian dependency, 1, 351.
• part of Cœlesyria under Macedonian rule, 1, 414.
• conquered by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.
• falls to Ptolemy I after the battle of Ipsus, 1, 418.
• revolts from Ptolemy II, 1, 423.
• Dionysian festivals introduced into, 1, 428.
• at peace under Joseph, son of Tobiah, 1, 430.
• under Seleucidæan kings, 1, 432.
• ravaged by the Syrians, 1, 433.
• invaded by Gorgias, 1, 467.
• invaded by Lysias, 1, 469.
• reduced by Bacchides, 1, 491.
• the army of, under Jonathan Haphus, 1, 498.
• after the death of Jonathan Haphus, 1, 501–2, 519–20.
• independent under Simon Tharsi, 1, 520.
• independence of, acknowledged by Demetrius II, 1, 521.
• the Judæans in Egypt apprised of the independence of, 1, 522–3.
• allied with Rome, 1, 526.
• a monarchy under Simon Tharsi, 1, 526.
• under John Hyrcanus, 2, 1, 11–12.
• extent of, under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• prosperity of, under Salome Alexandra, 2, 48.
• one of the conquered provinces of Rome, 2, 67.
• divided into five provinces, 2, 71.
• burdens of, lessened by Cæsar, 2, 76.
• forced to pay a money contribution to Cassius Longinus, 2, 80.
• free from foreign soldiery under Antigonus, 2, 83.
• pays a tax to Rome, 2, 87.
• invaded by Sosius, 2, 88.
• extent of, under Herod, 2, 103.
• extent of, under the Herodians, 2, 118.
• towns of, adorned with Greek art, 2, 118.
• given to Archelaus by Herod’s will, 2, 119.
• made an ethnarchy by Augustus, 2, 127.
• wholly subject to Rome, 2, 128.
• ruled by procurators, 2, 137.
• compared with Galilee, 2, 148.
• given to Agrippa I by Claudius, 2, 190.
• the kingdom of, at its greatest extent, 2, 190.
• prosperity of, under Agrippa I, 2, 191.
• a Roman province on Agrippa I’s death, 2, 197.
• the governor of, independent of the governor of Syria, 2, 197.
• Roman dominion oppressive in, 2, 233.
• aristocracy of, immoral, 2, 234.
• severity of the Roman governors of, 2, 241.
• under Cumanus, 2, 242.
• under Felix, 2, 245–7.
• turbulent state of, under Gessius Florus, 2, 250–1.
• aroused against Rome, 2, 262.
• aided against Rome by foreign Judæans, 2, 264.
• the property of Vespasian, 2, 312.
• triumph over, celebrated at Rome, 2, 314–15.
• fortresses of, in arms, 2, 315.
• after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, 2, 321.
• under Roman governors, 2, 333.
• in rebellion against Trajan, 2, 394–5.
• in rebellion against Hadrian, 2, 399–400, 403, 408.
• visit of Hadrian to, 2, 406.
• desolate condition of, under Hadrian, 2, 431.
• revolution in, under Antoninus Pius, 2, 447.
• sanctity of, 2, 458.
• Hebrew spoken in, 2, 461–2.
• Marcus Aurelius in, 2, 463.
• under Commodus, 2, 463.
• falls into the background, 2, 503, 531.
• compared with Babylonia, 2, 505.
• educational institutions of, investigated by Judah III, 2, 532.
• youths of, go to Babylonia for study, 2, 537.
• Babylonia independent of, 2, 548.
• burials in, 2, 548.
• scene of the coming of the Messiah, 2, 548–9.
• decline of, 2, 557, 560.
• teachers of the Law banished from, 2, 566–7.
• dialectics unknown in, 2, 591.
• the head of the Jewish communities in the Roman empire, 2, 611.
• last Halachic authorities of, 2, 612.
• Biblical studies in, under Theodosius II, 2, 623–5.
• See also Canaan; Israel, the kingdom of; Judah; Palestine.
• Judæa, the Roman governors of, list of:
• Bassus,
• Quietus, Lucius
• Rufus, Tinnius
• Silva.
• See also Procurators, the, of Judæa; Syria, the Roman governors of.
• Judæan Christians, the, the early Christians, 2, 168.
• customs of, 2, 168.
• displeased with Paul, 2, 230, 231.
• declare the Law binding, 2, 231.
• differences between, and pagan Christians, 2, 232.
• See also Ebionites, the; Jewish Christians, the; Nazarenes, the.
• Judæans, the, deported to Babylonia, 1, 307.
• banished, urge war against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 309.
• flee to Egypt, 1, 317, 318.
• fugitive, molested after the fall of Jerusalem, 1, 318.
• remain in Judah, 1, 318–19, 321.
• return to Jerusalem from the countries about, 1, 356.
• moral degeneracy of, under Zerubbabel, 1, 358.
• accused of disloyalty to Persia, 1, 361.
• intermarry with the Samaritans, 1, 361–3.
• neglect the Law, 1, 366.
• receive Ezra with respect, 1, 367.
• repudiate their heathen wives, 1, 368–9.
• in part opposed to Ezra’s severity, 1, 370.
• appeal to Nehemiah for aid, 1, 372.
• intrigue with Tobiah against Nehemiah, 1, 376.
• swear not to enslave the poor, 1, 377.
• listen to Ezra’s reading of the Law, 1, 378–80.
• repudiate their heathen wives, 1, 380.
• swear to observe the Law, 1, 380–1.
• consecrate the walls of Jerusalem, 1, 381–2.
• disregard Nehemiah’s injunctions, 1, 383–4.
• dissensions among, 1, 384.
• reforms among, introduced by Nehemiah on his second visit, 1, 385–8.
• hostility of, to the Samaritans, 1, 392.
• influence of the Samaritan sect on, 1, 392–3.
• cultivate the Law, 1, 393–7.
• cruelly treated under Artaxerxes II and III, 1, 408–9.
• taxed by Bagoas, 1, 409–10.
• hostility of the Samaritans to, 1, 410.
• legends about, and Alexander the Great, 1, 412–13.
• taxed by the Macedonians, 1, 413.
• favored by Alexander the Great, 1, 414–15.
• refuse to help in rebuilding the temple to Bel, 1, 415.
• taken captive by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.
• pay tribute to the Egypto-Macedonian court, 1, 418.
• settle in Alexandria, 1, 418.
• settle in Antioch, 1, 419.
• colonies of, in the Græco-Macedonian countries, 1, 418–19.
• dispersed in the lands of the Ptolemies and Seleucidæ, 1, 420–1.
• choose Joseph as their leader, 1, 424.
• under Greek influence, 1, 426, 427–9.
• well treated by Antiochus III, 1, 433.
• hated by surrounding nations, 1, 434–5.
• split up into Hellenists and Chassidim, 1, 435–6.
• trained in Greek athletics, 1, 445–6.
• at the Olympian games at Tyre, 1, 446.
• dissatisfied with Menelaus as high priest, 1, 447.
• kill Lysimachus, 1, 449.
• accused of partisanship for Egypt, 1, 449.
• national party of, favored at the Egyptian court, 1, 451.
• cruelly treated by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 453.
• commanded to sacrifice to the Greek gods, 1, 454–5.
• persecuted by the overseers of Antiochus IV, 1, 456–7.
• extermination of, planned by Antiochus IV, 1, 463–4.
• defended by Ptolemy Macron, 1, 476–7, 478.
• granted religious freedom by Antiochus V, 1, 480, 488.
• split up into parties, 1, 489.
• alliance with, sought by Demetrius I, 1, 495.
• exempted from taxation, 1, 497.
• destroy a portion of Antioch, 1, 497.
• defeat Diodotus Tryphon, 1, 499.
• regret the existence of the Temple of Onias, 1, 509.
• object to the Greek translation of the Law, 1, 512.
• count from the date of Simon Tharsi’s accession, 1, 522.
• in the army of Antiochus Sidetes celebrate the Sabbath and the holidays, 2, 5.
• permitted to ship goods duty free from their ports, 2, 9.
• development of, under John Hyrcanus, 2, 13–15.
• Greek art among, 2, 14.
• cultivate the Hebrew language, 2, 14–15.
• literature of, under the Hasmonæans, 2, 15–16.
• religion of, divided into sects, 2, 16–31.
• make the half-Shekel collections in spring, 2, 52.
• flee to Egypt during the siege of Jerusalem by Aretas, 2, 60.
• with republican views appeal to Pompey, 2, 63–4.
• oppose Cæsar, 2, 77.
• present their grievances to Archelaus, 2, 120–1.
• appeal to Augustus to make Judæa a Roman province, 2, 126–7.
• petition for the removal of obnoxious emblems from the Roman standard, 2, 139.
• influenced by John the Baptist, 2, 146–7.
• morality of the middle class of, 2, 151.
• complain of Pontius Pilate’s cruelty, 2, 172.
• leniently treated under Tiberius, 2, 172–3.
• object to the images of the emperors on the Roman standards, 2, 173.
• dispersed in the Roman and Parthian empires, 2, 200–3.
• of the dispersion visit the Temple, 2, 201.
• as regarded by the heathen, 2, 203.
• view held by, of paganism, 2, 204.
• manifest proselytizing tendencies, 2, 215–19.
• in Greek cities proselytized by Nazarenes, 2, 222.
• displeased with the apostle Paul, 2, 229, 230.
• hindered by Rome, in the free exercise of religion, 2, 234.
• immorality of, under the Roman dominion, 2, 237–8.
• resent the presence of a Roman cohort in the Temple, 2, 242.
• hated by the Greek and Roman inhabitants of Judæa, 2, 246–7.
• deprived by Nero of civil rights in Cæsarea, 2, 247.
• well treated by Nero and Poppea Sabina, 2, 248.
• number of, in Jerusalem at Passover 66, 2, 251.
• quarrel with the heathen in Cæsarea, 2, 252–3.
• parties among, 2, 256.
• aroused by the treatment of the Cæsareans, 2, 262.
• loyalty of, defended before Nero, 2, 268.
• joined by the Samaritans against Rome, 2, 268.
• massacre of, by the heathen, 2, 269.
• forbidden to buy articles of food from the heathen, 2, 270.
• after the destruction of Jerusalem, 2, 311–12, 321–2.
• friendly to Rome, rewarded by Vespasian, 2, 316–17.
• See also Israelites, the; Jews, the; Judæans, the, of various cities and countries.
• Judæo-Alexandrian school, the, of Allegorists, 2, 208–9, 329.
• combat paganism, 2, 214–15.
• Judæo-Greek literature, among the Judæans in Egypt, 1, 515–16; 2, 204–8.
• Judæo-Greek writers, spread Judæan doctrines, 2, 204–8.
• Judah, the house of, renounces allegiance to David, 1, 140.
• Judah, the kingdom of, first indications of, 1, 109.
• dislike of, to Israel, under Solomon, 1, 174.
• founded, 1, 183.
• religious conditions in, under Rehoboam, 1, 188–9.
• subjects of, sold as slaves under Uzziah, 1, 227.
• weakness of, at the beginning of Uzziah’s reign, 1, 237.
• licentiousness of the princes of, under Jotham, 1, 249–50.
• Assyrian idols introduced into, 1, 260–1.
• degradation of the nobles of, under Ahaz, 1, 261.
• freed from idolatry by Hezekiah, 1, 268.
• fortified towns of, taken by Sennacherib, 1, 272.
• golden age of, under Hezekiah, 1, 279.
• idolatry in, under Manasseh, 1, 282–3.
• ravaged by the Scythians, 1, 287.
• end of, 1, 305.
• taken by Nebuchadnezzar’s army, 1, 307.
• importance of, 1, 308.
• power of the nobles of, 1, 308–9.
• Judah, the kings of, list of:
• Abijam,
• Ahaziah,
• Amaziah,
• Amon,
• Asa,
• Jehoahaz (Shallum),
• Jehoiachin (Jeconiah),
• Jehoiakim (Eliakim),
• Jehoshaphat,
• Joash,
• Joram (Jehoram),
• Josiah,
• Manasseh,
• Rehoboam,
• Uzziah,
• Zedekiah (Mattaniah).
• Judah, the tribe of, successful warriors in the desert, 1, 26.
• war of, for territory, 1, 38.
• description of the land of, 1, 45.
• isolation of, 1, 51, 76–7, 109.
• delivered by Othniel, 1, 60.
• attacked by the Ammonites and Philistines, 1, 64.
• enters national life, 1, 77.
• virtues of, 1, 77.
• chooses David as king, 1, 107.
• hesitates to recall David after Absalom’s revolt, 1, 146.
• sends an embassy to meet David, 1, 146–7.
• quarrels with the northern tribes, 1, 148.
• loyal to Rehoboam, 1, 182.
• members of, return under Zerubbabel, 1, 352.
• Judah, brother of Jesus, 2, 148.
• Judah, chief rabbi of Portugal and minister of finance, 3, 618.
• Judah, coadjutor of Josephus in Galilee, 2, 278, 279.
• Judah, Essene seer, 2, 38.
• Judah, father of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 265.
• Judah, favorite of Charles the Bald, 3, 170.
• Judah I (ha-Nassi, Rabbi), Patriarch, son of Simon III, closes the activity of the Tanaites, 2, 450.
• talents of, 2, 450–1.
• teachers of, 2, 451.
• made Patriarch, 2, 451.
• generosity of, 2, 451–2.
• invests the Patriarchate with autocratic power, 2, 452–4.
• lives at Sepphoris, 2, 452.
• called Rabbi, 2, 453.
• disciples of, 2, 454–7, 511.
• severity of, towards his disciples, 2, 454–6.
• punishes Chiya, 2, 455.
• refuses to authorize Simon bar Kappara to teach, 2, 456.
• cured by Samuel, 2, 456.
• offended by Judah and Chiskiya, 2, 457.
• admits the testimony of a Samaritan, 2, 457.
• moderates the laws of tithes, 2, 458–9.
• contemplates the abolition of the year of release, 2, 459–60.
• completes the Mishna, 2, 460–1.
• revises his own code, 2, 461.
• prefers Hebrew, 2, 461.
• gives tradition a settled form, 2, 462.
• the last of the Tanaites, 2, 462.
• rebuked by the widow of Eleazar ben Simon, 2, 465.
• death of, 2, 465–7.
• appoints his sons to offices, 2, 466.
• dying wishes of, 2, 466.
• announcement of the death of, 2, 466–7.
• funeral of, 2, 467.
• called “the Holy,” 2, 467.
• maxims of, 2, 472.
• work of, completed by Ashi, 2, 609.
• Judah II (Rabbi, Rabbenu, 228), Patriarch, son of Gamaliel III, 2, 479.
• censured for irreligiousness, 2, 480.
• in favor with Alexander Severus, 2, 480–3.
• royal authority of, 2, 481–2.
• Roman dress of, 2, 483.
• leniency of, 2, 483–5.
• permits the purchase of articles of food from the heathen, 2, 483–4.
• alleviations proposed by, 2, 484–5.
• attacks on, 2, 485–6.
• covetousness of, 2, 486.
• draws a revenue from the Jewish communities, 2, 486–7.
• reverence for, 2, 487.
• death of, 2, 487.
• Jochanan bar Napacha the companion of, 2, 493.
• questions Levi bar Sissi on the neo-Persians, 2, 525.
• Judah III (280–300), Patriarch, has scant knowledge of the Law, 2, 532.
• determines the new-moon, 2, 532.
• investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, 2, 532.
• accused of disloyalty, 2, 533–4.
• levies a tax for the Patriarchate, 2, 536.
• accused of Christian leanings, 2, 565.
• Judah IV, Patriarch, son of Gamaliel V, 2, 612.
• Judah, proselyte, informs against Simon ben Yochai, 2, 448.
• Judah, treasurer of Ferdinand I of Portugal, 4, 159.
• removed from office, 4, 160.
• proposed as chief rabbi of Castile, 4, 161, 162.
• imprisoned, 4, 161.
• Judah (Laudadeus) de Blanis, physician and Kabbalist, 4, 411.
• Judah the Blind (Jehudaï, 759–762), Gaon of Sora, opposed to Anan ben David, 3, 129.
• author of Halachoth Ketuoth, 3, 136.
• work of, supplemented, 3, 179.
• work of, superseded, 3, 286.
• Judah ben Baba, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• ordains Akiba’s disciples, 2, 429; 4, 536.
• suffers martyrdom, 2, 429.
• Judah ben Bathyra, teacher of the Law in Nisibis, 2, 358, 443.
• effects the dissolution of the Synhedrion at Nahar-Pakod, 2, 444.
• Judah ben Chiya, offends Judah I ha-Nassi, 2, 457.
• adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.
• Babylonian disciple of Judah I, 2, 511.
• Judah ben Ezekiel, Babylonian Amora, founds the academy of Pumbeditha, 2, 545, 549.
• descent of, 2, 549.
• dialectic system of, 2, 550.
• and his brother, 2, 550–1.
• severity of, with regard to purity of race, 2, 551–2.
• excommunicates a Nahardean, 2, 551–2.
• principal of the Sora Metibta, 2, 552.
• method of, used by Chasda, 2, 553.
• acuteness of the disciples of, 2, 575.
• objects to emigration, 2, 576.
• Judah ben Ilai, disciple of Akiba, returns to Judæa, 2, 433.
• receives the members of the Synhedrion of Usha, 2, 433–4.
• diplomacy of, 2, 442.
• artisan, 2, 442.
• praises Rome, 2, 448.
• rewarded by Rome, 2, 448.
• Judah ben Jacob Chayyat, Kabbalist, describes the suffering of the Spanish exiles, 4, 369–70, 481.
• Judah ben Joseph Ibn-Alfachar. See Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar.
• Judah ben Moses Cohen, physician to Alfonso X, 3, 593.
• Judah ben Moses Ibn-Tibbon, chief of the Tibbonide party, 4, 32.
• Judah ben Saul Ibn-Tibbon (1120–1190), physician and translator, pedantry of, 3, 397.
• works translated by, 3, 397.
• Hebrew style of, 3, 398.
• Judah ben Tabbaï, Nassi of the Great Council, re-organizes it, 2, 49.
• called “Restorer of the Law,” 2, 49.
• rigorous in administering the Law, 2, 53–4.
• maxim of, 2, 54.
• disciples of, 2, 72.
• Judah ben Yechiel (Messer Leon, 1450–1490), rabbi and physician in Mantua, 4, 289.
• author of books on grammar, logic, and rhetoric, 4, 289–90.
• as a classical scholar, 4, 289–90.
• hostility to, 4, 293.
• controversy of, with Joseph Kolon, 4, 295.
• banished from Mantua, 4, 295.
• Judah ben Zippori, Pharisee, instigates an uprising against Herod, 2, 115.
• burnt alive, 2, 115.
• death of, avenged, 2, 121.
• Judah Ibn-Giat, poet, 3, 318.
• Judah Ibn-Verga, Kabbalist and astronomer, teaches Marranos, 4, 335.
• martyrdom of, 4, 336.
• as a chronicler, 4, 556.
• consulted by Basnage, 5, 196.
• Judah Ibn-Yachya-Negro, prevents the forced baptism of the Jews of Portugal, 4, 218.
• Judah, son of David ben Zaccaï, quarrels with Saadiah, 3, 195.
• appointed Exilarch, 3, 201.
• son of, 3, 201–2.
• Judah, son of Simon Tharsi, 1, 520.
• general, 1, 529.
• assassinated, 1, 530.
• Judah Benveniste, leader of the Spanish exiles in Salonica, 4, 405.
• Judah Chassid, leader of a Sabbatian sect in Poland, exhorts to penance, 5, 212.
• emigrates, 5, 212.
• effect of preaching of, 5, 212–13.
• death of, 5, 213.
• nephews of, 5, 213.
• Judah Del Medigo. See Del Medigo.
• Judah Judghan (800), of Hamadan, imparts a Mutazilistic tendency to Judaism, 3, 149–50.
• asceticism of, 3, 150.
• founder of a sect, 3, 150.
• Judah Leon Abrabanel (Hebræus, Medigo, 1470–1530), treasurer to a Portuguese prince, 4, 337.
• describes his father, 4, 339.
• referred to, 4, 340.
• property of, confiscated by Alfonso V of Portugal, 4, 341.
• forbidden to leave Toledo, 4, 360.
• flees to Naples, 4, 360.
• son of, forcibly baptized, 4, 361.
• at Genoa, 4, 384.
• pursuits of, 4, 384.
• physician to Gonsalvo de Cordova, 4, 384–5.
• in Venice, 4, 385.
• without influence in Italy, 4, 409.
• as philosopher, 4, 480–1.
• Italian style of, 4, 480.
• Hebrew verses of, addressed to his son, 4, 480.
• esteemed by Italians, 4, 481.
• Judah Menz (1408–1509), rabbi in Padua, Talmudist, 4, 294.
• controversy of, with Elias del Medigo, 4, 295.
• narrowness of, 4, 295.
• disciples of, 4, 406.
• as a teacher, 4, 410.
• Judah Siciliano, Italian man of letters, 4, 60.
• poet, praised by Immanuel Romi, 4, 68.
• Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac (1166–1224), Tossafist, 3, 408.
• writes the “Book of the Pious,” 3, 408–9.
• disciples of, 3, 409, 539.
• Judah. See also under Jehuda; Judas.
• “Judah’s Rod of Correction,” history by Joseph Ibn-Verga, 4, 557.
• Judaism, a religious conviction after the formation of the Samaritan sect, 1, 393.
• Magian influence on, 1, 402–5.
• incompatible with Greek games, 1, 445.
• calumniated by Menelaus, the Benjamite, 1, 449–50.
• calumniated by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 452.
• becomes known through the Greek version of the Pentateuch, 1, 512–13.
• misrepresented by the Greek translation of the Law, 1, 513–14.
• development of, under the Hasmonæans, 2, 16–17.
• sects of, 2, 16–31.
• leaning of Romans towards, 2, 136.
• Roman proselytes to, under Tiberius, 2, 136–7.
• universality of, 2, 141.
• how introduced to the heathen, 2, 142.
• attitude of Jesus to, 2, 155–6.
• as viewed by the heathen, 2, 203.
• allegorized to suit Greek notions, 2, 208–9.
• apostasy from, among the Alexandrians, 2, 209.
• humanitarian laws of, as expounded by Philo, 2, 211–12, 213–14.
• embraced by the heathen, 2, 215–19.
• leanings towards, taken advantage of by the Nazarenes, 2, 219.
• taught by Paul as an introduction to Christianity, 2, 228, 229.
• relation of, to Christianity according to Paul, 2, 229–30.
• hampered by Rome, 2, 234.
• dangers to, after the destruction of Jerusalem, 2, 322.
• dissociated from the Temple by Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 324–5.
• reviled by the Nazarenes, 2, 371–2.
• consolidation of, after the fall of the second Temple, 2, 373.
• as viewed by the Gnostics, 2, 377.
• influence of the Minæans on, deprecated, 2, 378.
• Gnostic or semi-Christian ideas in, 2, 380–1.
• saved from Gnostic influences by Akiba, 2, 382.
• influence of, upon the pagan world, 2, 382–3.
• conversions to, from paganism, 2, 383–5.
• Tacitus on the conversions to, 2, 384.
• mocked at by Hadrian, 2, 407–8.
• laws against, decreed by Hadrian, 2, 421.
• Hadrian attempts to graft paganism on, 2, 422.
• persecuted by Hadrian, 2, 423–6.
• independence of Christianity of, demonstrated to Hadrian, 2, 431.
• laws against, promulgated by Severus, 2, 464.
• legal character of, due to the Mishna, 2, 471.
• admired by Alexander Severus, 2, 481.
• Greek civilization equal to, according to Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 494.
• in foreign lands, 2, 520.
• oppressed by Christianity, 2, 535.
• placed on an equality with Christianity, 2, 561.
• aspersed by Church dignitaries under Constantine, 2, 562.
• conversions to, forbidden by Constantine, 2, 562, 564.
• separated from Christianity at the Council of Nice, 2, 563.
• interest of Julian the Apostate in, 2, 596.
• protected by Theodosius the Great, 2, 614–15.
• preserved by the Talmud, 2, 635.
• among the Arabian Jews in the sixth century, 3, 58–9.
• inspires Mahomet, 3, 71–2.
• taught the Chazars by fugitive Greek Jews, 3, 139.
• account of the conversion of the Chazars to, 3, 139–40.
• influence of, on the Chazars, 3, 141.
• rationalistic tendency imparted to, 3, 149–50.
• orthodox adherents of, oppose the rationalists, 3, 152–3.
• mysticism in, 3, 153–5.
• Karaite interpretation of, variable, 3, 157.
• revered by the Empress Judith, 3, 162.
• revered by the Christians of the Frankish empire, 3, 163.
• promotes science during the Middle Ages, 3, 187.
• assumes a European character in the tenth century, 3, 188.
• Christian and Islam objections to, answered by Saadiah, 3, 199.
• leadership of, lost by Asia, 3, 207.
• the center of, in Spain, 3, 229.
• gloomy character of, in Germany, 3, 309.
• as expounded by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 330, 331–6.
• as characterized by Abraham Ibn-Daud, 3, 364–5.
• in Asia in the twelfth century, 3, 440–2.
• as presented by Maimonides in his Mishne-Torah, 3, 467.
• and philosophy in Maimonides’ “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 478–9.
• loses by Maimonides’ philosophical system, 3, 487.
• condition of, in the twelfth century, 3, 446–7.
• the creed of, drawn up by Maimonides, 3, 459–60.
• divided by the Maimunist controversy, 3, 546–7.
• as interpreted by Nachmani, 3, 533–5.
• Albo on the possibility of changing, 4, 242.
• effect of the Protestant Reformation on, 4, 471.
• influence of the Shulchan Aruch on, 4, 613.
• influence of Lurya’s Kabbala on, 4, 625–7.
• attacked by Martin Czechowic, 4, 648.
• influence of the Cossack persecutions on, 5, 16–17.
• condition of, in the seventeenth century, 5, 51–2.
• reform of, proposed by Leo Modena, 5, 73–4.
• defended by Simone Luzzatto, 5, 81–4.
• antagonized by Spinoza, 5, 97–8, 101–3.
• discredited by the Kabbala, 5, 166.
• glorified by Spinoza, 5, 167.
• attracts Christians, 5, 176.
• influenced by Lessing, 5, 298.
• Mendelssohn’s early attitude towards, 5, 310.
• human additions to, according to Mendelssohn, 5, 311, 317.
• binding only upon Jews, 5, 312.
• Mendelssohn’s glorification of, 5, 314–15.
• as defined by Mendelssohn, 5, 364.
• consequences of the renaissance of, 5, 374–5.
• view of, taken by Schleiermacher, 5, 426–7.
• view of, held by Chateaubriand, 5, 427.
• view of, held by Furtado, 5, 496.
• characterized by Heine, 5, 552.
• excrescences of, 5, 557–9.
• barbarous aspect of, under Polish influence, 5, 558.
• disfigurement of, among the Portuguese, 5, 559.
• reform of, suggested, 5, 559. See Reform, the, of Judaism.
• reconciliation of, with culture, 5, 560.
• as viewed by Bernays, 5, 575–6.
• journal for the science of, 5, 585.
• love for, fostered by the Society for Culture, 5, 588.
• the renaissance of, 5, 589–90, 591–2, 607.
• defined by Steinheim, 5, 604–6.
• the narrowing of, by the new school of scholars, 5, 627.
• view of, held by Holdheim, 5, 680–1.
• the first to recognize the rights of man, 5, 709–10.
• the moral system of, 5, 710–11.
• free from asceticism, 5, 712.
• Judaism, the sects of, list of:
• Boëthuseans,
• Chassidim,
• Donmäh,
• Essenes,
• Frankists,
• Isavites,
• Judghanites,
• Karaites (and their sects),
• Menachemists,
• Pharisees,
• Sabbatians,
• Sadducees,
• Samaritans.
• Judaism, conversions to. See Conversions to Judaism.
• “Judaism, or the Jewish Doctrine,” attack by John Miller, 4, 692.
• Judaism, Rabbinical. See Rabbinical Judaism.
• Judaism, Talmudical. See Talmudical Judaism.
• Judaism, the Reform of. See Reform, the, of Judaism.
• Judaism, the Statute of, passed by the House of Commons, 3, 642.
• “Judaism Unmasked,” by Eisenmenger, full title of, 5, 188.
• suppressed, 5, 189–90.
• cause of, supported by Frederick I of Prussia, 5, 192–3.
• under ban for forty years, 5, 193.
• Judaizantes, sect called forth by the Protestant Reformation, 4, 541.
• Judas the Galilean, champion against the Romans, 2, 125.
• seizes the arsenal of Sepphoris, 2, 125.
• escapes from Quintilius Varus, 2, 126.
• leader of the Zealots, 2, 133.
• resists the Roman census, 2, 133–4.
• conception of the Messiah held by the disciples of, 2, 144.
• morality of the followers of, 2, 151.
• sons of, 2, 199.
• grandsons of, 2, 239.
• Judas ben Jair, killed by the Romans, 2, 315.
• Judas Aristobulus, Judæan of priestly lineage, teacher of the Egyptian king, 1, 519.
• petitioned to introduce the Chanukah celebration into Egypt, 2, 6–7.
• Judas Iscariot, follower of Jesus, betrays him, 2, 163.
• Judas Maccabæus, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.
• chosen to succeed his father as commander, 1, 461.
• characterization of, 1, 461.
• defeats Apollonius, 1, 461–2.
• defeats Heron, 1, 462.
• joined by the half-Hellenized, 1, 464.
• exhorts his troops at Mizpah, 1, 467.
• divides his army among his brothers, 1, 468.
• dismisses all excused from military service by the Law, 1, 468.
• defeats Gorgias, 1, 468–9, 476.
• defeats Lysias, 1, 469–70.
• consecrates the Temple, 1, 471–3.
• fortifies the Temple mount, 1, 473.
• defeats the Idumæans and Ammonites, 1, 474.
• appealed to by Judæans in the provinces, 1, 474–5.
• rescues the trans-Jordanic provinces, 1, 476.
• besieges the Acra, 1, 478.
• defeated at Beth-Zachariah, 1, 479.
• besieged in Jerusalem, 1, 479–80.
• made high priest, 1, 481.
• hated by the Hellenists, 1, 481.
• accused before Demetrius I, 1, 482.
• retreats to the mountains, 1, 482.
• gathers a new army to oppose Alcimus and Bacchides, 1, 483.
• treats with Nicanor, 1, 484.
• defeats Nicanor, 1, 484, 485.
• negotiates with Rome, 1, 485–6.
• encamps at Eleasa, 1, 486.
• falls on the battlefield of Eleasa, 1, 487.
• achievements of, compared with his brother Jonathan’s, 1, 501–2.
• state of Judæa after the death of, 1, 501, 519–20.
• model of Cromwell, 5, 26.
• Judas. See also under Jehuda; Judah.
• Judenbreter, name assumed by German families, 3, 611.
• Jüdenbühl, in Nuremberg, scene of the burning of the Jews, 4, 110.
• Judenmeister, rabbis, appointed by order of Sigismund, 4, 227.
• Judenstättigkeit, permissive residence of Jews in Frankfort, 4, 695; 5, 503.
• indulgently interpreted, 4, 696.
• abolished by Emperor Matthias, 4, 700.
• Juderia, the, of Seville, destroyed by a mob, 4, 169. See Jew’s quarter, the.
• Judges, Jews forbidden to act as, by the Council of Mâcon, 3, 39, 171.
• Judges, the warrior, deliver the Israelites from servitude, 1, 59.
• activity of, characterized, 1, 68–9.
• un-Jewish character of, 5, 715.
• Judges, the, list of:
• Abdon,
• Abimelech,
• Barak,
• Deborah,
• Ehud,
• Elon,
• Gideon,
• Ibzan,
• Jephthah,
• Othniel,
• Samson,
• Samuel,
• Shamgar.
• Judghanites, a Jewish sect, 3, 150.
• Judgment Chamber, in the House of the Forest of Lebanon, 1, 168–9.
• Judith, the Book of, admitted into the Canon by Christians, 2, 488.
• Judith, wife of Louis the Pious, friendly to Judaism, 3, 162.
• calumniated by Bishop Agobard, 3, 164.
• rebellion incited against, 3, 166.
• conspiracy against, joined by Agobard, 3, 168.
• Juglar, Gaspard, inquisitor in Aragon, 4, 326.
• Julian the Apostate, emperor, delivers the Jews from the oppression suffered under Constantine, 2, 572.
• character of, 2, 595.
• in possession of undivided power, 2, 595.
• plans of, 2, 595.
• opposes Christianity, 2, 596.
• interest of, in Judaism, 2, 596.
• admires the benevolence of the Jews, 2, 596–7.
• predilection of, for the sacrificial cult, 2, 597.
• favors the Jews of the Roman empire, 2, 597.
• letter of, to the Jewish communities, 2, 598.
• accuses the Christians of preventing the rebuilding of the Temple, 2, 601.
• in the Persian war, 2, 601–2.
• death of, 2, 602.
• Julian, Metropolitan of Toledo, presides over an anti-Jewish Council, 3, 107.
• Julian ben Sabar, Samaritan king, 3, 13, 16.
• Julianus, leader of the rebellion against Trajan in Judæa, 2, 395.
• threatened by Lucius Quietus, 2, 401.
• Julias, built by the tetrarch Philip, 2, 138.
• Jülich, a Jew of, accused of ritual murder, 5, 642.
• Julius II, pope, friendly to the Jews, 4, 407.
• employs a Jewish physician, 4, 408.
• Julius III, pope, petitioned for absolution for the Marranos, 4, 528.
• the Talmud denounced before, 4, 564.
• signs the decree against the Talmud, 4, 565.
• protects Hebrew writings except the Talmud, 4, 565.
• death of, 4, 566.
• confirms the privileges of the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568.
• employs a Jewish physician, 4, 569.
• Julius Archelaus, husband of Mariamne, daughter of Agrippa I, 2, 235.
• Julius Capellus, partisan of Rome in Tiberias, 2, 274.
• Jullos, name given to Hillel II by Origen, 2, 487.
• July revolution, the, effect of, on Europe, 5, 596.
• on the Jews, 5, 596, 598, 600.
• “Jumpers, the,” origin of, 5, 378.
• Juno, the Argive, statue of, raised by Herod in Cæsarea, 2, 106.
• Jupiter, statue of, placed in the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 455.
• destroyed by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 472.
• Jupiter, temple of, adorned with a golden vine destined for the Temple at Jerusalem, 2, 63.
• on Gerizim, 2, 422.
• Jupiter Capitolinus, temple to, in Jerusalem, 2, 422.
• Jupiter, Olympian, statue of, raised by Herod in Cæsarea, 2, 106.
• Jurieu, Pierre, Huguenot, on the future of the Jews, 5, 176.
• Jurisdiction, Jewish, autonomous, withdrawn by Verus, 2, 447–8.
• restored by Alexander Severus, 2, 482.
• exercised by Raba in a criminal suit, 2, 592.
• under the Patriarchs, 2, 613.
• under Arcadius, 2, 616.
• forbidden in mixed suits, 2, 617; 3, 28.
• in civil suits in Greece, southern Italy, etc., 3, 27, 28, 423.
• in Cologne, 3, 41.
• under the Exilarchs, 3, 89.
• in Speyer, 3, 297.
• under Henry IV, 3, 298.
• in Castile, etc., 4, 116, 155, 157, 203.
• exercised by Ar-Rabbi Mor, 4, 159.
• in Vienna, 4, 702.
• in Poland, 5, 3.
• See also Courts of Justice; Witnesses.
• Jussuf Pasha, governor of Rhodes, persecutes the Jews on the blood accusation, 5, 640–1.
• dismissed from his post, 5, 647.
• Justi, court preacher, denounces Mendelssohn’s review of Frederick II’s poetry, 5, 302.
• Justin I, emperor of the East, enforces the anti-Jewish laws of Theodosius II, 3, 10.
• appealed to, to make war upon Zorah Nowas, 3, 66.
• Justin II, emperor of the East, oppresses the Samaritans, 3, 17–18.
• expels the Jews from their quarter in Constantinople, 3, 26.
• Justinian I (483–565), emperor, closes the schools of philosophy in Greece, 3, 7.
• interferes with the religious liberty of the Jews, 3, 12–16.
• enacts that Jews are competent witnesses only in their own cases, 3, 12–13.
• orders translations of the Law to be used by Jewish congregations, 3, 14–15.
• forbids the recital of the confession of faith, 3, 15.
• removes the Temple vessels from Constantinople to Jerusalem, 3, 27.
• rule of, feared by the Jews of Italy, 3, 31.
• made exarch of Ravenna, 3, 32.
• appealed to by Imrulkais Ibn Hojr, 3, 69.
• Justiniani, Augustin, bishop of Corsica, introduces the study of Hebrew into France, 4, 473, 474.
• has Moses Kimchi’s grammar printed, 4, 474.
• has a Latin translation of the “Guide of the Perplexed” made, 4, 474.
• Justus of Tiberias, historian, does not mention Jesus, 2, 166.
• leader of the Roman insurrection in Tiberias, 2, 274.
• historian of the Roman war, 2, 319.
• ambiguous conduct of, 2, 319–20.
• attacks Josephus, 2, 390.
• K
• Kaab, teacher of the Law, converts Abu-Kariba to Judaism, 3, 62–3.
• goes to Yemen to convert the people, 3, 63.
• Kaab Ibn-Asharaf, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, 3, 74.
• Kaab Ibn-Assad, chief of the Benu-Kuraiza, 3, 80.
• killed by Mahomet, 3, 81.
• Kaaba, the, the Square, the holy place of the Arabs, 3, 60.
• number of idols in, 3, 72.
• Moslem turn towards, in prayer, 3, 75.
• Kaarat Kesef, by Joseph Ezobi, 3, 561.
• Kabbala, the, Jacob ben Meshullam the first promoter of, 3, 396.
• as used by Nachmani, 3, 535.
• rise of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 547.
• earliest promoters of, 3, 547.
• reduced to a system, 3, 548.
• youth of, 3, 548.
• put into philosophical language, 3, 549.
• counterpoise to the Maimunist philosophy, 3, 529.
• compromise between faith and philosophy, 3, 549, 623.
• theosophy of, 3, 550.
• principles of, concerning God, 3, 550–1.
• theory of emanation in, 3, 551–2.
• theory of creation in, 3, 552–3.
• on the mission of Israel, 3, 553.
• mystical importance of prayer in, 3, 553–4.
• on metempsychosis, 3, 554.
• on retribution, 3, 555.
• on the soul of the Messiah, 3, 555.
• great age fraudulently claimed for, 3, 556.
• promoted by Nachmani, 3, 556–7.
• transplanted to Palestine by Nachmani, 3, 607.
• to be taught in secret, according to Solomon ben Adret, 3, 619.
• progress of, in Spain, 4, 1–23.
• furtherance of, through the Zohar, 4, 22.
• studied in Palestine, 4, 74–5.
• in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 91.
• influence of, increases in Spain, 4, 196.
• studied by Pico di Mirandola, 4, 291–2, 433, 443.
• Christian dogmas in, 4, 292.
• translated into Latin, 4, 292, 443.
• denounced by Elias del Medigo, 4, 292.
• introduced into Safet by Joseph Saragossi, 4, 399.
• in Salonica, 4, 405.
• defended by Reuchlin, 4, 442–3, 466–7.
• admired by Egidio de Viterbo, 4, 457.
• carried to Italy and Turkey by Spanish exiles, 4, 481.
• Christian scholars interested in, 4, 481.
• affects the liturgy, 4, 481.
• expectation of the Messiah the center of, 4, 482, 483.
• Safet center of, 4, 538.
• esteemed by the Church, 4, 583.
• influence of, in Palestine in the sixteenth century, 4, 617.
• spread of, 4, 617.
• induces a Jewish “dark age,” 4, 617.
• influence of, on Judaism, 4, 625–7.
• corrupting influence of, 4, 626–7.
• influence of, on seventeenth century Judaism, 5, 51–2.
• as taught by Vital Calabrese, 5, 52–3.
• spread by Israel Saruk, 5, 54.
• spread by Abraham de Herrera, 5, 54.
• identified with Neo-platonism, 5, 54.
• beginnings of the criticism of, 5, 55.
• attacked by Leo Modena, 5, 67, 74.
• ridiculed by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 77.
• defended by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 78–9.
• Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 84.
• studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.
• influence of, on Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 118–19.
• taught by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 119.
• Messianic speculation in, 5, 120–1.
• at variance with Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 144, 277.
• brings discredit on Judaism, 5, 166.
• opposed by Jehuda Leon Brieli, 5, 200.
• supposed to teach the Trinity, 5, 216.
• unhealthy influences of, 5, 232–3.
• Moses Chayim Luzzatto under the influence of, 5, 236.
• study of, forbidden to young men, 5, 241, 277.
• generally opposed by the rabbis, 5, 245.
• sways the minds of Polish Jews, 5, 382.
• views of, held by Elijah Wilna, 5, 390–1.
• supporters of, in Italy, 5, 488.
• disfigures Judaism, 5, 539.
• See also Zohar, the.
• Kabbala, the higher, of Abraham Abulafia, 4, 5–6.
• Kabbalistic terms:
• Adam Kadmon,
• Diokna Kadisha,
• En-Sof,
• Gematria,
• Ibbur,
• Kartiel,
• Kelifa (Kelifoth),
• Kewanoth,
• King,
• Malka Kadisha,
• Matronita,
• Nizuz (Nizuzoth),
• Notaricon,
• Olam ha-Tikkun,
• Parsophin (Parzufim),
• Sefiroth,
• Shechina,
• Tsiruf.
• Kabbalistic writings, on the Index expurgatorius, 4, 584.
• Kabbalists, the, opposed to the Maimunists in the interpretation of ceremonies, 3, 554.
• distort the Scriptures, 3, 556.
• opposed to Maimunists and Talmudists, 3, 558.
• of Accho, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 631–3.
• and Solomon Molcho, 4, 496–7.
• at Safet, 4, 622–3.
• divorces frequent among, 4, 627; 5, 210.
• Kabbalists, list of:
• Abraham of Granada,
• Abraham ben David,
• Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia,
• Abraham Levi,
• Abraham Saba,
• Aleman, Jochanan
• Azriel,
• Baruch of Benevento,
• Chananel Ibn-Askara,
• Chayim Vital Calabrese,
• Cohen, Naphtali
• David Ibn-Abi Zimra,
• Eleazar ben Jehuda,
• Ergas, Joseph
• Ezra,
• Frankfurter, Naphthali
• Herrera, Abraham de
• Hurwitz, Isaiah
• Isaac of Accho,
• Isaac the Blind,
• Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif,
• Isaac Cohen Shalal,
• Isaac Lurya Levi,
• Israel Saruk,
• Jacob of Segovia,
• Jacob ben Meshullam,
• Jacob ben Sheshet Gerundi,
• Joseph of Arli,
• Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla,
• Joseph ben Todros Abulafia,
• Joseph Karo,
• Joseph Saragossi,
• Judah de Blanis,
• Judah ben Jacob Chayyat,
• Judah Ibn-Verga,
• Levi ben Todros Abulafia,
• Luzzatto, Moses Chayim
• Meïr ben Gabbai,
• Molcho, Solomon
• Moses de Leon,
• Moses ben Isaac Alashkar,
• Moses ben Nachman,
• Moses Botarel,
• Moses Zacuto,
• Oppenheim, David
• Samuel of Medina-Celi,
• Samuel Franco,
• Shem-Tob ben Abraham Ibn-Gaon,
• Shem-Tob ben Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob,
• Solomon of Moravia,
• Solomon ben Abraham b. Adret,
• Solomon Petit,
• Taytasak, Joseph
• Todros ben Joseph Halevi Abulafia.
• Kabul. See Cabul.
• Kachtan, ancestor of the Arabs, 3, 61, 62.
• Kachtanites, the southern Arabians, 3, 61.
• Kadish, the Exilarch mentioned in, 3, 95.
• Kaffa (Theodosia), a Karaite community in, 3, 182.
• Kafnaï, Exilarch, 3, 10.
• Kahal Kados, congregation in Pernambuco, 4, 693.
• Kahana. See Mar-Kahana.
• Kahana, Jacob, rabbi of Frankfort, exposes Kamenker, 5, 229.
• exacts a promise from Luzzatto, 5, 241.
• Kahir, Caliph of the East, deposes Saadiah, 3, 196, 200.
• Kahira. See Cairo.
• Kahiya, political representative of the Turkish Jews, 4, 404.
• Kahtz, Christian, apostate, tries to create prejudice against the Jews, 5, 191.
• Kaila, Arab tribe, relations of, to the Jews, 3, 55.
• Kailan race, the. See Benu-Aus, the; Chazraj, the.
• Kailil, brother of Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 575–6, 583.
• Kaimakam, deputy vizir, 5, 147.
• Kairuan (Maghreb), the Jewish community of, 3, 137.
• center of science in the ninth century, 3, 146, 180.
• the Exilarch Mar-Ukba at, 3, 185, 210.
• new school founded in, by Chushiel, 3, 208, 210.
• chief town of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 210.
• study of the Talmud at, 3, 210–11.
• the Jews of, confer the title Rosh on Chushiel, 3, 211.
• Joseph Ibn-Abitur in, 3, 238.
• school at, presided over by Chananel and Nissim bar Jacob, 3, 248.
• the Jerusalem Talmud studied at the school of, 3, 249.
• decay of the school at, 3, 249.
• the Jews of, false Mahometans, 3, 360.
• Kala-Ibn-Hammad, birthplace of Alfassi, 3, 285.
• Kalâm, Arabic philosophy of religion, 3, 146–7.
• Kalba-Sabua, father-in-law of Akiba, 2, 351, 355.
• Kaliri. See Eleazar ben Kalir.
• Kalish, the Jews of, massacred on the charge of well poisoning, 4, 111.
• Kallahs, public lectures at the Babylonian academies, 2, 515; 3, 5–6, 97.
• Kaller, Alexander, promotes education among the Galician Jews, 5, 394.
• Kalmann, German immigrant in Turkey, 4, 271.
• Kalmann of Ratisbon, repentant apostate, condemned to the stake, 4, 288.
• Kalonymos, Italian Jew, attendant of Otto the Great, 3, 243.
• Kalonymos, the Prince, head of the Jewish community of Beaucaire, 3, 400.
• Kalonymos, scholar brought to Mayence by Charlemagne, 3, 143.
• Kalonymos, Talmudist, rabbi of Worms, 3, 290.
• Kalonymos ben Kalonymos (1287–1337), scholar at the court of Robert of Naples, 4, 61–2.
• writer on ethics and satirist, 4, 62–3.
• praised by Immanuel Romi, 4, 68.
• Kalonymos ben Todros, head of the community of Narbonne, 3, 392.
• sides with Abba-Mari, 4, 34.
• asked to prepare the ban against the study of science, 4, 38.
• draws up the ban, 4, 39.
• Kama, friend of Samuel, meets Abba-Areka, 2, 512.
• appointed judge, 2, 512.
• rebukes the Exilarch, 2, 513.
• Kanaim. See Zealots, the.
• Kamenker, Moses Meir. See Moses Meïr Kamenker.
• Kameoth (Kamea), amulets, 3, 153.
• used by rabbis, 5, 201–2.
• distributed by Eibeschütz, 5, 257.
• Kamerau, the, a noble family, claim the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 300.
• Kamieniec, disputation at, between Frankists and Talmudists, 5, 280, 281.
• the Talmud burnt at, 5, 282.
• Kamus, fortress of the Chaibar Jews, 3, 55.
• holds out against Mahomet, 3, 82.
• fall of, 3, 83.
• Kandy. See Ceylon.
• Kant, Immanuel, unsuccessful candidate for the prize of the Berlin Academy, 5, 303, 304.
• on Mendelssohn’s “Jerusalem,” 5, 365.
• meeting of, with Mendelssohn, 5, 398.
• distinguishes Marcus Herz, 5, 405–6.
• Herz lectures on the philosophy of, 5, 406.
• philosophy of, admired by Ben-David, 5, 409.
• Ben-David lectures on the philosophy of, 5, 410.
• philosophy of, studied by Krochmal, 5, 608.
• Kapsali. See Elias ben Elkanah; Eliezer; Elkanah; Moses Kapsali.
• Kara. See Avigedor Kara; Joseph Kara; Simon Kara.
• Karaim. See Karaites.
• Karaism, the religion of the sect founded by Anan ben David, 3, 130.
• original character of, obscure, 3, 131.
• rigidity of, 3, 131–3.
• unsettled character of, 3, 133.
• causes dissension among the Rabbanites, 3, 156–7.
• freedom in exegesis the principal dogma of, 3, 157.
• sects of, 3, 157–8.
• lack of union in, 3, 158.
• first signs of the decay of, 3, 181.
• ascetic character of, in Jerusalem, 3, 181–2.
• propaganda for, 3, 182.
• expounded by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 203.
• propaganda for, by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, 3, 203–5.
• spread by Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi, 3, 205–6.
• spreads during the tenth century, 3, 206–7.
• attacked by Samuel ben Chofni, 3, 253.
• inferiority of, to Talmudical Judaism proved by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 334.
• criticised by Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 69–70.
• in the fourteenth century, 4, 70.
• centers of, 4, 71.
• liturgy of, fixed, 4, 71.
• petrifaction of, illustrated, 4, 269–70.
• not attractive to Richard Simon, 5, 180, 181.
• inquired into by Charles XI of Sweden, 5, 182.
• account of the origin of, by Samuel ben Aaron, 5, 183.
• account of, by Mordecai ben Nissan, 5, 183–4.
• inquired into by Charles XII of Sweden, 5, 184.
• Karaite sects, the, list of:
• Abu-Amranites (Tiflisites),
• Akbarites,
• Makaryites,
• Moses of Baalbek, followers of.
• Karaite writers, the, list of:
• Aaron ben Elia Nicomedi,
• Aaron ben Joseph the Elder,
• Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen,
• Anan ben David,
• Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend,
• Ibn-Sakviyah,
• Isaac ben Abraham Troki,
• Jehuda ben Elia Hadassi,
• Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi,
• Mordecai ben Nissan,
• Samuel ben Aaron,
• Solomon ben Yerucham.
• Karaites (Ananites), the, followers of Anan ben David, 3, 134.
• excommunicated by the heads of the academies, 3, 134.
• renounce connection with the Rabbanites, 3, 134.
• acknowledge Anan ben David as the legitimate Exilarch, 3, 135.
• hold a memorial service for Anan ben David, 3, 135.
• study the Bible, 3, 136, 189.
• of Mutazilist tendency, 3, 149, 150–1.
• adopt the ban, 3, 151.
• tradition among, 3, 159.
• marriage laws of, 3, 159.
• opposed by Natronaï II, 3, 178.
• opposed by Simon of Cairo, 3, 179.
• scientific pursuits of, 3, 180.
• shun the Rabbanites, 3, 182.
• spread of, in the East, 3, 182.
• attacked by Saadiah, 3, 189.
• calendar of, attacked by Saadiah, 3, 190–1.
• defended by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 191.
• later works of Saadiah against, 3, 192.
• fond of philosophical disputations, 3, 197.
• lexicographical work of, superseded by Menachem ben Saruk’s, 3, 225.
• expect the Messiah in the eleventh century, 3, 247.
• views of, occasionally endorsed by Samuel ben Meïr, 3, 346.
• persecuted in Spain in the eleventh century, 3, 362.
• humbled by Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, 3, 362–3.
• rise of, after the fall of Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, 3, 366.
• and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 366.
• regarded as idolaters by Samson ben Abraham, 3, 408.
• in Constantinople in the twelfth century, 3, 425.
• in Damascus, 3, 427.
• in Askalon, 3, 427.
• degeneracy of, in Asia in the twelfth century, 3, 443.
• of Cairo, governed by a Nassi, 3, 444.
• of Alexandria, 3, 444.
• treatment of, by Maimonides, 3, 465.
• disciples of Nachmani, 3, 607.
• the way for, paved by the religious philosophers, 3, 625.
• inclined to a reconciliation with Rabbanites, 4, 71–2.
• institute pilgrim prayers, 4, 73–4.
• in Poland under Casimir IV, 4, 265.
• emigrate to Turkey, 4, 269.
• ignorance of, 4, 269.
• taught by Rabbanite teachers, 4, 269.
• celebration of the Sabbath by, 4, 269–70.
• efforts to reconcile, to Talmudic Judaism, 4, 270.
• protected by Elias Mizrachi in Constantinople, 4, 403–4.
• and Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 76–7.
• Polish and Lithuanian, degradation of, 5, 182–3.
• scattered by order of John Sobieski, 5, 182.
• invited to go to Sweden, 5, 183.
• accused of conspiring with Krochmal against the Talmud, 5, 608.
• treated of in the Scientific Journal, 5, 626.
• in Cairo reconciled with the Rabbanites by Munk, 5, 664.
• history of, cleared up by Munk, 5, 666.
• rise of, 5, 727.
• Karben, Victor von (1442–1515), apostate, employed to write anti-Jewish pamphlets, 4, 424–5.
• suggested as Pfefferkorn’s coadjutor, 4, 432.
• directs the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.
• decides that the Talmud ought to be burnt, 4, 444.
• Karl Ludwig, count-palatine, offers Spinoza a professorship, 5, 108.
• Karlinians, a branch of the Chassidim, 5, 388, 391.
• Karmisin, the Exilarch Mar-Ukba banished to, 3, 184.
• Karo. See Joseph Karo.
• Kartiel, name of a Sefira, 4, 17.
• Kaspi. See Joseph Kaspi.
• Kasser ben Aaron, reconciles Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu with Saadiah, 3, 200–1.
• Kasr, home of David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.
• Katzenellenbogen, Ezekiel, rabbi of the “three communities,” excommunicates Kamenker, 5, 238.
• forbids the study of Kabbala to young men, 5, 241.
• Kazimierz, the Jews of, number of, 4, 632.
• Kedeshim, the holy men of the Canaanites, 1, 54.
• Kedeshoth, Canaanite priestesses, 1, 54.
• in Samaria, 1, 198.
• maintained in Jerusalem under Manasseh, 1, 283.
• Kedoshim (saints), martyrs of the first crusade, 3, 302.
• graves of, visited, 3, 309.
• Keeper of the lists (rolls), under David, 1, 122.
• manager of war, 1, 305, 313.
• beheaded by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 314.
• Kefar Nahum. See Capernaum.
• Kelifa (Kelifoth), Kabbalistic term for sin in the Zohar, 4, 17, 620; 5, 120.
• Kenas. See Census.
• Kendites, the, an Arab tribe, adopt Judaism, 3, 63.
• chief of, protected by Samuel Ibn-Adiya, 3, 68–9.
• Keneseth ha-Gedolah. See Great Assembly, the.
• Kenites, the, Moses with, 1, 13–14.
• aid the Israelites in the desert, 1, 26.
• aid Judah, 1, 38.
• allies of the Israelites, 1, 61.
• Kephar Lekitaja, military station established by Hadrian, 2, 419.
• Kephas. See Peter.
• Kepler, and David Gans, 4, 638.
• Kerbella, the battle of, the Ommiyyades defeated at, 3, 125.
• Kerek. See Kir-Moab.
• Kerem Chemed, Hebrew journal devoted to Jewish science, 5, 621, 693.
• contributors to, 5, 621–2.
• Kermanshah. See Karmisin.
• Kertch, Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, 3, 123.
• Karaites in, in the ninth century, 3, 182.
• capital of the Crimea, 3, 222.
• Kether Malchuth, philosophical poem by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 270.
• Kewanoth, Kabbalistic term, devotion, 5, 121.
• Khataib, Sephardic synagogue at Damascus, 4, 400.
• Khemarim, idolatrous priests, under Manasseh, 1, 283.
• Khiva, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 435.
• Khorasan, under the jurisdiction of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 98, 184.
• the Exilarch banished to, 3, 196.
• ambassadors from, bring news to Spain of the Jewish Chazar kingdom, 3, 220.
• under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, 3, 428.
• Khorasan, the Jews of, believe themselves descendants of the Ten Tribes, 3, 433.
• occupations of, 3, 433.
• allied with the Ghuzz, 3, 434.
• aid Jenghis-Khan, 3, 581.
• Khozars, the. See Chazars, the.
• Kiddush, the, blessing over wine at the beginning of the Sabbath, instituted, 1, 398.
• Kiera, Esther, court Jewess in Turkey, patroness of Jewish literature, 4, 608, 629.
• influence of, under Murad III, 4, 629.
• death of, 4, 629–30.
• Kiev, tributary to the Chazars, 3, 138.
• the Jews banished from the district of, 5, 12.
• Kilavun, sultan of Egypt, and David Maimuni, 3, 620.
• the Jewish subjects of, under the Damascus Exilarch, 3, 627.
• Kimchi family, the, at Narbonne, 3, 392; 4, 442.
• See David; Joseph ben Isaac; Moses Kimchi.
• Kinanah Ibn-ol-Rabia, incites Arabian tribes to war against Mahomet, 3, 79.
• leader of the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 82.
• death of, 3, 82–3.
• King, Kabbalistic term, 4, 18.
• Kingdom of God, the, predicted by a Judæan poet in Egypt, 2, 143.
• Kingdom of Heaven, the, hastening of, the object of Essene asceticism, 2, 145.
• brought by the second advent of Jesus, 2, 167.
• according to Paul, 2, 226.
• Kings, the Books of, commentary on, by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 359.
• Kinnereth. See Tiberias, lake.
• Kir-Haraseth. See Kir-Moab.
• Kir-Moab (Kerek, Kir-Haraseth), Moabite fortress, 1, 209.
• Kiryath-Jearim, the Ark of the Covenant at, 1, 72.
• the Ark removed from, 1, 119.
• Kiryath-Sepher (Debir), taken by the tribe of Judah, 1, 38.
• Kish, father of Saul, 1, 83.
• “Kitab Al-Assval,” lexicon by Ibn-Janach, 3, 263.
• Klausner. See Abraham Klausner.
• Kley transplants the Reform movement to Hamburg, 5, 563–4.
• inefficiency of, 5, 564.
• Heine on, 5, 577.
• Klonowicz, Polish poet, assails the Jews, 4, 643.
• Kobad, king of the neo-Persians, tool of Mazdak, 3, 1.
• disciple of Mazdak, 3, 2.
• dethroned by the nobles, 3, 2.
• persecutes Jews and Christians, 3, 3–4.
• death of, 3, 5.
• Koberger, Antonius, opponent of the Jews in Nuremberg, 4, 415.
• Kodesh ha-Kodashim, by Ibn-Labi Ferrer, 4, 234.
• Kofrim, unbelievers, antagonists of the Sabbatians, 5, 144.
• Sabbataï Zevi proposes capital punishment for, 5, 150.
• Kohen. See Abulsari Sahal; Nathan ben Isaac; Solomon Kohen.
• Kohen-Zedek II ben Joseph (917–936), Gaon of Pumbeditha, character of, 3, 183.
• causes dissension between Sora and Pumbeditha, 3, 184.
• forces the Exilarch Mar-Ukba to remove, 3, 184.
• has Mar-Ukba banished a second time, 3, 185.
• deposed by David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.
• recognized as Gaon by the Exilarch, 3, 186.
• proposes the closing of the Sora academy, 3, 192.
• jealous of Saadiah, 3, 194.
• espouses the side of David ben Zaccaï against Saadiah, 3, 195.
• death of, 3, 200.
• son of, 3, 208.
• “Kol Sachal,” by Leo Modena, 5, 73.
• Kölbele, John Balthasar, writes a pamphlet against Mendelssohn, 5, 316–17.
• Kolon, Joseph. See Joseph ben Solomon Kolon.
• Kompse bar Kompse, partisan of Rome in Tiberias, 2, 274.
• Koniecpolski, house of, controls Cossack colonization, 5, 3.
• employs Bogdan Chmielnicki, 5, 7.
• Königsberg, a Jewish cemetery at, 5, 190.
• the University of, admits Jews, 5, 398–405.
• the Hamburg reforms adopted in, 5, 573.
• Königsberg, the Jews of, burnt, 5, 110–11.
• in Mendelssohn’s time, 5, 397–8.
• join the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.
• apostasy of, 5, 420.
• Konstantinov, the synod of, excommunicates Frankists, 5, 277.
• Koom, defeat of Judghanites at, 3, 150.
• Korachites. See Korah, the sons of.
• Korah, Samuel descended from, 1, 73.
• honored by the Cainites, 2, 375.
• Korah, the sons of, Samuel ancestor of, 1, 79.
• psalmists, 1, 120.
• compose psalms on Sennacherib’s failure, 1, 278.
• compose a love-song in honor of Hezekiah’s marriage, 1, 279.
• Korahites. See Korah, the sons of.
• Koraishites, the, defeated by the Mahometans at Bedr, 3, 76.
• induced to make war upon Mahomet, 3, 79.
• distrustful of their allies, 3, 80.
• Koran, the, and Jewish sources, 3, 72.
• spread by the Jewish disciples of Mahomet, 3, 73.
• revelations against the Jews in, 3, 75, 78.
• war with the Nadhirites justified in, 3, 79.
• on the slaughter of the Benu Kuraiza, 3, 81.
• accepted by the Moslem as the word of God, 3, 84.
• on the position of woman, 3, 92.
• rationalistic expounders of, 3, 147.
• violence done to the text of, 3, 148.
• consulted by Haï Gaon for the explanation of Biblical words, 3, 251.
• Korban Mussaph, special Sabbath and festival sacrifice, 1, 401.
• Kosmann, defender of the Jews, 5, 470.
• Kotzebue, assassination of, 5, 528, 533.
• Kovad. See Kobad.
• Krämer, August, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 521–2.
• Krems, the Jews of, perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
• Krochmal, Nachman Cohen (1785–1840), founder of the Galician school, 5, 607.
• Jewish and philosophical studies of, 5, 608.
• partially hostile to Talmudism, 5, 608.
• accused of conspiring with Karaites against the Talmud, 5, 608–9.
• method of instruction of, 5, 609.
• uses the Talmud in historical researches, 5, 609–10.
• admiration for, 5, 610.
• Rapoport disciple of, 5, 610, 614, 617.
• influence of, on young Galicians, 5, 614.
• style of, 5, 617.
• influence of Rapoport on, 5, 617–18.
• devotes himself to encyclopædic studies, 5, 618.
• the father of Jewish science, 5, 619.
• contributor to the Kerem Chemed, 5, 622.
• as exegete, 5, 695, 699.
• Krysa, Jehuda Leb, Frankist rabbi, 5, 275.
• makes a Catholic confession of faith, 5, 285.
• Kryvonoss, Haïdamak leader, 5, 9.
• Kufa, given to Jewish exiles by Omar, 3, 85.
• residence of Ali, 3, 90.
• capital of eastern Islam, 3, 93.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.
• Ezekiel’s grave near, 3, 440–1.
• Kunigunde, sister of Maximilian I, marries her father’s enemy, 4, 428.
• becomes abbess of a Franciscan convent, 4, 428.
• gives Pfefferkorn a letter to Maximilian, 4, 428–9.
• influences Maximilian to issue mandates against the Jews, 4, 437, 440–1.
• Kuraiza Place, the market place of Medina, 3, 81.
• Kuranda, Ignatz, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,” 5, 703.
• Kuru-Gismu, Hebrew printing press at, 4, 628.
• Kusari. See Chozari.
• Kussiel. See Yekutiel.
• Kypros. See Cypros.
• L
• La Asumção, Diogo de, Franciscan, professes Judaism, 4, 668.
• martyr, 4, 669.
• influences Rohel Jesurun, 4, 669, 670.
• Labienus, persuades the Parthians to invade Syria, 2, 82.
• Lachish, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.
• Amaziah killed in, 1, 226.
• headquarters of Sennacherib, 1, 273.
• offers opposition to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 311.
• Ladislaus II, of Bohemia and Hungary, appealed to by the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 303.
• and the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 417.
• Ladislaus IV, of Hungary, confirms the anti-Jewish decrees of the Council of Buda, 3, 615.
• Ladislaus V (Posthumus), of Hungary, and Capistrano, 4, 262.
• sanctions the expulsion of Jews from Silesia, 4, 262–3.
• Lænas, Popillius, Roman deputy to Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 453.
• La Fare, bishop of Nancy, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441, 462.
• La Fuente, Juan de, inquisitor, cruelty of, 4, 484.
• Lagarto, Jacob, first Talmudical author in South America, 4, 693.
• Lagrange, lauds a mathematical work by Ensheim, 5, 401.
• La Guardia, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 4, 343.
• Laguna, Lopez (Daniel Israel, 1660–1720), Marrano poet in Jamaica, 5, 203.
• Lahmi, brother of Goliath, Philistine champion, 1, 117.
• Lamartine, and the Turkish Jews, 5, 649.
• Lamentations, the, of Jeremiah, 1, 316, 319.
• Lämmlein, Asher. See Asher Lämmlein.
• Lampo, an Alexandrian hostile to the Judæans, 2, 181.
• Landau, Ezekiel (1720–1793), rabbi of Jampol, declares the Eibeschütz amulets Sabbatian, 5, 265–6.
• distrusts Eibeschütz, 5, 289.
• opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 330.
• objects to the study of the sciences, 5, 402.
• opponent of the Berlin movement, 5, 417.
• death of, 5, 566.
• Landfried, ambassador from Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.
• Landsberg, Jews settle in, 5, 174.
• Landtag, the Prussian, Jews in, 5, 697.
• Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, hostile to the Jews, 3, 504.
• convenes a Church Council at Oxford, 3, 516.
• “Language of Truth, The,” pamphlet in the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 266.
• Languedoc, the Jews of, in the tenth century, 3, 242.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 389–91.
• and the ban against science, 4, 40.
• protected by the governor, 4, 132.
• Laniado, Joseph, accused of ritual murder, 5, 636.
• tortured, 5, 636–7.
• dies under the torture, 5, 638.
• Lansac, de, French ambassador, 4, 577.
• Laodicea (Leda), treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contributions to the Temple, 2, 53.
• Herod at, 2, 93.
• Verus Commodus at, 2, 447.
• place of exile of José ben Chalafta, 2, 448.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.
• La Papa, Aaron de. See Papa, Aaron de la.
• La Peyrère, Isaac, on Israel’s restoration, 5, 24–5.
• in intercourse with Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 25.
• Laplace, lauds a mathematical work by Ensheim, 5, 401.
• Lara, de, noble Castilian family, 3, 363.
• Lara, David Coen de (1610–1674), preacher and philologist, 5, 115.
• unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.
• Larta. See Arta.
• Laskorun, Frankists surprised at, 5, 275.
• Lateran Council, the third, forbids Jews to keep Christian nurses or domestics, 3, 400, 418, 421–2.
• forbids forcible baptism, 3, 421.
• the decrees of, disregarded by Philip Augustus, 3, 498–9.
• Lateran Council, the fourth, convoked by Innocent III, 3, 508–9.
• purposes of, 3, 509.
• Jewish delegates to, 3, 509.
• results of, 3, 509.
• Lateran Council, the fourth, anti-Jewish decrees of, 3, 509–11.
• confirmed by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.
• re-enacted by the Councils of Rouen and Tours, 3, 520.
• enforced in Hungary, 3, 521.
• executed by Frederick II, 3, 569.
• Lateran Council, the fifth, the Reuchlin case submitted to, 4, 464.
• declares for Reuchlin, 4, 465.
• Lathier, opponent of the Jews of Alsace, 5, 524–5.
• Latin translations of the Scriptures, ordered to be read in Jewish congregations, 3, 14–15. See also Vulgate, the.
• Latin words, in the Mishna, 2, 461.
• Laurilla, Dutch consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, 5, 641.
• Laurin, Austrian consul-general in Turkey, interferes in the Damascus affair, 5, 647.
• thanked by the London meeting, 5, 653.
• thanked by the Jews of Alexandria, 5, 660.
• Lavater, John Caspar, attracted by Mendelssohn’s physiognomy, 5, 308–9.
• determines to convert Mendelssohn, 5, 309–10.
• letter addressed to, by Mendelssohn, 5, 311–13.
• unpopularity of, 5, 313.
• apologizes to Mendelssohn, 5, 314.
• anecdotes concerning, 5, 315.
• La Vega, de. See Penso, Joseph.
• Law (Torah, Pentateuch), the, carried to Babylon by the priests, 1, 334.
• observed by the Babylonians, 1, 364.
• studied by Ezra, 1, 365.
• read to the people by Ezra, 1, 378–80.
• the Judæans swear to observe, 1, 380–1.
• displaces prophecy, 1, 385.
• strict observance of, 1, 387.
• held sacred by the Samaritans, 1, 392.
• the fundamental law of the commonwealth, 1, 393–4.
• study of, 1, 396.
• the “fence” about, 1, 397–8.
• unspiritual tendency of the laws of clean and unclean in, 1, 401–2.
• studied and observed by the Chassidim, 1, 436.
• the observance of, urged by Jesus Sirach, 1, 440–1.
• aspersed by Menelaus, 1, 449–50.
• translated into Greek, 1, 510–14. See Septuagint, the.
• study and observance of, under Salome Alexandra, 2, 51.
• knowledge of, spread by the schools of Hillel and Shammai, 2, 149.
• transgressors of, addressed by Jesus, 2, 152.
• desertion from, among the Alexandrians, 2, 209.
• observance of, urged by Philo, 2, 210–14.
• attempts to harmonize, with philosophy, 2, 212–13.
• attacked by Greek Judæans, 2, 221–2.
• upheld by the apostle Paul, 2, 221.
• to be abrogated for the conversion of the heathen, 2, 225.
• abrogated, according to Paul, by the appearance of Jesus, 2, 226, 229–30.
• declared binding by certain apostles, 2, 231.
• adhered to, by Judæan Christians, 2, 232.
• enforced by the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 363–4.
• declared unnecessary by Paul, 2, 365.
• observed by the Jewish Christians, 2, 365–6.
• disregarded by the Pagan Christians, 2, 367.
• the observance of, forbidden by Hadrian, 2, 422.
• said to have been altered by the Samaritans, 2, 457.
• the instruction of women in, 2, 474.
• classification of the commands in, 2, 499.
• observance of, in Samaria, 2, 534.
• Chaldaic and Syriac translations of, 2, 581–2.
• said to contain references to Mahomet, 3, 76.
• knowledge of, esteemed, 3, 113.
• held to be binding by Anan ben David, 3, 134.
• Tossafoth in explanation of, 3, 345.
• analyzed in the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 484–5.
• abrogated according to Raymund Martin, 3, 622.
• Persian translation of, 4, 401.
• significance of, 5, 716–17, 721.
• Halachic development of, 5, 723–4.
• See also Mishna, the; Scriptures, the; Talmud, the.
• Law, the, the Book of (Deuteronomy), found in the Temple, 1, 292–3.
• read to the people in Jerusalem, 1, 294.
• read by Ezra in Jerusalem, 1, 378–80.
• Law, the, commentary on, by Philo, 2, 212.
• by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 206.
• by Chananel ben Chushiel and Nissim bar Jacob, 3, 249.
• by Samuel ben Chofni, 3, 253.
• by Samuel ben Meïr, 3, 346.
• by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371–2.
• by Moses of Coucy, 3, 586.
• by Nachmani, 3, 607–8.
• See also Scriptures, the, commentary on.
• Law, the, the disciples of, meaning of, 2, 357.
• Law, the, the reading of, instituted, 1, 396.
• at divine service in the Sopheric age, 1, 399.
• the Exilarch the first called to, 3, 95.
• Law, the, the scroll of, burnt by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 455.
• burnt by the overseers of Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 457.
• carried with the Judæan army under Judas Maccabæus, 1, 467.
• profaned by a Roman soldier, 2, 243.
• burnt by Ursicinus, 2, 569.
• burnt in Nancy, 5, 451.
• Law, the, the teachers of, called Rabbis, 2, 335.
• disunited, 2, 335.
• forbid the study of Greek under Hadrian, 2, 400.
• meet at Lydda, 2, 423–4.
• artisans, 2, 441, 442, 575.
• demands upon, in the time of Judah I, 2, 453–4.
• displeased with Judah II, 2, 485–6.
• severity of, to each other, 2, 547.
• banished from Judæa under Constantine, 2, 566–7.
• superstition of, 2, 578.
• luxurious habits of, 2, 588–9.
• a privileged class, 2, 589.
• scorned, 2, 589–90.
• as compilers, 2, 605.
• persecuted by Kobad, 3, 4.
• persecuted by Hormisdas, 3, 8.
• averse from the use of Latin and Greek in the synagogue, 3, 14.
• attack the Byzantine empire, 3, 16.
• among the Arabian Jews, 3, 59, 62.
• See also Amoraim; Geonim; Sabureans; Sopherim; Tanaites.
• Law, the, translations of. See under Pentateuch, the; Translation.
• Law, the oral (Tradition), early origin of, 1, 396–7.
• study of, under Salome Alexandra, 2, 51.
• Pharisee study of, begins, 2, 72.
• justified by Hillel, 2, 98–9.
• knowledge of, spread by the schools of Hillel and Shammai, 2, 149.
• the study of, encouraged by Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 326.
• systematized by Hillel, 2, 327–8.
• committed to memory, 2, 328.
• methods of establishing, 2, 328.
• taught outside of Jamnia, 2, 335.
• disinterested study of, 2, 338–9.
• the earliest code of, 2, 343.
• as deduced by Akiba, 2, 352–3.
• Akiba’s code of, 2, 353–4.
• as deduced by Ishmael ben Elisha, 2, 355–6.
• the study of, outside of Judæa, 2, 358–9.
• unity of, established, 2, 405.
• the study of, forbidden by Hadrian, 2, 426.
• importance of the study of, 2, 427, 473–4, 544.
• knowledge of, transplanted from Asia to Europe, 2, 443.
• codification of, completed, 2, 460, 462.
• new development of, in Babylonia, 2, 511.
• neglected in Babylonia, 2, 513–14.
• the study of, flourishes in Babylonia, 2, 574–5.
• the distinguishing feature of Judaism, 2, 608.
• See also Halacha, the; Mishna, the; Talmud, the; Tanaites.
• La-Yesharim Tehilla, drama by Luzzatto, 5, 242–4.
• Lazarus, disciple of Jesus, 2, 160.
• Leather-arms. See Armleder.
• Leb Herz, Sabbatian, 5, 152.
• Lebanon, mountain range, description of, 1, 42, 44.
• wood from, used for Solomon’s Temple, 1, 164.
• Leblin, chamberlain of the Duke of Austria, 3, 567.
• Lecha Dodi, Sabbath song, 4, 538.
• “Lectures upon the Modern History of the Jews,” by Löwisohn, 5, 594.
• Leda. See Laodicea.
• Lee, Johanna, founder of the Shakers, 5, 378.
• Lefrank, satirist, Jewish champion, 5, 471–2.
• Leghorn, Elias Montalto at, 4, 673.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 149.
• Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 161.
• the Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, 5, 205.
• rabbis of, espouse the cause of Eibeschütz, 5, 264.
• rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Leghorn, the Jews of, care for the Polish Jewish fugitives, 5, 16.
• excepted from Napoleon’s restrictive laws, 5, 499.
• show honor to the Jewish envoys to Egypt, 5, 658.
• Lehren, Hirsch, interested in the Damascus affair, 5, 649.
• appeal to, from Damascus, 5, 651.
• protests against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.
• Leibzoll. See Poll-tax.
• Leipsic, Jews permitted to live in, 5, 509.
• a Reform synagogue in, 5, 573.
• Leipsic, the battle of, celebrated by Jewish preachers, 5, 528.
• consecration of the Hamburg Temple on the anniversary of, 5, 564.
• Lejbovicz. See Frank, Jacob.
• Lemberg, meeting place of the Polish Talmudists, 4, 640.
• the German population of, 5, 3.
• the Jews of, suffer through the Cossacks, 5, 11.
• Sabbatianism in, 5, 228.
• disputation at, between Frankists and Talmudists, 5, 285–7.
• Frankists baptized at, 5, 288.
• beginnings of culture among the Jews of, 5, 612.
• Lemberg (district), Jacob Frank the leader of the Sabbatians in, 5, 273–4.
• Lemon, Herz de, member of the Felix Libertate, 5, 453.
• zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 455.
• deputy to the National Assembly, 5, 458.
• Lemos, Henrietta de. See Herz, Henrietta.
• Lenæus, guardian of Ptolemy V’s sons, 1, 450.
• Leo X, pope, friendly to the Jews, 4, 407, 592.
• employs a Jewish physician, 4, 408.
• appealed to by Reuchlin, 4, 453, 454.
• worldly character of, 4, 453–4.
• orders the examination of Hoogstraten and Reuchlin, 4, 454.
• appealed to by Hoogstraten, 4, 455.
• appoints Cardinal Grimani judge in Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 458.
• yields to Hoogstraten, 4, 464.
• submits the Reuchlin affair to the fifth Lateran Council, 4, 464.
• suspends the Reuchlin suit, 4, 465.
• Reuchlin’s work on the Kabbala dedicated to, 4, 466.
• encourages the printing of the Talmud, 4, 468, 565.
• Leo of Crema, a wealthy Italian Jew, 4, 287.
• Leo Hebræus. See Judah Leon Abrabanel.
• Leo the Hebrew. See Levi ben Gerson.
• Leo the Isaurian, emperor, forces baptism upon the Jews of the Byzantine empire, 3, 122–3.
• forces Jews to emigrate, 3, 139.
• oppresses the Jews, 3, 175.
• Leo Medigo. See Judah Leon Abrabanel.
• Leo the Philosopher, emperor of the Byzantine empire, punishes backsliding Jewish converts, 3, 176.
• Leo (Judah) ben Isaac Modena (1571–1649), sceptic, 5, 56.
• ancestry of, 5, 65.
• precocity of, 5, 65.
• varied attainments of, 5, 65–6.
• lacks genius and character, 5, 66.
• scepticism of, 5, 66–7.
• on card playing, 5, 67.
• on the transmigration of souls, 5, 67.
• member of the Venice rabbinate, 5, 67.
• and Sarah Sullam, 5, 70.
• teacher of Christians, 5, 71.
• publishes a work on Jewish customs, 5, 71–2, 81.
• attacks the Kabbala, 5, 74.
• death of, 5, 74.
• teacher of Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 75.
• fickleness of, 5, 84.
• criticism of the Kabbala by, attacked by Luzzatto, 5, 240.
• Leon, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.
• suffer from the forces of Castile and Aragon, 3, 387.
• not compelled to wear Jew badges, 3, 513.
• letter to, denouncing Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 544.
• taxed under Sancho, 3, 617.
• accept baptism under Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.
• Leon. See Jehuda ben Meïr; Judah ben Yechiel.
• Leon de Bagnols. See Levi ben Gerson.
• Leon of Filneck, character in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 324.
• Leon, Jacob Jehuda (Templo, 1603–1671), supposed author of “Colloquium Middelburgense,” 4, 691.
• work of, on the Temple, 5, 114–15.
• work of, translated, 5, 115.
• translator of the Psalms, 5, 115.
• unaffected by Spinoza’s attack on Judaism, 5, 117.
• Leone Romano. See Jehuda ben Moses ben Daniel.
• Leonora, duchess of Tuscany, friend of Benvenida Abrabanel, 4, 410, 553, 544.
• Leonora, widow of Ferdinand I, regent of Portugal, 4, 160.
• removes Jews from office, 4, 160.
• renounces the regency, 4, 160–1.
• quarrels with Juan I of Castile, 4, 161.
• Leonora de Guzman, mistress of Alfonso XI of Castile, arouses his suspicions against Gonzalo Martinez, 4, 85.
• sons of, oppose Pedro the Cruel, 4, 113.
• causes the ill-treatment of Alfonso’s wife, 4, 114.
• Leonore d’Este, attachment of the Jews to, 4, 660.
• Leontin. See Jehuda ben Meïr.
• Leontopolis, the Temple of Onias built at, 1, 508.
• Leopold I, emperor, decrees the banishment of the Jews, 5, 170.
• refuses to revoke the decree of banishment, 5, 171–2.
• re-admits Jews into Vienna, 5, 189.
• decrees the suppression of “Judaism Unmasked,” 5, 190.
• appealed to, in behalf of Eisenmenger’s book, 5, 192–3.
• Leopold II, of Austria, imposes new restrictions on the Jews, 5, 508.
• Leopold, duke of Austria, Jewish treasurer of, 3, 418.
• Leopoldstadt, assigned to the Jews of Vienna, 4, 702; 5, 172.
• Lepanto, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Lepers, the, at Bethany, 2, 160.
• treatment of, in the Middle Ages, 4, 57.
• Lepidus, member of the second triumvirate, 2, 81.
• Lerida, resists the introduction of the Inquisition, 4, 332.
• Lerida, the Jews of, excommunicate the anti-Maimunists, 3, 537.
• persecuted in 1391, 4, 172.
• converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 214.
• Lerin, count of, receives the Spanish exiles, 4, 358.
• Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, liberality of, 5, 296.
• becomes acquainted with Mendelssohn, 5, 297.
• attitude of, towards Jews, 5, 297, 336.
• admiration of, for Mendelssohn, 5, 298, 302.
• has Mendelssohn’s first work printed, 5, 299.
• on the Lavater controversy, 5, 319.
• becomes acquainted with the Reimarus family, 5, 319–20.
• publishes the “Fragments of an Unknown,” 5, 320–1.
• attacked on account of the “Fragments,” 5, 322–3.
• writes his “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 323–7.
• aided by Moses Wessely, 5, 326.
• loses caste through “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 326.
• death of, 5, 326, 327.
• accused of Spinozism, 5, 372.
• influence of, on German Jews, 5, 412.
• “Letter of Aristas,” translated by Azarya deï Rossi, 4, 615.
• “Letter” of Gaon Sherira, on Jewish history, 3, 232–3.
• “Letter of Warning, The,” by Solomon Alami, quoted, 4, 154–5.
• “Letter of Zeal,” by Eibeschütz, 5, 261.
• Letters, the carrying of, regulated by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 244–5.
• “Letters of Obscurantists, The,” by Crotus Rubianus, a Reuchlinist work, 4, 461–2.
• on the Jews and the Talmud, 4, 461.
• effect of, 4, 462.
• attributed to various authors, 4, 462.
• compared with Perl’s attacks on Chassidism, 5, 612.
• Levelers, the, Jewish spirit among, 5, 28. See Puritans, the.
• Leven, Narcisse, founder of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, 5, 701.
• Levi, the tribe of, learns from the Egyptians how to write, 1, 8.
• free from Egyptian idolatrous practices, 1, 12.
• faithful to Moses, 1, 18.
• See Levites, the; Priests, the.
• Levi (Matthew), publican, follower of Jesus, 2, 153.
• Levi bar Sissi, teacher of the Law in Simonias, 2, 454.
• adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.
• son of, 2, 497.
• on the neo-Persians, 2, 525.
• Levi ben Abraham ben Chayim, of Villefranche (1240–1315), allegorist, system of, 4, 24–5.
• at Perpignan, 4, 25.
• opposed by Abba-Mari, 4, 28.
• forced to leave Samuel Sulami’s house, 4, 29.
• ancestor of Gersonides, 4, 91.
• Levi ben Gerson (Ralbag, Gersonides, Leon de Bagnols, Leo the Hebrew, 1288–1345), philosopher, 4, 87, 91.
• scientific education of, 4, 91.
• as astronomer, 4, 91–2.
• life of, 4, 92.
• religious philosophy of, 4, 92–3.
• fearlessness of, 4, 92.
• denounced as a heretic, 4, 93.
• astronomical treatise of, translated into Latin, 4, 93, 103.
• predicts the beginning of the Messianic period, 4, 120.
• authority of, questioned by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 146.
• Isaac ben Sheshet’s view of, 4, 147.
• accused of heresy by Shem Tob ben Joseph, 4, 197.
• adversely criticised by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.
• exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, 4, 442.
• commentary of, published in the Bomberg Bible, 4, 476.
• Levi ben Jacob Chabib, rabbi of Jerusalem, Talmudist, forced baptism of, 4, 378, 532–3.
• attainments of, 4, 533.
• relation of, to Jacob Berab, 4, 533–4.
• ordained by Jacob Berab, 4, 534.
• antagonizes Jacob Berab, 4, 534, 535, 536.
• confesses his forced baptism, 4, 536.
• Levi ben Shem Tob, apostate, advises the baptism of Jewish children, 4, 375.
• Levi ben Todros Abulafia, Kabbalist, 4, 2.
• Levi, Aaron. See Montezinos, Antonio de.
• Levi, Abraham. See Abraham Levi.
• Levi, Astruc. See Astruc Levi.
• Levi, David (Ture Zahab), Talmudist, 5, 152.
• Levi, Elisha, Palestinian emissary, father of Nathan Ghazati, 5, 130.
• Levi, Gedaliah. See Gedaliah Levi.
• Levi, Isaac Lurya. See Isaac Lurya Levi.
• Levi, Isaiah, Sabbatian, 5, 152.
• Levi, Nathan Benjamin. See Nathan Benjamin Levi.
• Levi, Raphael, charged with the blood accusation, 5, 175–6.
• guilt of, believed in by Eisenmenger, 5, 188.
• Levi, Solomon. See Solomon Levi.
• Levi, Wolf, apostate, 5, 213.
• Levin (Varnhagen), Rachel, characteristics of, 5, 413.
• on the “hep, hep!” persecution, 5, 534.
• influence of the salon of, on Heine, 5, 546.
• Levirate marriage, the, regulated by the synod of Mayence, 3, 518.
• Levita, Elias. See Elias Levita.
• Levite, a, author of the books of Chronicles, 1, 411.
• Levites, the, punish the idolatrous Israelites in the desert, 1, 24.
• left without territory, 1, 40.
• reside at Shiloh, 1, 41, 69.
• opposed to intermarriages with the heathen, 1, 56.
• dispersed among the tribes, 1, 57.
• reprove the people for idolatry, 1, 58.
• scattered from Shiloh, 1, 72.
• join Samuel in a guild, 1, 76.
• assist Samuel, 1, 78.
• faithful to David in the civil war with Absalom, 1, 141.
• service of, in the Temple, 1, 167–8.
• settle in Judah to escape idol worship, 1, 187.
• recalled to the Temple under Josiah, 1, 289.
• carry the Psalms into the Babylonian exile, 1, 334.
• return from the Captivity under Zerubbabel, 1, 352.
• leave Jerusalem, 1, 372.
• lack of, in Jerusalem under Nehemiah, 1, 377.
• explain the Law as read by Ezra, 1, 378–9.
• at the consecration of the walls of Jerusalem, 1, 381–2.
• tithes for, collected under Ezra, 1, 382.
• lose their income, 1, 383.
• return to the Temple, 1, 386.
• abandon the Temple under Apollonius, 1, 454.
• re-instated by the Maccabees, 1, 473.
• officiate in the Temple of Onias, 1, 508.
• See also Levi, the tribe of; Priests, the.
• Levy, Maurice, acquaints Napoleon with the anti-Jewish agitation, 5, 498.
• Lewin, Hirschel, rabbi of Berlin, and Mendelssohn, 5, 317.
• Lexicon, Hebrew (Aruch, Dictionary, Iggaron, Machbereth), by Saadiah, 3, 190.
• by Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 225, 226.
• by Ibn-Janach, 3, 263.
• by Solomon ben Abraham Parchon, 3, 423.
• Lexicon, Talmudical, by Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi, 3, 179.
• by Nachshon ben Zadok, 3, 179.
• by Nathan ben Yechiel, 3, 290.
• by David de Pomis, 4, 657.
• See also Aruch.
• Lexicons, Talmudical, revised, 5, 115.
• Libanius, teacher of Julian the Apostate, 2, 595.
• Libermann, Eleazar, aids the Reform movement, 5, 568, 569, 571.
• Libertini, the, synagogues of, 2, 103, 201.
• Libertinus, prefect of Sicily, razes a synagogue to the ground, 3, 34.
• “Library of the Fine Arts, The,” Mendelssohn contributes to, 5, 300.
• Liebmann, Jost, court jeweler, favorite of Frederick I of Prussia, 5, 190.
• wife of, 5, 190, 219.
• permitted to have a private synagogue, 5, 191.
• son-in-law of, 5, 219.
• Liegnitz, the Jews of, charged with host desecration, 4, 261.
• “Light of the Exile, The,” Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 243.
• “Light of the Eyes,” by Azarya deï Rossi, 4, 615.
• declared heretical, 4, 616.
• fate of, among Jews and Christians, 4, 616–17.
• Lima, David de, builds the third synagogue at Hamburg, 4, 691.
• Limpo, Balthasar, bishop, abuses Paul III before the Council of Trent, 4, 525–6.
• Lincoln, the Jews of, protected against the crusaders, 3, 413.
• Lindau, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.
• burnt on the blood accusation, 4, 227.
• Lipmann (Tab-Yomi) of Mühlhausen, defends the Alenu prayer, 4, 178.
• Lipmann, Solomon, temporary chairman of the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 487.
• Lippe, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• Lippe-Schaumburg, the Prince of, honors Mendelssohn, 5, 308.
• Lippold, physician, accused of poisoning Elector Joachim II, 4, 652.
• Lisbon, the Jews of, agitation against, 4, 160.
• ransom Jewish captives, 4, 339.
• port open to the Jews on their banishment from Portugal, 4, 374, 376–7.
• exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• earthquake at, 4, 505.
• tribunal of the Inquisition in, 5, 508.
• autos-da-fé in, 5, 32, 91.
• Lisbon, the Marranos of, worship at a synagogue, 4, 485.
• massacre of, 4, 487.
• life of, inquired into, 4, 489.
• spied upon by Henrique Nunes, 4, 490.
• Lisbona, Samuel, father-in-law of Nathan Ghazati, 5, 130.
• Lissa, Jacob, leader of the orthodox party, 5, 567.
• Lissa, Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation forbidden in, 5, 332.
• the Jews of, burn Wessely’s letter, 5, 370.
• the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Literature, Jewish, in Hasmonæan times, 2, 15–16.
• becomes known to the heathen, 2, 502.
• Reuchlin on, 4, 441–3.
• attractive to Christians, 5, 178, 179.
• See under Hebrew literature; Judæo-Greek literature; Rabbinical literature; Poetry.
• Literature, Jewish mediæval, treated by Sachs, 5, 693–4.
• by Zunz, 5, 694.
• Lithuania, a refuge for exiled Jews, 4, 418–19.
• rabbinical schools established in, 4, 420.
• united with Poland, 4, 631.
• the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 646–7.
• Karaites in, 5, 182–3.
• the Chassidim in, 5, 388.
• Lithuania, the Jews of, the blood accusation launched against, 4, 642.
• represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.
• suffer from the Cossacks, 5, 14.
• “Little Book about the Jews, The,” disproves the blood accusation, 4, 545–6.
• Liturgical poetry, introduced, 3, 113–14, 117–18.
• cultivated by the Jewish Andalusian school, 3, 224.
• by minor poets, 3, 236, 259–60, 367, 376, 419.
• by Simon ben Abun, 3, 245.
• by Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 320.
• See under Neo-Hebraic poetry; Piyutim; Poetanim; Poetry; Poets.
• Liturgy, the, arranged by the Sopherim, 1, 398–400.
• Gamaliel II introduces the Berachoth into, 2, 363.
• amplification of, by poetanic compositions, 3, 113–14, 117–18.
• of the Karaites, 3, 132; 4, 71, 73–4.
• of the European Jews, compiled by Mar Amram ben Sheshna, 3, 178.
• arranged by Saadiah, 3, 196.
• Sephardic, adopted in northern Africa, 4, 198.
• German, compiled by Maharil, 4, 225.
• affected by the Kabbala, 4, 481.
• of the Chassidim, 5, 386–7.
• Liturgy, the changes in, made by Maimonides, 3, 466.
• made by Abi Zimra, 4, 395.
• in Amsterdam, 5, 457.
• made by Jacobson, 5, 562.
• made by Kley, 5, 564.
• approved by some authorities, 5, 569.
• in Vienna, 5, 580, 581–2.
• made by the Hamburg Temple Reform Union, 5, 673.
• in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 5, 679.
• Livia, empress, heiress of Salome, sister of Herod, 2, 128.
• Livia. See Beth-Ramatha.
• Livorno. See Leghorn.
• Loans. See Jacob ben Yechiel; Joseph ben Gershom.
• Lobato, Diego Gomez, and Paul de Pina, 4, 669–70.
• Löbele Prossnitz, Sabbatian, supporter of Chayon, 5, 219.
• denounced, 5, 229.
• in intercourse with Eibeschütz, 5, 248, 249.
• Lodi, the Jews of, number of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 653.
• expelled, 4, 660.
• Lodomeria, the Jews of, proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.
• Logos, the, in Philo’s philosophy, 2, 213.
• in the Church, 2, 500, 501.
• Logrono, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 170.
• Lombards, the, usury practiced by, 3, 510.
• Lombardy, German Jewish immigrants held up in, 3, 638.
• London, Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 373–4.
• Jews secretly domiciled in, 5, 38.
• excitement in, about the admission of Jews, 5, 44.
• Jewish burial ground in, 5, 49.
• first synagogue in, 5, 50.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 141.
• the Mansion House meeting in, 5, 655–7.
• celebration of Montefiore’s return to, 5, 670.
• rabbinical college at, 5, 700.
• London, the Jews of, prosperous under Henry II, 3, 409.
• attacked by a mob at Richard I’s coronation, 3, 410–11.
• protected by John, 3, 505.
• attacked, 3, 591–2, 643.
• protected by Henry III, 3, 592.
• hold a meeting on the Damascus affair, 5, 653–4.
• London, the Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, 5, 205.
• hold aloof from the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 264.
• Longinus, rhetorician, at the court of Zenobia, 2, 529.
• Longobard code, the, no mention of Jews in, 3, 33.
• Lope de Vega, dramatist, 5, 112.
• Lopes de Almeida, Portuguese ambassador to Rome, 4, 340.
• Lopes-Dubec, member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.
• deputy of the French Jews, 5, 438.
• Lopez, Portuguese Marrano, protected by Sixtus V, 4, 655.
• Lopez, Balthasar, Marrano, burnt at the stake, 5, 91–2.
• Lopez, Juan, del Barco, inquisitor appointed by Sixtus IV, 4, 312.
• Lopez, Pedro, de Ayala, poet, on the Jews of Castile, 4, 121, 122.
• Lorch, the Jews of, the murderers of, punished, 3, 635.
• Lord Mayor, office of, held by Jews, 5, 698.
• Lord’s Supper, the. See Transubstantiation.
• Lorqui. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.
• Lorraine, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Lorraine, the Jews of, petition for alleviation, 5, 431.
• representatives of, in Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 431.
• number of, 5, 435.
• complain to the National Assembly, 5, 436.
• send a delegate to the National Assembly, 5, 438.
• emancipation of, opposed by the Duc de Broglie, 5, 447.
• “Los Rumbos peligrosos,” novels by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.
• Lost Islands, the. See San Thomas.
• Louis the Pious (814–840), emperor, the Jews under, 3, 161–70.
• wife of, 3, 162.
• refuses to countenance Agobard’s anti-Jewish proceedings, 3, 165–6.
• sons of, excited against his wife, 3, 166, 168.
• heresy of, in protecting the Jews, 3, 167.
• letter addressed to, by the bishops assembled at Lyons, 3, 167–8.
• and the conversion of Bishop Bodo, 3, 168–70.
• originates the theory that the Jews are the emperor’s wards, 3, 170.
• Louis II (855), emperor, decrees the banishment of the Italian Jews, 3, 174.
• Louis the German, king of Germany, Bible commentary dedicated to, 3, 163.
• Louis IV, the Bavarian, emperor, imposes a tax on the Jews, 4, 96–7.
• tries to protect the Jews during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 98.
• sons of, deliver the Jews to the mob, 4, 110.
• Louis VI, of France, the Jews prosperous under, 3, 343.
• Louis VII, of France, the Jews prosperous under, 3, 343.
• joins the second crusade, 3, 349.
• roused against the Jews by Peter the Venerable, 3, 349–50.
• permits the repudiation of debts owing to Jews, 3, 351.
• friendly to Jews, 3, 400–1.
• resists the anti-Jewish decrees of the third Lateran Council, 3, 508.
• Louis IX, of France, has the Talmud burnt, 4, 460, 578–9.
• hostile to the Jews, 3, 519.
• encourages the conversion of Jews, 3, 570.
• fixes the rate of interest, 3, 571.
• orders a disputation on the Talmud, 3, 576.
• brother of, 3, 583.
• confiscates the property of Jews to organize a crusade, 3, 585.
• taken prisoner, 3, 585.
• banishes the Jews from his hereditary dominions, 3, 585–6.
• insists upon the Jew badge, 3, 612.
• Louis X, of France, recalls the Jews, 4, 53–4.
• Louis XII, of France, influenced against Reuchlin, 4, 459, 464.
• confessor of, patron of Hebrew literature, 4, 473.
• Louis XIV, of France, celebrated by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 110.
• renews the privileges of the Jews of Metz, 5, 174.
• orders criminal charges against the Jews to be tried by the royal council, 5, 176.
• presents the Jews of Metz to the house of Brancas, 5, 348, 446.
• Louis XV, of France, confirms the right of the Portuguese to expel German Jews from Bordeaux, 5, 342, 343.
• Louis XVI, of France, implored to expel the Jews from Alsace, 5, 350.
• orders lawsuits against usurers to be decided by the state councilor, 5, 350–1.
• abolishes the poll-tax on Jews, 5, 415, 432.
• government of, helped by Cerf Berr, 5, 430.
• grants privileges to Cerf Berr, 5, 431.
• disposed to ameliorate the condition of the Jews, 5, 431.
• approves of the emancipation of the Portuguese Jews, 5, 442.
• grants special protection to Alsatian Jews, 5, 446.
• removes taxes from the Jews of Alsace, 5, 446.
• ratifies the Constitution, 5, 447.
• confirms the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 448.
• Louis XVIII, of France, reactionary court of, 5, 512.
• government of, does not renew the anti-Jewish restrictions, 5, 524–5.
• the emancipation of the Jews under, 5, 596.
• Louis I, of Hungary and Poland, banishes the Jews, 4, 111.
• Louis, duke of Anjou, regent of France, confirms the privileges of the French Jews, 4, 50.
• protects the Jews of Paris, 4, 151, 152.
• Louis the Rich, duke of Bavaria, plunders and expels the Jews, 4, 253–4.
• under the influence of John of Capistrano, 4, 258.
• Louis, duke of Bavaria-Landshut, claims the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 300.
• attempts to convert the Jews, 4, 301.
• Louis of Brandenburg, orders the Jews of Königsberg to be burnt, 4, 110–11.
• Louis, count of Darmstadt, protects the Jewish exiles from Worms, 4, 699.
• Louis Philippe, of France, the emancipation of the Jews under, 5, 596–7.
• ratifies the law making rabbis state officers, 5, 597.
• supports Mehmet Ali, 5, 633, 634.
• appealed to on the Damascus affair, 5, 645.
• struggle of, with Thiers, 5, 648.
• deceives the hopes of the French Jews, 5, 651, 658.
• ambiguous attitude of, 5, 668.
• receives Montefiore, 5, 668.
• Louise, of Prussia, death of, mourned by the Berlin Jews, 5, 508.
• Louvain, the university of, sanctions the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 452.
• Löwe, Joel, editor of the Meassef, 5, 400.
• mediocrity of, 5, 417.
• Löwisohn, Solomon (1789–1822), Jewish historian, 5, 594.
• Löwy, Albert, founder of the “Anglo-Jewish Association,” 5, 703.
• Loyola, Ignatius, power of, over Paul III, 4, 525.
• efforts of, to re-establish the supremacy of the papacy, 4, 562.
• Lübeck, objects to Jewish inhabitants, 5, 506.
• Jews admitted into, 5, 506.
• Lübeck, the Jews of, threatened with banishment, 5, 512.
• banished, 5, 520.
• Lubienski, Wratislaw, archbishop of Lemberg, Frankist petition to, 5, 284–5.
• Lublin, meeting place of the Polish Talmudists, 4, 640.
• meeting place of the Synod of the Four countries, 4, 644, 645; 5, 3.
• the German population of, 5, 3.
• synod of, relaxes the Jewish marriage laws, 5, 13.
• Lucca, home of the Kalonymos family, 3, 143.
• Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 371–3.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Lucena (city), the Talmud school of, famous, 3, 236.
• refuge of the Jews of Granada, 3, 279.
• a Jew of, threatens to betray his coreligionists, 3, 317.
• Jehuda Halevi studies at, 3, 322, 323.
• the school of, closed by the Almohades, 3, 361, 384.
• Jews disappear from, 4, 354.
• Lucena, the Jews of, correspond in Arabic with the Gaon of Sora, 3, 178.
• famous through Alfassi, 3, 311.
• Islam forced on, 3, 311–12.
• pretend to accept Islam, 3, 361.
• Lucena (district), early settlement of Jews in, 3, 43.
• Lucero, Diego Rodriguez, hangman in Cordova, cruelty of, 4, 484.
• disciple of, 4, 489.
• Lucilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius, cured by Simon ben Yochaï, 2, 449.
• Lucuas (Andreias), leader of the Jews of Cyrene against Trajan, 2, 395.
• Lucullus, Roman commander, attacks Tigranes, of Armenia, 2, 56.
• Luna, Alvaro de, favorite of Juan II of Castile, invites the aid of Jews, 4, 228.
• protects the Jews, 4, 251–2.
• complains of the backsliding of the Marranos, 4, 256.
• confessor of, 4, 277.
• Luna, Pedro de. See Benedict XIII.
• Lünel, Serachya Halevi Gerundi at, 3, 389.
• letter to the wise men of, by Meïr Abulafia, 3, 524.
• synagogue of, sold, 4, 48.
• Lünel, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 396–8.
• learning of, 3, 396.
• scientific tendency of, 3, 397.
• letter to, from Maimonides, 3, 489.
• ask Maimonides to translate his “Guide of the Perplexed” into Hebrew, 3, 491–2.
• exhorted by Maimonides to study the Talmud scientifically, 3, 492.
• excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.
• oppose the study of science, 4, 33.
• accused of outraging the image of Jesus, 4, 55.
• Luneville, deputies from, to the National Assembly, and Isaac Berr, 5, 438.
• the peace of, 5, 464, 465.
• Lupus, governor of Alexandria, executes fugitive Zealots, 2, 318.
• Lupus, Trajan’s general in Egypt, 2, 395.
• Lurya. See Isaac Lurya Levi; Solomon.
• Lusitano. See Abraham Zacuto Lusitano.
• Lusitanus, Amatus. See Amatus Lusitanus.
• Luther, Martin, character of, 4, 467.
• in the pantomime on the Protestant Reformation, 4, 468.
• at the diet of Worms, 4, 469.
• on the Wartburg, 4, 469.
• translates the Bible, 4, 469.
• on the Jews, 4, 470–1, 547–52.
• learns Hebrew, 4, 473, 475.
• encourages the study of the Bible, 4, 474.
• pamphlet by, 4, 548.
• proves the Messiahship of Jesus, 4, 548.
• reviews the suffering of the Jews, 4, 549.
• attacks the Talmud, 4, 549–50.
• treatment of Jews proposed by, 4, 550–1.
• advises the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 551–2.
• Lutherans, the, in Spain, persecuted by the Inquisition, 4, 485.
• the meetings of, in Poland, the model of the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 645.
• Luzk, the Karaites of, 4, 265; 5, 182.
• Luzzatto, Moses Chayim (1707–1747), dramatic poet, 5, 203–4.
• a prey to Kabbalistic influences, 5, 233.
• ancestry and early education of, 5, 233.
• poetic gifts of, 5, 233–4.
• studies in Hebrew meter by, 5, 234.
• composes a drama on Samson, 5, 234.
• style of, 5, 234.
• imitation of the psalter by, 5, 234.
• a second drama by, 5, 235.
• imitates the style of the Zohar, 5, 235.
• devoted to the Kabbala, 5, 236.
• writes a second Zohar, 5, 237.
• communicates his Kabbala to disciples, 5, 237–8.
• opposed by Moses Chages, 5, 238.
• refuses to justify himself, 5, 238.
• promises not to teach Kabbala in Europe, 5, 239.
• surrenders his writings to Bassan, 5, 239.
• publishes Kabbalistic writings, 5, 239.
• offends the Venetian rabbinate, 5, 239–40.
• accusations against, 5, 240.
• excommunicated by the Venetian rabbinate, 5, 240, 242.
• promises to give up Kabbala, 5, 241.
• received kindly at Amsterdam, 5, 242.
• supports himself by polishing lenses, 5, 242.
• publishes a drama, 5, 242–4.
• influence of, on the modern time, 5, 244.
• goes to Safet, 5, 244.
• death of, 5, 244–5.
• model of Bresselau, 5, 398.
• disciple of, 5, 401.
• Luzzatto, Samuel David (1800–1865), scholar, disinterestedness and enthusiasm of, 5, 622–23.
• gifts of, 5, 623.
• poetry of, 5, 623.
• devotes himself to Biblical exegesis, 5, 623.
• view held by, of the Massora, 5, 624.
• historical studies of, 5, 624–5.
• as exegete, 5, 695, 699.
• Luzzatto, Simone (Simcha, 1590–1663), on usury, 5, 41.
• sceptic, 5, 56.
• member of the Venice rabbinate, 5, 67.
• attainments of, 5, 80.
• on the relation of faith to science, 5, 80–1.
• sobriety of, 5, 81.
• on Jewish rites, 5, 81.
• defends Judaism and the Jews, 5, 81–4.
• on the Talmud and Kabbala, 5, 84.
• moderation of, 5, 84.
• Lybia, the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, 2, 394, 396.
• Lydda (Diospolis), taken by the Samaritans, 1, 410.
• besieged by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 45.
• center for the teaching of the Law under Gamaliel II, 2, 335, 346.
• restored to Judæa by Cæsar, 2, 76.
• meeting place of the teachers of the Law after the fall of Bethar, 2, 423.
• the inhabitants of, praised by Chanina bar Chama, 2, 492.
• seat of Joshua ben Levi’s academy, 2, 497.
• birthplace of Simlaï, 2, 498.
• refuge of Ulla bar Kosher, 2, 530.
• seat of a Jewish revolt against Rome, 2, 570.
• partially destroyed, 2, 570.
• the original text of the Bible studied at, 2, 623.
• Lydia. See Crœsus.
• Lynn, the Jews of, massacre of, 3, 411–12.
• Lyons, the Council of, to humble the Jews, 3, 167–8.
• rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Innocent IV at, 3, 584.
• Lyons, the Jews of, ill-treated by Agobard, 3, 164–5.
• under the protection of Louis the Pious, 3, 165–6.
• Lysanias, son of Ptolemy of Chalcis, incites the Parthians against Herod and Phasael, 2, 82.
• Lysias, Syrian commander, lieutenant of the country between Egypt and the Euphrates, 1, 463.
• commissioned to march against Judæa, 1, 464.
• chooses his subaltern officers, 1, 466–7.
• defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 469–70.
• guardian of Antiochus V, 1, 477.
• invades Judæa, 1, 478–80.
• takes Bethzur, 1, 479.
• forces Judas Maccabæus to retreat, 1, 479.
• besieges the Temple, 1, 479.
• razes the fortifications of the Temple, 1, 480.
• executes Menelaus, 1, 480.
• disobeys Rome, 1, 481.
• death of, 1, 482.
• Lysimachus, ally of Ptolemy I, at the battle of Ipsus, 1, 417.
• Lysimachus, the Benjamite, Hellenist, opposed to Onias III, 1, 437.
• Jerusalem left in charge of, 1, 448.
• spoils the Temple, 1, 448.
• killed, 1, 449.
• Lysimachus, Alexander. See Alexander Lysimachus.
• M
• Maachah, wife of Rehoboam, worships Astarte, 1, 188–9.
• regent for Asa, 1, 189.
• idolatry of, hateful to the people of Judah, 1, 190.
• Maamad, public sittings of the rabbis of Amsterdam, 4, 684.
• Maasé Efod, Hebrew grammar by Profiat Duran, 4, 191.
• Maasseiah, governor of Jerusalem, appointed over the Temple funds, 1, 292.
• Maccabæus. See Judas Maccabæus.
• Maccabæan time, the, characterized, 5, 722–3.
• “Maccabee, The,” by Miguel Silveyra, 5, 111.
• Maccabees, the, father and five sons, 1, 458–9.
• re-consecrate the Temple, 1, 472–3.
• See Hasmonæans, the.
• Maccabees, the first Book of, originally written in Hebrew, 2, 16.
• considered apocryphal, 2, 344.
• “Maccabees, the, History of.” See Josippon.
• Macedonia, dissolution of the kingdom of, 1, 416.
• Paul establishes Greek-Christian communities in, 2, 227.
• Macedonia, the Jews of, autonomy of, 3, 27.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Machærus, Judæan fortress, built by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• surrenders to the Romans, 2, 73.
• surrenders to Bassus, 2, 315.
• Machault, Denys, apostate, disappearance of, 4, 175.
• Machbereth, Hebrew dictionary by Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 225.
• criticised by Dunash Ibn-Labrat, 3, 226.
• “Machbi,” device on Molcho’s banner, 4, 510.
• Machir, assists David in the war with Absalom, 1, 144.
• Machir, a learned Jew, head of the Narbonne congregation, 3, 143.
• ancestor of Kalonymos ben Todros, 3, 392.
• Machpelah, cave of, acquired by Abraham, 1, 4.
• Machuza (Maoga-Malka), a city of Babylonia, description of, 2, 506–8.
• inhabited by Jews, 2, 507.
• the Persian army stationed at, 2, 591.
• destroyed by Julian the Apostate, 2, 602.
• capital of a Jewish state, 3, 4.
• Machuza, the academy of, under Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, 2, 571, 584–5, 590.
• produces the Talmud, 2, 591.
• decline of, 2, 593.
• Machuza, the Jews of, descended from proselytes, 2, 507, 586.
• luxurious habits of, 2, 507.
• peculiarities of, 2, 586.
• marriages of, 2, 586–7.
• made captives by Kobad, 3, 4.
• put to death by Mebodes, 3, 9.
• Machuza, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.
• Mâcon, the Council of, passes anti-Jewish resolutions, 3, 39.
• Madaba. See Medaba.
• Madain, the Jews of, silence a Mahometan crier, 3, 428.
• Madrid, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.
• Madrid, the cortes of, petition Alfonso XI concerning usury, 4, 80.
• ask for anti-Jewish laws, 4, 80.
• Maella, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 214.
• Mæsa, grandmother of Elegabalus, 2, 469.
• Maëstro Gayo. See Isaac ben Mordecai.
• Magdala (Tarichæa), Judæan troops surrender to the Romans at, 2, 75.
• Jesus in, 2, 154, 157.
• rebels against Josephus, 2, 280.
• Jewish stronghold in the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 414.
• fall of, 2, 416.
• dissatisfied with a decision by Simon ben Yochaï, 2, 449.
• Magdeburg, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.
• a church at, granted the revenue derived from Jews, 3, 243.
• Magdeburg, the Jews of, persecuted in the thirteenth century, 3, 611.
• banished, 4, 416.
• suffer during the Black Death persecution, 4, 111.
• Maggid, the dream-interpreter, of Solomon Molcho, 4, 496.
• of Joseph Karo, 4, 497, 537–8.
• of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 236, 237.
• Maghariyites, a Karaite sect, 3, 151.
• Maghreb. See Kairuan.
• Magi, the, practices of, forbidden by Rab, 2, 521.
• recover credit under Ardashir, 2, 524.
• persecute the Christians, 2, 524.
• molest the Jews of Babylonia, 2, 524–5.
• fanaticism of, diminishes, 2, 525–6.
• and Ashi, 2, 605.
• and Jezdijird, 2, 609–10.
• influence of, over the Sassanian monarchs, 2, 627.
• and the Jews of Ispahan, 2, 629.
• religion of, reformed by Mazdak, 3, 1–2.
• cause a persecution of the Jews, 3, 8.
• Magian influence on Judaism, 1, 402–5.
• Magister Judæorum, officer in the Frankish empire, 3, 161.
• Magisterial offices, certain classes of Jews exempt from, under Constantine, 2, 561, 563, 616.
• Jewish exemption from, abolished by Theodosius I, 2, 615.
• Jews exempt from, under Arcadius, 2, 616.
• Jews forced to assume, by Justinian, 3, 13.
• Jews excluded from, by the Council of Paris, 3, 40.
• Jews exempt from, in Cologne, 3, 41.
• See Civil offices.
• Magnus, Marcus, court Jew of Frederick William I, 5, 219.
• Magona, the Jews of, forced into Christianity, 2, 619–20.
• Magyars, the, made intolerant by the papacy, 3, 614.
• Mahadia. See Kairuan.
• Mahanaim, seat of Saul’s family after his death, 1, 108, 110.
• battle of, in the war with Absalom, 1, 144.
• David welcomed at, 1, 144.
• Maharil. See Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi.
• Mahdi, the founder of the Fatimide dynasty, 3, 212.
• Maher-Shalal-Chash-Baz, son of Isaiah, 1, 259.
• Mahomet, inspired by Judaism, 3, 71–2.
• revelations to, from Gabriel, 3, 71.
• declaims against idolatry and immorality, 3, 72.
• tries to win over the Jews of Yathrib, 3, 73.
• character of, 3, 74.
• Jewish opponents of, 3, 74–5.
• gives up Jewish ceremonies, 3, 75–6.
• antagonism of, to Jews, 3, 76.
• victorious at Bedr, 3, 76.
• drives the Benu-Kainukaa from Arabia, 3, 76–8.
• victorious over the Benu-Nadhir, 3, 78–80.
• exterminates the Benu-Kuraiza, 3, 80–1.
• victorious over the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 81–3.
• attempt to poison, 3, 83–4.
• the Jews of Medina intrigue against, 3, 84.
• death of, 3, 84.
• acknowledged as the prophet by conquered nations, 3, 86.
• as viewed by Anan ben David, 3, 134.
• Mahomet II, Turkish conqueror of the Byzantine empire, threatens Christendom, 4, 267.
• friendly to the Jews, 4, 268.
• Mahomet IV, sultan, influence of Jewish women under, 4, 629.
• considers the case of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 153.
• receives Sabbataï into Islam, 5, 154.
• Mahomet Alemin, son of Haroun-Alrashid, war of, with his brother, 3, 145.
• death of, 3, 146.
• Mahomet Almansur, Hajib of Hisham, and Jacob Ibn-Jau, 3, 239, 240–1.
• Mahomet Almuktafi, Abbasside Caliph, revives the Exilarchate, 3, 428.
• Mahomet Bey, vizir, attacks Achmed Shaitan, 4, 396.
• Mahomet Sokolli, vizir, antagonizes Joseph Nassi, 4, 596, 599, 602.
• favorable to Venice, 4, 600.
• employs a Jewish agent, 4, 603, 605.
• supplants Joseph Nassi, 4, 627.
• advises the confiscation of Joseph Nassi’s property, 4, 628.
• Mahometan (pseudo) Jews, despair of, 3, 452.
• exhorted to remain true to Judaism, 3, 452.
• condemned as apostates and idolaters, 3, 453–4.
• defended by Maimonides, 3, 454–6.
• Mahometans, the, looked upon by the Jews as liberators from the Christian yoke, 3, 88–9.
• conspire with the Jews to overthrow the Visigothic-Spanish empire, 3, 108.
• conquer Visigothic Spain, 3, 109.
• culture of, in Spain under the Ommiyyade caliphs, 3, 214.
• traditions of, used by Haï Gaon, 3, 251.
• in Spain, crusade against, 3, 507.
• condition of, in Hungary, 3, 520–1.
• proscribed in Hungary, 3, 615.
• distrusted by Argun, khan of Persia, 3, 647.
• intrigue against Saad-Addaula, 3, 648–9.
• usurers in Castile, 4, 80.
• the crusades against, begin with massacres of Jews, 4, 222.
• placed under restrictions by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.
• persecuted, 4, 251.
• protected by Juan II of Castile, 4, 252.
• the Jews under, 5, 726–7.
• Mahon. See Magona.
• Maillotins, the, attack the Jews of France, 4, 152.
• Maimaran, Joseph, adviser of Muley Ismail, 5, 168.
• Maimi, Simon. See Simon Maimi.
• Maimon, Solomon (1753–1800), on Hirsch Janow, 5, 331.
• philosophical thinker, 5, 405, 407–9.
• character and studies of, 5, 407, 408.
• goes to Germany, 5, 407–8.
• wanderings of, 5, 408.
• autobiography of, 5, 409.
• fame of, 5, 409.
• Maimonides, Moses. See Moses ben Maimun.
• Maimun ben Joseph, father of Maimonides, Talmudist and scientist, disciple of Joseph Ibn-Migash, 3, 317, 447.
• influence of, on his son, 3, 447.
• a fugitive from the Almohades, 3, 448.
• teacher of his son, 3, 448.
• emigrates to Fez, 3, 451.
• family of, assumes Islam, 3, 451.
• exhorts the pseudo-Mahometan Jews to remain true to Judaism, 3, 452.
• emigrates to Palestine and Egypt, 3, 456–7.
• death of, 3, 457.
• Maimun Asha, Arabic poet, protected by Shoraich, 3, 70.
• Maimuni. See Abraham (Almeni) Maimuni; Abraham Maimuni II; David ben Maimun; David Maimuni; Moses ben Maimun.
• Maimunist controversy, the, 3, 530.
• in verses, 3, 538, 544.
• compromise in, proposed by Nachmani, 3, 539–40.
• taken up by the Dominicans, 3, 542–3.
• causes a division in Judaism, 3, 546–7.
• causes the neglect of poetry, 3, 558–9.
• allayed by the burning of the Talmud, 3, 579–80.
• breaks out anew in the time of Solomon ben Adret, 3, 623–4.
• in Germany, Italy, and Palestine, 3, 624–34.
• in Accho, 3, 631, 632–3.
• solution of, proposed by Hillel of Verona, 3, 631–2.
• revived by the Tibbonide party in Montpellier, 4, 32–3, 42.
• See also Anti-Maimunists, the; Maimunists, the.
• Maimunists, the, partisans of Moses ben Maimun, 3, 523; 5, 728.
• war declared against, by Solomon ben Abraham, 3, 527.
• excommunicated by Solomon ben Abraham, 3, 528–9.
• excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.
• try to alienate the French rabbis from Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 539.
• denounce Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 543–4.
• opposed to the Kabbalists in the explanation of ceremonies, 3, 554.
• break away from the Talmud, 3, 557–8.
• in Perpignan, 4, 25.
• in Montpellier, 4, 32–3.
• See also Anti-Maimunists, the; Maimunist controversy, the.
• Maimunists, list of:
• Aaron ben Meshullam,
• Abraham ben Chasdaï,
• Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini,
• David ben Daniel,
• David Kimchi,
• Hillel ben Samuel of Verona,
• Jacob ben Abba-Mari ben Simon Anatoli,
• Jonathan Cohen of Lünel,
• Levi ben Abraham ben Chayim,
• Moses ben Isaac Alashkar,
• Moses ben Jehuda Cohen,
• Samuel ben Abraham Saporta,
• Samuel Cohen ben Daniel,
• Yishaï ben Chiskiya.
• Main(e) district, the, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.
• emigrate, 3, 638.
• find a refuge in Poland, 4, 420.
• Maiora, martyr, 4, 570.
• Majorca, French Jews emigrate to, 4, 49.
• quarrel about the chief rabbinate of, 4, 162.
• forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, 4, 180.
• Marranos from, in Algiers, 4, 199.
• the Inquisition established on, 4, 332.
• Majorca, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 77, 171.
• take refuge in northern Africa, 4, 198.
• converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 206.
• extermination of, 4, 246–7.
• Makariyites, a Karaite sect, 3, 151.
• Maksen, leader of the Sinhajas, 3, 256.
• Malabar, the coast of, Jews emigrate to, 2, 630.
• Malach, Chayim. See Chayim Malach.
• Malach ham-Maveth, angel of death, 1, 403.
• Malache Chabalah, evil spirits, introduced into Judaism from Magianism, 1, 403.
• Malachi, last of prophets, 1, 384–5.
• Malaga, Jews masters of, 3, 109.
• Samuel Ibn-Nagrela at, 3, 255.
• Berber city, 3, 256.
• family of Ibn-Gebirol emigrate to, 3, 268.
• suffering of the Spanish exiles in, 4, 369–70.
• Malchishua, son of Saul, death of, 1, 103.
• Malchus. See Porphyry.
• Malchuth Shamayim. See Kingdom of Heaven, the.
• Malcom. See Milcom.
• Malesherbes, institutes a Jewish commission to ameliorate the condition of the Jews, 5, 431.
• Malich, king of the Nabathæans, at war with Herod, 2, 94–5.
• vassal of Herod, 2, 95.
• Malich, counselor of Hyrcanus II, poisons Antipater, 2, 80.
• assassinated by Herod, 2, 80.
• Malka bar Acha (771–773), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 37.
• Malka Kadisha, Kabbalistic term, the Messiah, 5, 143.
• Mallo, Portuguese inquisitor, 4, 521.
• Malmed, collection of sermons by Jacob Anatoli, 3, 566.
• attacked by the party of Abba-Mari, 4, 32.
• read by the Tibbonides, 4, 39.
• falls under the ban, 4, 40.
• Malshim (Malsin), traitors, 4, 156.
• Malta, Marranos transported to, 4, 570.
• Malta, the Knights of, attack Jewish exiles, 4, 592.
• forbidden to make slaves of Jews, 4, 656.
• Malthace, the Samaritan, wife of Herod, 2, 119.
• Mamal (Mamala), city of Galilee, inhabitants of, of the family of Eli, 2, 575.
• Mammæa, mother of Alexander Severus, admires Christianity, 2, 481.
• Mammon, scorn of, taught by the Essenes, 2, 145.
• taught by Jesus, 2, 150.
• Mamson, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.
• Manasseh, king of Judah, son of Hezekiah, 1, 280.
• state of the kingdom under, 1, 281–4.
• idolatry introduced under, 1, 282–3.
• taken prisoner by Esarhaddon, 1, 285.
• death of, 1, 285.
• Manasseh, the tribe of, claims the central lands of Canaan, 1, 35–6.
• holds assemblies at Shiloh, 1, 41.
• opposed to intermarriage with the heathen, 1, 56.
• members of, join Gideon, 1, 62.
• in conflict with Ephraim, 1, 63.
• appeals to Samuel for help against Ammon, 1, 80.
• territory of, taken by Hazael, 1, 220.
• descendants of, in Chaibar, 3, 437.
• Manasseh, member of Eliashib’s household, marries a daughter of Sanballat, 1, 383.
• banished by Nehemiah, 1, 386.
• Manasseh, relative of Simon the Just, acts as high priest, 1, 423.
• Manasseh ben Israel (1604–1657), emigrates to the Netherlands, 4, 671.
• member of the Amsterdam rabbinical college, 4, 682.
• characterized by Antonio Vieira, 4, 683.
• education of, 4, 683.
• characterization of, 4, 683–4.
• qualifications of, for effecting the re-settlement of Jews in England, 5, 19–20.
• attainments of, 5, 20.
• as a preacher, 5, 20.
• esteemed by Jews and Christians, 5, 20.
• treatises of, welcomed by Christian scholars, 5, 22.
• consulted by Christian scholars, 5, 22–3.
• sought by Christian visionaries, 5, 23–5.
• and Messianic expectations, 5, 24.
• reasons adduced by, for the re-settlement of Jews in England, 5, 28, 39–42.
• encouraged by English writings, 5, 28–30.
• on the fortunes of the Ten Tribes, 5, 30–3.
• publishes “Israel’s Hope,” 5, 31–2.
• describes the terrors of the Inquisition, 5, 31–2.
• submits “Israel’s Hope” to Parliament, 5, 33.
• negotiations of, interrupted, 5, 34.
• receives a safe-conduct to London from the Short Parliament, 5, 34–5.
• war delays the departure of, 5, 35.
• petitions Parliament to permit Jews to settle in England, 5, 35.
• the Messianic work by Felgenhauer dedicated to, 5, 36–7.
• expounds Jewish Messianic ideas, 5, 37–8.
• invited to England by Cromwell, 5, 38.
• petition presented by, to Cromwell, 5, 38–9.
• acts as the representative of European Jews, 5, 39.
• on the trade of the Jews, 5, 40–1.
• defends the Jews against three charges, 5, 41–2.
• proposal by, for the admission of Jews into England, 5, 44.
• refutes theological objections to the admission of Jews, 5, 45.
• defends his course before the Dutch government, 5, 46.
• disappointment of, 5, 46–7.
• defends the Jews against the blood accusation, 5, 47–9.
• honorably dismissed by Cromwell, 5, 49.
• death of, 5, 50.
• devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 55.
• teacher of Spinoza, 5, 86, 87.
• outlines a history of the Jews, 5, 202.
• work by, translated by Marcus Herz, 5, 362.
• oath of, concerning the blood accusation taken by the London rabbis, 5, 655.
• Manchester, the Jews of, hold meetings for the Damascus affair, 5, 654, 657.
• Manessier de Vesoul, negotiates the return of the Jews to France, 4, 129.
• appointed receiver-general, 4, 130–1, 132, 133.
• active in behalf of the Jews, 4, 132.
• death of, 4, 150.
• sons of, 4, 150, 151, 152.
• Manetho, an Egyptian priest, libels the Jews, 1, 511.
• Manichæans, persecuted by Jezdijird III, 2, 627.
• Manna, description of, 1, 20.
• Mannheim, Moses Meïr Kamenker in, 5, 229.
• Mannheimer, Isaac Noah (1793–1864), intellectual qualities of, 5, 578.
• attractiveness of, 5, 578.
• dignity of, 5, 579.
• fitted for his work in Vienna, 5, 580.
• attitude of, towards Reform Judaism, 5, 580.
• changes sanctioned by, 5, 580.
• as a pulpit orator, 5, 581.
• personality of, 5, 582.
• influence of, in Germany, 5, 582.
• compared with Sachs, 5, 690.
• helps to reorganize Austria, 5, 697.
• Manoel the Great, of Portugal, releases the Spanish exiles, 4, 372.
• employs Abraham Zacuto, 4, 372.
• kindly disposed towards the Jews, 4, 372.
• sues for the hand of Isabella II of Castile, 4, 372–3.
• banishes the Jews, 4, 374.
• orders Jewish children to be baptized, 4, 375–6.
• cruelty of, 4, 376.
• limits the Jews to one port of departure, 4, 376.
• tries to force the Jews into Christianity, 4, 377.
• adopts milder measures towards the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 379.
• delivers Spanish Marranos to the Inquisition, 4, 379–80.
• permits the last Jews to leave Portugal, 4, 380–1.
• grants freedom from molestation to the Jews for a term, 4, 485.
• checks the emigration of Marranos, 4, 485–6.
• forbids the use of insulting names for Marranos, 4, 486.
• orders of, concerning Marranos, 4, 488.
• counselors of, protect the Marranos, 4, 488.
• Manrique, Inigo, chief judge of appeals for Marrano cases, 4, 320.
• Mansfeld, general, plunders the Jews, 4, 701.
• Mantin, Jacob (1490–1549), physician and scholar, ambition of, 4, 411.
• instructs Christians in Hebrew, 4, 473.
• persecutes Molcho, 4, 506–7.
• physician to Paul III, 4, 515.
• Mantua, Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 371.
• the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.
• refuge of the Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.
• rabbis of, forbid young men to read Azarya deï Rossi’s works, 4, 616.
• Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.
• the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Mantua, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• in the seventeenth century, 4, 653.
• appeal for permission to own the Talmud, 4, 658.
• Maoga-Malka. See Machuza.
• Maonites, the, subjugated by Uzziah, 1, 230.
• Maor, Talmudical work by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, 3, 389.
• “Mappa,” Moses Isserles’ commentary on Karo’s code, 4, 637.
• Mar-Aaron ben Samuel, candidate for the principalship of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 154.
• Mar-Abraham ben Sherira (816–828), mystic, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 154–5.
• deposed, 3, 155.
• re-instated, 3, 156.
• death of, 3, 156.
• Mar-Amram ben Sheshna (869–881), Gaon of Sora, compiler of the liturgy of European Jews, 3, 178.
• Mar bar Ashi (Tabyome), Amora, principal of the Sora academy, 2, 626–7.
• finishes the compilation of the Talmud, 2, 628.
• conscientiousness of, 2, 628.
• death of, 2, 628.
• Mar bar Huna (609–620), principal of the Sora academy, 3, 10.
• Marburg, the university of, appealed to in the contest between the Senate and the Jews of Frankfort, 5, 520.
• Marcellus II, pope, reactionary, 4, 566.
• Mar-Chanina, effects Mar-Zutra II’s investiture as Exilarch, 3, 3.
• executed, 3, 4.
• Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, emperor, war with Parthia under, 2, 447.
• and Simon ben Yochaï, 2, 449.
• appealed to by Jews and Christians, 2, 449.
• famine and plague under, 2, 451.
• permission of, required to pray at Jerusalem, 2, 458.
• hostility of, to the Jews, 2, 463.
• Mardeliar, chief of the Jews of India, 2, 630.
• Mardochai, Francis, Egyptian tax farmer, 4, 618.
• Mar-Elia I, Patriarch of the Eastern Christians, consulted by Haï Gaon, 3, 250.
• Mareshah (Marissa), scene of Asa’s victory over an Ethiopian army, 1, 190.
• Idumæan fortress, demolished, 2, 8.
• Margalita, Aaron, apostate, reviles the Agada, 5, 194.
• Margaret, empress, has the Jews of Vienna banished, 5, 170.
• Margaritha, Anton, apostate, writes against the Jews, 4, 551.
• Marhab, a Himyarite, hero in the Chaibar war, 3, 82.
• beaten and killed by Ali, 3, 82.
• sister of, tries to poison Mahomet, 3, 83–4.
• Mar-Huna, Exilarch. See Huna.
• Mari bar Mar, founds an academy at Firuz-Shabur, 3, 8, 9.
• Maria of the Netherlands, patroness of Joseph Nassi, 4, 572.
• Maria, Infanta of Spain, empress, Marrano confessor of, 5, 109.
• Maria, wife of Alfonso XI, ill-treated by her husband, 4, 114.
• Maria de Molina, queen of Castile, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 2.
• dowager queen, antagonizes the Jewish treasurer, 4, 51–2.
• protects the Jews of Castile, 4, 52.
• Maria de Medici, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 673.
• Maria de Padilla, supposed wife of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 116.
• party of, 4, 117.
• acknowledged as the wife of Pedro, 4, 122.
• said to be a Jewess, 4, 123.
• Maria Anna, of Austria, banishes the last remnant of Jews from the Spanish provinces, 5, 169.
• Maria Juliana, queen of Denmark, interested in Eibeschütz, 5, 267–8.
• Maria Theresa, empress, at war with Prussia, 5, 251.
• revokes the decree against the Jews of Moravia, 5, 252.
• banishes the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 252.
• revokes the decree of banishment, 5, 253.
• Mariamne, daughter of Agrippa I, immorality of, 2, 235.
• Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus II, betrothed to Herod, 2, 81.
• under the guardianship of Herod’s brother, 2, 83.
• married to Herod at Samaria, 2, 87.
• under the guardianship of Herod’s brother-in-law, 2, 93.
• calumniated by Salome, 2, 93–4.
• confined in Alexandrion, 2, 96.
• murder of, 2, 104–5.
• sons and daughters of, 2, 112–13.
• Mariamne, Herod’s second wife of that name, 2, 107.
• son of, disinherited, 2, 119.
• Mariamne, tower of, retreat of the Roman garrison of Jerusalem, 2, 260.
• left undemolished by Titus, 2, 309.
• Mariba, trading station under the kings of Judah, 3, 54.
• Marini, Israel, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 237.
• Mar-Isaac, head of a college at Firuz-Shabur, does homage to Ali, 3, 90.
• Gaon of Sora, 3, 90, 92.
• Mar-Isaac, Jew of Cologne, martyr, 3, 304.
• Mar-Isaac, principal of a Babylonian academy, the murder of, 3, 3.
• Marissa. See Mareshah.
• Mar-Kahana, Exilarch, subordinates himself to Ashi, 2, 606.
• “Mar Mar Jesu,” anti-Christian work forbidden by Benedict XIII, 4, 215.
• Mar-Raba (670–680), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, reforms the divorce laws, 3, 92.
• Marranos, the, or new-Christians, origin of, 4, 179–80; 5, 729.
• meaning of, 4, 180.
• secretly Jews, 4, 180.
• in Sicily, protected by the people, 4, 319–20.
• protected in Tudela, 4, 357.
• permitted to settle in Ancona, 4, 408.
• flee from Spain and Portugal, 4, 529.
• return of, to Judaism, reason for the revival of a Synhedrion, 4, 535.
• of Naples threatened with the Inquisition, 4, 543.
• of Marseilles aid the Neapolitan Jews, 4, 544.
• of Ferrara consoled by Samuel Usque, 4, 558, 560.
• of Ancona protected by the popes, 4, 568.
• of Ancona, persecuted by Paul IV, 4, 568–9, 570–1.
• at Pesaro and Ferrara, 4, 569, 578–81.
• persecuted by Paul IV, 4, 581–2.
• victims of the Italian Inquisition, 4, 654.
• deprived of Ferrara as a refuge, 4, 661.
• England designed as an asylum for, 5, 46.
• condemned to the stake in the seventeenth century, 5, 91–2.
• See also Spanish exiles; Inquisition, the.
• Marranos, the Portuguese, buy the favor of Alexander VI, 4, 378–9.
• milder measures towards, adopted by Manoel, 4, 379.
• Samuel Usque on, 4, 380.
• descendants of, in Africa, 4, 381.
• the Inquisition established for, at Benevento, 4, 385.
• manufacture fire-arms and ammunition in Turkey, 4, 401.
• suffering of, 4, 483.
• follow Jewish observances openly, 4, 485.
• instruct their children in Judaism, 4, 485.
• emigration of, checked by Manoel, 4, 485–6.
• hated by the Christians, 4, 486.
• accused of causing scarcity of grain, 4, 486.
• ruin of, determined by the Dominicans, 4, 486–7.
• Manoel’s orders concerning, 4, 488.
• protected by Manoel’s counselors, 4, 488.
• usefulness of, 4, 488.
• life of, inquired into by João III, 4, 489.
• observe Jewish and Christian rites, 4, 489.
• spied upon by Henrique Nunes, 4, 489.
• treatment of, improves with Reubeni’s appearance, 4, 493–4.
• consider Reubeni the forerunner of the Messiah, 4, 494, 497–8.
• not encouraged by Reubeni to acknowledge Judaism, 4, 495.
• burnt by the Bishop of Ceuta, 4, 499.
• defended by the Bishop of Algarve, 4, 500.
• defended by Lorenzo Pucci, 4, 505.
• suffering of, at the introduction of the Inquisition, 4, 508–9.
• complain of the inhumanity of the Inquisition, 4, 509.
• represented at Rome by Duarte de Paz, 4, 512.
• absolved for defection from the Church, 4, 513–14.
• protected by Clement VII, 4, 514.
• absolution of, enforced by Paul III, 4, 516.
• protected by a bull of Paul III, 4, 516, 517.
• unable to pay the bribes promised by Duarte de Paz, 4, 518.
• gentle measures towards, recommended by Paul III, 4, 518.
• steadfastness of, 4, 519, 528.
• try to have the Inquisition revoked, 4, 519.
• complain to Paul III of the cruelty of the Inquisition, 4, 519–20.
• protected by Paul III, 4, 520.
• endangered by Emanuel da Costa, 4, 521.
• granted the right of appeal to the pope, 4, 521.
• suffering of, from the Inquisition, 4, 522–3.
• delinquencies of, reported to the pope, 4, 523.
• draw up a memorial to the pope, 4, 524.
• forbidden to emigrate, 4, 524.
• right of, to emigrate defended before the Council of Trent, 4, 526.
• liberated from the Inquisition prisons, 4, 527.
• forced to abjure their Judaizing tendencies, 4, 527.
• mild treatment of, requested by Paul III, 4, 527.
• a profitable population to Portugal, 4, 527–8.
• absolution granted to, by popes, 4, 528.
• look to the Netherlands as a refuge, 4, 662–3.
• admission of, into Zealand opposed, 4, 663.
• first to emigrate to the Netherlands, 4, 664–5.
• in Amsterdam, 4, 665.
• taken to Holland by the Earl of Essex, 4, 665.
• capital of, acceptable to the Netherlands, 4, 667–8.
• revert to Judaism, 4, 669.
• suffering of, from the Inquisition, 4, 670.
• Philip III debtor of, 4, 670.
• granted absolution by Clement VIII, 4, 671.
• emigrate to the Netherlands, 4, 671.
• invited by Christian princes to settle in their countries, 4, 675.
• devotion of, to Judaism, 4, 678–9.
• Catholic tendencies of, 4, 679–80.
• in Hamburg as “traders,” 4, 686–7.
• objected to by Lutherans, 4, 686, 687.
• admitted into Hamburg as Jews, 4, 688.
• importance of, for trade, 4, 689.
• transported to Brazil, 4, 693.
• refused permission to settle in Frankfort-on-the-Main, 4, 695.
• culture of, 5, 109–18.
• in Bordeaux, 5, 341–2.
• See also under Amsterdam; Inquisition, the.
• Marranos, the Spanish, hated by the populace, 4, 180.
• endanger the existence of the Spanish Jews, 4, 180–1.
• propagandists for Christianity, 4, 181–2.
• take refuge in northern Africa, 4, 197.
• protected by Saul Astruc Cohen and Isaac ben Sheshet, 4, 199.
• the Christian confession extorted from, by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 202.
• troublesome to the Church, 4, 255–6.
• true to Judaism in secret, 4, 256.
• inquisitors appointed for, 4, 256.
• equal rights denied to, 4, 256–7.
• plundered under Henry IV of Castile, 4, 274.
• return to Judaism under Henry IV, 4, 276.
• promoted to the highest offices in Castile, 4, 280.
• attacked at Valladolid, 4, 280–1.
• accused of Judaizing, 4, 281.
• attacks upon, grow frequent, 4, 281–3.
• high positions and character of, 4, 309.
• Judaizing tendencies of, 4, 309.
• the Inquisition for, proposed, 4, 310.
• catechism for, 4, 311.
• lose favor with Isabella, 4, 311–12.
• the Inquisition for, established in Seville, 4, 312.
• adopt measures of defense against the Inquisition, 4, 313.
• fugitive, burnt by the Inquisition, 4, 314.
• the Edict of Grace issued for, 4, 315.
• asked to denounce Judaizing Marranos, 4, 315.
• victims of the Inquisition, 4, 317–18.
• flee from the Inquisition, 4, 318.
• complain of the Inquisition to Sixtus IV, 4, 318.
• a chief judge of appeals appointed for cases against, 4, 320.
• excluded from the office of heresy judges, 4, 321.
• appeal to Sixtus IV to modify the rigors of the Inquisition, 4, 322.
• Torquemada’s code for, 4, 326–8.
• try to suppress the Inquisition in Aragon, 4, 329.
• plot against Pedro Arbues, 4, 329–30.
• slaughter of, in Saragossa, 4, 331–2.
• origin of the persecution of, 4, 333.
• intimate relations of, with the Jews, 4, 334–5.
• helped by the Jews of Castile, 4, 344.
• of Granada, protected by the secret treaty of Boabdil, 4, 345.
• flee to Granada, 4, 351.
• help the exiled Jews, 4, 354.
• deliver up enemies of the Jews to the Inquisition, 4, 355.
• care exercised by, after the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 355.
• concerned in the murder of Arbues protected in Tudela, 4, 357.
• delivered up to the Inquisition in Portugal, 4, 368, 379–80.
• the Inquisition established for, at Benevento, 4, 385.
• manufacture fire-arms and ammunition in Turkey, 4, 401.
• suffering of, 4, 483.
• oppressed by Ximenes de Cisneros, 4, 484.
• try to escape to Portugal, 4, 486.
• Messianic expectations of, 4, 494.
• flee to Portugal, 4, 494.
• take David Reubeni to be the forerunner of the Messiah, 4, 497–8.
• attack Badajoz, 4, 498.
• denounced by David Reubeni, 4, 511.
• See also Spanish exiles, the; Inquisition, the.
• Marriage, unlawful degrees of relationship for, established by Sopherim, 1, 397.
• Marriage laws, the, revised by Abba-Areka, 2, 516.
• among the Karaites, 3, 132, 158, 159.
• regulated by the Mayence rabbinical synod, 4, 135.
• changed by Menachem of Merseburg, 4, 228.
• modified by the synod of Lublin, 5, 13.
• abolition of, advocated by Holdheim, 5, 680.
• Marriages, civil, discussed by the Assembly of Notables, 5, 491.
• by the Synhedrion, 5, 496, 497.
• Marriages, Jewish, in Austria, restricted, 5, 509.
• Marriages, mixed. See Intermarriages.
• Mar-Sacharya, of Haleb, attacks Maimonides, 3, 477.
• Mar-Samuel. See Samuel, son of Abba.
• Marseilles, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.
• the Jews of Clermont flee to, 3, 39.
• Jewish physicians at, 3, 582.
• Jews remain in, after the banishment by Charles VI, 4, 177.
• Neapolitan Jews carried to, 4, 544.
• Marseilles, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 400.
• order a Hebrew translation of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 3, 492.
• show honor to the Jewish envoys to Egypt, 5, 658.
• Marshall, Lord Mayor of London, calls a meeting of protest against the Damascus affair, 5, 655–6, 657.
• Mar-Sheshet, a Babylonian Amora, 2, 545.
• memory of, 2, 553.
• and Chasda, 2, 553–4.
• opposed to Judah ben Ezekiel’s dialectics, 2, 554.
• rebukes the Exilarch, 2, 554.
• founds a school at Silhi, 2, 554.
• Marsus, Vibius, governor of Syria, prevents Agrippa I from fortifying Jerusalem, 2, 195.
• disperses the conference of princes summoned by Agrippa I, 2, 196.
• hostile to the Judæans, 2, 197.
• soldiery of, banished to Pontus, 2, 197.
• Marten, Harry, employed by Cromwell to dispose the English in favor of the Jews, 5, 43.
• Martha. See Domna, Julia.
• Martha, sister of Lazarus, follower of Jesus, 2, 160.
• Martha, wife of Joshua ben Gamala, obtains the high priesthood for her husband, 2, 249.
• suffering of, during the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 306.
• Martin V, pope, elected by the Council of Constance, 4, 219.
• discourteous to the Jews of Constance, 4, 219.
• confirms the privileges of the Jews of Germany and Savoy, 4, 219.
• waited on by Jewish delegates from Italy and Spain, 4, 219.
• issues a bull against forced conversions, 4, 219–20.
• issues a bull protecting the Jews from Dominican denunciations, 4, 226–7.
• privileges granted by, to Jews confirmed by Eugenius IV, 4, 249.
• Martin, Fernan, chief of police, assists the Jews against Joseph Pichon, 4, 156.
• punished by Juan I of Castile, 4, 157.
• Martin, Raymund, Dominican, rescues the Talmud from the flames in Aragon, 3, 603.
• anti-Jewish writings of, 3, 622.
• influence of, 3, 622–3.
• refuted by Solomon ben Adret, 3, 623.
• Martinet, Adam, admiration of, for neo-Hebraic poetry, 5, 628, 629.
• Martinez, Ferdinand (Ferran), agitates against the Jews in Seville, 4, 167.
• stirs up Seville a second time, 4, 168–9.
• punished by Henry III of Castile, 4, 193.
• Martinez, Gonzalo, de Oviedo, favorite of Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 83–4.
• causes the death of Joseph of Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar, 4, 84.
• proposes to deprive the Jews of their wealth, 4, 84–5.
• wins a battle over the Moors, 4, 85.
• accused of treason by Leonora de Guzman, 4, 85.
• allies himself with the enemies of Alfonso XI, 4, 85–6.
• deserted by his Order, 4, 86.
• executed, 4, 86.
• Martyrdom, when compulsory, 2, 423–4.
• Martyrology, by Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn, 3, 419.
• Mar-Ukba (918), Exilarch, forced to remove from Bagdad, 2, 184.
• the Arabic poetry of, pleases the Caliph, 3, 184–5.
• restored to his office, 3, 185.
• banished to Kairuan, 3, 185, 210.
• Mar-Ukba, judge in Cafri, 2, 512.
• Mar-Ukban, grandson of Abba-Areka, Exilarch, 2, 544, 579–80.
• Maruni, priest, incites a crusade against the Damascus Jews, 5, 662.
• Mary, sister of Lazarus, follower of Jesus, 2, 160.
• Mary Magdalene, follower of Jesus, 2, 154.
• Mar-Yanka. See Natronaï ben Nehemiah.
• Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi (872–890), Gaon of Pumbeditha, arranges the “Aruch,” 3, 178–9.
• Mar-Zutra, Amora, subordinates himself to Ashi, 2, 606.
• at the court of Jezdijird, 2, 610.
• Mar-Zutra I, Exilarch, subordinates himself to Ashi, 2, 606.
• Mar-Zutra II (496–520), Exilarch, leader of the Babylonian Jews against the Zendik, 3, 3–4.
• kept out of his office by Pachda, 3, 3.
• executed, 3, 4.
• son of, 3, 4.
• Mar-Zutra III, a distinguished scholar in Judæa, 3, 4.
• president of the Tiberias academy, 3, 12.
• Masada, fortress, refuge of Mariamne, wife of Herod, 2, 83.
• besieged by Antigonus, 2, 87.
• refuge of Herod from Cleopatra, 2, 94.
• taken by the Sicarii, 2, 258.
• refuge of the Sicarii, 2, 261.
• a hot-bed of insurgents, 2, 292–3.
• holds out against the Romans, 2, 315.
• under Eleazar ben Jair, 2, 316.
• garrison of, commits suicide, 2, 316.
• Mascarenhas, John Rodrigo, Portuguese Marrano, brings hatred upon the Marranos, 4, 486.
• Masechet-Gerim, tractate in the Law, on proselytes, 2, 384.
• Masechta, one of the six divisions of the Mishnic code, 2, 354.
• Mashal, an allegory, 1, 158.
• Mashal ha-Kadmoni, by Ibn-Sahula, 3, 560.
• Maskhir, recorder under David, 1, 122.
• Masserano. See Bezalel Masserano.
• Massora, the, and the vowel points, 3, 112.
• studied by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 244.
• the division of the Scriptures into verses by, criticised, 3, 290.
• importance of, according to Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.
• studied by Wolf Heidenheim, 5, 400.
• as viewed by Samuel David Luzzatto, 5, 624.
• Massorets, the, list of:
• Aaron ben Asher,
• Ben-Naphtali,
• Moses ben Asher.
• Masuel, Eugene, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.
• Mata-Mechasia. See Sora.
• Matatoron, name of an angel, 1, 403.
• Mathematical knowledge, the, of the teachers of the Law, 2, 357.
• Mathematicians, Jewish. See Astronomers.
• Mathematics, studied in Portugal, 4, 367.
• Matiah ben Charash, teacher of the Law in Rome, 2, 443.
• Matnita boraïta, supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.
• Matri, a family of the tribe of Benjamin, 1, 83.
• Matronita, Kabbalistic term in the Zohar, 4, 18.
• Mattachery, Jews’ town, 2, 630.
• Mattan, high priest of Baal, under Athaliah, 1, 214.
• Mattara, court in the palace at Jerusalem, 1, 314.
• Mattathiah ben Joseph Provenci, Talmudist, re-establishes a college at Paris, 4, 133.
• exempt from wearing the Jew badge, 4, 133.
• chief rabbi of France, 4, 133.
• death of, 4, 152.
• Mattathias, envoy of Nicanor to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.
• Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, father of the Maccabees, resists Apelles, 1, 459.
• leader of the Chassidim, 1, 459–60.
• decides to fight on the Sabbath, 1, 460.
• petty warfare of, against the Syrians, 1, 460–1.
• chooses Simon as counselor and Judas as commander, 1, 461.
• death of the sons of, 1, 531.
• Mattathias ben Simon Psellus, father of Josephus, 1, 502.
• Mattathias, son of Simon Tharsi, 1, 520.
• assassinated, 1, 530.
• Mattathias Yizhari, at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 208.
• Matthai of Arbela, Pharisee leader, 2, 20.
• Matthew (Levi), publican, follower of Jesus, 2, 153.
• Matthew Paris, historian, charges the Franciscans with venality, 3, 591.
• Matthias, emperor, unable to punish Fettmilch, 4, 698.
• punishes Frankfort, 4, 700.
• Matthias ben Margalot, Pharisee, instigates an uprising against Herod, 2, 115.
• burnt alive, 2, 115.
• death of, avenged, 2, 121.
• Matthias ben Matthias, brother of Josephus, 2, 276.
• Matthias ben Theophilus, high priest, last of those appointed under the Herodians, 2, 249.
• summons all Judæans to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.
• persuades Jerusalem to receive Roman troops amicably, 2, 254–5.
• deposed by the Zealots, 2, 294.
• Matthias Boëthus, of priestly family, executed, 2, 304.
• Maurice of Orange, well disposed towards the Jews, 4, 674, 678.
• Mauritania, rebels against Hadrian, 2, 399.
• Mauritius, emperor of the East, protects Chosru II, 3, 9.
• the Jews under, 3, 18.
• supplanted by Phocas, 3, 18–19.
• Maury, Abbé, opposed to the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441–2, 446, 462.
• Maxarquivir, the Jews of, banished by order of Maria Anna, 5, 169.
• Maximilian I, emperor, the Jews recommended to the protection of, 4, 413.
• favors Jacob Loans, 4, 414.
• appoints Joseph Loans representative of the German Jews, 4, 414.
• indecision of, 4, 414–15.
• permits Nuremberg to expel the Jews, 4, 415–16.
• expels the Jews from Austria, Styria and Carinthia, 4, 427.
• urged to deliver the Jews to the Dominicans of Cologne, 4, 428.
• issues his first mandate giving Pfefferkorn power over the Jews, 4, 429.
• letter to, from Uriel von Gemmingen, 4, 431.
• appoints Reuchlin counselor of the Suabian League, 4, 435.
• applied to, for a second mandate, 4, 436.
• the Jewish cause pleaded before, 4, 436–7.
• appears to favor the Jewish side, 4, 437.
• issues a second mandate, 4, 437.
• homage paid to, by Pfefferkorn, 4, 439.
• directs the Frankfort Senate to restore the Hebrew books, 4, 439.
• promises to investigate Pfefferkorn’s attack on Reuchlin, 4, 446.
• espouses Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 459, 464.
• abused by the Dominicans, 4, 459.
• protects the Jews of Frankfort, Worms, and Ratisbon, 4, 463–4.
• death of, 4, 467.
• Maximilian II, emperor, protects the Jews of Prague, 4, 587.
• urges his son for the Polish crown, 4, 603.
• Maximus, emperor, orders the Senate to rebuild a synagogue, 2, 614.
• Maximus, teacher of Julian the Apostate, 2, 595.
• Maximus, Trajan’s general in the Euphrates district, 2, 397.
• Mayence, founders of the Jewish community of, 3, 41.
• Charlemagne brings the Kalonymos family to, 3, 143.
• a Talmud school founded at, 3, 243, 247.
• Rashi studies Talmud at, 3, 286.
• represented at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• a rabbinical synod meets at, 3, 517–18.
• the congregation of, one of the three oldest of Germany, 3, 518.
• rabbinical synod at, to regulate marriage laws, 4, 135.
• exiles from, in Poland and Italy, 4, 294.
• Reuchlin tried for heresy at, 4, 450–2.
• the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• honor paid to Crémieux at, 5, 668.
• Mayence, the Jews of, banished by Henry II, 3, 245–6.
• perpetuate the memory of Simon ben Isaac and Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 247.
• massacred in the first crusade, 3, 303.
• accuse their persecutors before Henry IV, 3, 307.
• charged with the blood accusation, 3, 636.
• possessions of, confiscated, 3, 636.
• emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.
• burn themselves to escape persecution, 4, 109.
• banished, 4, 413.
• well treated during the Thirty Years’ War, 4, 707.
• Mayence, the university of, to counsel regarding the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.
• attacks the Hebrew Bible, 4, 444–5.
• students of, object to Reuchlin’s heresy trial, 4, 451.
• Mayo, Moses, excommunicated by Chayim of Lublin, 5, 261.
• Mazaca-Cæsarea (Cappadocia), study of the Law in, 2, 358.
• the Jews of, lose life in the assault of Shabur I, 2, 520, 526.
• Mazdak, reformer of Magianism, 3, 1.
• communistic principles of, 3, 1–2.
• Mazikim, evil spirits, introduced into Judaism from Magianism, 1, 403.
• Measfim, the, contributors to “The Gatherer,” in Germany, 5, 399–400.
• in Holland, 5, 400–1.
• in France, 5, 401.
• in Italy, 5, 402.
• influence of, 5, 402–3, 403–5.
• consider themselves the disciples of Mendelssohn, 5, 403.
• the best production by, 5, 404.
• mediocrity of, 5, 417.
• effect of the revival of Hebrew by, 5, 420–1.
• consulted by Jacobson, 5, 502.
• Measfim, the, list of:
• Ben-Zeeb,
• Bresselau, Mendel J.
• Ensheim, Moses
• Euchel, Isaac Abraham
• Friedrichsfeld, David
• Heidenheim, Wolf
• Homberg, Herz
• Löwe, Joel
• Morpurgo, Elijah
• Satanow, Isaac
• Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig
• Wolfssohn, Aaron.
• Meaux, the council of, re-enacts anti-Jewish restrictions, 3, 171–2.
• Mebarsapes, king of Adiabene, conquered by Trajan, 2, 393–4.
• Mebodes, Persian general, puts to death the Jews of Machuza, 3, 9.
• Mebo-ha-Talmud, methodology of the Talmud, by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.
• Mecca (Alcharam), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 56.
• holy city of the Arabs, 3, 60.
• a proselyte to Judaism governor of, 3, 63.
• Mahomet’s flight from, 3, 72–3.
• the praying Moslem turns to, 3, 75.
• Jews not allowed to live in, 3, 436.
• Mecklenburg, the Jews of, emancipated, 5, 507.
• Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the Jews of, forbidden the early interment of the dead, 5, 318.
• apply to Mendelssohn, 5, 318.
• interfered with by the government, 5, 679.
• Medaba, center of the Bene-Amri, 1, 491.
• taken by John Hyrcanus, 2, 7.
• Medeïros, Francisco (Isaac), Mendes, Portuguese Marrano in Holland, 4, 667.
• builds the second synagogue at Amsterdam, 4, 671.
• Medelsheim. See Berr, Cerf.
• Medes, the, defeated by the Assyrians, 1, 287.
• Media, the Ten Tribes colonized in, 1, 265.
• invaded by the Scythians, 1, 287.
• half-Shekel contribution to the Temple from, 2, 52.
• visited by Petachya, 3, 421.
• Medici, the, the renascence under, participated in by Jews, 4, 289, 290.
• Medicine, prepared by Jews prohibited, in the code of Alfonso X, 3, 596.
• by Eugenius IV, 4, 250, 252.
• by Henry IV of Castile, 4, 278.
• Medicine, the study of, permitted by the opponents of science, 4, 40.
• among Polish Jews, 4, 633.
• See Physicians, Jewish.
• Medina, Jewish capitalist, involves Voltaire in financial losses, 5, 339.
• Medina (Yathrib), Israelites under Joshua settle in, 3, 54.
• center of the Jewish Arabic tribes, 3, 55.
• besieged, 3, 62.
• a proselyte the governor of, 3, 63.
• Mahomet in, 3, 72–3.
• the center of Islam, 3, 86.
• Jews not allowed to live in, 3, 436.
• Medina, the Jews of, defend the city, 3, 62.
• hated by the Kailan race, 3, 67.
• conquered by the Arabs, 3, 67–8.
• regain importance, 3, 70–1.
• and Mahomet, 3, 73.
• repelled by Mahomet, 3, 74.
• intrigue against Mahomet, 3, 84.
• Medina del Campo, the Jews of, burnt and plundered, 4, 278.
• the cortes of, propose an Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 310, 313.
• Medina-Celi, Kabbalistic center, 4, 6.
• the duke of, employs a Jewish physician, 5, 116.
• Medina-Sidonia, Marranos flee to, 4, 313.
• Megabyzus, satrap of Syria, revolts from Persia, 1, 371.
• Megadef, sobriquet of Joshua Lorqui, 4, 217.
• Megerlin, David Frederick, explains Eibeschütz’s amulets in a Christian way, 5, 270.
• calls on the Danish king to protect Eibeschütz, 5, 271.
• Megiddo, the battle of, Josiah defeated at, 1, 297.
• Megilloth, the Five, commentary on, by Samuel ben Meïr, 3, 346.
• by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 370.
• “Mehemenuta de Cola,” by Chayon, 5, 219–20.
• Mehmed Effendi, Sabbataï Zevi’s Mahometan name, 5, 154.
• Mehmet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, conquers Syria, 5, 633.
• supported by Louis Philippe, 5, 633, 634.
• assents to the execution of the Damascus Jews, 5, 640.
• influenced by the French consul-general, 5, 647.
• appealed to by the Jews of Alexandria, 5, 647.
• letter to, from Metternich, 5, 647.
• forms a court of justice for the Damascus affair, 5, 648.
• breaks up the consular court, 5, 649.
• grants Montefiore audience, 5, 659.
• in awe of the European powers, 5, 659.
• orders the release of the Damascus prisoners, 5, 660.
• thanked by the Jews of Alexandria, 5, 660.
• subterfuge of, discovered by Munk, 5, 660.
• changes his firman, 5, 660.
• officially states the groundlessness of the blood accusation, 5, 661.
• surrenders territory to Turkey, 5, 661.
• Meïl Zedek. See Menachem of Merseburg.
• Meinhard of Görz, captor of Meïr of Rothenburg, 3, 639.
• Meiningen, the “hep, hep!” persecutions in, 5, 530.
• Meïr, disciple of Akiba, returns to Judæa, 2, 433.
• originality of, 2, 435.
• said to be a convert, 2, 435.
• copyist of Holy Writ, 2, 435–6.
• wife of, 2, 436.
• disciple of Ishmael ben Elisha, 2, 436.
• writer of fables, 2, 436.
• death of the sons of, 2, 436.
• modesty and wisdom of, 2, 437.
• and Elisha ben Abuya, 2, 437.
• and Euonymus of Gadara, 2, 437–8.
• and the Stoic philosophy, 2, 438.
• dialectics of, 2, 438–40.
• completes the collection of the Mishnas, 2, 439–40, 460.
• an Agadist, 2, 440.
• and Simon II, 2, 440.
• Chacham of the Usha Synhedrion, 2, 434, 445.
• conspires to deprive Simon II of the Patriarchate, 2, 445.
• proposed for the vice-presidency of the Synhedrion, 2, 445.
• expelled from the Synhedrion, 2, 445.
• excommunicated, 2, 446.
• death of, 2, 446.
• a casuist, 2, 476.
• decision of, concerning the Samaritans, 2, 534.
• Meïr, son-in-law of Abraham Senior, accepts baptism, 4, 351.
• Meïr, teacher of the Mishna, quoted by Maimonides, 3, 454.
• Meïr de Malea, Almoxarif under Alfonso X, 3, 593.
• Meïr ben Baruch of Rothenburg (1220–1293), Talmudist, elegy of, on the burning of the Talmud, 3, 579.
• piety of, 3, 625.
• heads the emigration of German Jews to Syria, 3, 637.
• taken prisoner, 3, 638–9.
• refuses to be ransomed, 3, 639–40.
• death of, 3, 640.
• body of, ransomed, 3, 640.
• disciple of, 4, 34, 74.
• ransom of, demanded from Asheri, 4, 37.
• Meïr ben Baruch Halevi (Segal, 1370–1390), rabbi of Vienna, enforces the Morenu, 4, 134.
• compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.
• assumes authority over the French communities, 4, 152–3.
• Meïr ben Gabbai, Spanish exile, Kabbalist, 4, 481.
• Meïr ben Joseph Ibn-Migash, Talmudist, 3, 317.
• emigrates to Toledo, 3, 361.
• opens a Talmud academy in Toledo, 3, 362.
• Meïr ben Samuel of Rameru, son-in-law of Rashi, Tossafist, 3, 289, 345.
• sons of, 3, 345.
• Meïr ben Simon, denounces the Bahir as a forgery, 3, 556.
• Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia (1180–1244), attacks Maimonides’ doctrine of immortality, 3, 524.
• friends and opponents of, 3, 524–5.
• and Nachmani, 3, 535.
• assures Nachmani of his opposition to the Maimunists, 3, 537–8.
• deplores Dominican interference in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 544.
• nephew of, 4, 2.
• Meïr Alguades, physician, chief rabbi of Castile, and Solomon Levi, 4, 185.
• and Profiat Duran, 4, 190.
• influences the king favorably towards the Jews, 4, 190.
• as philosopher, 4, 193.
• tortured on the accusation of host desecration, 4, 195.
• forced confessions by, 4, 196.
• death of, 4, 196.
• Meïr Eisenstadt, teacher and confidant of Eibeschütz, 5, 250.
• Meïri. See Vidal Menachem ben Solomon.
• Meïron, grave of Simon ben Yochaï at, 4, 623.
• Meisels, rabbi, helps to reorganize Austria, 5, 697.
• Meissen, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.
• Mekor Chayim, philosophical work by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 270–1.
• Meldola, David, rabbi of London, repeats Manasseh ben Israel’s oath denying the blood accusation, 5, 654–5.
• Melo, Francisco, millionaire in Amsterdam, 5, 205.
• Memnon, governor of Cœlesyria, 1, 414.
• Memra, the, decisions of the Amoraim, 2, 515.
• expounded by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.
• “Men of Faith,” a sect of Jewish mystics, 3, 153–4.
• Menachem of Merseburg (Meïl Zedek), Talmudist, changes the Talmudic marriage law, 4, 227–8.
• Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach (1310–1385), rabbi of Toledo, early trials of, 4, 78, 144.
• studies of, 4, 144–5.
• mediocrity of, 4, 145.
• work by, 4, 145.
• Menachem ben Perez, of Joigny, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Menachem ben Saruk (910–970), grammarian, founder of Judæo-Spanish culture, 3, 215.
• writes the introductory verses of a letter to the king of the Chazars, 3, 220.
• makes Hebrew the object of research, 3, 223.
• patrons of, 3, 224.
• lexicographical work by, 3, 224–5.
• verse of, awkward, 3, 225.
• traduced to Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 226–7.
• defended by his disciples, 3, 227.
• disciples of, 3, 237.
• grammar of, known to Rashi, 3, 289.
• unhappiness of, 3, 313.
• Menachem Bashyasi, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.
• Menachem Maroli, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.
• Menachemists, followers of David Alrui, 3, 433.
• Menahem (768–758), king of Israel, murders Shallum, 1, 244.
• abolishes Baal worship, 1, 244.
• submits to Pul, 1, 246–7.
• power of the kingdom under, 1, 247.
• introduces the worship of Mylitta, 1, 247.
• death of, 1, 248.
• Menahem, an Essene, Hillel’s deputy in the Synhedrion, 2, 100.
• Menahem ben Jair, grandson of Judas of Galilee, leader of the Sicarii, 2, 239.
• takes Masada, 2, 258.
• kills the Roman garrison at Jerusalem, 2, 260.
• cruelty of, 2, 260–1.
• disagrees with the Zealot leader, 2, 261.
• executed, 2, 261.
• Menahem ben Solomon. See David Alrui.
• Mendelssohn, Dorothea, culture of, 5, 413.
• marriage of, to Simon Veit, 5, 424.
• and Frederick Schlegel, 5, 424.
• apostasy of, 5, 424.
• Mendelssohn, Henrietta, accepts Catholicism, 5, 424.
• Mendelssohn, Joseph, approves of the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.
• Mendelssohn, Moses (1728–1786), causes the renaissance of the Jewish race, 5, 292–3.
• youth of, 5, 293.
• arrival of, in Berlin, 5, 293.
• under the influence of David Fränkel, 5, 293–4.
• poverty of, 5, 294.
• under the influence of Maimonides, 5, 295.
• secular studies of, 5, 295.
• self-mastery of, 5, 295.
• Hebrew style of, 5, 295–6.
• as tutor, 5, 296.
• becomes acquainted with Lessing, 5, 297.
• admiration of, for Lessing, 5, 297–8.
• acquires a German style, 5, 298.
• writes the “Philosophical Conversations,” 5, 298–9.
• introduced to the learned circles of Berlin, 5, 299.
• contributes to the “Library of the Fine Arts,” 5, 300.
• appreciation of the Bible by, 5, 301.
• delicacy and modesty of, 5, 301.
• lacks appreciation of history, 5, 301.
• criticises Frederick the Great’s poetry, 5, 302.
• justifies himself before the king, 5, 302–3.
• as bookkeeper, 5, 303.
• wins the prize of the Berlin Academy, 5, 303–4.
• made a “Schutzjude,” 5, 304.
• writes the “Phædon,” 5, 304–8.
• honors paid to, 5, 308.
• physiognomy of, analyzed by Lavater, 5, 308–9.
• letter from, to Lavater, 5, 311–13.
• reconciled with Lavater, 5, 314.
• criticises Bonnet’s “Palingénésie,” 5, 314–15.
• pamphlets on, and Lavater, 5, 315–16.
• attacked by Kölbele, 5, 316–17.
• offends pious Jews, 5, 317.
• intercourse of, with Polish Jews, 5, 317–18.
• opposed to hasty burial, 5, 318.
• opinion of, on the “Fragments of an Unknown,” 5, 320.
• the “Fragments of an Unknown” attributed to, 5, 322.
• the hero of “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 323.
• mourning of, for Lessing, 5, 327.
• translates the Pentateuch for his children, 5, 328.
• publishes his Pentateuch translation, 5, 328–9.
• mildness of, in the face of opposition, 5, 332.
• appeals to the Danish royal house, 5, 333–4.
• assistants of, 5, 334.
• inspires the young, 5, 334–5.
• helps the Jews of Switzerland and Dresden, 5, 344.
• requested by the Alsatian Jews to draw up a memorial, 5, 351.
• and Dohm, 5, 351–2.
• attractive to Christians, 5, 352.
• inspires Dohm, 5, 356, 361, 366.
• on Dohm’s “Apology,” 5, 361–2.
• objects to excommunication, 5, 362–3.
• writes “The Salvation of the Jews,” 5, 362–3.
• charged with apostasy, 5, 363.
• publishes “Jerusalem,” 5, 364–6.
• adherence of, to Judaism, 5, 364.
• on the ceremonial law, 5, 365.
• inspires Wessely, 5, 366.
• compared with Wessely, 5, 367.
• addressed by the Jews of Trieste, 5, 369.
• death of, 5, 371–2.
• objections of, to Spinozism, 5, 372.
• defends Lessing, 5, 372.
• mourning for, 5, 372.
• statue of, 5, 372–3.
• reception of, at Königsberg, 5, 398.
• contributes to Ha-Meassef, 5, 399.
• and Herz Homberg, 5, 401–2.
• recommends the study of the sciences, 5, 402.
• glorified by the Measfim, 5, 403.
• daughters of, cultured, 5, 412, 413.
• house of, the center of culture, 5, 412.
• misunderstood by his family and his disciples, 5, 417.
• daughters of, 5, 423, 424, 425.
• influences Mirabeau, 5, 432.
• resemblance between and Börne, 5, 538.
• criticised by Bernays, 5, 575.
• the ideal of Krochmal, 5, 608.
• influence of, on Erter, 5, 613.
• repeats Manasseh ben Israel’s oath denying the blood accusation, 5, 655.
• Mendelssohnians, the, in opposition to Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 375.
• oppose Chassidism, 5, 394.
• Mendes, David Franco (1713–1792), dramatic poet, influenced by Luzzatto, 5, 244.
• devoted to Hebrew, 5, 401.
• Mendes, Franco, Portuguese Marrano, family of, in Holland, 4, 667.
• Mendes, Manuel, Portuguese Marrano leader, 4, 516.
• Mendes-Nassi, Diogo, Marrano banker at Antwerp, 4, 572.
• death of, 4, 572.
• accused of Judaizing, 4, 573.
• Mendes-Nassi, Francisco, husband of Gracia Mendesia, banker at Antwerp, 4, 571–2.
• Mendes-Nassi, Gracia, the younger, daughter of Diogo, 4, 572.
• married to Samuel Nassi, 4, 577.
• Mendes-Nassi family, the, debt owing to, repudiated by Henry II of France, 4, 596, 597.
• Mendesia (Nassi) Gracia (Beatrice, 1510–1568), Marrano philanthropist, marriage of, 4, 571.
• at Antwerp, 4, 572.
• head of a banking house, 4, 572–3.
• property of, confiscated by Charles V, 4, 573.
• at Venice, 4, 574.
• informed against by her sister, 4, 574.
• property of, in France confiscated, 4, 574.
• cause of, espoused by the sultan, 4, 574–5.
• protected by Hercules d’Este II, 4, 575.
• described by Samuel Usque, 4, 575–6.
• the Ferrara Spanish Bible dedicated to, 4, 577.
• reconciled with her sister, 4, 577.
• goes to Constantinople, 4, 577.
• beneficence of, 4, 577.
• enlists the sultan’s aid in behalf of Turkish Jews at Ancona, 4, 579–80.
• influences rabbis against trade with Ancona, 4, 580.
• Mendoza, cardinal, archbishop of Seville, prepares a catechism for Marranos, 4, 311.
• Menelaus (Onias), the Benjamite, Hellenist, opposed to Onias III, 1, 437.
• made high priest by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 447.
• despoils the Temple, 1, 448.
• instigates the murder of Onias III, 1, 448.
• exonerated from the charge of Temple desecration, 1, 449.
• maligns the Law, 1, 449–50.
• takes refuge in the Acra, 1, 451.
• desecrates the Temple, 1, 451.
• tries to abolish Judaism, 1, 454–5.
• executed, 1, 480.
• Meni, Chaldæan goddess, worshiped by Judæans in Babylon, 1, 340.
• Menz. See Abraham; Judah; Moses.
• Meonenim, Philistine soothsayers, 1, 55.
• Mephibosheth, son of Jonathan, lamed, 1, 104.
• protected by David, 1, 123.
• at Jerusalem with David, 1, 124.
• Merab, daughter of Saul, offered to David as wife, 1, 99.
• son of, killed by the Gibeonites, 1, 123.
• Merari, Moses Menachem, rabbi of Venice, exacts a promise from Luzzatto not to teach the Kabbala, 5, 239.
• Merbal, a Phœnician, rules his own country, 1, 342.
• Merida, early settlement of Jews in, 3, 43.
• home of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela’s father, 3, 255.
• Mérilhou, French minister of education, proposes the complete emancipation of the Jews, 5, 597.
• Merinos, the, a powerful family of Fez, 4, 390.
• Merkel, Christian, member of the Westphalian Jewish consistory, 5, 502.
• Merlato, Austrian consul at Damascus, protects Picciotto, 5, 639.
• abused, 5, 639, 646.
• issues a report on the Damascus affair, 5, 646.
• thanked by the London meeting, 5, 653.
• thanked by the Jews of Alexandria, 5, 660.
• Merlo, Diego de, commissioner to frame the statute of the Inquisition, 4, 312.
• Merodach-baladan, king of Babylon, embassy of, to Hezekiah, 1, 278–9.
• Merom, lake, battle of, 1, 57.
• Merovingians, the, the Jews under, 3, 36–40, 143.
• Merseburg, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.
• the Jews of, presented to the bishop, 3, 243.
• Merv, a scientific center in the ninth century, 3, 146.
• Mervan II, last of the Ommiyyade caliphs, rebellion against, 3, 125.
• Merwan, father of the poetess Asma, 3, 76.
• Mesa (Mesha), king of Moab, defeated, 1, 208–9.
• Meshershaya bar Pacod, Amora, executed by Firuz, 2, 629.
• Meshullam of Béziers, denounces the Bahir as a forgery, 3, 556.
• Meshullam of Rome, announces Innocent VII’s opposition to the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 346–7.
• Meshullam ben Jacob (1170), patron of Jewish learning in Lünel, 3, 396.
• sons of, 3, 396–7.
• encourages Judah Ibn-Tibbon to make translations into Hebrew, 3, 397.
• encourages Abraham ben David to write a Mishna commentary, 3, 399.
• descendant of, 4, 30.
• Meshullam, son of Berechiah, marries his daughter to an Ammonite, 1, 362.
• Meshullam En-Vidas Dafiera, poet, on Nachmani, 3, 557.
• Mesopotamia, Judæans own large tracts in, 2, 202.
• laid waste by Severus, 2, 464.
• Mesopotamia, northern, a synagogue in, burnt by monks, 2, 614.
• Mesopotamia, southern, Jewish Babylonia, 2, 504.
• Mesquito, David Bueno de, millionaire in Amsterdam, 5, 205.
• Messer-Jawaih, of Bassora, physician, translates a medical work into Arabic, 3, 111.
• Messer Leon. See Judah ben Yechiel.
• Messiah, the, a descendant of David, 1, 528.
• the coming of, foretold by a Judæo-Greek writer, 2, 95, 143.
• longing for, in the post-exilic period, 2, 142–3.
• as conceived by various parties in Judæa, 2, 144–5.
• Jesus declares himself, 2, 158.
• necessity of a precursor to, 2, 158.
• expected to come from Bethlehem, 2, 161.
• suffering, objections to, 2, 166.
• warrants in Holy Writ for Jesus as, 2, 166–7.
• expectation of, after the death of Jesus, 2, 167–8.
• Jesus believed by the apostle Paul to be, 2, 225–6.
• expectation of, in the Roman period, 2, 240–1.
• belief in Bar-Cochba as, 2, 409, 412.
• the advent of, dependent on the extinction of the Patriarchate and the Exilarchate, 2, 457.
• to appear in Rome, 2, 498.
• Mar-Samuel’s view on, 2, 519.
• appearance of, a condition of the restoration of the Jewish state, 2, 600.
• hope of, suppressed by Ashi, 2, 610.
• expectation of, among the Arabian Jews, 3, 58.
• expected by the Jews of the Caliphate of the East, 3, 145.
• expected by the Chazars, 3, 222.
• expected by the Karaites, 3, 247.
• expectation of, in Germany and France in the eleventh century, 3, 298.
• the appearance of, calculated by Abraham Albargeloni, 3, 313.
• hoped for by the Jews of northern Africa under Abdulmumen, 3, 360.
• forerunner of, among the Yemen Jews, 3, 462, 464.
• doctrine of the soul of, in the Kabbala, 3, 555.
• David Alrui poses as, 3, 431, 432.
• characterized by Nachmani, 3, 600.
• the coming of, supposed to be heralded by Hulagu’s devastation of Jerusalem, 3, 606.
• abrogates the Law according to Raymund Martin, 3, 622.
• the appearance of, rumored in Syria, 3, 637.
• speculations on, in the Zohar, 4, 18.
• belief in, set aside by Chayim ben Gallipapa, 4, 149.
• the expectation of, the center of the Kabbala, 4, 482.
• the advent of, predicted by Isaac Abrabanel and Asher Lämmlein, 4, 482–3.
• hope in, aroused by the Kabbalists, 4, 483.
• expectation of, aroused by David Reubeni, 4, 494, 497–8.
• expectation of, nursed by Solomon Molcho, 4, 495–7, 529–30.
• hope of, cherished by Joseph Karo, 4, 538–9.
• hope of, aroused by Isaac Lurya, 4, 622.
• references to, expunged from the Talmud by the censors, 4, 660.
• hope of, awakened by the Thirty Years’ War, 5, 23.
• of the Jews, as defined by the Fifth Monarchy believers, 5, 23.
• hopes of, entertained by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 24, 28, 31, 33.
• the advent of, connected with the re-settlement of the Jews in England, 5, 28, 40.
• hoped for, by Felgenhauer, 5, 35–6.
• hopes of, entertained by Christians, 5, 37.
• the hopes of, entertained by Jews, expounded by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 37–8.
• Cromwell said to be, 5, 45.
• speculations on, in the Kabbala, 5, 120–1.
• Sabbataï Zevi reveals himself as, 5, 122.
• connected with the idea of suffering, 5, 122–3.
• Nathan Ghazati on, 5, 131–2.
• according to Sabbatian conceptions, 5, 142–3.
• announced by Nehemiah Cohen, 5, 152.
• Mordecai of Eisenstadt proclaims himself, 5, 209.
• Jacob Querido reverenced as, 5, 210.
• Berachya regarded as, 5, 211.
• doctrine of, by Chayon, 5, 219–20.
• Moses Meïr Kamenker regarded as, 5, 230.
• Luzzatto proclaimed as, 5, 245.
• Jacob Frank the incarnation of, 5, 273, 274.
• expectation of, in Poland, 5, 377.
• belief in, abandoned by the Hamburg Reform Temple Union, 5, 565.
• doctrine of, given up by the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675, 676.
• Holdheim on, 5, 680.
• attitude of the Berlin Reform Association towards, 5, 683.
• Messiah, the, of the branch of Joseph, Isaac Lurya considers himself, 4, 622, 624.
• Chayim Vital considers himself, 4, 625; 5, 52.
• discussed by Sabbataï Zevi and Nehemiah Cohen, 5, 153.
• Cardoso declares himself, 5, 207.
• Messiahs, numbers of, appear during Roman sovereignty in Judæa, 2, 144.
• Messiahs, the, list of:
• Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia,
• Avila, the Messiah of
• Ayllon, the Messiah of
• Bar-Cochba,
• Berachya,
• Frank, Jacob
• Jacob Querido,
• Jesus,
• Luzzatto, Moses Chayim
• Mordecai of Eisenstadt,
• Moses of Crete,
• Moses Botarel,
• Moses Meïr Kamenker,
• Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak,
• Sabbataï Zevi,
• Serene,
• Theudas.
• Messianic age, the, as conceived by the educated classes, 2, 144–5.
• believed to be dawning under Vespasian, 2, 291–2.
• tokens of, according to Abraham of Granada, 4, 197.
• preparation for, according to Maimonides, 4, 530.
• as described by Isaac Lurya, 4, 620.
• Messianic year, the, set for 1358, 4, 120.
• fixed at 1648 by the Zohar, 5, 6, 121–2.
• fixed by the Fifth Monarchy believers at 1666, 5, 120.
• Messina, the Jewish community in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.
• the clerk at the mint of, a Jew, 3, 567.
• Jews from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• Messina, the Jews of, enjoy equal rights with the Christians, 3, 423.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Mesvi. See Moses of Baalbek; Musa of Akbar.
• Metempsychosis. See Transmigration of souls, the.
• Meter, introduced into Hebrew by Dunash ben Labrat, 3, 223, 226.
• Metibta, a session of the schools in Babylonia, 2, 547.
• Metilius, commander of the Roman garrison in Jerusalem, 2, 255.
• spared by the Zealots, 2, 261.
• Metternich, reactionary leader, 5, 512.
• disapproves of the oppression of the Jews in the Hanse Towns, 5, 514.
• accepts Humboldt’s constitution as a basis for discussion, 5, 514.
• carelessness of, 5, 519–20.
• the Jews of Austria under, 5, 523.
• on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 527.
• intolerant of Jews, 5, 579.
• intervention of, in the Damascus affair, 5, 646, 647.
• writes to Mehmet Ali, 5, 647.
• thanked by the London meeting, 5, 653.
• thanked by the Jews of Alexandria, 5, 660.
• Meturgeman, the, duty of, in the Synhedrion, 2, 361.
• office of, in the time of the Amoraim, 2, 541.
• employed by Samuel ben Ali, 3, 438.
• Metz, rabbis of, Poles, 5, 17.
• the Royal Society of, offers a prize on the Jewish question, 5, 434–5.
• the Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.
• a rabbinical college at, 5, 700.
• Metz, the Jews of, privileges of, renewed by Louis XIV, 5, 174.
• the blood accusation against, 5, 174–5.
• elect Eibeschütz rabbi, 5, 251.
• limited in number, 5, 347–8.
• income from, given away by Louis XIV, 5, 348, 446.
• restrictions against, 5, 348–9.
• number of, 5, 435.
• petition for the removal of oppressive taxes, 5, 438.
• relieved of taxes, 5, 446.
• hindered in the celebration of the Passover, 5, 452.
• suffering of, 5, 452.
• Metz, Moses. See Ensheim, Moses.
• Metz, Moses, follower of Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 77.
• Meyer, a Jew of Breslau, charged with host desecration, 4, 261.
• Meyer, Edward, opponent of the Jews, 5, 602.
• Meyer, Peter, pastor in Frankfort, permits Pfefferkorn to preach, 4, 449.
• Meyerbeer, father of, 5, 563.
• composes songs for the Leipsic Reform service, 5, 573.
• Meyuchas, Mordecai Joseph, rabbi of Jerusalem, encourages opposition to Napoleon, 5, 459.
• Mezuzzoth, the use of, prohibited under Hadrian, 2, 424.
• Miasa. See Meïr.
• Micah (I), prophet. See Michaiah.
• Micah (II), prophet, prophecies of, 1, 261–2.
• encourages the people of Judah under Hezekiah, 1, 273.
• Michael, name of an angel, 1, 403.
• Michael of Frankfort, merchant, the ruin of, urged by Luther, 4, 551.
• Michael the Old, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.
• Michael ben Kaleb, Jewish poet in Thebes, 3, 426.
• Michael Scotus, friend of Jacob Anatoli, 3, 566.
• translator of philosophical works, 3, 567.
• Michaelis, John David, professor at Göttingen, hostility of, to the Jews, 5, 359–60.
• criticised by Mendelssohn, 5, 361.
• on “Jerusalem,” 5, 365–6.
• on “The Gatherer,” 5, 404.
• on the Jews, 5, 414.
• refuted by Mirabeau, 5, 433.
• Michaelis, John Henry, exonerates the Alenu prayer, 5, 191.
• Michaiah, son of Gemariah, reports Baruch’s reading of Jeremiah’s scroll, 1, 305.
• Michaiah (Micah I), son of Imlah, prophet, hostile to Ahab, 1, 205.
• Michal, daughter of Saul, devoted to David, 1, 98.
• marries David, 1, 100.
• returns to David, 1, 110.
• rebukes David, 1, 120.
• Michlol, grammatical work by David Kimchi, 3, 394.
• Michmash, Philistine camp at, 1, 86–8.
• Jonathan Haphus invests the fortress of, 1, 494.
• Microcosmos, religio-philosophical work by Abu-Amr Joseph Ibn-Zadik, 3, 314–15.
• Middelburg, admission of Jews into, proposed, 4, 663.
• Middlesex, Lord, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 33.
• Middoth, the seven, of Hillel, for testing the oral Law, 2, 98.
• Midian, Moses in, 1, 14.
• Midianites, the, seduce the Israelites to idolatry, 1, 28.
• routed by Gideon, 1, 61–3.
• Midoth, Mishna of Rabbi Akiba, 2, 354.
• Midras, academy among the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.
• Midrash, method of deducing the oral Law from Scripture, 2, 328, 329.
• Midrash of Simon bar Yochaï. See Zohar, the.
• Midrash Rabba, the, laid under the ban, 5, 195.
• “Migdal Oz,” Sabbataï Zevi’s prison at Abydos, 5, 148.
• Migration, the, of the nations, 2, 604–5.
• Mikulski, de, Canon, favors the conversion of Frankists, 5, 285.
• arranges for a disputation between Frankists and Talmudists, 5, 285.
• Milan, the Jewish community in, under the Ostrogoths, 3, 28.
• refuge of the exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.
• Milan, the Jews of, letter to, from Theodoric, 3, 30.
• appeal for permission to own the Talmud, 4, 658.
• Milan district, the, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 660.
• Milchamoth, work by Abraham Maimuni, 3, 545.
• Milchamoth Adonaï, work by Levi ben Gerson, 4, 92.
• Milcom, Baal of the Ammonites, 1, 55.
• worshiped on the Mount of Olives, 1, 175.
• Military service, Jews admitted to, 3, 36, 293, 384, 592.
• Military service, Jews excluded from, by Honorius, 2, 617.
• by Theodosius, 3, 28.
• under Clotaire II, 3, 40.
• in the Byzantine empire, 3, 425.
• Miller, John, describes the Hamburg Jews, 4, 690.
• objections of, to the Jews, 4, 691.
• attacks Judaism, 4, 692.
• Millionaires, Jewish, at Amsterdam, 5, 205.
• in Berlin, 5, 397, 414.
• Millo, the, northern elevation of Jerusalem, 1, 118.
• Solomon’s palace in, 1, 168.
• Milo, papal legate, humbles Raymund VI of Toulouse, 3, 501–2.
• presides over the Council of Avignon, 3, 503.
• Milo, Joseph Nassi made duke of, 4, 596.
• Minæans (Minim), the, sectaries, 2, 369.
• the writings of, influence Elisha ben Abuya, 2, 377.
• influence of, on Judaism deprecated by Tarphon, 2, 378.
• term for informers, 2, 379.
• curse of, attributed to Gamaliel II, 2, 379–80.
• curse of, subject of a charge before Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 83.
• Minden, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• Minhagim, compiled by the Austrian school of rabbis, 4, 134–5.
• Minim. See Minæans, the.
• Minna of Speyer, tortured during the second crusade, 3, 352.
• Minorca. See Magona.
• Minorites, the. See Franciscans, the.
• Minui. See Ordination.
• Minyan Yavanim (Shetaroth), the Seleucidæan era, abolished, 4, 394–5.
• Miques, João. See Nassi, Joseph.
• Mirabeau, count (1749–1791), sympathy of, enlisted for the Jews by Dohm, 5, 366.
• in intercourse with Henrietta Herz, 5, 413.
• on Prussia under Frederick William II, 5, 419.
• influenced by Mendelssohn, 5, 432.
• on the Jews, 5, 432–3.
• favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 433–4, 441.
• protests against a dominant religion, 5, 439.
• Miracles, the nature of, as explained in “The Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 483, 523.
• theory of, by Nachmani, 3, 533.
• Mirandola. See Pico di Mirandola.
• Miriam, mother of Jesus, 2, 148.
• Miriam, prophetess, member of the tribe of Levi, 1, 12.
• Miriam of Peræa, suffering of, during the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 306.
• “Mirror for Admonition, A,” anti-Jewish pamphlet by Ortuin de Graes, 4, 425.
• “Mirror of Morals, The,” by Solomon Alami, quotation from, 4, 154–5.
• “Mirror of the Jews, The,” anti-Jewish pamphlet by Hundt, 5, 532.
• Mises, Jehuda Löb, patron of Jewish students in Lemberg, 5, 612.
• exempt from excommunication, 5, 614.
• Mishlé Shualim, by Berachya ben Natronaï, 3, 560.
• Mishna, the, code of the oral Law, the first, 2, 343, 354.
• of Akiba, 2, 354.
• treatise of, on proselytes, 2, 384.
• of Meïr, 2, 439–40.
• completed by Judah I, 2, 460.
• divisions of, 2, 460.
• style of, 2, 460.
• authority of, 2, 461, 462.
• not committed to writing, 2, 461, 608.
• language of, 2, 461–2.
• history of the compilation of, 2, 462.
• supplements to, 2, 470.
• impresses a legal character upon Judaism, 2, 471.
• asserts the equivalence of all religious commands, 2, 472.
• reward and punishment according to, 2, 472–3.
• on the study of the Law, 2, 473–4.
• spirituality of, 2, 474–5.
• casuistry in, 2, 475–6.
• not hostile to Christianity, 2, 476.
• contains laws against intercourse with the heathen, 2, 476–8.
• permits the heathen to glean, 2, 478.
• completion of, ends the work of the Tanaites, 2, 478.
• study of, pursued by the Palestinian Amoraim, 2, 489–90.
• not of equal legal force throughout, 2, 493.
• expounded by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.
• as studied by Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, 2, 590–1.
• amplifications and explanations of, arranged by Ashi, 2, 607–9. See Talmud, the.
• translated into Arabic, 3, 237.
• explained by Maimonides, 3, 451.
• methodology of, by Gersonides, 4, 392.
• translated into Latin, 5, 193.
• See also Law, the oral; Talmud, the; Tanaites, the.
• Mishna, the, commentary on, by Maimonides, 3, 458–60, 492; 4, 60.
• by Abraham ben David, 3, 399.
• by Lipmann Heller, 4, 704.
• by Obadiah di Bertinoro, 4, 704.
• Mishna, Acharona, Akiba’s code, 2, 354.
• Mishna di Rabbi Judah, the final code, 2, 461. See Mishna, the.
• Mishna Rishona, the earliest code, 2, 343, 354.
• “Mishne Torah,” the, religious code, by Maimonides, 3, 466–72.
• clears the maze of the Talmud, 3, 466, 467, 468–9.
• place given to philosophy in, 3, 467–8.
• language of, 3, 469.
• deviates occasionally from the Talmudic decisions, 3, 469.
• on Talmudical Judaism, 3, 470.
• helps to ossify Judaism, 3, 470.
• spread of, 3, 471.
• attacked by Talmudists, 3, 472.
• criticised by Abraham ben David, 3, 490.
• the basis of Moses of Coucy’s work, 3, 586.
• adhered to in Spain, 4, 86.
• Turim based on, 4, 88.
• compared with Turim, 4, 89.
• superseded by Turim, 4, 89–90.
• Mishnic rules of interpretation used by Anan ben David, 3, 131.
• Misr, and Misr, New. See Cairo.
• Mithnagdim, opponents of the Chassidim, 5, 392.
• Mithridates, king of Pergamus, aided by Antipater, 2, 75.
• Mithridates, king of Pontus, Pompey’s campaign against, 2, 62.
• suicide of, 2, 65.
• Mixed marriages. See Intermarriages.
• Mizpah, Samuel holds popular assemblies at, 1, 78.
• fortified by Asa, 1, 191.
• seat of Gedaliah, 1, 320, 321.
• sanctuary at, 1, 321.
• Gedaliah murdered at, 1, 322.
• the inhabitants of, taken captive, 1, 322.
• Judas Maccabæus exhorts his troops at, 1, 467.
• Mizpeh, mountain, description of, 1, 45.
• Mizrachi. See Elias Mizrachi.
• Mizriczians, a branch of the Chassidim, 5, 388.
• “Mizvoth,” a compendium of religious duties, by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, 3, 204.
• Mnevis, white bull, worshiped by the Egyptians, 1, 9.
• Moabites, the, hostile to the Israelites in the desert, 1, 28.
• idolatry of, 1, 55.
• relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–9.
• routed by Ehud, 1, 60–1.
• subdued by David, 1, 125–6.
• attracted to Palestine under Solomon, 1, 173.
• regain independence, 1, 185.
• tributary to Omri, 1, 194–5.
• defeated by Jehoram and Jehoshaphat, 1, 208–9.
• conquered by Jeroboam II, 1, 226.
• urge revolt from Nebuchadnezzar upon Zedekiah, 1, 300.
• allies of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 314.
• desirous of friendly relations with the Judæans, 1, 362.
• as proselytes, 2, 343, 384.
• Moabitis, invaded by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 44.
• Moawiyah, Ommiyyade Caliph, rival of Ali, 3, 90.
• tolerance of, 3, 110.
• patron of learning, 3, 110.
• Mocenigo, Luis, doge of Venice, proposes the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 600–1.
• banishes the Jews, 4, 606.
• Mocenigo, Pietro, doge of Venice, defends the Jews from the charge of child-murder, 4, 299.
• Mochinger, John, mystic, addresses Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 24.
• Mocho, John, Dominican, incites the mob against the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 487.
• Modena. See Leo ben Isaac Modena.
• Modena, Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.
• Mordecai of Eisenstadt in, 5, 209.
• rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Modestus, Patriarch at Jerusalem, demands the annihilation of the Jews of Palestine, 3, 22–3.
• Modin, the home of the Maccabees, 1, 459.
• Hasmonæan family mausoleum at, 2, 14.
• Mohammed, sultan of Turkey, death of, 5, 634.
• Mohammed El-Telli, opponent of the Damascus Jews, 5, 633.
• employed as a spy by Ratti Menton, 5, 635, 636, 637–8.
• Moise. See Meïr.
• Moisling, the Jews of, trade in Lübeck, 5, 506.
• move to Lübeck, 5, 506.
• Molcho, Solomon (Diogo Pires, 1501–1532), Marrano, royal secretary, Hebrew education of, 4, 495.
• Messianic mysticism of, 4, 495–6.
• undergoes circumcision, 4, 496, 499.
• goes to Turkey, 4, 496.
• among the Kabbalists, 4, 496–7.
• longs for martyrdom, 4, 497.
• as a preacher, 4, 497.
• persecuted at Ancona, 4, 501.
• at Pesaro, 4, 501.
• appears in Rome in Messianic equipment, 4, 502.
• vision of, concerning Rome, 4, 502.
• in intercourse with Clement VII and Church dignitaries, 4, 503.
• preaches at Rome, 4, 503–4.
• announces an earthquake and a flood, 4, 504.
• goes to Venice, 4, 504.
• severs his relation with Reubeni, 4, 504.
• poisoned, 4, 505.
• influence of, against the Inquisition feared by Portugal, 4, 506.
• denounced by Jacob Mantin, 4, 506–7.
• sentenced to be burnt, 4, 507.
• saved by Clement VII, 4, 507.
• leaves Rome, 4, 507.
• petitions Charles V to permit the Marranos to arm themselves against the Turks, 4, 509–10.
• burnt at Mantua, 4, 510–11.
• personality of, 4, 511.
• enthusiasm for, 4, 511–12.
• influence of, in Palestine, 4, 529–30.
• influence of, on Joseph Karo, 4, 537.
• a prey to Kabbalistic influences, 5, 233.
• Mole, count, advises exceptional laws for the French Jews, 5, 479.
• report of, not kindly received by Napoleon’s council, 5, 479.
• imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 485, 489.
• announces Napoleon’s satisfaction with the Notables, 5, 492.
• probably frames Napoleon’s Jewish law, 5, 498.
• Moloch worship, under Manasseh, 1, 283.
• under Jehoiakim, 1, 300.
• Moloch Chammon, god of fire, altar to, in Samaria, 1, 197.
• Moncado, Abraham de, Marrano in Pernambuco, 4, 693.
• Moncalvo, French exiles settle in, 4, 177.
• Moncilla, the Jews of, attacked at the instigation of Pedro Olligoyen, 4, 78.
• Mongols (Tartars), the, devastate Jerusalem, 3, 605–6.
• of Hungary, crusade against, 3, 614.
• kingdom of, in Persia, 3, 637–8.
• of the Persian khanate, conspire against Saad-Addaula, 3, 649.
• “Moniteur,” the, publishes a history of the Jews, 5, 485–6.
• Monobaz I, king of Adiabene, domestic relations of, 2, 216.
• Monobaz II, regent of Adiabene, circumcised, 2, 217.
• king, presents golden vessels to the Temple, 2, 219.
• relatives of, aid Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.
• Monopoli (Apulia), Isaac Abrabanel at, 4, 384.
• Monotheism, belief held by Abraham, 1, 5.
• Mons Judaicus, near Narbonne, 3, 35.
• Montalto, Elias. See Elias Montalto.
• Montanists, the, persecuted by Leo the Isaurian, 3, 123–3.
• Montefiore, Judith, accompanies her husband to Egypt, 5, 654.
• Montefiore, Moses, acts in the Damascus affair, 5, 645.
• appeal to, from Damascus, 5, 651.
• sent to Egypt on the Damascus affair, 5, 651–2, 653.
• dignity of, 5, 653.
• sets out for Egypt, 5, 654, 657–8.
• honors shown to, 5, 658–9.
• supported by the English consul-general in Egypt, 5, 659.
• audience of, with Mehmet Ali, 5, 659.
• obtains a firman securing Turkish Jews against the blood accusation, 5, 662.
• honors shown to, on his return from the East, 5, 667, 668.
• obtains the removal of Tomaso’s tombstone, 5, 668.
• received by Louis Philippe, 5, 668.
• congratulated by Queen Victoria, 5, 669.
• acknowledgment of the services of, 5, 669–72.
• celebration of the return of, in London, 5, 670.
• Montemar, marquis of, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 338.
• Montesquieu, denounces the barbarous treatment of the Jews, 5, 336.
• Montezinos, Antonio de (Aaron Levi), traveler, on the whereabouts of the Ten Tribes, 5, 30.
• Monte-Zion street, occupied by the Jews of Palma, 4, 171.
• Montiel, the battle of, Henry de Trastamare victorious at, 4, 126.
• Montpellier, the Council of, omits all mention of Jews, 3, 508.
• the Inquisition at, 3, 542.
• Maimonides’ works burnt at, 3, 543.
• Jewish physicians at, 3, 582, 583.
• bigotry of Jewish scholars of, 4, 27.
• synagogue of, sold, 4, 48.
• Montpellier, the Jews of, prosperous in the twelfth century, 3, 395.
• learning of, 3, 395.
• influenced to oppose the study of science, 4, 29–30, 31–2.
• refuse support to Abba-Mari, 4, 39, 40–1.
• forced to wear badges, 4, 54.
• Monzon, the Jews of, excommunicate the anti-Maimunists, 3, 537.
• Moore, Dorothea, student of Hebrew literature, 5, 21.
• Moravia, John of Capistrano in, 4, 258.
• Polish fugitives in, 5, 16.
• rabbis of, Poles, 5, 17.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 150, 208, 228.
• exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 172.
• Jews under restrictions in, 5, 523.
• rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• rabbis of, protest against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.
• Moravia, the Jews of, suffer during the persecution instigated by Hartmann von Deggenburg, 4, 98.
• urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271.
• submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.
• outbursts against, during the Austrian War of Succession, 5, 251–2.
• suspected of treason, 5, 252.
• banished, 5, 252.
• heavily taxed, 5, 508.
• Mordecai of Eisenstadt, Sabbatian, preaching of, 5, 208.
• gives himself out as the Messiah, 5, 208–9.
• in Italy and Poland, 5, 209.
• founds a Sabbatian sect, 5, 212.
• Mordecai ben Hillel, Talmudist, martyrdom of, 4, 36.
• Mordecai ben Joseph, of Avignon, obtains the abrogation of the law on Jew badges, 3, 612.
• imprisoned for refusing to wear the badge, 3, 613.
• Mordecai ben Nissan, writes on the history of Karaism, 4, 183–4.
• Mordecai Ibn-Alcharbiya. See Saad-Addaula.
• Mordecai Jafa (1532–1612), supposed organizer of the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 645.
• draws up a religious code, 4, 645.
• as rabbi in Poland, 4, 645.
• Mordecai Zemach ben Gershon (Soncin), appeals to Pius IV for the return of the Jews to Prague, 4, 586–7.
• Mordecai Zevi, father of Sabbataï, prosperous, 5, 119–20.
• interested in Messianic speculations, 5, 120.
• Morea, the, the Jews of, consider trading with Pesaro, 4, 579.
• Sabbataï Zevi in, 5, 124.
• Moreh, mountain, description of, 1, 44.
• Moréh Nebuchim. See “Guide of the Perplexed, The.”
• Morenu, ordination of rabbis, enforced in Germany, 4, 134.
• rabbi, title bestowed on Crémieux, 5, 668.
• Moriah, Mount, the Jebusites settle on, 1, 114.
• situated on the east side of Jerusalem, 1, 115, 119.
• David sacrifices on, 1, 138.
• site of the Temple, 1, 162.
• Morillo, Miguel, inquisitor appointed by Sixtus IV, 4, 312, 314, 323.
• censured by the pope, 4, 318.
• Moriscos, the original Jewish inhabitants of Palestine, 4, 399.
• “Morning Baptists,” name given to the Essenes, 2, 26.
• Moro, Joseph (Philip), apostate, denounces the Talmud, 4, 564.
• employed by Paul IV to annoy the Jews, 4, 581.
• Morocco, taken by Abdulmumen, 3, 358.
• the Jews of, emigrate or accept Islam, 3, 358–9.
• embassy to, under Abraham Ibn-Alfachar, 3, 385.
• forced converts emigrate to, 4, 179.
• Spanish exiles in, 4, 389–90.
• fortunes of the Jews of, 5, 168.
• Morpurgo, Elijah, one of the Measfim, 5, 402.
• Mortara case, the, 5, 701.
• Morteira, Saul Levi (1596–1660), disciple of Elias Montalto, 4, 673.
• instructor in the Talmud Torah of Amsterdam, 4, 681.
• member of the first rabbinical college, 4, 682.
• mediocrity of, 4, 682.
• eulogizes Isaac de Castro-Tartas, 5, 32.
• relations of, to Manasseh ben Israel strained, 5, 34.
• imposes penance upon Uriel da Costa, 5, 63.
• teacher of Spinoza, 5, 87, 88.
• sits in judgment on Spinoza, 5, 92.
• “Mosaic Law, The,” by John David Michaelis, 5, 359.
• “Mosaic religion,” the, possibility of the development of, 5, 675, 676.
• Moselle district, the, the Jews of, during the first crusade, 3, 300.
• Moser, Moses, friend of Heine, informed of his conversion, 5, 551.
• advises against the publication of the “Rabbi of Bacharach,” 5, 552.
• founder of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.
• staunchness of, 5, 587–8.
• Moses, legislator and prophet, member of the tribe of Levi, 1, 12.
• at the court of Pharaoh, 1, 13.
• opposes injustice, 1, 13.
• in Midian, 1, 14.
• met by Aaron on Horeb, 1, 15.
• the leader of Israel, 1, 17.
• orders the punishment of the idolatrous Israelites in the desert, 1, 24.
• teaches the Israelites, 1, 25.
• forms the Council of Elders, 1, 25–6.
• death of, 1, 30–1.
• characterization of, 1, 30–1.
• how regarded by the Essenes, 2, 28.
• synagogue in Egypt attributed to, 3, 445.
• prophetic faculty of, analyzed by Maimonides, 3, 483–4.
• prophetic character of, denied by the philosophers, 4, 24.
• the Sons of, Baruch Gad’s reports about, 5, 126.
• characterized by Heine, 5, 553–5.
• Moses, rabbi of Saxony, accused of using human blood, 4, 298.
• Moses (Mesvi) of Baalbek, founder of a Karaite sect, 3, 158.
• Moses de Cavarite, sheriff of Béziers, 3, 395.
• Moses of Coucy (1200–1260), Tossafist, disciple of Judah Sir Leon, 3, 409.
• alienates the French rabbis from Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 539.
• exhorts the Jews of southern France and Spain, 3, 545–6.
• ritual and ethical sermons by, 3, 546.
• at the disputation with Donin, 3, 576, 578.
• Bible commentary by, 3, 586.
• Moses of Crete, a false Messiah, 2, 610–11.
• Moses de Leon. See Moses ben Shem Tob; Zohar, the.
• Moses de Trani, disciple of Jacob Berab, rival of Joseph Karo, 4, 540.
• appealed to on the question of trade with Ancona, 4, 580.
• Moses of Trent, refuses to confess to ritual murder, 4, 298.
• Moses ben Asher, Massoret, corrects copies of the Bible, 3, 207.
• works of, criticised by Saadiah, 3, 207.
• Moses ben Chanoch, emissary from Sora, taken captive, 3, 208.
• wife of, drowned, 3, 208–9.
• ransomed by the Cordova Jews, 3, 209.
• reveals himself as a Talmudist, 3, 209.
• chosen as rabbinical chief by the Cordova community, 3, 209.
• founder of Judæo-Spanish culture, 3, 215.
• protected by Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 228.
• deference paid to, 3, 228.
• title of, 3, 229.
• functions of, 3, 229.
• death of, 3, 229.
• son of, 3, 229–30.
• Moses ben Chasdaï Taku (1250–1290), Talmudist and anti-Maimunist, 3, 624–5, 626.
• Moses ben Guthiel, head of the Speyer community, and forced converts, 3, 306.
• Moses ben Isaac Alashkar, Spanish exile at Tunis, 4, 391.
• Talmudist, Kabbalist, and Maimunist, 4, 392.
• flees to Egypt, 4, 392, 393.
• Moses ben Isaac (Gajo) da Rieti (1388–1451), physician and poet, versification of, 4, 230–1.
• poems by, in the Italian liturgy, 4, 231.
• mediocrity of, 5, 112.
• Moses ben Israel Isserles (1520–1572), Talmudist, ancestry and attainments of, 4, 637.
• commentator upon Karo’s code, 4, 637–8.
• as an astronomer, 4, 638.
• as a philosopher, 4, 638.
• teacher of David Gans, 4, 638.
• authority of, 4, 639.
• disciples of, 4, 639.
• Talmudist, 5, 4.
• highest authority in Judaism in the seventeenth century, 5, 51.
• Moses ben Jehuda Cohen, excommunicates the Anti-Maimunists, 3, 633.
• Moses ben Joshua Narboni (Maëstro Vidal, 1300–1362), philosopher, 4, 87, 93–5.
• writes commentaries on Maimonides and Averroes, 4, 94.
• persecuted, 4, 94, 103.
• religious philosophy of, 4, 94–5.
• accused of heresy, 4, 342.
• Moses ben Kalonymos (787), scholar, brought by Charlemagne to Mayence, 3, 143.
• Moses ben Maimun (Abu-Amrun Musa ben Maimun Obaid Allah, Maimonides, 1135–1204), youth of, 3, 447.
• a fugitive from the Almohades, 3, 447–8.
• studies of, 3, 448–9.
• character of, 3, 449–50.
• purpose of, to expound Judaism, 3, 450–1.
• work of, on the Jewish calendar, 3, 451.
• explains the Mishna, 3, 451.
• emigrates to Fez, 3, 451.
• assumes Islam, 3, 451.
• defends the pseudo-Mahometan Jews, 3, 454–6.
• emigrates to Palestine, 3, 456.
• brother of, dies, 3, 457.
• as a physician, 3, 458.
• completes his Mishna commentary, 3, 458; 4, 704.
• on the science of the Mishna, 3, 458–9.
• on tradition, 3, 459.
• on the Sayings of the Fathers, 3, 459.
• draws up a creed of thirteen articles, 3, 459–60.
• reputation of, spread abroad by his disciples, 3, 460–1.
• consoles the Yemen Jews for their forced conversion to Islam, 3, 462–4.
• as rabbi of Cairo, 3, 465.
• views of, on the Karaites, 3, 465.
• abolishes the silent prayer, 3, 465–6.
• completes the “Mishne-Torah,” 3, 466, 472.
• physician to Saladin’s court, 3, 472–3.
• as a medical writer, 3, 473.
• refuses to become Richard I’s physician, 3, 474.
• accused and acquitted of apostasy from Islam, 3, 474.
• head of the Egyptian congregations, 3, 474.
• rescues the Yemen Jews from persecution, 3, 474.
• traduced by Samuel ben Ali, 3, 475.
• on the doctrine of resurrection, 3, 475–6, 488.
• correspondence of, with Samuel ben Ali, 3, 476–7.
• attacked by Mar-Sacharya, 3, 477.
• writes the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 477–85.
• philosophical work of, intended only for Jews, 3, 486.
• weakness of the philosophy of, 3, 486–7.
• reverence for, in southern France, 3, 488–9.
• illness of, 3, 489.
• attacked by Abraham ben David, 3, 490.
• advises Samuel Ibn-Tibbon on the translation of the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 490–1.
• activity of, 3, 491.
• describes the state of Talmud studies in the twelfth century, 3, 492.
• opinion held by, of the Jews of Provence, 3, 492.
• death of, 3, 492.
• mourning for, 3, 492–3.
• son of, 3, 493.
• epitaph of, 3, 493.
• effects of the death of, 3, 494–5.
• no successor to, 3, 495–6.
• philosophy of, non-Jewish, 3, 522.
• rationalism of, 3, 523.
• on the Agada, 3, 523.
• attacked by Meïr ben Todros Abulafia, 3, 524–5.
• attacked by Daniel ben Saadiah, 3, 525–6.
• reverence for, in the East, 3, 526.
• theories of, in France and Spain, 3, 526–7.
• vilified by Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 528–9.
• desires to bring Talmudic reasoning to a conclusion, 3, 532–3.
• system of, opposed by Nachmani, 3, 533–4, 608.
• works of, burnt in Montpellier, 3, 543.
• defended by his son, 3, 545.
• causes division in Judaism, 3, 546–7.
• grandson of, 3, 620.
• works of, used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.
• reverence for, in France and Spain, 3, 624.
• denounced as a heretic by Moses Taku, 3, 624.
• agitation against, by Solomon Petit, 3, 626–34.
• philosophical writings of, influence the Italian Jews, 3, 629–30.
• works of, excommunicated by Accho Kabbalists, 3, 631.
• epitaph of, desecrated, 3, 631.
• defended by his grandson, 3, 632–3.
• censured by Todros Abulafia, 4, 2.
• the religious philosophy of, induces the allegorization of the Scriptures, 4, 23.
• works of, fall under the ban against science, 4, 40.
• admired by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 43.
• translation of the works of, for the Italian Jews, 4, 60.
• described as a Kabbalist, 4, 74.
• certain views of, opposed by Gersonides, 4, 93.
• admired by Narboni, 4, 94.
• authority of, questioned by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 146, 192.
• Isaac ben Sheshet’s view of, 4, 147.
• the Messianic belief formulated by, 4, 149.
• philosophy of, expounded by Profiat Duran, 4, 191.
• accused of heresy by Shem Tob ben Joseph, 4, 197.
• condemned by Kabbalists, 4, 239.
• system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, 4, 290.
• defended by Moses ben Isaac Alashkar, 4, 392.
• synagogue reform by, nullified, 4, 395.
• philosophical writings of, condemned by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 479.
• on the preparation for the Messianic time, 4, 530.
• on ordination in Palestine, 4, 531.
• writings of, studied by Polish Jews in the sixteenth century, 4, 633.
• studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.
• influence of, on Mendelssohn, 5, 295.
• deficient in historical sense, 5, 302.
• influence of, on Erter, 5, 613.
• philosophy of, explained by Munk, 5, 655.
• See also Anti-Maimunists, the; Guide of the Perplexed, the; Maimunists, the; Maimunist controversy, the; “Mishne-Torah.”
• Moses ben Nachman (Nachmani Gerundi, Ramban, Bonastruc de Porta, 1195–1270), devotion of, to the Talmud, 3, 531–2.
• Talmudical commentaries of, 3, 532, 607–8.
• opposition of, to Maimonides’ Talmudic and philosophic views, 3, 532–4.
• inveighs against Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 534.
• denounces Aristotle, 3, 534.
• not an opponent of philosophy, 3, 534–5.
• view of, on the Agada, 3, 535, 599–600.
• aided by the Kabbala, 3, 535.
• aids the anti-Maimunists, 3, 536.
• letter to, from Meïr Abulafia, 3, 537–8.
• proposes a reconciliation between Maimunists and their opponents, 3, 539–40.
• deplores Dominican interference in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 544.
• a Kabbalist, 3, 556–7.
• as an exegete, 3, 562.
• invited to enter into a disputation with Pablo Christiani, 3, 598.
• demands freedom of speech, 3, 598.
• suggests three topics for discussion, 3, 599.
• refutes the assertion that Jesus is the Messiah of the Talmud, 3, 599.
• characterizes the true Messiah, 3, 600.
• victorious over Pablo Christiani, 3, 601.
• refutes the doctrine of the Trinity, 3, 601.
• publishes a report of the Barcelona disputation, 3, 603–4.
• charged with blasphemy against Christianity, 3, 603–4.
• exiled, 3, 604.
• protected by the king against the Dominicans, 3, 604–5.
• goes to Jerusalem, 3, 605.
• grief of, over Jerusalem, 3, 606–7.
• transplants Jewish science to Palestine, 3, 607.
• disciples of, 3, 607, 609, 626; 4, 28.
• in correspondence with Spain, 3, 608.
• death of, 3, 608.
• influence of, 3, 609.
• the discovery of the Zohar attributed to, 4, 20.
• commentary of, used by Aaron ben Joseph, 4, 71.
• introduces the Kabbala into Palestine, 4, 75.
• predicts the beginning of the Messianic period, 4, 120.
• ancestor of Solomon Duran, 4, 238.
• views of, endorsed by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.
• exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, 4, 442.
• Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia, Biblical exegesis of, 3, 290, 393.
• Moses ben Shem Tob (Moses de Leon, 1250–1305), Kabbalist, 4, 3, 10–11.
• character of, 4, 11.
• wanderings of, 4, 11.
• forgery by, 4, 11–12.
• attributes the Zohar to Simon ben Yochaï, 4, 12–14.
• on the Messiah, 4, 18.
• said to have obtained the Zohar through Nachmani, 4, 20.
• death of, 4, 20.
• wife of, reveals his forgery, 4, 20–1.
• Moses Ibn-Ezra (Abu-Harun, 1070–1139), poet, elegy by, on Alfassi, 3, 310.
• and Joseph Ibn-Sahal, 3, 314.
• parentage of, 3, 318–19.
• early history of, 3, 319.
• compared with Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 319.
• style of, 3, 319–20.
• song cycle by, 3, 320.
• liturgical poems by, 3, 320.
• on the poetic art, 3, 320.
• as a philosopher, 3, 320.
• contemporary fame of, 3, 321.
• elegy by, on his lady-love, 3, 321.
• tribute to, by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 321.
• friendship of, with Jehuda Halevi, 3, 323.
• and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 367.
• Moses Ibn-Tibbon (1250–1285), physician in Montpellier, 3, 582.
• Moses Ibn-Yachya, philanthropist, 4, 609.
• Moses Abudiel, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 84, 86.
• institutes a fast, 4, 85.
• Moses Almosnino, scientist in Salonica, 4, 405.
• preacher, as historian of Turkey, 4, 607–8.
• Moses Bashyasi, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.
• Moses Basula, elegy on, by Leo Modena, 5, 65.
• Moses Botarel, Kabbalist, announces himself as the Messiah, 4, 197.
• Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, Jewish champion at the disputation of Avila, 4, 141.
• debates with a disciple of Alfonso Burgensis, 4, 141–2.
• Moses Gerundensis. See Moses ben Nachman.
• Moses Hamon. See Hamon, Moses.
• Moses Iskafat Meles, opponent of science, 4, 44–5.
• Moses Kapsali (1420–1495), chief rabbi of Turkey, dignities and functions of, 4, 268–9.
• opinion of, on the study of the Talmud by Karaites, 4, 270–1.
• raises money for the relief of the Spanish exiles, 4, 364.
• death of, 4, 402.
• Moses Kimchi (1170–1190), grammarian and exegete, 3, 393.
• grammar of, printed by Justiniani, 4, 474.
• Moses Meïr Kamenker, Sabbatian, spreads Sabbatianism, 5, 228–9.
• doctrines of, 5, 229.
• regarded as the Messiah, 5, 230.
• sentence pronounced on, 5, 230.
• Moses Menz, Talmudist, in Posen, 4, 294.
• Moses Navarro, chief rabbi of Portugal, 4, 173.
• Moses Uri Halevi (1544–1620), advises the Portuguese Marranos to go to Amsterdam, 4, 665.
• teacher and rabbi of the Marranos, 4, 665.
• imprisoned, 4, 666.
• activity of, 4, 671.
• Moses Vital, sells Isaac Lurya’s manuscripts, 5, 53.
• Moses Zacuto (1630–1697), Kabbalist, pupil of the Amsterdam Talmud Torah, 4, 682.
• mysticism of, 5, 87–8.
• encourages the Sabbatian movement in Venice, 5, 138.
• superstition of, 5, 201–2.
• Moses Weil. See Weil, Moses.
• Moses Zarzel, physician to Henry III of Castile, Spanish poet, 4, 190.
• Moslems, disciples of Mahomet, 3, 73. See Mahometans, the.
• Mostarabi, the, the original Jewish community in Egypt, ruled by the Spanish exiles, 4, 395.
• Mosul (New Nineveh), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 429–30.
• ignorance of, 3, 430.
• invited by Alrui to join him, 3, 431.
• “Mourners of Zion,” the, 1, 338; 3, 182, 362, 437.
• Mourning, signs of, decreed under Hadrian, 2, 400, 420.
• Mourning customs, regulated by Gamaliel II, 2, 404.
• abolished in the time of Judah II, 2, 484–5.
• Mozarabs, the, Christians living among Mahometans, lose their identity, 3, 215.
• conspire against the Mahometans of Granada, 3, 316.
• Moznaim, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.
• Mucate, Jacob, Marrano in Pernambuco, 4, 693.
• Mucianus, Licinius, governor of Syria, under Nero, 2, 284.
• won over to Vespasian’s side, 2, 300.
• Mujahid, prince of Denia, patron of Yizchaki, 3, 273.
• Muley Abu-Abdallah (Boabdil), last king of Granada, secret treaty of, with Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 345.
• goes to Africa, 4, 345.
• Muley Arshid, sultan of Morocco, oppresses the Jews, 5, 168.
• Muley Ismail, sultan of Morocco, patron of the Jews, 5, 168.
• Müller, Adam, reactionary leader, 5, 477.
• representative of the romantic school, 5, 516.
• Müller, Johannes von, Swiss historian, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 359.
• assists in framing the Westphalian constitution, 5, 500.
• Mulot, Abbé, president of the Assembly of the Paris Commune, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 443–4, 445.
• Munich, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 3, 636–7.
• perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
• Munk, Solomon (1802–1867), scholar, accompanies Crémieux to Egypt, 5, 658.
• discovers Mehmet Ali’s subterfuge, 5, 660.
• exhorts the Egyptian Jews to establish schools, 5, 663.
• establishes schools in Cairo, 5, 664.
• reconciles Karaites with Rabbanites, 5, 664.
• character and learning of, 5, 664–5.
• Arabic attainments of, 5, 665.
• blindness of, 5, 665.
• studies of, on the Jewish Middle Ages, 5, 665–6.
• Karaite studies of, 5, 666.
• scientific results of the Eastern trip of, 5, 666.
• on the Damascus affair, 5, 671–2.
• expounds Jewish religious philosophy, 5, 699.
• Münster, Sebastian, prosecutes Hebrew studies, 4, 434.
• translates Elias Levita’s Hebrew grammar, 4, 472.
• Murad III, son of Selim II, becomes sultan, 3, 627.
• gives Joseph Nassi land near the Sea of Tiberias, 4, 596.
• confiscates Joseph Nassi’s property, 4, 628.
• influence of Jewish women under, 4, 629.
• Murad el Fallat, Turkish servant of a Damascus Jew, tortured, 5, 637, 638.
• Murcia, embassy to, under Solomon Ibn-Farussal, 3, 312.
• the Jews of, taxed under Sancho, 3, 617.
• Murder, laws against, inviolate under all circumstances, 2, 424.
• Murex, a dye, 1, 3.
• Murviedro, the Jews of, spared in the persecution of 1391, 4, 171.
• Musa (Mesvi) of Akbara, founds a Karaite sect, 3, 157.
• Musaphia, Benjamin (Dionysius, 1616–1676), physician to Christian IV of Denmark, 4, 692.
• philologist and rabbi, 5, 115.
• unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.
• Sabbatian, 5, 139.
• sends a letter of homage to Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 155.
• clings to Sabbataï after his apostasy, 5, 161.
• Mushka, a Judghanite, tries to force rationalistic doctrines upon the Jews, 3, 150.
• Mustapha Pasha, deputy vizir, cross-examines Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 147.
• Sabbataï betrayed to, 5, 153.
• Mutafarrica, the, Turkish life guard, Joseph Nassi a member of, 4, 595.
• Mutazilists, (heretics), the, the theology of, 3, 147.
• method of, borrowed by Saadiah, 3, 197.
• teachings of, foster unbelief, 3, 199.
• Muza Ibn-Nosair, governor of Africa, aided by the Jews of Spain, 3, 109.
• Mylitta, Assyrian goddess of love, worshiped in Israel, 1, 247.
• image of, in the Temple under Manasseh, 1, 282.
• temple of, in Philistia, burnt, 1, 287.
• Mysticism, in Judaism, 3, 152–4.
• denounced by Haï Gaon, 3, 251–2.
• See Kabbala, the.
• Mytilene, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• N
• Naamah, first wife of Solomon, 1, 161.
• Naaman, Syrian general, confesses the God of Israel, 1, 224.
• Naar, Isaac, mystic, companion of Spinoza, 5, 88.
• induces Spinoza to betray his unbelief, 5, 92.
• Sabbatian, 5, 139.
• prepares to join Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 150.
• encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, 5, 160.
• Naarda. See Nahardea.
• Naasites, a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.
• Nabathæans (Nabatæans), the, contributions levied on, by Hyrcanus, 1, 437.
• dispossess the Idumæans, 1, 474; 2, 8.
• friendly to the Hasmonæans, 1, 491.
• See also Aretas; Malich; Obeda.
• Nabonad, a Babylonian noble, usurps the throne, 1, 342.
• permits native kings to rule Phœnicia, 1, 342.
• entreated to permit the return to Palestine, 1, 342–3.
• ally of Lydia and Egypt, 1, 343.
• persecutes the Judæans, 1, 343–4.
• indifferent about the war with Cyrus, 1, 349.
• Nabopolassar, of Babylon, independent of Assyria, 1, 296.
• puts an end to Assyria, 1, 303.
• Naboth, killed at the instigation of Jezebel, 1, 202.
• avenged, 1, 211.
• Nachman ben Isaac (280–356), Amora, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 593.
• Nachman ben Jacob (235–324), Amora, 2, 545.
• summons Judah ben Ezekiel to justify his conduct, 2, 552.
• haughtiness of, 2, 554–5.
• treats his slaves inhumanly, 2, 555.
• introduces the oath of purgation, 2, 556.
• establishes a school at Shekan-Zib, 2, 557.
• Nachman ben Samuel Levi, Frankist rabbi, 5, 275.
• Nachmani. See Moses ben Nachman.
• Nachshon ben Zadok (881–889), Gaon of Sora, explains difficult Talmudical words, 3, 179.
• discovers the key to the calendar, 3, 179.
• Nachum of Gimso, teacher of the Law, supplements Hillel’s rules of interpretation, 2, 330–1.
• teacher of Akiba, 2, 351.
• Nachum the Mede, teacher of the Law at the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 330.
• Nadab, king of Israel, at war with the Philistines, 1, 189.
• death of, 1, 189.
• Nagid, title of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.
• of Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 274.
• of Abu Mansur Samuel ben Chananya, 3, 340.
• See also Nassi.
• Nagid (Reïs), chief of the Egyptian Jews, authority of, 3, 443; 4, 392.
• functions and privileges of, 4, 393–4.
• office of, abolished, 4, 394.
• See also Nassi.
• Nahardea, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.
• Nahardea (city), treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple, 2, 53.
• Judæan center for Mesopotamia, 2, 202.
• center for the study of the Law, 2, 358.
• boundary of Babylonia in the most limited sense, 2, 504.
• a Babylonian Jerusalem, 2, 505.
• destroyed by Odenathus, 2, 527.
• the Amoraim of, flee, 2, 527–8.
• homage paid at, to the Exilarchs, 2, 607.
• Nahardea, the academy of, beginning of, 2, 498–9.
• the principal of, 2, 512.
• eclipsed by that of Sora, 2, 522.
• re-opened, 2, 606.
• Nahardea, the academy of, principals of, list of:
• Amemar,
• Samuel,
• Shila.
• Nahar Malka, a canal in Babylonia, 2, 507.
• Naharowan, the Exilarch’s income from, 3, 96.
• Nahar-Pakod, a Synhedrion established at, 2, 443–4.
• a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.
• Nahar-Samara, Ezra’s supposed grave at, 3, 441.
• Nahash, king of Ammon, invades the territories of Gad and Manasseh, 1, 80.
• besieges Jabesh-Gilead, 1, 89–90.
• in friendly relations with David, 1, 100.
• death of, 1, 126.
• Nahavendi, Benjamin. See Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend.
• Najara, prince of, converted to Christianity, 3, 56.
• Najaran, in Yemen, inhabited by Christians, 3, 64.
• besieged by Zorah Yussuf, 3, 65.
• heavy tribute laid on, 3, 65.
• Christians of, driven away, 3, 85.
• Nancy, the Jews of, threatened with pillage, 5, 440.
• compelled to attend the National Temple, 5, 451.
• Naphtali (mountain), description of, 1, 44.
• Naphtali (town), returned to Ahab, 1, 205.
• Naphtali, the tribe of, acquires land in the north, 1, 37.
• members of, join Gideon, 1, 62.
• mountainous lands of, subjugated, 1, 191.
• descendants of, near Nishabur, 3, 433.
• Naples, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.
• Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 358–61.
• the plague in, 4, 359–60.
• conquered by Charles VIII of France, 4, 360.
• occupied by the French, 4, 384.
• the Inquisition established at, 4, 385.
• Samuel II Abrabanel at, 4, 409, 410.
• the Marranos of, threatened with the Inquisition, 4, 543.
• Naples, the Jews of, support Theodatus, 3, 31–2.
• defend the city, 3, 32.
• bravery of, described by Procopius, 3, 32.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 422, 424.
• wear Jew badges, 3, 518; 4, 258.
• help the Spanish exiles, 4, 359.
• banishment of, opposed by Gonsalvo de Cordova, 4, 385.
• annihilated, 4, 408.
• leave the city, 4, 543–4.
• Napoleon Bonaparte, victories of, in the East, 5, 459–60.
• at the summit of his power, 5, 474.
• dislikes the Jews, 5, 474, 476–7.
• lays the Jewish question before his council, 5, 479.
• opposes the Jews in his council, 5, 480.
• modifies his views on the Jews, 5, 481.
• conceives the idea of convening Jewish notables, 5, 481–2.
• expresses satisfaction with the Jewish Notables, 5, 490, 492.
• proposes the convening of a Synhedrion, 5, 493.
• unmindful of the Synhedrion, 5, 496.
• resolutions of the Synhedrion submitted to, 5, 498.
• Jewish legislation by, 5, 498–9.
• creates new states, 5, 500.
• the Russian campaign of, 5, 510.
• fall of, 5, 510–11.
• return of, from Elba, 5, 518.
• Napoleon III, emperor, protests in the Mortara case, 5, 701.
• Napoleonic wars, the, awaken a desire for culture in Galicia, 5, 611, 612.
• Naraga, canal near Nahardea, 2, 505.
• Narbata, the Judæans of Cæsarea flee to, 2, 253.
• Narboni. See Moses ben Joshua Narboni.
• Narbonne (city), the Jews of, expelled by Wamba, 3, 105.
• Machir founds a Talmud school at, 3, 143.
• Talmud study in, encouraged by Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, 3, 208.
• the Talmud school of, 3, 242.
• Abraham Ibn-Ezra at, 3, 374.
• principal Jewish community of southern France in, 3, 392.
• home of the Kimchi family, 3, 392.
• the Jews of, excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.
• the archbishop of, presides over the Council of Béziers, 3, 581.
• Narbonne, the Council of, forbids Psalm singing at Jewish funeral services, 3, 47.
• confirms the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 518.
• Narbonne (province), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.
• Narbonne (province), the Jews of, enjoy equality under the early Visigoths, 3, 45.
• punished for conspiring against Egica, 3, 108.
• the possessions of, presented to the Church, 3, 175.
• Narcissus, favorite of Claudius, opposes Agrippa II, 2, 196.
• Nares, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.
• an academy founded in, 2, 593.
• Narol, the Jews of, massacred by the Cossacks, 5, 11.
• Nasas, Jewish family name in Palermo, 3, 28.
• synagogue erected by, razed, 3, 33–4.
• Nassi, the family of, traces descent from David, 3, 43.
• See Mendes, Diogo; Francisco; Gracia; and Nassi, Joseph; Reyna; Samuel.
• Nassi, Joseph (João Miques), nephew of Gracia Mendesia, favorite of Maria of the Netherlands, 4, 572.
• reported to have fled to Venice, 4, 573.
• intercedes with the sultan for Gracia Mendesia, 4, 574.
• brings Gracia Mendesia to Constantinople, 4, 577.
• marries Reyna Nassi, 4, 577.
• in favor with Sultan Solyman, 4, 577, 594.
• beneficence of, 4, 577.
• gives up the trade with Ancona, 4, 579–80.
• power of, 4, 594.
• partisan of Selim, 4, 595.
• member of the Mutafarrica, 4, 595.
• denounced by the European ambassadors, 4, 595.
• given a tract of land near the Sea of Tiberias, 4, 596, 610.
• antagonized by Mahomet Sokolli, 4, 596.
• made duke of Naxos, 4, 596.
• titles of, 4, 596.
• negotiates with Ferdinand I, 4, 597.
• seizes French merchant vessels, 4, 597.
• traduced by Daud, 4, 598.
• clears himself of the charges made by Daud, 4, 599.
• incites a war with Venice, 4, 600.
• appealed to, by European sovereigns, 4, 601–2.
• head of a Turkish party, 4, 602.
• hopes to found a Jewish state, 4, 610–11.
• rebuilds Tiberias, 4, 610–11.
• influence of, not permanent, 4, 611.
• supplanted by Mahomet Sokolli, 4, 627.
• death of, 4, 627.
• property of, confiscated, 4, 628.
• Nassi, Reyna, reported to have fled to Venice, 4, 573.
• the son of Moses Hamon sues for, 4, 575.
• betrothed to Joseph Nassi, 4, 577.
• sets up a Hebrew printing press, 4, 628.
• Nassi, Samuel, nephew of Gracia Mendesia, 4, 577.
• moves to Constantinople, 4, 581.
• Nassi, the, of the Great Council, a Pharisee, 2, 49.
• Nassi, name of the intercalary month in a lunar leap year, 3, 59.
• Nassi, prince, title of the president of the Synhedrion, 2, 334.
• of Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 283.
• of Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, 3, 361.
• (Reïs), of the chief rabbi of the Cairo Karaites, 3, 444.
• See also Nagid.
• Nassir Mahomet (1299–1341), Mameluke sultan, the Jews of Palestine under, 4, 73.
• Naszi-Beth-Ab, the head of the oldest family of a tribe, 1, 122.
• Nathan, the house of, junior branch of the house of David, power of, 1, 249.
• Nathan, president of the school of Cordova, corrected by Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 209, 217.
• Nathan, prophet, and David, 1, 113.
• rebukes David, 1, 132–3.
• parable by, 1, 133.
• forbids David to build a temple, 1, 150–1.
• opposed to Adonijah, 1, 153.
• anoints Solomon, 1, 153.
• Nathan, sheriff of Béziers, 3, 395.
• Nathan, son-in-law of Abba-Areka, Exilarch, 2, 544.
• Nathan the Babylonian, vice-president of the Synhedrion at Usha, 2, 434, 445.
• teacher of the Law in Judæa, 2, 442–3.
• ambassador from Simon II, 2, 443–4.
• conspires against Simon II, 2, 445.
• proposed for the Patriarchate, 2, 445.
• expelled from the Synhedrion, 2, 445.
• at peace with Simon II, 2, 446.
• the last of the Tanaites, 2, 462.
• “Nathan the Wise,” by Lessing, Mendelssohn the hero of, 5, 323.
• story and characters of, 5, 323–5.
• effect produced by, 5, 326–7.
• Nathan bar Assa, disciple of Joseph ben Chiya, 2, 582.
• Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, emissary from Sora, settles at Narbonne, 3, 208.
• founder of true Talmud study in Narbonne, 3, 242.
• Nathan ben Yechiel, of Rome, compiler of a Talmudic lexicon, 3, 290, 421.
• Nathan ben Yehudaï, titular Gaon of Sora, 3, 192.
• Nathan Benjamin Levi (Ghazati, 1644–1680), studies of, 5, 130.
• marriage of, 5, 130.
• follower of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 130–1.
• professes to be Elijah, 5, 131.
• Messianic speculations of, 5, 131–2.
• proclaims Gaza the Holy City, 5, 132.
• spreads abroad the Messiah’s fame, 5, 137.
• addresses circulars to Amsterdam and Hamburg, 5, 138–9.
• continues to proclaim Sabbataï as the Messiah after his apostasy, 5, 157.
• excommunicated, 5, 157, 159.
• joins Sabbataï Zevi at Adrianople, 5, 158–9.
• in Salonica, the Greek Islands, and Italy, 5, 160, 161.
• death of, 5, 161–2.
• Nathan Nata, father of Jonathan Eibeschütz, 5, 246.
• Nathaniel (Abul Barkat Hibat-Allah ben Malka), physician in Bagdad, apostate, 3, 442.
• writes a commentary on Ecclesiastes, 3, 442.
• Nathaniel (Hibat-Allah Ibn-Aljami), physician, Nagid of the Egyptian Jews, 3, 443.
• Nathaniel Ibn-Almali, physician, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 4, 60.
• National Assembly, the Batavian, Jews keep aloof from, 5, 454.
• petitioned to emancipate the Jews, 5, 455.
• deputies to, oppose the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 455–6.
• establishes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 456.
• Jewish deputies to, 5, 458.
• agrees to protect Dutch Jews in Germany, 5, 458.
• National Assembly, the French, champions of the Jews in, 5, 435.
• deputies to, instructed to attack the Jews, 5, 436.
• addressed on the subject of outrages upon Jews, 5, 437.
• Jewish deputies to, 5, 438.
• religious freedom discussed in, 5, 439.
• the Jewish question before, 5, 439–441.
• passes an equivocal resolution on the Jewish question, 5, 442.
• action of, objected to by the Bordeaux Jews, 5, 442.
• the emancipation of the Paris Jews demanded of, 5, 445.
• discusses finances, 5, 446.
• emancipates the Jews of France, 5, 448.
• National Guard, the French, joined by Jews, 5, 438.
• Jewish members of, petition the Paris Commune, 5, 443.
• Natkes, Galician scholar, excommunicated, 5, 614.
• style of, 5, 617.
• Natronaï ben Chabibaï, pretender to the Exilarchate, 3, 137.
• Natronaï ben Nehemiah (Mar-Yanka, 719–730), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, on Serene’s adherents, 3, 121–2.
• Natronaï II, son of Hillaï (859–869), Gaon of Sora, corresponds in Arabic, 3, 178.
• opposes the Karaites, 3, 178.
• Naturalization Act, the, for the Jews of England, 5, 337–8.
• Navarre, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 352, 357–8.
• Navarre, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.
• take part in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 536.
• letter to, denouncing Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 544.
• hated in the fourteenth century, 4, 76.
• feeling against, aroused by Pedro Olligoyen, 4, 77–8.
• under Philip III, 4, 78.
• settle in Aragon, 4, 142.
• Navigation, pursued by the Burgundian Jews, 3, 35.
• by the Jews of Tyre, 3, 426.
• Naxos, to be given to Joseph Nassi, 4, 596.
• Joseph Nassi made duke of, 4, 596.
• as a Jewish, state, 4, 611.
• Nazarenes, the, a sect of the early Christians, 2, 168, 370.
• take advantage of the leaning towards Judaism, 2, 219.
• increased by Essenes and Greek Judæans, 2, 219.
• persecuted by Paul, 2, 222.
• proselytize the Judæans in the Greek cities, 2, 222.
• in Antioch and Damascus, 2, 222–3.
• joined by Paul, 2, 226.
• displeased with Paul, 2, 230.
• separate wholly from the Jews, 2, 371–2.
• revile Judaism, 2, 371–2.
• disappearance of, 2, 373.
• merged into the Catholic Church, 2, 500.
• imprecation of, in the Jewish prayer book, 4, 83.
• See also Jewish Christians, the; Judæan Christians, the.
• Nazareth, birthplace of Jesus, 2, 148, 149.
• Jesus successful in, 2, 153.
• first church at, 2, 565.
• inhabited by Jews in the sixth century, 3, 12.
• the Jews of, join Sharbarza, 3, 19.
• Nazarite practices, under Simon the Just, 1, 422.
• Neander, Augustus, church historian, declares the groundlessness of the blood accusation, 5, 650.
• Neapolis. See Shechem.
• Neapolitanus, deputy of Cestius Gallus in Jerusalem, 2, 257.
• Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylonia, beginning of the career of, 1, 303–4.
• Jehoiakim the vassal of, 1, 306.
• besieges Tyre, 1, 306, 307.
• ravages Judah, 1, 306.
• takes Judah, 1, 307.
• generals of, besiege Jerusalem, 1, 307.
• banishes Jehoiakim, 1, 307.
• makes Zedekiah king, 1, 308.
• subdues Judah, 1, 311.
• besieges Jerusalem, 1, 311–14.
• defeats Apries, 1, 313.
• generals of, take Jerusalem, 1, 313–14.
• beheads the dignitaries of Jerusalem at Riblah, 1, 314.
• blinds and exiles Zedekiah, 1, 315.
• appoints Gedaliah over the Palestinian Judæans, 1, 319.
• punishes the murder of Gedaliah, 1, 325.
• treats the Babylonian Judæans kindly, 1, 329–30.
• death of, 1, 331.
• Nebuzaradan, chief of Nebuchadnezzar’s guard, charged to destroy Jerusalem, 1, 315.
• entrusts Zedekiah’s daughters to Gedaliah, 1, 319.
• exiles the last remnant of Judah, 1, 325.
• Necho, king of Egypt, defeats Josiah, 1, 296–7.
• makes Jehoiakim king, 1, 299.
• exacts tribute from Judah, 1, 299.
• Nechunya, abettor of Chananya at Nahar-Pakod, 2, 443, 444.
• Nechunya ben Hakana, teacher of the Law, adherent of Hillel’s methods, 2, 331.
• reputed author of a Kabbalistic manuscript, 3, 556.
• Neglib-Eddin, supposed assassin of Mongols, 3, 649.
• Negro. See Ibn-Yachya.
• Negropont, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 406.
• Nehemiah, cup-bearer of Artaxerxes, appealed to by the Judæans, 1, 372.
• national enthusiasm of, 1, 373.
• governor of Judæa, 1, 373.
• journeys to Jerusalem, 1, 374.
• rebuilds the fortifications of Jerusalem, 1, 374–5.
• disturbed by Sanballat and Tobiah, 1, 375–6.
• rebukes the Judæans for the enslavement of the poor, 1, 376–7.
• unselfishness of, 1, 377.
• invites settlers to Jerusalem, 1, 377–8.
• exacts observance of the Law from the Judæans, 1, 380–1.
• consecrates the walls of Jerusalem, 1, 381–2.
• internal improvements by, 1, 382–3.
• returns to Persia, 1, 383.
• returns to Jerusalem, 1, 385.
• reforms the Judæan community, 1, 385–8.
• memoir of, 1, 387–8.
• formation of a Jewish sect under, 1, 387.
• Nehemiah, disciple of Akiba, returns to Judæa, 2, 433.
• Nehemiah (960–968), Gaon of Pumbeditha, position of, contested, 3, 208.
• Nehemiah, grandson of Abba-Areka, Exilarch, 2, 544.
• Nehemiah, teacher of the Law in Beth-Deli, 2, 358.
• Nehemiah Ashkafa, a Granada Jew, supports Balkim, 3, 258.
• Nehushta, mother of Jehoiachin, opposes Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.
• exiled, 1, 307.
• Neidhard, inquisitor-general, 5, 169.
• Neïth, queen of heaven, worshiped in Judæa, 1, 300.
• worshiped by Judæans in Egypt, 1, 326–7.
• Nekelo, chamberlain of the Duke of Austria, 3, 567.
• Nemirov, the Jews of, massacred by the Cossacks, 5, 8–9.
• the massacre of, commemorated, 5, 13.
• Neo-Hebraic poetry, the rise of, under Arabic influences, 3, 112–13.
• subjects of, 3, 113.
• liturgical character of, 3, 113.
• form subservient to the subject-matter in, 3, 115.
• rhyme introduced into, 3, 116.
• suffers by the Maimunist controversy, 3, 558–9.
• the decay of, 3, 560.
• in the Persian khanate, 3, 648.
• as developed by Immanuel Romi, 4, 63–4, 65, 67.
• in Spain in the fifteenth century, 4, 230, 231.
• in Italy, 4, 230–1.
• See also Poetry; Hebrew literature.
• Neo-Persians, the, described by Levi bar Sissi, 2, 525.
• campaign of Gallus against, 2, 568.
• See also Sassanides, the; Magi, the.
• Neo-Platonism, as presented by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 328.
• identified with the Kabbala, 5, 54.
• Neo-Platonist view, a, of the book of Daniel, 2, 502.
• Nepi, Graziadio (1760–1836), deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 488.
• Nergal-Sharezer, son of Sennacherib, murders him, 1, 280.
• Neriglissar murders Evil-Merodach, 1, 331.
• death of, 1, 342.
• Nero, emperor, favorably inclined to the Herodians, 2, 245–6.
• deprives the Judæans of Cæsarea of civil rights, 2, 247.
• kindly inclined to the Judæans, 2, 248.
• informed of the turbulent state of Judæa, 2, 250–1.
• informed of the number of Judæans, 2, 252.
• allegiance to, renounced by the Judæans, 2, 259.
• loyalty of Judæans defended before, 2, 268.
• apprised of the Judæan revolt, 2, 284.
• appoints Vespasian general in Judæa, 2, 284.
• death of, 2, 297, 299.
• kindly disposed towards the Jews, 2, 391–2.
• coins of, 2, 392.
• successor of, 2, 393.
• Meïr said to be the descendant of, 2, 435.
• Nesselrode, Russian plenipotentiary, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 527.
• Netherlands, the, rebellion of, against Spain, 4, 601.
• united with Spain, 4, 661.
• the Inquisition in, 4, 662.
• refuge of the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 662–3.
• thwart Philip II’s plans, 4, 667–8.
• second large emigration of Marranos to, 4, 671.
• settlement of the Jewish quarter in, 4, 674.
• Netherlands, the, the Jews of, suffering of, 4, 661.
• expelled by Charles V, 4, 661–2.
• intolerant treatment of, 4, 673–4.
• Nethinim, Temple slaves, live together in Babylon, 1, 330.
• Netira, the sons of, espouse Saadiah’s cause, 3, 195.
• Neto, Bras, Portuguese ambassador at Rome, and the establishment of the Inquisition, 4, 500, 505.
• Molcho announces the Lisbon earthquake to, 4, 504.
• honors Molcho, 4, 505.
• fears Molcho’s influence against the Inquisition, 4, 506.
• refuses to countenance the denunciation of Molcho, 4, 506.
• Netter, Charles, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.
• Neuburg, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 4, 545–6.
• Neumann, Andrew, invites Jewish exiles to settle in Brandenburg, 5, 173.
• Neus, a city of refuge for Cologne Jews, 3, 304.
• Neuwied, the Jews of, present an address to the French Synhedrion, 5, 496.
• Neve, teachers of the Law in, permit leavened bread on Passover for the Roman army, 2, 568.
• Neve Shalom, second Jewish synagogue in Amsterdam, 4, 671.
• Nevers, count, threatened by Innocent III, for favoring the Jews, 3, 500.
• New Christians, the. See Marranos, the.
• New Moon, the, announcement of, 2, 362–3.
• two days celebrated as, 2, 363.
• announced at Ain-tab, 2, 458.
• announced in Tiberias, 2, 480.
• as determined by Judah III, 2, 532.
• observance of, renewed by Anan ben David, 3, 131.
• New Nineveh. See Mosul.
• Newport, early Jewish immigrants in, 5, 702.
• New Testament, the, relation of, to the Old, examined by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 188.
• translated into German, 4, 475.
• New Year’s day, celebrated two days in Palestine, 3, 428.
• New York, early Jewish immigrants in, 5, 702.
• Nibridius, bishop of Narbonne, letter to, concerning the Jews, 3, 166–7.
• Nicanor, gate of, entrance to the second Temple, 2, 111.
• Nicanor, son of Patroclus, Syrian general, 1, 467.
• Nicanor, Syrian general, sent to Judæa by Demetrius I, 1, 484.
• sends envoys to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.
• admires Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.
• defeated, 1, 484.
• demands the surrender of Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484–5.
• killed in battle, 1, 485.
• Nicaso, daughter of Sanballat, married to a Jew, 1, 383, 386.
• Nice, Jews invited to settle in, 4, 675.
• Nice, the Council of, completes the separation of Judaism and Christianity, 2, 563–4.
• incorporates apocryphal books in the Holy Canon, 2, 624.
• intolerance of, 3, 25.
• Nicholas. See Donin.
• Nicholas III, pope, reproaches Alfonso X for employing Jews, 3, 594, 615.
• Nicholas V, pope, issues anti-Jewish bulls, 4, 253, 254.
• establishes the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 256.
• orders the Marranos to be treated as equals, 4, 256–7.
• appoints John of Capistrano inquisitor of the Jews, 4, 257, 258.
• preaches a crusade against the Turks, 4, 267–8.
• bull of, against Jewish physicians unheeded, 4, 287.
• Nicholas I, of Russia, on the Damascus affair, 5, 633, 657.
• Nicholas, interpreter sent by Constantine VIII to Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 218.
• Nicholas de Cusa, scholastic philosopher, advocates a union of all religions, 4, 255.
• action of, in the Jewish question, 4, 255.
• Nicholas de Lyra, Franciscan, praises Rashi, 4, 185.
• charges of, against the Jews renewed, 4, 232.
• charges of, refuted by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.
• exegetical works by, used by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.
• exegesis of, dependent on Rashi’s, 4, 442.
• Nicholas, Edward, secretary to Parliament, apologist for the Jews, 5, 28–9.
• Nicodemus, envoy of Aristobulus II to Pompey, 2, 63.
• Nicolai, friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 300.
• proposes to erect a statue to Mendelssohn, 5, 372.
• Nicolaus of Damascus, historian, friend of Herod, 2, 90.
• accuses Antipater of attempted parricide, 2, 114.
• brother of, 2, 119.
• friendly to the Judæans, 2, 179.
• Nicopolis, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.
• Joseph Karo at, 4, 537.
• Nicosia, taken by the Turks, 4, 600.
• Nidui. See Excommunication.
• Niemerz, son of Casimir III, 4, 112.
• Nieto, David (1654–1728), rabbi of London, culture of, 5, 200.
• denounces Chayon, 5, 227.
• Niger, emperor, cruelty of, to the Jews, 2, 463–4.
• defeated by Severus, 2, 464.
• Niger, a Judæan hero in the Roman rebellion, 2, 264.
• executed, 2, 296.
• Nikolsburg, the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 150.
• rabbis of, Poles, 5, 206.
• Chayon at, 5, 218.
• the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Nile, the harbors of, under the control of the Judæan Alabarch, 2, 102.
• Nilus the Younger, refuses to be treated by a Jewish physician, 3, 213–14.
• “Nineteen Letters on Judaism,” by Ben Usiel, 5, 627.
• Nineveh, Israelites colonized in, 1, 265.
• besieged by Cyaxares, 1, 287.
• fall of, 1, 303.
• Nishabur. See Khorasan.
• Nisibis, treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple, 2, 53.
• Judæan center for Mesopotamia, 2, 202.
• destroyed by Lucius Quietus, 2, 298.
• center for the study of the Law, 2, 358.
• the Jews of, oppose Trajan, 2, 393.
• the Christians of, persecuted by the Magi, 2, 524.
• Nîsmes, the Jews of, show honor to the Jewish envoys to Egypt, 5, 658.
• Nissim bar Jacob Ibn-Shahin (1015–1055), Talmudic authority of northern Africa, 3, 248.
• busies himself with the Jerusalem Talmud, 3, 249.
• consults Haï Gaon, 3, 252.
• son-in-law of, 3, 274.
• disciple of, 3, 285.
• Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben (1340–1380), Talmudist, opposed to Messianic speculations, 4, 120.
• attainments of, 4, 144.
• disciple of, 4, 146.
• appealed to by Isaac ben Sheshet, 4, 148.
• death of, 4, 149.
• imprisonment of, 4, 150.
• Nissi Naharvani, effects a reconciliation between Kohen-Zedek and David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.
• consulted upon the appointment of a Gaon of Sora, 3, 192–3.
• Nitra (mountain), the monks of, stone the prefect of Alexandria, 2, 619.
• Nizuz, divine spark, Kabbalistic term, 4, 620.
• Nizuzoth, the original soul, 5, 120.
• Nob, made a sacerdotal town, 1, 79.
• Noel, French ambassador to the Batavian Republic, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 456.
• interferes in the internal affairs of the Amsterdam Jewish community, 5, 457.
• Nófeth Zufim, Hebrew rhetoric by Judah ben Yechiel, 4, 289.
• Nomologia, by Immanuel Aboab, 5, 55.
• Nomology, Jewish, first developed by Hillel, 2, 327.
• Norden, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• Nördlingen, the Jews of, murdered, 4, 163.
• banished, 4, 416.
• Normandy, rabbis of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.
• Northampton, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 3, 643.
• Northmen, the, invade France, 3, 172.
• Norwich, the Jews of, massacre of, 3, 412.
• Notables, Jewish, the Assembly of, planned by Napoleon, 5, 481–2.
• deputies to, 5, 482–4.
• to hold its first session on a Sabbath, 5, 484.
• imperial commissioners to, 5, 485.
• deputies to, hold a caucus, 5, 486.
• first meeting of, 5, 487.
• president of, 5, 487.
• Italian deputies to, 5, 488.
• questions propounded to, 5, 489.
• appoints a commission to answer the questions, 5, 489.
• parliamentary tact of, appreciated by Napoleon, 5, 490, 492.
• discusses the report of the commission, 5, 491–2.
• answers of, to be made Synhedrial decisions, 5, 493.
• approves of the Synhedrion, 5, 493.
• members of, to become members of the Synhedrion, 5, 493.
• proclamation of, concerning the Synhedrion, 5, 494.
• dissolution of, 5, 495.
• re-convened, 5, 498.
• Notaricon, transposition of letters, Kabbalistic term, 4, 5, 512.
• Novak, Peter, bishop of Breslau, invites John of Capistrano to Silesia, 4, 260.
• Novi, refuge of Marranos, 4, 553–4.
• Nubia, Christians of, at war with the Jews of Aden, 3, 436.
• Numenius, delegate to Rome sent by Simon Tharsi, 1, 526.
• Numeo, character in Samuel Usque’s work, 4, 558, 560, 575.
• Nunes, Henrique (Firme-Fé), apostate, spies upon the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 489–90.
• accuses the Marranos, 4, 490.
• murdered, 4, 490.
• Nuñes, Maria, Portuguese Marrano, taken to England, 4, 664.
• goes to Holland, 4, 664.
• in Holland, 4, 667.
• Nuñez, Alvar, removed from office by Alfonso XI, of Castile, 4, 79.
• Nureddin, Turkish chieftain, attacks the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem, 3, 349.
• makes Aleppo the second capital of the Eastern caliphate, 3, 426.
• power of, 3, 431.
• adherents of, at war with Saladin, 3, 472.
• Nuremberg, a refuge for the Jews, 3, 351.
• diet of, issues the “Golden Bull,” 4, 128.
• rabbinical synod at, 4, 305.
• honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.
• Nuremberg, the Jews of, massacred during the Rindfleisch persecutions, 4, 36.
• perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
• charges against, 4, 415.
• banished, 4, 415–16.
• Nurses. See Christian nurses.
• O
• Oath, required of Jewish witnesses by Charlemagne, 3, 144.
• Jewish form of, 4, 159.
• concerning the blood accusation, 5, 49, 655.
• “on the true faith of a Christian” abolished, 5, 698.
• Oath of allegiance, to Herod, opposition to, 2, 108.
• Oath of purgation, introduced by Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 556.
• Obadiah, king of the Chazars, has his people taught Judaism, 3, 140.
• successors of, 3, 141.
• Obadiah, palace superintendent under Ahab, protects the prophets, 1, 201.
• Obadiah, prophet, prophesies against Edom, 1, 326.
• Obadiah (Obadya) di Bertinoro (1470–1520), rabbi of Jerusalem, improves Jerusalem morally, 4, 397, 399.
• characterization of, 4, 398.
• ordinances by, 4, 398.
• Mishna commentary by, 4, 704.
• Obadiah (Servadeus) de Sforno (1470–1550), physician and writer, 4, 411.
• Reuchlin’s teacher, 4, 434, 473.
• Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, precursor of the Messiah, 3, 124.
• peculiar system of Judaism taught by, 3, 124–5.
• leader of a rebellion, 3, 125.
• adherents of, 3, 125.
• Obeda, Nabathæan king, opposes Alexander Jannæus, 2, 44.
• Oberwesel, the Jews of, murdered, 3, 637.
• murderers of, fined, 3, 639.
• “Observations of an Alsatian upon the Present Quarrels of the Jews of Alsace,” 5, 350.
• Ocaña, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 170.
• the cortes of, demand anti-Jewish legislation, 4, 279.
• O’Connell, urges the emancipation of the English Jews, 5, 653.
• on the Damascus affair, 5, 657.
• Octavius, Caius. See Augustus.
• Octavius, Cneius, Roman ambassador to Syria, 1, 481.
• death of, 1, 482.
• Odenathus, predatory incursions of, 2, 527.
• destroys Nahardea, 2, 527.
• takes Mar-Samuel’s daughters prisoners, 2, 528.
• prince of Palmyra, 2, 528.
• wife of, 2, 529.
• Odo, bishop of Paris, forbids Christians to have intercourse with Jews, 3, 407.
• Odo, legate of Innocent IV, enemy of the Talmud, 3, 579.
• Odura, the family of, in the Hellenist party, 1, 489.
• Offices. See under Civil; Magisterial; Religious.
• Og, king of Bashan, 1, 29.
• Ojeda, Alfonso de, urges the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 310.
• commissioner to frame the Inquisition statute, 4, 312.
• preaches the sermon at the first auto-da-fé, 4, 317.
• Okaz, fair of the Arabs at, 3, 60.
• Olam ha-Ba, the future world, 1, 405–6.
• Olam ha-Tikkun, divine order of the world, Kabbalistic term, 4, 619; 5, 121, 142.
• Old Testament, the, connected with the New, 2, 488.
• Christian doctrines found in, 2, 499, 501, 502; 4, 141–2.
• contrasted with the New, 4, 540–1.
• system of, adopted by an English political party, 4, 541–2.
• slandered, 4, 547.
• inspires the Puritans, 5, 26, 27.
• See Scriptures, the.
• Oldenburg, Heinrich, on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 139.
• Olesnicki, Zbigniev, bishop of Cracow, hostile to the Jews, 4, 265.
• invites Capistrano into Poland, 4, 265.
• induces the king to revoke the privileges of the Jews, 4, 266.
• Olianow, Elijah, follower of Luzzatto, 5, 245.
• testifies in favor of Eibeschütz, 5, 262.
• Olivença, the Marranos of, burnt, 5, 499.
• Oliver y Fullana, Nicolas de (Daniel Jehuda), cartographer, 5, 113.
• wife of, 5, 114.
• unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.
• Olives (Olivet), Mount of, description of, 1, 45, 115.
• David on, on his flight from Jerusalem, 1, 141.
• altars raised on, to idols, 1, 175.
• camp of the Tenth Legion on, 2, 303.
• fire-signals on, 2, 362.
• Nachmani on, 3, 606–7.
• Olligoyen, Pedro, arouses the hatred of the Navarrese against the Jews, 4, 77.
• imprisoned, 4, 78.
• Olmutz, the Jews of, banished at the instigation of Capistrano, 4, 263.
• Jews under restrictions in, 5, 523.
• Olympian games, the, introduced into Palestine and Phœnicia, 1, 445.
• celebrated at Tyre, 1, 446.
• Omar I, second Caliph, repulsed at Kamus, 3, 82.
• drives away the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 85.
• takes Jerusalem, 3, 87.
• covenant of, 3, 87–8.
• rewards the Jews of Babylonia, 3, 89.
• death of, 3, 90.
• anti-Jewish enactments of, revived, 3, 120, 145, 176–7, 247.
• Omar II (717–720), caliph, re-enacts the anti-Jewish laws of Omar I, 3, 120.
• Ommiyyah, the caliphate of, extent of, 3, 100.
• Ommiyyades, the, tolerance of, 3, 110.
• overthrow of, in the East, 3, 125.
• prosperity of, 3, 214.
• overthrown by civil wars, 3, 255.
• Omri, chosen king of Israel, 1, 192.
• war of, with Tibni, 1, 192.
• removes to Samaria, 1, 193.
• character of, 1, 193.
• friendly relations of, with Judah, 1, 194.
• allied with Phœnicia, 1, 194.
• wars of, 1, 194–5.
• introduces Phœnician idolatry, 1, 195–6.
• “On the Errors of the Trinity,” by Michael Servetus, 4, 646.
• “On the Speedy Glory of Judah and Israel,” by Henry Jesse, 5, 35.
• Onias (Menelaus), the Benjamite. See Menelaus.
• Onias I, high priest, does homage to Alexander the Great, 1, 413.
• Onias II, high priest, son of Simon the Just, minority of, 1, 423.
• partisan of Seleucus II Callinicos, 1, 423.
• authorizes Joseph to treat with Ptolemy II, 1, 424.
• Onias III, high priest, head of the Chassidim, enemies of, 1, 437.
• allied with Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, 1, 437.
• banishes Hellenists, 1, 438.
• refuses to surrender the Temple treasures, 1, 438.
• appeals to Seleucus II against the Hellenists, 1, 438–9.
• accused of partisanship with the Ptolemies, 1, 444.
• murdered, 1, 448.
• son of, 1, 504, 505.
• Onias IV, son of Onias III, kindly received by Ptolemy Philometor, 1, 506.
• commander of Ptolemy VI’s troops, 1, 506, 507.
• builds a Temple at Leontopolis, 1, 508–10.
• fortifies his Temple, 1, 510.
• offices and titles of, 1, 510.
• receives a province, 1, 519.
• assists Cleopatra, 1, 519.
• informed of the independence of Judæa, 1, 522–3.
• sons of, 2, 10, 12, 40–1.
• Onias, a pious man, killed by the soldiers of Hyrcanus II, 2, 60–1.
• Onias, the Temple of, origin of, 1, 508–10.
• closed, 2, 318.
• effect of closing, on the Alexandrian Judæans, 2, 322.
• Onion, a district of Heliopolis, containing the Temple of Onias, 1, 508.
• Onkelos. See Targum Onkelos.
• Ophel, offshoot from Mount Moriah, 1, 115.
• outside of Jerusalem, 1, 119.
• Ophir (Scinde, India), Solomon sends his fleet to, 1, 171.
• trade with, under Uzziah, 1, 230.
• under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, 3, 98.
• Ophites, a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.
• Ophla, a quarter of Jerusalem, 2, 219.
• retreat of Menahem, the leader of the Sicarii, 2, 261.
• burnt by Titus, 2, 308.
• Ophrah, seat of Baal worship, 1, 62.
• center for pilgrims, 1, 63.
• Oporto, Isaac Aboab dies at, 4, 366.
• port open to the exiled Portuguese Jews, 4, 374.
• Oppenheim, painting by, presented to Riesser, 5, 601.
• Oppenheim, David, chief rabbi of Prague, library of, 5, 217.
• opposes the Eibeschütz edition of the Talmud, 5, 251.
• Oppenheim, Joseph, patron of Chayon, 5, 217.
• Oppenheim, Samuel, settles in Vienna, 5, 189.
• Christians assault the house of, 5, 189–90.
• obtains the suppression of “Judaism Unmasked,” 5, 190.
• supports the Chassidim, 5, 213.
• heir of, 5, 217.
• Oppenheim, the Jews of, emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.
• during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109.
• Oppenheimer, Amshel, creditor of Rudolph of Habsburg, 3, 634.
• Orabuena, Joseph. See Joseph Orabuena.
• Oral Law. See Law, the oral.
• Oran, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, 4, 197.
• suffering of the Spanish exiles in, 4, 361.
• the Jews of, banished, 5, 169.
• Ordenaçoens de Alfonso V, Portuguese code containing anti-Jewish ordinances, 4, 338, 339.
• “Order of Tradition, The,” historical work by Abraham Ibn-Daud, 3, 366.
• Ordinances of Usha, 2, 405.
• Ordination (Semichah), meaning of, 2, 356.
• by the teachers of the Law, 2, 361.
• forbidden by Hadrian, 2, 426.
• of Akiba’s disciples, 2, 429.
• by Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 229.
• necessity for re-introducing, 4, 530, 535.
• efforts to revive, made by Jacob Berab, 4, 531.
• revival of, antagonized, 4, 534–5.
• abandoned, 4, 536.
• Orenstein, Jacob, excommunicates young Galician scholars, 5, 614.
• compelled to withdraw his ban, 5, 614.
• satirized by Erter, 5, 615.
• Orestes, prefect of Alexandria, stoned, 2, 619.
• Oria, Talmudical scholars in, 3, 212.
• plundered by the Mahometans, 3, 212.
• Orient, the, German-Jewish journal, 5, 693.
• Origen, Church Father, protected by Mammæa, 2, 481.
• consults Hillel II, 2, 487.
• learns Hebrew, 2, 488.
• taught Bible exegesis by the Jews, 2, 488.
• attempts the revision of the Septuagint, 2, 488–9.
• discussion of, with Simlaï, 2, 501–2.
• Original Sin, dogma of, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.
• refuted by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.
• attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.
• criticised by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.
• found in the Kabbala, 4, 292.
• Organ, the, in Jewish divine service, 5, 569, 571.
• Orleans, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.
• councils of, pass anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 37.
• the college of, sold, 4, 48.
• Ormuzd. See Ahura-Mazda.
• Ornah, the Jebusite, offers Moriah to David, 1, 138.
• Orpheus, in Judæo-Greek writings, 2, 204.
• Orthodox party, the, opposes the efforts of the Mendelssohnians, 5, 417.
• opposed by the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.
• in Berlin complains of the Reform movement, 5, 563.
• not a well defined party, 5, 566.
• without leaders, 5, 567–8.
• inactivity of, 5, 569–70, 571.
• formulates its objections to the Hamburg innovations, 5, 571.
• scourged by Bresselau, 5, 572.
• denies the justification of Reform, 5, 627.
• fails to support Bernays, 5, 673–4.
• protests against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.
• represented at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, 5, 684.
• Osius, bishop of Cordova, forbids Christians to trade with Jews, 2, 620.
• presides over the Council of Illiberis, 3, 44.
• Osorio, David, forms a third congregation in Amsterdam, 4, 680.
• Osorius, bishop, on King Manoel’s relation to the Jews, 4, 372.
• Osorkon. See Zerah.
• Ostrog, the Jews of, slaughtered by the Cossacks, 5, 12.
• Ostrogoths, the, empire of, founded, 3, 27.
• hated in Italy, 3, 32.
• Othman, the third Caliph, killed, 3, 90.
• Othniel, Caleb’s brother, takes Kiryath-Sepher, 1, 38.
• Othniel, judge, delivers the southern tribes from the Idumæans, 1, 60.
• Otho, emperor, struggle of, with Vitellius, 2, 299.
• Otranto, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Otto I, emperor, offended by Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 219.
• grants the revenue derived from Jews to a church, 3, 243.
• attended by an Italian Jew, 3, 243.
• Otto II, emperor, presents the Jews of Merseburg to the bishop, 3, 243.
• Ottolenghi, Joseph, Talmudist, opens a school at Cremona, 4, 582.
• Ottos, the, emperors, rule of, not favorable to the Jews, 3, 243.
• Ouderkerk, burial ground of the Dutch Jews at, 4, 672.
• Ouvidor, Jewish-Portuguese judge, 4, 159.
• Oxford, the Council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, 3, 516.
• Oxford, the University of, pays honor to Samuel ben Israel, 5, 38.
• the library of, Jews said to intend to buy, 5, 45.
• Ozaïr, Arabic name for Ezra, 3, 76.
• P
• Paalzow, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 468, 472.
• Pablo Christiani, apostate, tries to convert Jews, 3, 597–8.
• enters into a disputation with Nachmani, 3, 598.
• proves Jesus the Messiah of the Talmud, 3, 599.
• defeated by Nachmani, 3, 601.
• sent on missionary journeys, 3, 602.
• denounces the Talmud, 3, 602.
• authorized to exercise censorship over the Talmud, 3, 603.
• charges Nachmani with blasphemy of Christianity, 3, 603–4.
• induces Louis IX to insist upon the Jew badge, 3, 612.
• policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, 4, 246.
• Pachda, brother-in-law of Mar-Zutra II, Exilarch during his minority, 3, 3.
• Pacheco, marquis of Villena, adviser of Henry IV of Castile, kindles a civil war, 4, 278.
• instigates an assault upon the Marranos, 4, 283.
• Pacorus, prince of the Parthians, makes Antigonus king of Judæa, 2, 82–3.
• Padua, lawyers from, attacked by an anti-Jewish mob in Trent, 4, 299.
• exiled Jews settle in, 4, 408.
• Italian center of Talmudic studies, 4, 410.
• the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.
• Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.
• the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• a rabbinical college at, 5, 624, 700.
• Padua, the Jews of, protected, 4, 299.
• threatened with excommunication, 5, 238.
• abandon Luzzatto, 5, 241.
• Padua, the University of, appoints Elias del Medigo umpire, 4, 291.
• Elias del Medigo lectures at, 4, 291.
• Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 75.
• Pagan Christians, the, 2, 365, 366.
• differences between, and Jewish Christians, 2, 367.
• chief seat of, 2, 367.
• views of, in the evangels, 2, 369.
• submission of, to the Romans, 2, 369.
• absorb the Jewish Christians, 2, 373.
• Paganism, conversions to, in Alexandria, 2, 184.
• as viewed by the Judæans, 2, 204.
• futility of, set forth by Judæo-Greek writers, 2, 205–8.
• combated by Philo, 2, 213, 214–15.
• disintegration of, 2, 373.
• in the view of the Gnostics, 2, 377.
• influenced by Judaism, 2, 382–3.
• conversions from, to Judaism, 2, 383–5.
• Tacitus on the conversions from, 2, 384.
• attempt to graft, on Judaism, 2, 422.
• end of, 2, 559.
• See also Heathen, the.
• Pahath-Moab, the family of, forms a league in Babylon, 1, 330.
• Pakotia, Sabbatians in, 5, 272.
• Palæologus family, the, dynasty of the Byzantine empire, 4, 267.
• Palæstina Secunda, capital of, 3, 12.
• Palermo, the Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.
• Jewish captives transported to, 3, 213.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• a Ghetto established at, 3, 567.
• Abraham Abulafia in, 4, 7–8.
• Palestine, name for Canaan, 1, 1.
• regarded as the Holy Land, 1, 41–2.
• physical features of, 1, 42–8.
• products of, 1, 46–8.
• climate of, 1, 45, 47–8.
• picturesqueness of, 1, 48–9.
• land of the Philistines, 1, 55.
• colonization of, after the captivity, 1, 355–6.
• Joseph the governor of, 1, 425.
• the Olympian games introduced into, 1, 445.
• the Greek inhabitants of, rejoice over the death of Agrippa I, 2, 196.
• Lucius Quietus governor of, 2, 399.
• laws hostile to, promulgated by Severus, 2, 464.
• depredations in, by Odenathus, 2, 527.
• the schools of, in good repute with Babylonians, 2, 531.
• poverty of, 2, 535.
• Babylonian Jews emigrate to, 3, 4.
• succumbs to the Arabs, 3, 86.
• subordinates itself to Jewish Babylonia, 3, 100.
• Anan ben David settles in, 3, 130.
• mystical doctrines flourish in, 3, 154.
• part of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 248, 249.
• as viewed by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 336–7.
• longed for by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 338.
• under Christian rule, 3, 341.
• Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.
• visited by Petachya, 3, 421.
• Yechiel of Paris emigrates to, 3, 587.
• Karaites of, inclined to Rabbanism, 4, 72.
• accessible to Jews, under the Egyptian Sultans, 4, 73.
• emigration to, 4, 74.
• Karaites of, use a calendar of their own, 4, 270.
• emigration of Jews to, forbidden by the pope, 4, 273–4.
• Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 396–9.
• Marranos in, 4, 529–30.
• influence of the Kabbala in, in the sixteenth century, 4, 617.
• the mountains of, in Rëuel Jesurun’s religious poem, 4, 678–9.
• the Kabbala in, 5, 52.
• Napoleon in, 5, 459.
• wrested from Turkey, 5, 633.
• the Christians of, under French protection, 5, 634.
• hope of the return to, given up by the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675, 676.
• See also Canaan; Judæa, etc.
• Palestine, the Jews of, persecuted by Verus Commodus, 2, 447.
• deprived of their own courts of justice, 2, 447.
• injured by Odenathus, 2, 527.
• oppressed by Ursicinus, 2, 568–9.
• burdened with taxes, 2, 569.
• revolt against Rome under Constantius, 2, 569–70.
• sober Bible exegesis of, 2, 624–5.
• condition of, in the sixth century, 3, 10–13.
• educational system of, 3, 12.
• enjoy religious liberty until Justinian, 3, 12.
• under Justinian I, 3, 13–17.
• fined for celebrating the Passover before Easter, 3, 13.
• oppressed by Stephanus, 3, 16.
• aid the Samaritans in an anti-Christian riot, 3, 17.
• under Justin II, Tiberius, and Mauritius, 3, 17–18.
• join Sharbarza, 3, 19.
• destroy Christian sanctuaries, 3, 19–20.
• banished to Persia, 3, 21.
• allied with Heraclius, 3, 21–2.
• extirpation of, asked by Modestus, 3, 22.
• persecuted by Heraclius, 3, 22–3.
• help the Arabs, 3, 87.
• persecuted under the sons of Haroun Alrashid, 3, 145.
• influenced by European immigrants, 3, 427–8.
• ritual of, changed by Maimonides, 3, 466.
• participate in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 624, 626, 631–3.
• occupations of, 4, 74–5.
• “Palingénésie,” by Caspar Bonnet, 5, 314.
• Pallache, Samuel, consul, tries to have Portuguese Marranos received into Zealand, 4, 663.
• zeal of, 4, 665.
• Pallas, favorite of Claudius, opposes Agrippa II, 2, 196.
• brother of, 2, 242, 245.
• Pallas, wife of Herod, 2, 119.
• Palm Sunday. See Eastertide.
• Palma, Marrano fugitives in, ask for Gibraltar, 4, 282–3.
• Palma, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 171.
• charged with the blood accusation, 4, 246.
• flee, 4, 247.
• converted, 4, 247.
• Palmerston, English minister, appealed to in the Damascus affair, 5, 645.
• promises to check the cruelties in the East, 5, 645–6.
• on the Damascus affair, 5, 652.
• supports Montefiore, 5, 659.
• congratulates Montefiore, 5, 669.
• Palmyra (Tadmor), proselytes from, discussed, 2, 384.
• kingdom of, 2, 528–30.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.
• Paloma, Spanish exile, drowns herself to escape disgrace, 4, 362.
• Paltoi ben Abayi (842–858), Gaon of Pumbeditha, noted for frequent use of excommunication, 3, 177.
• Pamier, the Jews of, under the protection of the Count de Foix, 4, 176.
• Pampeluna, the Jews of, escape massacre, 4, 78.
• a religious disputation at, 4, 142.
• Panegyric, the favorite subject of Jewish Andalusian poetry, 3, 224.
• Panias, given to Philip by Herod’s will, 2, 119.
• given to Agrippa II by Claudius, 2, 245.
• Diocletian summons Judah III to, 2, 533.
• Panion, Scopas defeated near 1, 433.
• Pantæus, Church Father, critical spirit of, 2, 488.
• Papa bar Chanan (300–375), Amora, founds an academy at Nares, 2, 593–4.
• confused discourses of, 2, 594.
• method of, 2, 594.
• Papa bar Nazar, Jewish name of Odenathus, 2, 527.
• Papa, Aaron de la, rabbi of Smyrna, banished by the Sabbatians, 5, 136, 144.
• Papacy, the, ascendancy of, affects the position of the Jews, 3, 494.
• power of, established, 3, 503.
• viciousness of, at Avignon, 4, 162.
• attacked by Huss, 4, 221–2.
• efforts to re-establish the supremacy of, 4, 562.
• See also Bulls; Popes, the.
• Papal States, the, Ferrara incorporated into, 4, 660.
• Papal States, the, the Jews of, taxed for the benefit of the catechumens, 4, 566.
• shut up in Ghettos, 4, 566.
• restrictions against, 4, 566–7.
• annoyed by apostates, 4, 581.
• persecuted by Pius V, 4, 590.
• expelled by Pius V, 4, 591–2.
• under Sixtus V, 4, 655–6.
• expelled by Clement VIII, 4, 659.
• received in Pisa, 4, 659.
• Pappos ben Judah, teacher of the Law, in prison with Akiba, 2, 428.
• Pappus, leader of the rebellion against Trajan in Judæa, 2, 395.
• life of, threatened, 2, 401.
• Paradise, the belief in, introduced into Judaism, 1, 404.
• Paran, table-land of, 1, 45.
• Parchi. See Estori.
• Parchon. See Solomon ben Abraham.
• Pardes, a book of morals, by Yedaya Penini, 4, 43.
• Pardo, David, rabbi of the third Amsterdam synagogue, 4, 680.
• member of the first Amsterdam rabbinical college, 4, 682.
• mediocrity of, 4, 682.
• Pardo, Joseph, rabbi of the Amsterdam Marranos, 4, 671.
• indulgent towards the weaknesses of the Amsterdam Jews, 4, 680.
• threatens Uriel da Costa with excommunication, 5, 58.
• Pardo, Josiah, rabbi of Rotterdam, 4, 685.
• Paris, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.
• half of, owned by Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 343.
• the rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Maimonides’ works burnt at, 3, 543.
• a seat of Talmud study, 3, 575.
• the Talmud burnt at, 3, 579.
• receives Crémieux coolly, 5, 668.
• Paris, the Commune of, discusses the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 443–5.
• requests the emancipation of the Paris Jews of the National Assembly, 5, 445.
• Paris, the Council of (615), forbids the Jews to hold magisterial power or enter military service, 3, 40.
• (846), summoned by Charles the Bald, 3, 172.
• forbids the employment of Christian midwives by Jews, 3, 508.
• Paris, the Jews of, attacked by a mob, 4, 150–1.
• attacked by the Maillotins, 4, 152.
• prosecuted for the disappearance of an apostate, 4, 175.
• number of, 5, 435.
• in the National Guard, 5, 438.
• send deputies to the National Assembly, 5, 438.
• commended by the Carmelite district, 5, 444–5.
• emancipation of, demanded by the Paris Commune, 5, 445.
• compelled to worship in the Temple of Reason, 5, 452.
• excepted from Napoleon’s restrictive laws, 5, 499.
• Paris, the Talmudical college of, closed, 3, 403.
• sold, 4, 48.
• re-established, 4, 133.
• Paris, the University of, directed to banish philosophical writings from its curriculum, 3, 528.
• appealed to by Hoogstraten, 4, 458.
• appealed to by the Dominicans, 4, 459–60.
• gives judgment against Reuchlin, 4, 460, 473.
• satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.
• teaches and prints Hebrew, 4, 473.
• Parliament, three petitions to, in favor of the re-settlement of Jews in England, 5, 35.
• admission of Jews to, 5, 698.
• See also House of Commons, the.
• Parliament, the Jewish, summoned by Henry III, 3, 589–90.
• Parliament, the Long, and the cause of religious liberty, 5, 25.
• the dissolution of, 5, 34.
• Parliament, the Short, the convening of, 5, 34.
• the Jewish character of, 5, 34.
• entertains the re-settlement of the Jews in England, 5, 34.
• the dissolution of, 5, 35.
• Parnesé ha-Keneset, the commission entrusted with public interests in Jewish Babylonia, 3, 99.
• Paro, Joseph Nassi duke of, 4, 596.
• Parosh, the family of, forms a league in Babylon, 1, 330.
• Parsophin (Parzufin), Kabbalistic term, 4, 619; 5, 217.
• Parthia, the number of Judæans in, 2, 202.
• the Jewish communities of, in sympathy with the Zealots, 2, 256.
• conquered by Trajan, 2, 393.
• the Jews of, resist Trajan, 2, 393–4.
• escapes being made a Roman province, 2, 399.
• rebels against Trajan, 2, 399.
• war of, with the Romans, 2, 447.
• laid waste by Severus, 2, 464.
• the dynasty of, overthrown, 2, 523.
• Parthians, the, defeat the Syrians, 2, 5.
• defeated by Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 5.
• the campaign of Crassus against, 2, 74.
• dethrone Hyrcanus, 2, 82–3.
• characterized by Levi bar Sissi, 2, 525.
• invade the Roman empire, 2, 527.
• Parties, in Judæa after the death of Judas Maccabæus, 1, 489–90.
• Paruta, disciple of Michael Servetus in Poland, 4, 647.
• Parzufin. See Parsophin.
• Pascal, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, 3, 376.
• Paschal lamb, the, offered at Jerusalem by order of Hezekiah, 1, 268.
• a substitute for, introduced in Rome, 2, 68.
• Paschal sacrifice, the, supersedes the Sabbath, 2, 99.
• Pasquier, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 485.
• Passau, the Jews of, charged with host desecration, 4, 306.
• Passion Week. See Eastertide.
• Passover, celebrated under Hezekiah, 1, 268.
• celebrated under Josiah, 1, 295.
• under Zerubbabel, 1, 359.
• in the Sopheric age, 1, 398.
• the celebration of, forbidden by Archelaus, 2, 121–2.
• of the Crushing in 66, 2, 251.
• the celebration of, before Easter forbidden by Justinian I, 3, 13.
• observed by the Marranos of Lisbon, 4, 489.
• as celebrated by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 148–9.
• the celebration of, hindered during the Reign of Terror, 5, 452.
• Pastor, a Galician scholar, excommunicated, 5, 614.
• Pastor, a lawyer of Naples, opposes the progress of Belisarius, 3, 32.
• murdered, 3, 32.
• “Pastor Fido,” translated by Isabel Correa, 5, 114.
• Pastoureaux (Pastorelli, Roïm), the, massacre of the French Jews by, 4, 55–7.
• Patras, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 406.
• Patriarch, title of the president of the Synhedrion, 2, 334.
• Patriarchate, the, invested with autocratic power under Judah I, 2, 452–4.
• on a level with the Exilarchate, 2, 454.
• extinction of, a condition of the advent of the Messiah, 2, 457.
• royal authority of, under Judah II, 2, 485.
• decline of the authority of, 2, 535.
• decline of, 2, 560.
• power of, over non-Palestinian communities ends with the adoption of a fixed calendar, 2, 573.
• constitutes Judæa the head of the Jewish communities of the Roman empire, 2, 611.
• fall of, 2, 612, 617–18.
• Patriarchs, the, levy a tax from the time of Judah II, 2, 487.
• support of, 2, 535–6.
• titles of, 2, 560–1, 612.
• regarded as the chief of the Jews in the Roman empire, 2, 561.
• compelled to go to Sora, 2, 607.
• exclude apostates from the Jewish community, 2, 612–13.
• exempt from civil duties, 2, 616.
• enjoy civil jurisdiction, 2, 616.
• tax of, forbidden to be collected, 2, 617.
• dignities bestowed on, 2, 617–18.
• number of, 2, 618.
• tax of, collected by imperial officials, 2, 622.
• the Jews under, 5, 725.
• See also Synhedrion, the, presidents of.
• Patriarchs, the, list of:
• Gamaliel II,
• Gamaliel III,
• Gamaliel IV,
• Gamaliel V,
• Gamaliel VI,
• Hillel II,
• Judah I,
• Judah II,
• Judah III,
• Judah IV,
• Simon III.
• See also Synhedrion, the, presidents of.
• Patricius (Patrick Netira), leader of the Jews in a revolt against Rome, 2, 570.
• Patriotism, towards France discussed in the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 492.
• in the Synhedrion, 5, 497.
• Paul III (Farnese), pope, well disposed to Jews, 4, 515.
• worked upon by João III and Duarte de Paz, 4, 515.
• orders a reconsideration of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 516.
• protects the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 516, 520, 521–2.
• deprecates the assault on Duarte de Paz, 4, 517.
• objects to forcible conversions, 4, 517–18.
• sanctions the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 518, 527.
• recommends gentle measures for the Marranos, 4, 518, 527.
• Marranos complain to, of the cruelty of the Inquisition, 4, 519–20.
• submits his Inquisition bull to a commission, 4, 520.
• cripples the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 522.
• authorizes the order of Jesuits and the Inquisition at Rome, 4, 524–5.
• under obligations to Spain and Portugal, 4, 525.
• abused at the Council of Trent, 4, 525–6.
• defends the Marranos’ right of emigration, 4, 526.
• hostile to Charles V, 4, 526.
• death of, 4, 528.
• grants privileges to the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568.
• Paul IV (Pietro Caraffa), pope, proposes the Inquisition at Rome, 4, 525.
• efforts of, to re-establish papal supremacy, 4, 562.
• introduces the censorship of the press, 4, 563.
• decrees the burning of the Talmud, 4, 565.
• issues two bulls against the Jews, 4, 566–7.
• ill-treats the Jews of Rome, 4, 567.
• persecutes the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568, 571.
• compelled to set free the Turkish Jews in Ancona, 4, 578.
• employs apostates to annoy Jews, 4, 581, 584.
• persecutes the Marranos, 4, 581–2.
• has the Talmud burnt at Cremona, 4, 582–3.
• death of, 4, 586, 587.
• Paul (Saul of Tarsus), apostle, proselytizes the heathen, 2, 219.
• defends the integrity of the Law, 2, 221.
• chief promoter of Christianity, 2, 223, 365.
• characterization of, 2, 223.
• opponent of the Greek Nazarenes, 2, 224.
• and the conversion of the heathen world, 2, 224–5.
• conversion of, to Christianity, 2, 225.
• vision of, 2, 225.
• and the doctrine of resurrection, 2, 225–6.
• joins the Nazarenes of Damascus, 2, 226.
• flees to Arabia, 2, 226.
• second visit of, to Damascus, 2, 227.
• at Jerusalem, 2, 227.
• establishes Greek Christian communities, 2, 227–8.
• teaches Judaism as an introduction to Christianity, 2, 228.
• inveighs against the Law, 2, 229–30.
• causes a schism in Christianity, 2, 230.
• quarrel of, with Peter, 2, 231.
• anathematizes his opponents, 2, 231.
• hated by the Jewish Christians, 2, 367, 368.
• followers of, submit to Roman domination, 2, 369.
• teaching of, becomes true Christianity, 2, 373.
• Paul, bishop of Constantinople, asperses Judaism, 2, 562.
• Paul Burgensis. See Solomon Levi.
• Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, at the court of Zenobia, 2, 529.
• Paul de Santa Maria. See Solomon Levi.
• Pauli, Oliger, an enthusiast for the Jews, 5, 177.
• Paulus, opponent of the Jews, 5, 601.
• Pauw, Reinier, burgomaster of Amsterdam, and intermarriages between Jews and Christians, 4, 674.
• Pavia, a Jewess of, apostatizes and returns to Judaism, 4, 288.
• the Jews of, expelled, 4, 660.
• Paz, Duarte de, advocate of the Portuguese Marranos at Rome, 4, 512.
• betrays the confidence of João III, 4, 512.
• influences Clement VII against the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 513.
• obtains a papal brief protecting Marranos, 4, 513–14.
• influences Paul III, 4, 515.
• bribes church officials, 4, 516.
• assaulted by order of the Portuguese court, 4, 517.
• misappropriates funds, 4, 518.
• tries to have the Inquisition bull revoked, 4, 519.
• Paz, Enrique Enriquez de (Antonio Enriquez de Gomez, 1600–1660), playwright, as soldier, 5, 110.
• tried by the Inquisition, 5, 110.
• in France, 5, 110.
• burnt in effigy at Seville, 5, 111.
• Jewish poem by, 5, 111.
• unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.
• Peace Congress, the. See Rastadt.
• Peace party, the, in Jerusalem, supporters of, 2, 256.
• justifies the revolt of the people, 2, 257.
• declares the refusal of heathen sacrifices unlawful, 2, 259.
• asks the authorities for troops, 2, 259.
• kept out of the Temple by the Zealots, 2, 260.
• loses its influence, 2, 268.
• Peasants, Jewish, influence of Christianity on, 2, 364–5.
• Pechah, a Persian governor of Judæa, 1, 352, 361.
• Pecht, an Egyptian goddess, 1, 9.
• Pedro II, of Aragon, the Jews under, 3, 497–8.
• Pedro IV, of Aragon, the Jews under, 4, 145.
• Pedro IV, the Cruel (1350–1369), of Castile, revolt against, 4, 102.
• character of, 4, 113.
• family relations of, 4, 113–14.
• neglected by his father, 4, 114.
• Jews attached to, 4, 114.
• the Jews under, 4, 115–26.
• refuses to curtail the privileges of the Jews, 4, 116.
• wives of, 4, 116–17.
• decoyed into the fortress of Toro, 4, 118.
• mentioned on the inscriptions in the Toledo synagogue, 4, 120.
• deposes and tortures Samuel Abulafia, 4, 121.
• determines to kill his wife, 4, 121.
• acknowledges Maria de Padilla his wife, 4, 122.
• alliance against, 4, 122.
• maligned by his brother, 4, 122–3.
• compelled to leave Burgos, 4, 123.
• loses Toledo and Seville, 4, 124.
• aided by the Black Prince, 4, 124.
• calls in the Mahometan king of Granada, 4, 125.
• death of, 4, 126.
• the Jews hated on account of the civil war under, 4, 167.
• Pedro de la Caballeria, apostate, Christian propagandist, 4, 231–2.
• Pedro de Herrera, Marrano, asks for Gibraltar as a refuge for Marranos, 4, 282–3.
• Pedro de Luna, cardinal. See Benedict XIII, pope.
• Pedro de Toledo, viceroy of Naples, employs Samuel II Abrabanel, 4, 409.
• daughter of, 4, 410.
• Peel, Sir Robert, introduces the Damascus affair in Parliament, 5, 652.
• Pekah, king of Israel, characterization of, 1, 248.
• allies of, 1, 248.
• licentiousness of the nobles under, 1, 250.
• allies himself with Rezin of Damascus, 1, 258, 259.
• submits to Tiglath-Pileser, 1, 260.
• murdered, 1, 260.
• Pekahiah, king of Israel, murdered, 1, 248.
• Pelethites, the, mercenary troops under David, 1, 122.
• in the Ammonite war, 1, 126.
• faithful to David in the civil war with Absalom, 1, 141.
• in the war against Sheba, 1, 149.
• attend Solomon, 1, 153.
• Pelham, English minister, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 337.
• Pelka, son of Casimir III, 4, 112.
• Pella, destroyed by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• Pelusium, besieged by Sennacherib, 1, 276, 277.
• the Egyptians defeated at, 1, 450.
• Penal law, the, of Judaism, 2, 473.
• Penini. See Yedaya En-Bonet.
• Peñiscola, Benedict XIII holds papal court at, 4, 217.
• Penitential hymns, by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 246.
• Penitential prayers. See Prayers.
• Penso, Isaac, Marrano banker, philanthropist, 5, 111–12.
• Penso, Joseph (Felice de la Vega, 1650–1703), Marrano poet, Hebrew dramas by, 5, 112–13.
• novels by, 5, 113.
• celebrated by Isaac Gomez de Sosa, 5, 113.
• unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.
• compared with Luzzatto, 5, 234.
• Pentapolis, five Philistine cities, 1, 54.
• Pentateuch, the. See Law, the; Scriptures, the; Septuagint, the; Translation.
• Pentateuch, the, Mendelssohn’s translation of, for his children, published, 5, 328–9.
• commentary for, by Solomon Dubno, 5, 329.
• subscribers to, 5, 329, 334.
• arouses the opposition of pious Jews, 5, 330–2.
• interdict against, 5, 332.
• forbidden in Polish towns, 5, 332.
• interdicted by Raphael Cohen, 5, 333.
• co-workers in, 5, 334.
• appeals to the young, 5, 334–5.
• influence of, on German Jews, 5, 395–6.
• disseminated in Alsace, 5, 430.
• Pentecost, the Feast of, as fixed by Anan ben David, 3, 131.
• Pentekaka, prays for rain, 2, 541–2.
• Penuel (Peniel), fortified by Jeroboam, 1, 185.
• Penya, Chayim, opponent of Sabbataï Zevi, ill-treated, 5, 136.
• daughters of, Sabbatians, 5, 136.
• turns Sabbatian, 5, 136.
• rewarded by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 145.
• Penyaforte, Raymond de, Dominican-General, devotes himself to the conversion of Mahometans and Jews, 3, 519–20, 597.
• arranges a disputation between Pablo Christiani and Nachmani, 3, 598.
• cautions Nachmani against blaspheming Christianity, 3, 598.
• continues the disputation in the Barcelona synagogue, 3, 601.
• on the Trinity, 3, 601.
• sends Pablo Christiani on missionary journeys, 3, 602.
• appointed censor of the Talmud, 3, 603.
• accuses Nachmani of blasphemy, 3, 604.
• monks trained by, act as conversionists, 3, 621.
• has Hebrew taught for conversion purposes, 3, 640–1.
• arouses the persecuting spirit against the Jews of Aragon, 4, 77.
• policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.
• Peor, Mount, idolatry at, 1, 28.
• scene of the death of Moses, 1, 31.
• Peræa, land east of the Jordan, 1, 30.
• given to Herod Antipas by Herod’s will, 2, 119.
• under Herod Antipas, 2, 137.
• given to Agrippa I by Caligula, 2, 177.
• Pereira, Abraham, Sabbatian, 5, 139.
• prepares to journey to Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 150.
• encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, 5, 160.
• Pereira, Emile and Isaac, grandfather of, 5, 342.
• Pereira, Jacob Rodrigues (1715–1780), inventor of the sign language, 5, 342–3.
• partial to Portuguese Jews, 5, 343.
• has the statute against foreign Jews in Bordeaux ratified, 5, 343–4.
• Perez, Alvar, de Guzman, mayor of Seville, protects the Jews, 4, 168.
• Pergamus, treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contributions to the Temple, 2, 53.
• Peringer, Gustavus, inquires into Karaism, 5, 182–3.
• Perizzites, the, a subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.
• declared bondmen by Solomon, 1, 163.
• Perl, Joseph (1773–1839), founds a high school in Tarnopol, 5, 612.
• attacks the Chassidim, 5, 612.
• member of the Society for Culture, 5, 612.
• Pernambuco, Amsterdam Jews settle in, 4, 693.
• congregation of, 4, 693.
• Perpignan, French Jews expelled by Philip IV settle in, 4, 50.
• Perpignan, the Jews of, in the thirteenth century, 4, 25.
• protect Levi of Villefranche, 4, 29.
• agitation among, in behalf of Abba-Mari’s cause, 1, 33–4.
• Persia, revolt against, 1, 407–9.
• the goddess of love, worshipped in, 1, 408.
• conquered by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.
• Alexander Severus’ campaign in, 2, 482.
• succumbs to the Arabs, 3, 86.
• visited by Petachya, 3, 421.
• under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, 3, 428.
• the khanate of, under Argun, 3, 637–8, 646, 650.
• Persia (Sassanian empire), the Jews of, persecuted by Firuz, 2, 628–30.
• under Kobad, 3, 4.
• well treated by Bahram Tshubin, 3, 8–9.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 434–5.
• Persian influence on Judaism, 1, 402–5.
• Perushim. See Pharisees.
• Pesakim, practical application of the legal enactments of the Talmud, 3, 345.
• Pesaro, Molcho at, 4, 501.
• a refuge for Marranos, 4, 569.
• the Jews of, invite Turkish trade, 4, 578–9.
• the Marranos banished from, 4, 580–1.
• refuge of Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.
• Pescennius, Niger. See Niger.
• Peshat, simple text explanation, 3, 288, 345.
• Peshito, the Syriac translation of the Law, 2, 582.
• Pessach-Peter, apostate, brings charges against the Jews of Germany, 4, 177–8.
• Pesth, the Jews of, modify their divine service, 5, 582.
• See also Buda; Buda-Pesth.
• Petachya of Ratisbon (1175–1190), traveler in the East, 3, 421.
• on the Jews of Susa, 3, 435.
• on the Jews of India, 3, 435–6.
• on the conversion of Armenians to Judaism, 3, 440.
• Peter (Simon, Kephas, Petrus), apostle, disciple of Jesus in Capernaum, 2, 153.
• calls Jesus the Christ, 2, 158.
• loyal to Jesus, 2, 163.
• leader of the early Christians, 2, 169.
• leader of the Law-abiding Nazarenes at Jerusalem, 2, 222.
• teachings of, opposed to those of Paul, 2, 230.
• quarrel of, with Paul, 2, 231.
• on the solidarity of the Jews, 2, 367–8.
• Peter, Tossafist, martyr, 3, 355.
• Peter of Amiens, preaches the crusades, 3, 297.
• the army of, leaves the Jews unmolested, 3, 298.
• Peter of Benevento, papal legate, convenes the synod of Montpellier, 3, 508.
• Peter Martyr, describes the terrors of the Inquisition, 4, 484.
• Peter the Venerable, abbot of Clugny, rouses the crusaders against the Jews, 3, 349–50.
• Peters, Hugh, secretary to Cromwell, employed to dispose the English in favor of the Jews, 5, 43.
• on the commission for the admission of Jews, 5, 45.
• Petit, Guillaume Haquinet, confessor of Louis XII, influences him against Reuchlin, 4, 459.
• patron of Hebrew literature, 4, 473.
• Petit, Solomon. See Solomon Petit.
• Petra, capital of Edom, 1, 222.
• refuge of Hyrcanus II, 2, 59.
• Petronius, governor of Syria, ordered to turn the sanctuary into a pagan temple, 2, 188.
• ordered to set up Caligula’s image in the Temple, 2, 189.
• ordered to prevent the desecration of synagogues, 2, 193.
• Petrus. See Peter, apostle.
• Peyret, rabbi, supposed manufacturer of the poison for wells, 4, 102.
• Pfefferkorn, Joseph, immorality of, 4, 423–4.
• becomes an apostate, 4, 424.
• puts his name to Ortuin de Graes’ “Mirror for Admonition,” 4, 425.
• advises the burning of the Talmud, 4, 425–6.
• lends his name to Dominican writings, 4, 426.
• thwarted by Jewish physicians, 4, 427.
• not trusted by Christians, 4, 427.
• publishes “The Enemy of the Jews,” 4, 427–8.
• obtains a letter to Maximilian I from Kunigunde, 4, 428–9.
• obtains an imperial mandate, 4, 429.
• orders the Frankfort Jews to surrender their books, 4, 429.
• forbids the Frankfort Jews to attend the synagogue on Tabernacles, 4, 430.
• opposed by Uriel von Gemmingen, 4, 430, 431.
• coadjutors of, suggested, 4, 432.
• tries to make Reuchlin his confederate, 4, 436.
• applies for a second mandate, 4, 436, 437.
• a second time confiscates Hebrew books in Frankfort, 4, 438.
• censured by the public, 4, 438.
• publishes “In Honor and Praise of Emperor Maximilian,” 4, 439.
• directed to report the decision of his commission to Maximilian, 4, 441.
• motives of, suspected by Reuchlin, 4, 442.
• breaks the seal of Reuchlin’s “Opinion,” 4, 445.
• publishes the “Handspiegel,” 4, 446.
• attacked by Reuchlin, 4, 446–48.
• preaches in Frankfort, 4, 449.
• tool of Hoogstraten, 4, 450.
• tears down the notice of Reuchlin’s exoneration, 4, 455.
• suggests the expulsion of the Jews from Frankfort, Worms, and Ratisbon, 4, 463.
• anti-Jewish charges of, repeated by Luther, 4, 548–9.
• Pfizer, governor of Heidelberg, permits an assault upon the Jews, 5, 531, 602.
• Phabi, family of high priests, 2, 237.
• “Phædon, or the Immortality of the Soul,” by Mendelssohn, popularity of, 5, 304–5.
• object of, 5, 306.
• dialogue form of, 5, 306.
• argument of, 5, 306–7.
• popularity of, 5, 307–8.
• Phalles, king of Tyre, murdered, 1, 194.
• Phaltiel, Michal’s husband, 1, 110.
• Phanagoria (Taman), Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, 3, 123.
• Pharaoh, in the Zohar, 4, 23.
• Pharaohs, the, the Egyptian kings, 1, 8.
• worshiped, 1, 10.
• Pharisees, the, a national party, offshoot from the Assidæans, 2, 17.
• aims of, 2, 17.
• explanation of the name of, 2, 18.
• principles of, 2, 18.
• wherein opposed to the Essenes and Sadducees, 2, 18–19.
• defenders of tradition, 2, 19–20, 22.
• morality of, 2, 20.
• charge of hypocrisy against, unfounded, 2, 20.
• position of, with regard to Pentateuchal laws, 2, 22–3.
• contrasted with the Essenes, 2, 30.
• employed as civil functionaries, 2, 31.
• lose their state offices, 2, 32–3.
• favored by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 39.
• actively oppose the Sadducees, 2, 42–3.
• hated by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 43.
• instigate revolts against Alexander Jannæus, 2, 44.
• take refuge in the fortress of Bethome, 2, 45.
• crucified, 2, 45.
• flee from Judæa, 2, 45.
• rejoice over the death of Alexander Jannæus, 2, 47.
• favored by Salome Alexandra, 2, 48.
• obtain the chief post in the Great Council, 2, 48–9.
• the interpretations of, in the Synhedrion, 2, 50.
• introduce the Water Libation and the Wood festival, 2, 52.
• institute the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 52.
• persecute the Sadducees, 2, 53.
• support Hyrcanus II, 2, 58.
• reconciliation of, with the Sadducees begun by Hillel, 2, 98.
• divided on the subject of swearing allegiance to Herod, 2, 108.
• hate Herod, 2, 114–15.
• urge revenge against Herod, 2, 121.
• not in opposition to John the Baptist, 2, 147.
• disapprove of Jesus, 2, 162.
• aid Christianity by their methods of interpretation, 2, 166.
• neglect the lower classes, 2, 220.
• object to the Sadducee high priest Anan, 2, 248.
• laws introduced by, justified, 2, 327.
• as described by the Nazarenes, 2, 372.
• accept tradition, 2, 462.
• Pharos, the island of, Judæans celebrate the completion of the Septuagint on, 1, 511–12.
• Phasael, brother of Herod, governor of Judæa, 2, 77.
• urges mild measures upon Herod, 2, 79.
• made tetrarch in Judæa, 2, 81.
• opposed by the Parthians, 2, 82.
• commits suicide, 2, 82.
• Phasael, son of Pallas and Herod, disinherited, 2, 119.
• Phasael, tower of, retreat of the Roman garrison of Jerusalem, 2, 260.
• left undemolished by Titus, 2, 309.
• Phasaelis, revenue from, left to Salome, 2, 120.
• Phasiron, the sons of, members of the Hellenist party, 1, 489.
• Pheroras, brother of Herod, wife of, a Pharisee, 2, 108.
• Herod suspicious of, 2, 112.
• conspires against the sons of Mariamne, 2, 112–13.
• conspires against Herod, 2, 113.
• Philadelphia. See Rabbath-Ammon.
• Philanthropin, school at Frankfort, hearth of the Reform movement, 5, 674.
• Philibert, Dr., a German writer, offers to defend the Damascus Jews, 5, 655.
• Philip, Arab emperor of Rome, 2, 526.
• Philip II Augustus, of France, leniency of, in the execution of anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 401, 508.
• expresses money from the Jews, 3, 401–2.
• banishes the Jews from the Isle de France, 3, 402–3.
• executes the Jews of Bray, 3, 404.
• in the third crusade, 3, 404.
• receives exiled Jews, 3, 405–6.
• agrees to surrender Jews from Champagne, 3, 406.
• charged with disregarding anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 498–9.
• Philip III, of France, re-introduces Jew badges, 3, 613.
• Philip IV, of France, meets Sancho IV of Castile, 4, 2.
• in strife with Boniface VIII, 4, 44.
• expels the Jews, 4, 46.
• avarice of, 4, 47.
• Philip V, the Long, of France, extends the privileges of the Jews, 4, 54.
• conceives the idea of a crusade, 4, 55.
• charges the Jews with poisoning wells, 4, 57, 58.
• Philip VI, of France, first of the House of Valois, 4, 77.
• Philip II, of Macedon, contemplates war with Persia, 1, 411–12.
• murdered, 1, 412.
• Philip V, of Macedon, takes Egypt, 1, 432.
• Philip III, of Navarre, punishes the ringleaders in the massacre of the Jews, 4, 78.
• Philip II, of Spain, hated by Paul IV, 4, 566.
• tries to introduce the Inquisition into the Netherlands, 4, 601.
• obtains peace with Turkey through Jewish mediators, 4, 607.
• pays for the polyglot Bible, 4, 651.
• Jews under, in the Netherlands, 4, 661, 667–8.
• hated by the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 663.
• death of, 4, 668.
• Philip III, of Spain, condition of Spain at the accession of, 4, 668.
• debtor to the Marranos, 4, 670–1.
• Philip IV, of Spain, makes a Jew count palatine, 4, 692.
• praises the Jews of Oran, 5, 169.
• Philip, tetrarch, son of Cleopatra of Jerusalem, in Herod’s will, 2, 119.
• builds Cæsarea Philippi and Julias, 2, 138.
• character of, 2, 138.
• tetrarchy of, given to Agrippa I, 2, 177.
• tetrarchy of, given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.
• Philip, favorite of Antiochus Epiphanes, regent of Syria, 1, 477.
• in Antioch, 1, 480.
• Philip, papal legate, presides over the Council of Buda, 3, 614.
• Philip, Syrian commander, kills the Chassidim in the caves, 1, 458.
• Philip of Bathyrene, leader of Agrippa II’s troops against the Zealots, 2, 259, 274.
• leaves Jerusalem, 2, 260.
• escapes the machinations of Varus, 2, 274–5.
• Philippi, the republican army of Rome, defeated at the battle of, 2, 81.
• Judæans in, 2, 203.
• Paul establishes a Greek-Christian community in, 2, 227.
• Philippi, Francis Lothair. See Wolf Levi.
• Philippion, prince of Chalcis, husband of Alexandra, daughter of Aristobulus II, 2, 75.
• Philistia, overrun by Scythians, 1, 287.
• Philistines, the, characteristics of, 1, 54–5.
• relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–59.
• oppress the Israelites, 1, 61.
• attack Israelite tribes, 1, 64.
• harass the Israelites, 1, 66.
• have possession of the Ark of the Covenant, 1, 70–2.
• defeated at Eben-ha-Ezer, 1, 78.
• choose a king, 1, 80.
• warfare of, with the Israelites, 1, 80.
• lay waste Sidon, 1, 80.
• oppress Israel at the beginning of Saul’s reign, 1, 84.
• garrison of, at Gibeah, killed by Jonathan, 1, 85.
• encamp at Michmash against Saul, 1, 85–6.
• defeated at Michmash, 1, 86–8.
• champion of, killed by David, 1, 95, 97.
• defeated by David, 1, 98–9.
• under Achish, wage war with the Israelites, 1, 102–4.
• wage war with David, 1, 115–118.
• defeated at Mount Baal-Perazim, 1, 116.
• surrender Gath to the Israelites, 1, 117.
• champions of, in the war with David, 1, 117.
• routed by David, 1, 118.
• at war with Nadab, 1, 189.
• at war with Elah, 1, 192.
• sell Judæan captives as slaves, 1, 227, 231.
• attack Judah, 1, 258.
• subdued by Sennacherib, 1, 270.
• allied with Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 314.
• molest Judæan fugitives, 1, 318.
• in possession of Judæan territory under the Seleucidæ, 1, 435.
• join Gorgias in his invasion of Judæa, 1, 467.
• hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasions, 1, 473.
• Philo the Elder, Egypto-Judæan poet, extols Jerusalem, 1, 517–18.
• Philo Judæus, conception of the Messianic age held by, 2, 144–5.
• brother of the Alabarch Alexander Lysimachus, 2, 176.
• gives an account of Jewish renegades, 2, 184.
• characterization of, 2, 184–5.
• relation of, to Judaism, 2, 185.
• wife of, 2, 186.
• style of, 2, 186.
• representative of the Alexandrian Judæans before Caligula, 2, 186.
• contrasted with Apion, 2, 186–7.
• as a writer, 2, 191.
• visit of, to Jerusalem, 2, 194.
• an allegorist, 2, 210.
• reconciles the Law and his philosophy, 2, 210.
• emphasizes obedience to the Law, 2, 210–11.
• shows the beauty of the Jewish laws of humanity, 2, 211–12.
• writes a philosophic commentary on the Pentateuch, 2, 212.
• compared with Hillel and Jesus, 2, 214.
• describes heathen proselytes of his day, 2, 215.
• system of, aids Christianity, 2, 373.
• the works of, read at the court of Louis the Pious, 3, 162.
• the works of, connected with the Talmud, 4, 614.
• studied by Frankel, 5, 684.
• Philologists, Hebrew. See Grammarians, Hebrew.
• Philology, Hebrew, a special study of the Karaites, 3, 180.
• Philosoph, Joseph, father-in-law of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 166, 209.
• supports the Messianic claims of Jacob Querido, 5, 210.
• Philosophers, the Arabic, the sayings of, used by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267, 270.
• Philosophers, Jewish, list of:
• Aaron ben Elia Nicomedi,
• Aaron ben Meshullam,
• Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra,
• Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi,
• Abraham Maimuni,
• Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik,
• Alkuti (Chepez),
• Bachya ben Joseph Ibn-Pakuda,
• Chasdaï Crescas,
• David Ibn-Albilla,
• Elias del Medigo,
• Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli,
• Isaac Albalag,
• Isaac Pulgar,
• Jehuda Halevi,
• Joseph ben Shem Tob Ibn-Shem Tob,
• Joseph Albo,
• Joseph Kaspi,
• Kalonymos ben Kalonymos,
• Leon Judah Abrabanel,
• Levi ben Abraham ben Chayim,
• Levi ben Gerson,
• Mantin, Jacob
• Meïr Alguades,
• Moses ben Maimun,
• Moses ben Joshua Narboni,
• Moses Ibn-Ezra,
• Philo,
• Saadiah ben Joseph,
• Samuel Ibn-Abbas,
• Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela,
• Shem-Tob Falaquera,
• Sheshet Benveniste,
• Solomon Ibn-Gebirol,
• Spinoza, Baruch
• Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig.
• “Philosophical Conversations, The,” by Mendelssohn, 5, 298–9.
• Philosophy, Philo’s attempt to reconcile, with the Law, 2, 210, 212–13.
• cultivated by the Spanish Jews in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 3, 235.
• characterized by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 328, 330, 331.
• connected with Judaism by Maimonides, 3, 478–9.
• in disrepute in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 91.
• Phineas, high priest, punishes immoral practices, 1, 29.
• seat of, at Shiloh, 1, 41.
• Phineas, leader of the Idumæans, helps the Zealots, 2, 295.
• Phineas, rabbi of Breslau, hangs himself, 4, 262.
• Phineas ben Meshullam, rabbi of Alexandria, 3, 444.
• Phineas ben Samuel, made high priest by the Zealots, 2, 294.
• Phineas, son of Eli, character of, 1, 70.
• death of, 1, 70.
• Phocas, usurps the throne of Mauritius, 3, 18.
• chastisement of, 3, 19.
• Phœnicia, subdued by Shalmaneser, 1, 263, 264.
• subdued by Sennacherib, 1, 270.
• conquered by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304.
• Nabonad permits native kings to rule over, 1, 342.
• conquered by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.
• Joseph made tax gatherer of, 1, 425.
• Olympian games introduced into, 1, 445.
• the towns of, revolt from Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 463.
• Phœnician merchants settle in Jerusalem, 1, 169.
• Phœnicians, the, early culture of, 1, 53–4.
• relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–8.
• defeated by the Philistines, 1, 80.
• weakened by civil wars, 1, 232.
• hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasions, 1, 474.
• See also Canaanites, the.
• Phraortes, king of Media, defeated by the Assyrians, 1, 287.
• Phylacteries (Tephillin), the, the use of, prohibited under Hadrian, 2, 424.
• abolished by Anan ben David, 3, 132.
• Physicians, Jewish, popular with the clergy of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, 3, 35.
• in Taberistan, 3, 146.
• employed by Christian rulers, 3, 170, 213, 242, 292, 425, 536, 537, 583, 628; 4, 2, 80, 184, 185, 190, 275, 287, 367, 411, 413, 555, 584–5, 673, 692; 5, 76, 115.
• employed by Mahometan rulers, 3, 211, 312, 443, 495, 638; 4, 401.
• sought by the Christians in Palestine, 3, 341.
• in Lynn, 3, 412.
• popular with Christians, 3, 581.
• prevented by the Council of Béziers from attending Christians, 3, 582.
• indispensableness of, 3, 583.
• employed by the popes, 3, 628; 4, 200, 407–8, 411, 515, 569.
• not permitted to practice under Juan II, 4, 203.
• forbidden to practice by Benedict XIII, 4, 216.
• employment of, forbidden by the council of Basle, 4, 245.
• proscribed by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.
• protected by Juan II of Castile, 4, 252.
• proscribed by Nicholas V, 4, 253, 287.
• employed by the nobles and the clergy, 4, 275.
• esteemed in Italy in the fifteenth century, 4, 287.
• missed after the expulsion from Spain, 4, 353–4.
• preferred in Turkey, 4, 401.
• accused of quackery by Pfefferkorn, 4, 427.
• the only ones in Portugal, 4, 488.
• forbidden by Paul IV to attend Christians, 4, 567.
• employment of, forbidden by Gregory XIII, 4, 653.
• permitted by Sixtus V to practice, 4, 656.
• defended by David de Pomis, 4, 656–7.
• envied in Hamburg, 4, 690.
• forbidden to practice among Christians in Hamburg, 4, 692.
• of Berlin, not included in the list of physicians, 5, 461.
• Physicians, Jewish, list of:
• Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni,
• Abraham de Balmes,
• Abraham of Aragon (oculist),
• Abraham ben Joseph the Elder,
• Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi,
• Abraham Ibn-Zarzal,
• Abraham Maimuni,
• Abraham Zacuto Lusitano,
• Abu Ayub,
• Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastan,
• Abu Sahal Ali,
• Abulhassan Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Kamnial,
• Amatus Lusitanus,
• Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib,
• Bachya Ibn-Alkonstantini,
• Benjamin Assia,
• Bonet de Lates,
• Cardosa, Abraham Michael
• Cardoso, Fernando (Isaac)
• Castro, Balthasar Orobio de
• Castro, Bendito de
• Castro, Rodrigo de
• Chamiz, Joseph
• Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut,
• Cohen, Perachya
• David de Pomis,
• Della Volta, Samuel Vita
• Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon
• Dunash ben Tamim,
• Elias Montalto,
• Farraj Ibn-Solomon,
• Gamaliel VI,
• Guglielmo di Portaleone,
• Hamon, Isaac
• Hamon, Joseph
• Hamon, Moses
• Herz, Marcus
• Hillel ben Samuel,
• Isaac ben Mordecai,
• Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli,
• Isaac II Abrabanel,
• Isaac Benveniste,
• Jacob ben Machir Tibbon,
• Jacob ben Yechiel Loans,
• Jacob Ibn-Nuñez,
• Jacob Abi-Ayub,
• Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar,
• Jehuda Halevi,
• Joseph ben Joshua Cohen,
• Joseph ben Sabara,
• Joseph Albo,
• Joseph Orabuena,
• Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui,
• Judah de Blanis,
• Judah ben Moses Cohen,
• Judah ben Saul Ibn-Tibbon,
• Judah ben Yechiel,
• Judah Leon Abrabanel,
• Levi ben Gerson,
• Lippold,
• Mantin, Jacob
• Meïr Alguades,
• Messer-Jawaih,
• Moses ben Isaac da Rieti,
• Moses ben Maimun,
• Moses ben Nachman,
• Moses Ibn-Tibbon,
• Moses Zarzel,
• Musaphia, Benjamin
• Nathaniel of Bagdad,
• Nathaniel of Egypt,
• Nathaniel Ibn-Almali,
• Nepi, Graziadio
• Nieto, David
• Obadiah de Sforno,
• Profiat Duran,
• Raimuch, Astruc
• Saad-Addaula,
• Sabbataï Donnolo,
• Sahal Rabban,
• Samuel,
• Samuel Ibn-Wakar,
• Samuel Shulam,
• Saul Astruc Cohen,
• Serachya ben Isaac,
• Shem Tob ben Isaac,
• Sheshet ben Benveniste,
• Silva, Samuel da
• Simon ben Zemach Duran,
• Simon Zarfati,
• Solomon, the Egyptian,
• Solomon ben Jacob,
• Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig
• Tobias of Trent,
• Vecinho, Joseph
• Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi,
• Zedekiah,
• Zemach, Jacob.
• Physicians, Samaritan and Saracen, in favor with the Christians in Palestine, 3, 341.
• Picard, the family of, culture of, 5, 476.
• Picciotto, Isaac Levi, accused of ritual murder, 5, 638.
• upbraids the accusers with their inhumanity, 5, 639.
• protected by the Austrian consul, 5, 639, 646.
• Pichon, Joseph. See Joseph Pichon.
• Pico di Mirandola, disciple and friend of Elias del Medigo, 4, 290.
• erudition of, 4, 290–1.
• student of the Kabbala, 4, 291–2.
• translates Kabbalistic writings, 4, 292.
• friend of Judah Leon Abrabanel, 4, 384.
• inspires Reuchlin with love of Hebrew learning, 4, 433.
• admirer of the Kabbala, 4, 443, 583.
• Piedmont, French exiles settle in, 4, 177.
• Pieva di Sacco. Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.
• Pilate, Pontius, fifth procurator of Judæa, administration of, 2, 138–9.
• uses the Temple treasures for an aqueduct, 2, 139–40.
• permits the execution of Jesus, 2, 164.
• declares Jesus guilty of treason, 2, 164.
• hated, 2, 171.
• cruelty of, to Samaritans, 2, 171–2.
• summoned to Rome, 2, 172.
• Pilgrimages among Asiatic Jews, 3, 440–1.
• of the Egyptian Jews, 3, 445.
• to Jerusalem in the fourteenth century, 4, 73–4.
• Pilpul, method of Talmud study attributed to Jacob Polak, 4, 418.
• Pimentel, Manuel. See Abenacar, Isaac.
• Pina, Paul de. See Jesurun, Rohel.
• Pinchas ben Jaïr, opposes the abolition of the year of release, 2, 459–60.
• Pinchas Ibn-Azura, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, 3, 74.
• one of the Benu-Kainukaa, 3, 76.
• Pinczovinians, the, Unitarians in Poland, 4, 647.
• Pinedo, Isaac (Thomas) de (1614–1679), Marrano scholar, 5, 114.
• unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.
• Sachs compared with, 5, 688.
• Pinheiro, Diogo, bishop, opposes the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 500.
• Pinheiro, Moses, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 123.
• encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, 5, 160.
• teaches the Kabbala, 5, 164.
• Pinto, Aaron de, supports Chayon’s cause, 5, 223.
• refuses reconciliation with Chacham Zevi, 5, 224.
• forbids opposition to Chayon, 5, 224.
• summons Chacham Zevi before the Council, 5, 226.
• Pinto, Abraham, founder of the Rotterdam Jewish community, 4, 685.
• Pinto, David, founder of the Rotterdam Jewish community, 4, 685.
• Pinto, David, espouses Eibeschütz’s cause, 5, 264.
• Pinto, Diogo Rodrigues, advocate of the Portuguese Marranos at Rome, 4, 515, 516.
• Pinto, Isaac (1715–1787), Marrano, disinterestedness of, 5, 340.
• devoted to the Portuguese Jews, 5, 341, 344.
• wins the Duc de Richelieu to his side, 5, 343.
• answers Voltaire’s defamation of Judaism, 5, 345, 346.
• distinguishes the Portuguese Jews, 5, 345–6.
• the work by, quoted in the Batavian National Assembly, 5, 456.
• Pintos, the, millionaires in Amsterdam, 5, 205.
• Pires, Diogo. See Molcho, Solomon.
• Pirke Aboth, a treatise of the Mishna, 2, 478.
• Pirkheimer, Willibald, humanist, and the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 416.
• Pisa, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• the commerce of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.
• the Spanish exiles well treated in, 4, 360.
• exiles from the Papal States in, 4, 659.
• Pisidia, mercenaries from, hired by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 39.
• Pitholaus, general of Hyrcanus II, joins Aristobulus II, 2, 73.
• sentenced to death, 2, 74.
• Pius IV, pope, appealed to in behalf of the Jews of Prague, 4, 586–7.
• character of, 4, 588.
• appealed to by the Jews of Rome, 4, 588.
• permits the appearance of the Talmud, 4, 589.
• recommends censorship to be exercised over the Talmud, 4, 658.
• Pius V, pope, severity of, 4, 589.
• places the old canonical restrictions on the Jews, 4, 590.
• persecutes the Jews of the Papal States, 4, 590.
• expels the Jews from the Papal States, 4, 591–2.
• tries to organize a crusade against Turkey, 4, 601.
• hostility of, to the Jews, 4, 653.
• Pius VII, pope, opposed to the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 518.
• Pius IX, pope, action of, in the Mortara case, 5, 701.
• reactionary policy of, 5, 701.
• Piyutim, the productions of the poetans, introduced into the liturgy, 3, 117–18.
• objected to by the Chassidim, 5, 386–7.
• See also Liturgical poetry; Neo-Hebraic poetry; Poetry; Poetanim.
• Place of the sellers of Ointment in Jerusalem, 1, 140.
• Placidus, Roman general under Titus, 2, 290.
• Plague, the, under Marcus Aurelius, 2, 451.
• attacks the Spanish exiles in Naples, 4, 359–60.
• keeps the Spanish exiles out of Italy, 4, 363.
• in Portugal attributed to the Jews, 4, 368.
• attributed to the Marranos, 4, 486–7.
• “Plaints of a Jew, The,” by Joel Jacoby, 5, 630–1.
• Plantavicius, Jacob, bishop, taught by Leo Modena, 5, 71.
• Plato, read by the Alexandrian Judæans, 1, 505.
• style of, and Philo’s, 2, 186.
• the sayings of, used by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267.
• theories of, in the prophetical writings and the Agada, 3, 479.
• in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 66.
• quoted by Jewish preachers, 4, 232.
• Plotina, wife of Trajan, counsels the punishment of the Jews, 2, 395.
• names Hadrian as Trajan’s successor, 2, 399.
• Pneumatics. See Gnosticism.
• Podolia, Haidamaks in, 5, 11.
• Jews banished from a part of, 5, 12.
• immorality of the Sabbatians of, 5, 228.
• Sabbatians in, 5, 272.
• leader of the Sabbatians of, 5, 273–4.
• devastated by the Cossacks, 5, 388.
• Poetanim, the, earliest works of, 3, 114.
• introduce rhyme into Neo-Hebraic poetry, 3, 116.
• liturgical compositions of, forbidden by Anan ben David, 3, 132.
• See Liturgical poetry; Neo-Hebraic poetry; Poetry; Piyutim; Poets.
• Poetry, early Hebrew, 1, 29.
• on the destruction of Jerusalem, 1, 316.
• cultivated by the Arabic Jews, 3, 57–8.
• cultivated by the Spanish Jews in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 3, 235.
• as viewed by Maimonides, 3, 449–50.
• the Jews in, 4, 164.
• See Hebrew literature; Literature, Jewish; Liturgical poetry; Neo-Hebraic poetry.
• Poetry, Jewish mediæval, treated of by Sachs, 5, 693–4.
• by Zunz, 5, 694.
• Poetry, Spanish-Jewish, in the twelfth century, 3, 317–18.
• history of, by Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 320.
• Poets, Jewish, list of:
• Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni,
• Abraham ben Chasdaï,
• Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra,
• Abraham Bedaresi,
• Abu-Afak,
• Abu-Amr ben Joseph Ibn-Zadik,
• Abu Ayub,
• Abu Fadhl Chasdaï,
• Almeida, Manuella Nuñez da
• Ascarelli, Deborah
• Asma,
• Belmonte, Bienvenida Coën
• Belmonte, Jacob Israel
• Belmonte, Manuel
• Ben Asher, Aaron and Moses
• Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan,
• Dunash ben Labrat,
• Eleazar ben Kalir,
• Ensheim, Moses
• Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn,
• Erter, Isaac
• Fonseca Pinto y Pimentel, Sarah de
• Gomez, Isaac, de Sosa,
• Halevi, Elia
• Ibn-Sahula,
• Immanuel ben Solomon Romi,
• Isaac ben Jehuda Ibn-Giat,
• Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni,
• Isaac Ibn-Ezra,
• Isaac Ibn-G’ikatilia,
• Israel Najara,
• Jannaï,
• Jehuda ben Isaac ben Sabbataï,
• Jehuda Alcharisi,
• Jehuda Halevi,
• Jehuda Zarko,
• Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi,
• Jesurun, David
• Jesurun, Rohel
• José bar José Hayathom,
• Joseph ben Chasdaï,
• Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur,
• Joseph ben Sabara,
• Joseph Ezobi,
• Judah Ibn-Abbas,
• Judah Ibn-Giat,
• Judah Siciliano,
• Kalonymos ben Kalonymos,
• Laguna, Lopez
• Luzzatto, Moses Chayim
• Luzzatto, Samuel David
• Mar-Ukba,
• Menachem ben Saruk,
• Mendes, David Franco
• Meshullam En-Vidas Dafiera,
• Michael ben Kaleb,
• Moses ben Isaac da Rieti,
• Moses Ibn-Ezra,
• Moses Zarzel,
• Paz, Enrique Enriquez de
• Penso, Joseph
• Saadio Longo,
• Sabbataï Donnolo,
• Samuel Ibn-Abbas,
• Samuel Ibn-Adiya,
• Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela,
• Santob de Carrion,
• Shem Tob Falaquera,
• Sibyl, the
• Silveyra, Miguel
• Simon bar Kappara,
• Simon ben Caipha,
• Simon ben Isaac ben Abun,
• Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed,
• Solomon ben Yerucham,
• Solomon Ibn-Gebirol,
• Solomon Ibn-Sakbel,
• Solomon Alkabez,
• Solomon Dafiera,
• Sullam, Sarah Copia
• Süsskind of Trimberg,
• Usque, Samuel
• Usque, Solomon
• Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi,
• Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig
• Yedaya En-Bonet,
• Zarak Barfat.
• Poitou, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Poitou, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.
• maltreated by crusaders, 3, 570.
• persecution of, 3, 573.
• Polak, Jacob. See Jacob Polak.
• Poland, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.
• Jewish exiles from Austria settle in, 4, 224.
• a refuge for persecuted Jews, 4, 263, 418–19, 420, 631–2.
• clergy of, hostile to the Jews, 4, 265.
• at war with the Teutonic knights, 4, 266.
• the rabbis of, important to the crown, 4, 420.
• rabbinical schools established in, 4, 420.
• the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.
• professorships for Hebrew instituted in, 4, 471.
• Messianic hopes in, connected with Solomon Molcho, 4, 497.
• refuge of the Bohemian Jews, 4, 544.
• election of a king of, 4, 603–5.
• a party in, hostile to the Jews, 4, 632.
• number of Jews in, 4, 632.
• influence of the Reformation in, 4, 633, 646–7.
• Talmudical schools in, 4, 634, 639–40.
• refuge for the Jewish victims of the Thirty Years’ War, 5, 2.
• value of Jews to, 5, 2.
• Joseph Delmedigo in, 5, 76–7.
• exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.
• Karaites in, 5, 182–3.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 209, 212.
• spread of Sabbatianism in, 5, 228.
• the rabbis of, express willingness to excommunicate Luzzatto, 5, 241.
• the rabbis of, excommunicate Eibeschütz’s opponents, 5, 261.
• the Eibeschütz-Emden controversy transplanted to, 5, 262–3.
• subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, 5, 329.
• feverish Messianic expectations in, 5, 377.
• power of the Kabbala in, 5, 382.
• dismembered, 5, 392.
• second partition of, 5, 394.
• the rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Poland, the Jews of, begin the study of the Talmud, 3, 421.
• indispensable to the country, 3, 613; 4, 263.
• proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.
• privileges of, extended by Casimir III, 4, 111.
• protected by Casimir III during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 111, 112.
• the liturgy of, compiled by Maharil, 4, 225.
• privileges granted to, by Casimir IV, 4, 263–5.
• privileges of, revoked, 4, 266.
• occupations of, 4, 418–19.
• under Casimir IV, John Albert, Alexander, and Sigismund I, 4, 419.
• supported by the Polish nobility, 4, 419–20.
• culture of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 633–4.
• influenced by Talmud study, 4, 634.
• Talmudic attainments of, 4, 639–41.
• language of, 4, 641; 5, 206.
• privileges of, 4, 642–3.
• profit by the elective monarchy, 4, 642.
• well treated by Stephen Bathori, 4, 642–3.
• assailed by Klonowicz, 4, 643.
• under Sigismund III, 4, 643.
• organize regular conferences, 4, 643–5.
• influence of the Reformation on, 4, 647–8.
• helped by those of Germany, 4, 707–8.
• persecuted at the instigation of the Jesuits, 5, 1.
• made tax farmers in Cossack districts, 5, 3.
• form a state within the state, 5, 3–4.
• devoted to the study of the Talmud, 5, 4–6.
• help to enslave the Cossacks, 5, 6.
• slain by the Cossacks, 5, 6.
• plundered and murdered by Tartars and Cossacks, 5, 7–8.
• sufferings of, from the Haidamaks, 5, 8–10, 11–12.
• protected by Vishnioviecki, 5, 10.
• banishment of, from Cossack provinces, stipulated by Chmielnicki, 5, 12.
• banished from the Cossack provinces, 5, 12.
• attacked by the Cossacks, 5, 14.
• rights of, guarded in the second treaty with Chmielnicki, 5, 14.
• suffering of, from Russians and Cossacks, 5, 14–15.
• suffering of, in the Swedish war, 5, 15.
• ill-used by Czarnicki, 5, 15.
• ill-used by Ragoczi, 5, 15.
• losses of, during the Cossack wars, 5, 15.
• as fugitives in Europe, 5, 15–16.
• spread their method of Talmud study throughout Europe, 5, 16–17.
• poverty of, 5, 205–6.
• fill the rabbinates of Europe, 5, 206.
• suffer during the Confederation War, 5, 387–8.
• Poland, the Sabbatians of, encouraged by the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 272.
• Jacob Frank the leader of, 5, 273.
• scoff at Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 276.
• See Frankists, the.
• Poland, Greater, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.
• the Jews of, represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.
• Poland, Little, the Jews of, represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.
• Poland, Southern, the Karaites emigrate from, 4, 269.
• Polemical works against Christianity, by Jews in Spain in the seventh century, 3, 50–1.
• under Wamba, 3, 105.
• by Joseph Kimchi, 3, 392–3.
• by Solomon ben Adret, 3, 623.
• by Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, 4, 142.
• by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.
• by Joshua Vives, 4, 187.
• by Profiat Duran, 4, 188–90.
• by Isaac ben Kalonymos, 4, 234.
• by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.
• by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.
• by Simon and Solomon Duran, 4, 237–8.
• by Abraham Farissol, 4, 413.
• by Isaac Troki, 4, 648.
• by Jacob Jehuda Leon (?), 4, 691–2.
• Polemon, prince of Cilicia, allied with Agrippa I, 2, 196.
• husband of Berenice, 2, 235.
• Polish Jews in intercourse with Mendelssohn, 5, 317–18.
• Polish translation of the Bible, 4, 647.
• Poll-tax (Leibzoll), the, on Jews, levied by Domitian, 2, 388–9.
• reduced by Nerva, 2, 391–2.
• paid by the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508; 3, 5.
• imposed by Wenceslaus, 4, 166.
• removed by Joseph II, 5, 357.
• the abolition of, agitated in Prussia, 5, 414.
• partially abolished in Prussia, 5, 415.
• abolished in France and Austria, 5, 415.
• abrogated by Louis XVI in France, 5, 432.
• objected to by the Dutch Jews in Germany, 5, 458.
• abrogated by Austria and Prussia, 5, 464.
• imposed upon foreign Jews in Germany, 5, 464.
• objected to by the French government, 5, 465.
• removed in several small German states, 5, 465.
• the removal of, agitated before the Congress of Ratisbon, 5, 466.
• the agitation against, led by Jacobson and Breidenbach, 5, 466–7.
• abolished in Brunswick Lüneburg, 5, 467.
• the agitation against by Breidenbach, 5, 467–8.
• abolished in some districts, 5, 468.
• not completely abolished, 5, 472.
• paid by Jews in Lübeck, 5, 506.
• in Bremen, 5, 507.
• retained in Saxony, 5, 509.
• See also Tax.
• Polonnoie, the Jews of, massacred by the Cossacks, 5, 11.
• Polygamy, forbidden by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 244.
• the abrogation of Gershom ben Jehuda’s ordinance on, 3, 378.
• discussed by the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 491.
• discussed by the Synhedrion, 5, 497.
• Polytheism, effects of, 5, 709.
• Pompey, legate of, in Judæa, 2, 61–2.
• bribed by Aristobulus II, 2, 62–3.
• summons Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II to Damascus, 2, 63.
• favors Hyrcanus II, 2, 64.
• takes the field against Aristobulus II, 2, 64.
• besieges Jerusalem, 2, 64–6.
• enters the Holy of Holies, 2, 66.
• makes Hyrcanus II ethnarch, 2, 66.
• treats Judæa as a conquered province, 2, 67.
• a member of the first triumvirate, 2, 73.
• partisans of, poison Aristobulus II, 2, 75.
• Pons Judæorum in Rome, 2, 68.
• Pontus, the soldiery of Vibius Marsus banished to, 2, 197.
• Popes, the, tolerant of the Jews, 3, 25, 33.
• denounced by Arnold of Brescia, 3, 370.
• fugitive, convene Church Councils in France, 3, 376–7.
• employ Jewish physicians, 3, 628; 4, 200, 407–8, 411, 515, 569.
• in Avignon, tolerate the Jews after their banishment by Charles VI, 4, 177.
• See also Bulls; Papacy, the.
• Porcelain, forced on the Berlin Jews, 5, 415.
• Porobischa, the Jews of, surrender to the Tartars, 5, 8.
• Portugal, Jews in, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.
• union of, with Castile, 4, 161.
• Marranos escape to, from the Inquisition, 4, 318.
• Jewish exiles from Spain go to, 4, 352.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 365–81.
• fever for discoveries in, 4, 368.
• the Spanish exiles leave, 4, 369.
• Spanish exiles sold as slaves in, 4, 371.
• exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• considered a refuge for Marranos, 4, 486.
• the plague in, attributed to the Marranos, 4, 486, 487.
• Marranos a profitable population to, 4, 527–8.
• autos-da-fé in, 5, 91.
• discusses the re-admission of Jews, 5, 532.
• Portugal, the Jews of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 617–18.
• under Ferdinand I, 4, 158–9.
• under João I, 4, 173.
• spared Vincent Ferrer’s propaganda, 4, 218.
• prosperity of, under Alfonso V, 4, 338–9.
• oppose the settlement of the Spanish exiles, 4, 366.
• kindly treated by Manoel, 4, 372.
• banished, 4, 374.
• delay departure, 4, 374–5.
• children of, baptized, 4, 375–6.
• urged to accept Christianity, 4, 377–8.
• depart, 4, 380–1.
• in the Netherlands, 4, 662.
• See also Marranos, the Portuguese.
• Porphyry (Malchus), philosopher, writes a commentary on Daniel, 2, 502.
• Portaleone, Guglielmo. See Guglielmo di Portaleone.
• Portalis, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 485.
• Porteiro jurado, Jewish-Portuguese sheriff, 4, 159.
• Porto, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.
• Posen, the Jewish charter burnt at, 4, 263.
• number of the Jews of, 4, 632.
• the Jews of, protected by Stephen Bathori, 4, 642.
• the German population of, 5, 3.
• Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation forbidden in, 5, 332.
• the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Posidonius, Nicanor’s envoy to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.
• Posidonius, Stoic philosopher, maligns Judaism, 2, 178.
• Posquières, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 399.
• Potocki, Polish general, delivered to the Tartars by the Cossacks, 5, 7.
• Potocki, the house of, controls Cossack colonization, 5, 3.
• Prague, Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 80.
• rabbis of, Poles, 5, 206.
• refuses to admit Chayon, 5, 231.
• Eibeschütz as teacher in, 5, 249.
• occupied by Charles VII, 5, 251.
• appoints no rabbi, 5, 566.
• the Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.
• Prague, the Jews of, suffering of, during the first crusade, 3, 305.
• charged with host desecration, 4, 164–6.
• massacred, 4, 165.
• attacked on account of the Alenu prayer, 4, 178.
• plundered, 4, 417.
• lack of rabbinical learning among, 4, 418.
• exiled by Ferdinand I, 4, 544, 586.
• deprived of their prayer books, 4, 584.
• suffer from fire, 4, 585.
• in bad repute, 4, 585–6.
• appeal to Pius IV, 4, 586.
• recalled, 4, 587.
• submit disputes to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.
• number of, in the seventeenth century, 4, 694.
• accuse Lipmann Heller, 4, 704–5.
• participation of, in the Thirty Years’ War, 4, 707.
• suffering of, on being banished, 5, 252.
• restrictions against, 5, 253.
• welcome Joseph II’s reforms, 5, 370.
• establish a secular school, 5, 371.
• modify their divine service, 5, 582.
• Prayer, the order of, introduced by the Sopherim, 1, 401.
• mystical importance of, in the Kabbala, 3, 553–4.
• book, Karaite, 4, 71.
• devotion in, emphasized in Lurya’s Kabbala, 4, 626.
• See also Liturgy, the.
• “Prayer Book for Israelites,” compiled by the Reform Temple Union in Hamburg, 5, 673.
• the use of, forbidden by Chacham Bernays, 5, 673.
• Prayer books. See under Confiscation; Liturgy.
• Prayers, penitential, commemorating the Cossack massacres, 5, 13.
• Prayers for rain, 2, 492, 541–2, 579.
• Prayers, set, introduced by Gamaliel II, 2, 363.
• See also Liturgy, the.
• Press, the, censorship of, introduced by Caraffa, 4, 563.
• Prester John, alluded to, 4, 368.
• Preteau, president of the National Assembly, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 440–1.
• Priesthood, the, defended by Jesus Sirach, 1, 440–1.
• Priests, the, at Shiloh, 1, 57.
• under Samuel, 1, 79.
• under Ahaz abet licentiousness and idolatry, 1, 261.
• recalled to the Temple under Josiah, 1, 289.
• instigate an attack on Jeremiah, 1, 302–3.
• carry the Pentateuch into captivity with them, 1, 334.
• abandon the Temple after the sack of Jerusalem by Apollonius, 1, 454.
• re-instated by the Maccabees, 1, 473.
• members of the Hellenist party, 1, 489.
• fugitive, officiate in the Temple of Onias, 1, 508.
• See also Aaronides, the; High priests, the; Levites, the.
• Primates, heads of the Jewish communities of Palestine, 2, 612, 613.
• Primo, Samuel, private secretary of Sabbataï Zevi, accompanies him to Smyrna, 5, 133.
• spreads abroad the Messiah’s fame, 5, 137.
• wishes to modify the Rabbinical system, 5, 142.
• abolishes the Fast of Tebeth, 5, 143.
• accompanies Sabbataï to Constantinople, 5, 146.
• spreads reports of Sabbataï’s reception at Constantinople, 5, 147–8.
• accompanies Sabbataï to his Abydos prison, 5, 148.
• proposes capital punishment for the Kofrim, 5, 150.
• abolishes the Fast of Tammuz, 5, 151.
• clings to Sabbataï after his apostasy, 5, 156.
• proves Sabbataï the true Messiah through his conversion, 5, 157–8.
• and Chayim Malach, 5, 213.
• and Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 216.
• Prince, title of the president of the Synhedrion, 2, 334.
• “Prince and the Dervish, The,” moral romance by Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï, 3, 388, 560.
• Princes of the Captivity, the. See Exilarchate, the; Exilarchs, the.
• Printing, the art of, among the Jews of Italy in the fifteenth century, 4, 289.
• Printing presses, Hebrew, in Italy, 4, 289.
• in Prague, 4, 418.
• at Isny, 4, 474.
• at Ferrara closed, 4, 580.
• of the Soncin family, 4, 586.
• established by Reyna Nassi, 4, 628.
• in Amsterdam, 4, 675.
• in Altona, 5, 255.
• in Berlin, 5, 416.
• Priscus, name borne by Gallic Jews, 3, 36.
• Procopius, historian, on the bravery of the Jews of Naples, 3, 32.
• Procurator, the, title of the representative of Imperial Rome in Judæa, 2, 128.
• duties of, 2, 129.
• installs the high priests, 2, 129.
• Procurators of Judæa, the, list of:
• Ambivius, Marcus
• Albinus,
• Coponius,
• Cumanus,
• Fadus, Cuspius
• Felix,
• Festus,
• Florus, Gessius
• Gratus, Valerius
• Pilate, Pontius
• Rufus, Annius
• Tiberius Julius Alexander.
• See also Judæa, the Roman governors of; Syria, the Roman governors of.
• Profiat (Profatius). See Jacob ben Machir Tibbon.
• Profiat Duran (Isaac ben Moses, Efodi), Marrano, scholar, returns to Judaism, 4, 188.
• attacks Christianity, 4, 188–90, 235.
• commentaries, mathematical work, and grammar by, 4, 191.
• Prophecies, the, before the exile, summed up, 1, 335.
• Prophecy, meaning of, 1, 14–15.
• displaced by the written law, 1, 385.
• as explained in the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 482–3.
• in Maimonides’ system, 3, 523.
• “Prophet of Samaria,” Elisha, 1, 218.
• Prophet, the, of the Captivity, Isaiah the Babylonian, 1, 345.
• Prophets, the, activity of, under Jehoiakim, 1, 301.
• characteristics of, 5, 719.
• Prophets, the associations of, 1, 205.
• development of, under Jeroboam II, 1, 234.
• Prophets, the, the writings of, carried into the Babylonian exile, 1, 334.
• collected by the Sopherim, 1, 400.
• rejected by the Samaritans, 1, 400.
• Chaldaic translation of, 2, 131.
• translated into Chaldaic by Joseph ben Chiya, 2, 581–2.
• commentaries on, by Joseph Kara, 3, 346.
• contain philosophical doctrines, 3, 479.
• Prophets, the, list of:
• Ahijah of Shilo,
• Amos,
• Deborah,
• Elijah,
• Elisha,
• Ezekiel,
• Gad,
• Habakkuk,
• Haggai,
• Hosea (I),
• Hosea (II),
• Huldah,
• Isaiah, son of Amoz,
• Isaiah the Babylonian,
• Jeremiah,
• Joel,
• Jonah,
• Malachi,
• Micah (II),
• Michaiah (Micah I),
• Moses,
• Nathan,
• Obadiah,
• Shemaiah,
• Uriah,
• Zechariah I,
• Zechariah II,
• Zephaniah.
• “Prophets of the Old Testament, The,” by Ewald, 5, 696.
• Prophets, the Earlier, four historical books in the Scriptures, 1, 400.
• commentary on, by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342–3.
• Prophets, the false, under Ahaz, 1, 262.
• under Manasseh, 1, 283.
• under Jehoiakim, 1, 300.
• instigate an attack upon Jeremiah, 1, 302–3.
• urge Zedekiah to revolt, 1, 310.
• Prophets, the Later, fifteen prophetical books in the Scriptures, 1, 400.
• Prophets, the Twelve, commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373.
• “Proposals in Favor of the Jews,” pamphlet by Grégoire, 5, 437.
• Prosbol, the statute concerning debts, enacted under Hillel, 2, 100.
• Proselytes, standing of, according to Ezra, 1, 367.
• various authorities on the admission of, 2, 384–5.
• true, in the daily prayers, 2, 384.
• severely treated by Domitian, 2, 388–9.
• under Nerva, 2, 391–2.
• See also Circumcision; Conversions to Judaism.
• Proselytes, list of:
• Fulvia, Roman patrician, 2, 136, 215.
• the royal house of Adiabene, 2, 194, 216–19.
• Polemon of Cilicia, 2, 235.
• Aziz of Emesa, 2, 235.
• Akylas, 2, 385.
• Clemens, Flavius, 2, 387.
• the inhabitants of Machuza, 2, 507, 586–8.
• Issor, 2, 587–8.
• Abraham, a monk, 3, 21.
• the kings of the Jewish-Himyarite empire, 3, 51.
• Arab tribes before the sixth century, 3, 61.
• Abu-Kariba, 3, 62–3.
• Harith Ibn-Amru, 3, 63.
• the Kendites, 3, 63.
• Waraka Ibn-Naufal, 3, 71.
• the Chazars, 3, 139–41.
• Bodo, bishop, 3, 168–70.
• Wecelinus, chaplain, 3, 245.
• the inhabitants of the Moshic hills in Armenia, 3, 439–40.
• a dignitary of the Church in England, 3, 516.
• Redingge, Robert de, 3, 640–1.
• La Asumção, Diogo de, 4, 668–70.
• Speeth, John Peter, 5, 177–8.
• See also Circumcision; Conversions to Judaism.
• Proselytism, Manasseh ben Israel exonerates the Jews from, 5, 42.
• Prosnitz, Chayon at, 5, 218.
• Protection-Jews (Schutz-Juden), in Hamburg, 4, 688.
• Mendelssohn one of the, 5, 304.
• an insulting epithet in Westphalia, 5, 500.
• in Lübeck, 5, 506.
• abolished in Prussia, 5, 507.
• Protestant Reformation, the. See Reformation, the Protestant.
• Protestantism hostile to the Jews, 4, 552.
• Provence, the Talmudists of, use the works of Maimonides, 3, 624.
• French Jews expelled by Philip IV, settle in, 4, 49.
• Marranos flee to, from the Inquisition, 4, 318.
• Provence, the Jews of, dependent on vassal princes, 3, 242.
• culture of, in the twelfth century, 3, 373, 389–91.
• use Jacob Anatoli’s Malmed, 3, 566.
• neglect Jewish studies, 4, 133.
• persecuted in 1392, 4, 173.
• presented to the Church, 4, 175.
• Proverbs, the, collected and amplified under Hezekiah, 1, 279.
• carried into the Babylonian exile, 1, 335.
• produced during the exile, 1, 341.
• Provost, title of the chief Jewish officer in France in the twelfth century, 3, 343.
• Prussia, the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.
• at war with Austria, 5, 251.
• willing to grant citizenship to the Jews, 5, 518.
• protects the Frankfort Jews, 5, 520.
• hatred of Jews in, 5, 524–5.
• in the Quadruple Alliance, 5, 658.
• Prussia, the Jews of, under Frederick I, 5, 190–1.
• prejudice aroused against, 5, 191.
• the “general privilege” issued for, 5, 304.
• make efforts to obtain political rights, 5, 414–16.
• restrictions against, 5, 415.
• decay of morality among, 5, 419–20, 422.
• apostasy among, 5, 420.
• continued abasement of, 5, 461.
• freed from the poll-tax, 5, 464.
• mourn over the national defeats, 5, 495.
• patriotism of, 5, 507.
• partial emancipation of, 5, 507.
• in the French wars, 5, 511, 518.
• the emancipation of, a dead letter, 5, 524.
• laws for, 5, 524.
• restricted in commerce, 5, 524–5.
• forbidden to bear Christian names, 5, 630.
• Prynne, William, publishes an anti-Jewish pamphlet, 5, 45–6.
• Psalm, at the celebration of Passover in Jerusalem, 1, 295–6.
• of the return from the Captivity, 1, 352.
• LXXII, commentary on, by Juan de España, 4, 233.
• Psalms, composed in celebration of Sennacherib’s failure, 1, 278.
• in honor of Hezekiah, 1, 279.
• penitential, originate among the Babylonian exiles, 1, 337.
• produced during the Captivity, 1, 340.
• Psalms, the, carried into the Babylonian exile, 1, 335.
• introduced into the Temple service, 1, 401.
• homiletic exposition of, by Cassiodorus, 3, 31.
• the singing of, at Jewish funerals forbidden, 3, 47.
• certain of, attributed to a late period by Moses Ibn-G’ikatilia, 3, 290.
• commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373.
• translated into Spanish by Templo, 5, 115.
• translated into Spanish by Lopez Laguna, 5, 203.
• imitated by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 234.
• Mendelssohn’s translation of, 5, 335.
• translated by Sachs, 5, 693.
• Psammetich, king of Egypt, propitiates the Scythians, 1, 287.
• Psusennes, king of Egypt, Solomon marries the daughter of, 1, 161.
• Psychics. See Gnosticism.
• Ptolemais. See Accho.
• Ptolemy, of Chalcis, protects Aristobulus II’s family, 2, 75.
• son-in-law of Aristobulus II, 2, 75.
• conspires against Herod and Phasael, 2, 80–1.
• Ptolemy I Soter, of Egypt, conquers Cœlesyria, 1, 416.
• opposed by Antigonus, 1, 417.
• defeats Antigonus, 1, 417–18.
• protects the Judæans, 1, 418.
• Ptolemy II Philadelphus, of Egypt, threatens to divide Judæa among foreign colonists, 1, 423.
• and the Septuagint, 1, 514.
• Ptolemy III Euergetes, of Egypt, makes Joseph tax-gatherer, 1, 425.
• Ptolemy IV Philopator, of Egypt, retains Joseph, son of Tobiah, in office, 1, 425.
• defeats Antiochus the Great, 1, 426.
• introduces bacchanalian revelries, 1, 428.
• son of, 1, 429.
• favors Hyrcanus, 1, 430.
• death of, 1, 432.
• Ptolemy V Epiphanes, of Egypt, Cœlesyria re-conquered for, 1, 433.
• makes Hyrcanus governor of trans-Jordanic territory, 1, 437.
• Ptolemy VI Philometor, of Egypt, treaty of, with Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 450.
• proclaimed king, 1, 452.
• daughter of, marries Alexander Balas, 1, 496.
• receives Onias IV kindly, 1, 506.
• ally of Demetrius I, 1, 506.
• struggle of, with Ptolemy Physcon, 1, 506–7.
• assisted by the Judæans, 1, 507.
• presents Onias IV with land for a Temple, 1, 508.
• permits Onias IV to fortify his Temple, 1, 510.
• entrusts the Egyptian ports to Onias IV, 1, 510.
• causes a Greek translation of the Law to be made, 1, 510–11.
• appoints a conference between the Judæans and the Samaritans, 1, 517.
• death of, 1, 518.
• heir of, slain, 1, 518.
• Ptolemy VII Physcon, of Egypt, proclaimed king, 1, 450.
• reconciled with his brother, 1, 452.
• conspires against Ptolemy VI, 1, 506, 507.
• Cyrene given to, 1, 507.
• marries Cleopatra, his brother’s widow, 1, 518.
• cruelty of, 1, 518–19.
• revenge of, on the Judæans, 1, 519.
• as author, 1, 519.
• supports Alexander Zabina, 2, 6.
• Ptolemy VIII Lathurus, of Egypt, aids Antiochus IX, 2, 10–11.
• flees from Alexandria, 2, 12.
• defeats Alexander Jannæus, 2, 40.
• ravages Judæa, 2, 40.
• retreats to Cyprus, 2, 41.
• Ptolemy, astronomer, work of, translated into Arabic, 3, 146.
• Ptolemy, brother of Nicolaus of Damascus, and Herod’s will, 2, 119.
• Ptolemy ben Habub, son-in-law of Simon Tharsi, governor of Jericho, 1, 530.
• assassinates Simon Tharsi at Dok, 1, 530.
• meditates treachery against John Hyrcanus, 1, 530–1.
• shuts himself up in Dok, 1, 531.
• besieged by John Hyrcanus, 2, 2–3.
• Ptolemy, son of Dorymenes, general under Lysias, 1, 466.
• Ptolemy Macron, advocate of the Judæans at the Syrian court, 1, 476–7, 478.
• Publicans, the, addressed by Jesus, 2, 152.
• Pucci, Antonio, cardinal of Santiquatro, grand penitentiary of the pope, instrumental in the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507.
• on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.
• opposed to the Marranos, 4, 516.
• Pucci, Lorenzo, grand penitentiary of the pope, attached to Molcho, 4, 503.
• opposes the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 505.
• death of, 4, 507.
• Puffendorf, John, interested in the Karaites, 5, 183.
• Pul, king of Assyria, invades the kingdom of Israel, 1, 246–7.
• Menahem of Israel submits to, 1, 247.
• Pulcelina, innocently causes a persecution of the Jews of Blois, 3, 379.
• saved by Theobald of Chartres, 3, 379.
• death of, 3, 380.
• Pumbeditha, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.
• Pumbeditha, capital of Jewish Babylonia, description of, 2, 506.
• cunning of the inhabitants of, 2, 506.
• homage paid at, to the Exilarchs, 2, 607.
• Pumbeditha, the academy of, superior to the Palestinian academies, 2, 532.
• founded by Judah ben Ezekiel, 2, 545, 549.
• pre-eminence of, 2, 549–50.
• method pursued at, 2, 574–5.
• numerical strength of, 2, 576–7.
• prosperity of, under Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.
• fund established for, 2, 580.
• generosity of Ifra-Ormuzd to, 2, 581.
• under Abayi Nachmani, 2, 584–5.
• produces the Talmud, 2, 591.
• rise of, 2, 593.
• during Ashi’s time, 2, 606.
• closed under Hormisdas IV, 3, 8.
• re-opened under Bahram Tshubin, 3, 9.
• prosperity of, under Chosru II, 3, 9.
• districts under the jurisdiction of, 3, 98.
• quarrels in, about the principalship, 3, 155–6.
• gains by the decline of the Exilarchate, 3, 177, 183.
• independent of the Exilarch, 3, 177.
• claims an increase of revenue, 3, 184.
• inferior to Sora, 3, 193.
• importance of, under Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu, 3, 202, 207.
• decay of, under Sherira, 3, 233.
• place of, taken by the Spanish schools, 3, 236.
• dissolution of, 3, 253.
• Isaac Ibn-Sakni teacher at, 3, 285.
• See also Academies, the Babylonian.
• Pumbeditha, the academy of, principals of, poor, 2, 580.
• office of, religious, 3, 93.
• bear the title of Gaon by courtesy, 3, 93, 177.
• elected from among the members of Sora, 3, 94.
• at the installation of an Exilarch, 3, 94–5.
• rank of, 3, 96.
• appoint the judges of their district, 3, 98.
• Pumbeditha, the academy of, the principals of (Geonim), list of:
• Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu,
• Abyi Nachmani,
• Chama of Nahardea,
• Chanan of Iskia,
• Chaninaï,
• Chiskiya,
• Dudaï ben Nachman,
• Haï ben David,
• Haï ben Sherira,
• Huna ben Chiya,
• José,
• Joseph bar Abba,
• Joseph ben Chiya,
• Kohen Zedek II ben Joseph,
• Malka bar Acha,
• Mar-Abraham ben Sherira,
• Mari bar Mar,
• Mar-Raba,
• Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi,
• Nachman ben Isaac,
• Natronaï ben Nehemiah,
• Nehemiah,
• Paltoi ben Abayi,
• Raba bar Joseph bar Chama,
• Rabba bar Nachmani,
• Rabba ben Ami,
• Semuna,
• Sherira ben Chanina,
• Zemach ben Kafnaï.
• Puoto. See Bodo.
• Purgation, the oath of, introduced by Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 556.
• Purgatory, the dogma of, in the Kabbala, 4, 292.
• Purim, pleasantry on, punished by Theodosius II, 2, 620–1.
• treatise on, by Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 4, 63.
• the feast of, ridiculed by Solomon Levi, 4, 185.
• Purim of Cairo, 4, 396.
• Purim-Vincent celebrated in Frankfort, 4, 700.
• Puritans, the, obtain religious liberty for England, 5, 26.
• inspired by the Old Testament, 5, 26.
• regard the Jews kindly, 5, 27.
• Jewish spirit among, 5, 27–8.
• Pyrenees, the, Jews defend the passes of, 3, 45.
• Pyrenees, the Lower, the department of, the Jews of, excepted from Napoleon’s restrictive laws, 5, 499.
• Q
• Quadratus, Church teacher, demonstrates the independence of Christianity from Judaism, 2, 431.
• Quadratus, Umidius, governor of Syria, arbiter between Judæans and Samaritans, 2, 244.
• Quadruple Alliance, the, against France, 5, 658.
• Quemadero, place of burning, in Seville, 4, 317.
• Querido, Jacob. See Jacob Querido.
• Quietus, Lucius, Trajan’s commander in the district of the Euphrates, 2, 397.
• lays waste Babylonian towns, 2, 398.
• governor of Palestine, 2, 399.
• desired by Trajan as his successor, 2, 399.
• war of, in Judæa, 2, 400–1.
• destroys the Synhedrion in Jamnia, 2, 400.
• removal of, asked by the Jews, 2, 400–1.
• execution of, 2, 401.
• Quinon, Denis, receiver-general of taxes in Languedoc, 4, 132.
• Quirinius, governor of Syria, instructions of, with regard to Judæa, 2, 129.
• deposes the high priest, 2, 135.
• R
• Rab. See Abba Areka.
• Raba. See Mar-Raba.
• Raba bar Joseph bar Chama (299–352), Babylonian Amora, 2, 560.
• informed of calendar changes, 2, 571.
• disciple of Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 575, 580.
• proposed as principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 583.
• precocity of, 2, 584.
• rival of Abayi Nachmani, 2, 584–5.
• dialectics of, 2, 585, 591.
• principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 585.
• characteristics of, 2, 585–6.
• rebukes Zeïra II, 2, 586.
• and the Machuzan marriages, 2, 587.
• covetousness of, 2, 587–8.
• heartlessness of, 2, 588.
• partiality of, in applying the Law, 2, 588–9, 628.
• and Benjamin Assia, 2, 590.
• discourses of, popular, 2, 590.
• method of, 2, 590–1.
• authority of, 2, 591.
• prevents persecutions, 2, 591–2.
• punished by Shabur II for exercising criminal jurisdiction, 2, 592.
• assisted by Ifra-Ormuzd, 2, 592.
• death of, 2, 593, 602.
• Rab Abba. See Rabba bar Huna.
• Rabaï of Rob, a Saburean, 3, 5.
• Rabba bar Abbahu, a Babylonian Amora, 2, 545.
• Rabba bar Chana, authorized by Judah I to teach, 2, 454.
• Rabba bar Huna (Rab Abba, 309–320), principal of the Sora academy, 2, 548, 583.
• modesty of, 2, 585.
• Rabba bar Matana, Amora, proposed as principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 583.
• Rabba bar Nachmani (270–330), Babylonian Amora, 2, 560.
• dialectics of, 2, 575, 576.
• a member of the family of Eli, 2, 575.
• brothers of, 2, 575–6.
• emigrates to Judæa, 2, 576.
• returns to Babylonia, 2, 576.
• proposed as the principal of the academy of Pumbeditha, 2, 576.
• and Joseph ben Chiya, 2, 577.
• principal of Pumbeditha, 2, 578.
• subjects treated by, 2, 578.
• method of, 2, 578–9.
• position of, among students of the Law, 2, 579.
• rebukes the immorality of the Jews, 2, 579.
• and Mar-Ukban, 2, 579.
• death of, 2, 580–1.
• foster-father of Abayi Nachmani, 2, 583.
• Rabba ben Ami (869–872), Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 178.
• Rabban, title of the president of the Synhedrion in his capacity as teacher of the Law, 2, 335.
• Rabbana, title of honor in Babylonia, 2, 544.
• title given to Ashi, 2, 606.
• Rabbanism, certain features of, adopted by Benjamin Nahavendi, 3, 151.
• Rabbanites, the, partisans of authority, opponents of the Karaites, 3, 134.
• denounce the Karaites as heretics, 3, 134.
• literary unfruitfulness of, in the eighth century, 3, 136.
• antagonistic to science, 3, 149.
• adopt Karaite teachings, 3, 157.
• begin scientific work in the ninth century, 3, 180.
• shunned by the Karaites, 3, 182.
• neglect the Scriptures, 3, 189.
• endeavor to effect a reconciliation with the Karaites, 4, 69–70, 71–2, 270.
• in Jerusalem in the fourteenth century, 4, 74–5.
• teach Karaites, 4, 269–70.
• bigotry of, 4, 403.
• See also Rabbinical Judaism; Talmudical Judaism, etc.
• Rabbath Ammon (Philadelphia), capital of the Ammonites, 1, 126.
• taken by David, 1, 128.
• taken by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.
• refuge of Ptolemy ben Habub, 2, 3.
• Aretas defeated at, 2, 62.
• Rabbenu, title given to Judah II, 2, 480.
• Rabbi. See Judah I ha-Nassi.
• Rabbi, title of a teacher of the Law, 2, 335.
• introduction of the title, 2, 357.
• title given to Judah II, 2, 480.
• Rabbi, chief, of England, functions of, 3, 588.
• “Rabbi of Bacharach,” by Heine, 5, 549–50, 552.
• Rabbinical conference, the, at Brunswick, composition of, 5, 677–8.
• dominated by Holdheim, 5, 678, 681.
• spirit of, 5, 682.
• protests against, 5, 682.
• Rabbinical conference, the, at Frankfort, to ratify the programme of the Berlin Reform Association, 5, 683.
• excitement aroused by, 5, 683–4.
• the orthodox party represented at, 5, 684, 685.
• discusses the abolition of the Hebrew language, 5, 685.
• attitude of, towards the Berlin Reform Association, 5, 685–6.
• Rabbinical Judaism proved to rest on unbroken tradition, 3, 366.
• originates in Jacob Asheri’s code, 4, 89.
• practical, 4, 534.
• beginnings of the criticism of, 5, 55.
• defended by Immanuel Aboab, 5, 55.
• attacked and defended by Leo Modena, 5, 72–4.
• attacked by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 77.
• as viewed by Sabbatians, 5, 142, 143–4.
• guarded by the Kofrim, 5, 144.
• at variance with the Kabbala, 5, 144.
• set at defiance by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 148–9, 152, 159.
• exalted by Richard Simon, 5, 180.
• attacked by Mordecai ben Nissan, 5, 184.
• destruction of, aimed at by Chayim Malach, 5, 214.
• opposed by the Frankists, 5, 274–5.
• scoffed at in Poland, 5, 276.
• opposed by the Kabbala, 5, 277.
• attacked by Mendelssohn’s followers, 5, 371, 375, 379.
• attacked by the Chassidim, 5, 375, 379.
• inadequacy of, 5, 385.
• undermined by Holdheim, 5, 680–1.
• See also Talmudical Judaism.
• Rabbinical literature, studied by Christians, 5, 21–2, 179.
• Rabbinical schools, established in Poland by German exiles, 4, 420. See under Colleges.
• Rabbinical synod, the, of Konstantinov, appeals to Jacob Emden, 5, 277.
• of Lublin, decision of, on cases of supposed death, 5, 13.
• of Mayence, decision of, on commercial honesty, 3, 517.
• of Mayence, on the marriage law, 4, 135.
• of Nuremberg, taxes the Bavarian Jews, 4, 305.
• of Weissenfels, 4, 163.
• of Worms, rejoices over the Dominican defeat, 4, 452–3.
• Rabbinical synod, the first, under the presidency of Jacob Tam, 3, 376–7.
• members of, 3, 377.
• resolutions of, 3, 377.
• Rabbinical synods, instituted, 3, 376–7.
• the Italian, 4, 218.
• See also under Rabbinical conference.
• Rabbis, the, disinterestedness of, in the Middle Ages, 3, 287.
• superior to other religious leaders in the twelfth century, 3, 347.
• high morality of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 162.
• compared with the Christian clergy, 4, 162.
• characteristics of, in the seventeenth century, 5, 200–1.
• of Europe, recruited from Poland, 5, 206.
• lack of culture among, 5, 559.
• not respected, 5, 566.
• Rabbis, lists of:
• of Alexandria:
• Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni,
• Phineas ben Meshullam.
• of Algiers:
• Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat,
• Simon ben Zemach Duran,
• Simon Duran II,
• Solomon Duran.
• of Alkolea de Cinca:
• En-Zag Vidal de Tolosa.
• of Amsterdam:
• Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca,
• Ayllon, Solomon
• Manasseh ben Israel,
• Morteira, Saul Levi
• Musaphia, Benjamin
• Pardo, David
• Pardo, Joseph
• Pardo, Josiah
• Uziel, Isaac
• Vega, Judah
• Weil, Moses
• Zevi Ashkenazi.
• of Arad:
• Chorin, Aaron.
• of Barcelona:
• Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret,
• Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben.
• of Berlin:
• Fränkel, David
• Hirschel, Lewin
• Sachs, Michael
• Wolf, Aaron Benjamin.
• of Béziers:
• Meshullam.
• of Bologna:
• Ishmael Chanina.
• of Breslau:
• Phineas.
• of Brunswick:
• Eger, Samuel.
• of Cairo:
• Algazi, Moses Joseph
• David Ibn-Abi Zimra,
• Moses ben Maimun.
• of Canea:
• Delmedigo, Judah
• Elias ben Elkanah Kapsali.
• of Castile:
• Abraham Senior,
• Meïr Alguades.
• of Casale:
• Baki, Simon.
• of Château-Thierry:
• Samuel ben Solomon.
• of Cuito:
• Nepi, Graziadio.
• of Cologne:
• Eleazer ben Samson.
• of Constantinople:
• Elias Mizrachi,
• Fresco, Moses
• Moses Kapsali.
• of Cordova:
• Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik,
• Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal.
• of Damascus:
• Anteri, Jacob
• Halfen, Azaria
• Halfen, Solomon.
• of Fez:
• Jacob Berab.
• of France:
• Johanan ben Mattathiah Provenci,
• Matthiah ben Joseph Provenci.
• of Frankfort:
• Falk, Jacob Joshua
• Hurwitz, Phineas Levi
• Kahana, Jacob.
• of Germany:
• Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.
• of Gerona:
• Moses ben Nachman.
• of Hamburg:
• Athias, Isaac
• Bernays, Isaac
• Salomon, Gotthold.
• of Jampol:
• Landau, Ezekiel.
• of Jerusalem:
• Levi ben Jacob Chabib,
• Obadiah di Bertinoro.
• of Joigny:
• Menachem ben Perez.
• of Leghorn:
• Cohen, Malachi
• Samun.
• of Lemberg:
• Orenstein, Jacob.
• of London:
• Abendana, Jacob
• Ayllon, Solomon
• Herschel, Solomon
• Jacob,
• Meldola, David
• Nieto, David
• Sasportas, Jacob.
• of Lucena:
• Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi,
• Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi.
• of Mantua:
• Brieli, Jehuda Leon
• Joseph ben Solomon Kolon,
• Judah ben Yechiel,
• Vita, Abraham, di Cologna.
• of Mayence:
• Eleazer ben Nathan,
• Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi.
• of Mecklenburg-Schwerin:
• Holdheim, Samuel.
• of Melun:
• Jehuda ben David.
• of Metz:
• Eibeschütz, Jonathan
• Falk, Jacob Joshua.
• of Minsk:
• Heilprin, Jechiel.
• of Naples:
• David Ibn-Yachya.
• of Navarre:
• Orabuena, Joseph.
• of Neustadt:
• Shalom.
• of Nikolsburg:
• Benet, Mordecai.
• of Nuremberg:
• Sprinz, David.
• of Padua:
• Ghirondi,
• Judah Menz.
• of Palma:
• En-Vidal Ephraim Gerundi.
• of Pampeluna:
• Chayim ben Gallipapa.
• of Paris:
• Yechiel.
• of Perpignan:
• Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meïri.
• of Persia:
• Sar Shalom.
• of Portugal:
• Moses Navarro,
• Simon Maimi.
• of Posen:
• Janow, Hirsch.
• of Prague:
• Avigedor Kara,
• Heller, Lipmann
• Landau, Ezekiel
• Oppenheim, David
• Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda.
• of Presburg:
• Sofer, Moses.
• of Ratisbon:
• Bruna, Israel.
• of Safet:
• Moses ben Jehuda Cohen.
• of Saint Esprit:
• Andrade, Abraham.
• of Saragossa:
• Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat.
• of Sepulveda:
• Solomon Picho.
• of Smyrna:
• Benveniste, Chayim
• Papa, Aaron de la.
• of Strasburg:
• Sinzheim, Joseph David.
• of Tamarica:
• Lagarto, Jacob.
• of Tarnopol:
• Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda.
• of the Three Communities:
• Cohen, Raphael
• Eibeschütz, Jonathan
• Katzenellenbogen, Ezekiel.
• of Toledo:
• Aboab, Isaac
• Asher ben Yechiel,
• Isaac de Leon,
• Jehuda Asheri,
• Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia,
• Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach.
• of Trieste:
• Galaïgo, Joseph Chayim.
• of Tudela:
• Chasdaï ben Solomon.
• of Venice:
• Aboab, Samuel
• Belillos, Jacob
• Cohen, Nehemiah Vital
• Merari, Moses Menachem.
• of Vercelli:
• Segre, Joshua Benzion.
• of Vienna:
• Eskeles, Issachar Berush
• Heller, Lipmann
• Jonah,
• Mannheimer, Isaac Noah
• Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.
• of Worms:
• Kalonymos of Rome.
• of Würzburg:
• Isaac ben Eliakim.
• Rabbis, itinerant:
• Conforte, David
• Moses of Coucy.
• Rabbis, the German, insignificance of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 134–5.
• appointed by order of Sigismund, 4, 227.
• Rabbis, the Spanish, hostile to science, 4, 143.
• slight attainments of, 4, 144.
• Rabed II. See Abraham ben David.
• Rabina (488–499), Amora, principal of the Sora academy, 2, 630.
• completes the Babylonian Talmud, 2, 630–1.
• death of 2, 631.
• Rab-shakeh, Assyrian official sent to Hezekiah, 1, 274–5.
• Rachel, wife of Akiba, 2, 351, 355.
• Rachel Formosa, mistress of Alfonso the Noble, 3, 386.
• Radziwill, prince, employs Joseph Delmedigo as physician, 5, 76.
• Ragesh (Razis), demanded as hostage by Nicanor, 1, 485.
• Ragoczi, Prince of Transylvania, ill-uses the Jews of Poland, 5, 15.
• Raimuch, Astruc. See Astruc Raimuch.
• Ralbag. See Levi ben Gerson.
• Ramadhan, the fast of, instituted by Mahomet, 3, 75.
• Ramah, home of Samuel, 1, 73.
• meeting of elders at, 1, 78.
• David at, 1, 96–7.
• taken and fortified by Baasha, 1, 191.
• re-conquered by Asa, 1, 191.
• Jeremiah released at, 1, 320.
• Ramathaim, taken by the Samaritans, 1, 410.
• Rambam. See Moses ben Maimun.
• Ramban. See Moses ben Nachman.
• Rameru, the Jews of, attacked during the second crusade, 3, 355–6.
• center of Talmud study, 3, 403.
• Rameses, rallying place of the Israelites on leaving Egypt, 1, 17.
• Rami, brother of Judah ben Ezekiel, his critic and opponent, 2, 550–1.
• Ramon Berengar IV, unites Aragon and Catalonia, 3, 387.
• Ramoth-Gilead taken by Ben-hadad II, 1, 205, 206.
• Jehu made king of Israel at, 1, 210.
• Ramson, defender of the Jews, 5, 470.
• Raphael, the healer, name of an angel, 1, 403.
• Raphia, Antiochus the Great defeated at, 1, 426.
• south-western limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda (1790–1867), founder of the Galician school, 5, 607.
• disciple of Krochmal, 5, 610.
• descent of, 5, 610.
• learning of, 5, 610–11.
• and Erter, 5, 614.
• makes pilgrimages to Krochmal, 5, 614, 617.
• excommunicated, 5, 614.
• rabbinical appointments of, 5, 615, 619.
• style of, 5, 617.
• influence of Krochmal on, 5, 617–18.
• devotes himself to biographical research, 5, 618–19.
• the father of Jewish science, 5, 619.
• system of, used by Zunz, 5, 620.
• contributor to the Kerem Chemed, 5, 621–2.
• inspires Luzzatto, 5, 624.
• influence of, on Sachs, 5, 690.
• Rashba. See Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret.
• Rashbam. See Samuel ben Meïr.
• Rashi. See Solomon Yizchaki.
• Rastadt, the Peace Congress at, to abolish the poll-tax on Dutch Jews in Germany, 5, 458.
• “Summons” addressed to, by Michael Berr, 5, 460.
• addressed by Christians on the subject of Jewish emancipation, 5, 463.
• Rationalists, Mahometan. See Mutazilist.
• Ratisbon, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.
• council of, protects the Jews during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
• under the ban of the empire, 4, 305.
• fined by the emperor, 4, 306.
• Molcho and Reubeni at, 4, 510.
• Ratisbon, the diet at, refuses to form a crusade against the Turks, 4, 267–8.
• petitioned in behalf of the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 465.
• petition to, supported by the Austrian representative, 5, 466.
• Ratisbon, the Jews of, suffer during the first crusade, 3, 305.
• privileges granted to, 3, 635.
• not permitted to appear on the street at Easter, 3, 635.
• saved from the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 36.
• protected from persecution, 4, 99.
• contributions exacted from, 4, 254.
• brutal treatment of, 4, 258–9.
• held in high esteem, 4, 300.
• morality of, 4, 300.
• claimed by various parties, 4, 300.
• appeal to the Hussites for protection, 4, 301.
• slandered by apostates, 4, 301–2.
• imprisoned on the blood accusation, 4, 304.
• assisted by the Bavarian Jews, 4, 305.
• protected by Frederick III, 4, 305–6.
• released, 4, 306.
• refuse to pay unjust fines, 4, 306–7.
• strained relations between, and the Christians, 4, 416–17.
• threatened with expulsion, 4, 417.
• send a defender of their cause to Maximilian I, 4, 436–7.
• the extermination of, suggested by Pfefferkorn, 4, 463.
• Ratisbonne family, the, culture of, 5, 476.
• Ratti Menton, French consul in Damascus, opponent of the Jews, 5, 633.
• appealed to, to search for the murderer of Tomaso, 5, 635.
• suspects the Damascus Jews of Tomaso’s murder, 5, 635.
• employs a spy against the Jews, 5, 635.
• cross-examines Jewish suspects, 5, 636.
• orders the Jewish suspects to be tortured, 5, 637–8.
• hushes up evidence in favor of the Jews, 5, 637.
• abetted by the European consuls, 5, 639.
• has an anti-Jewish book circulated, 5, 639.
• pronounces the Jews guilty of Tomaso’s murder, 5, 640.
• publishes the Damascus affair in French journals, 5, 643.
• deceives the vice-consul of France, 5, 645.
• conduct of, described in the Austrian report, 5, 646.
• excluded from the consular court of justice, 5, 649.
• defended by Thiers, 5, 650, 659.
• accused by Isambert, 5, 650.
• shielded by Cochelet, 5, 660.
• Ravenna, a Jewish community in, under the Ostrogoths, 3, 28.
• asks for Jewish bankers, 4, 286.
• Ravensburg, the Jews of, burnt on the blood accusation, 4, 227.
• Rawitz, the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Raymond V, of Toulouse, the Jews of Bourg de St. Gilles under, 3, 399.
• Raymond VI, of Toulouse, persecuted by Innocent III, 3, 400.
• reproached with employing Jews, 3, 501.
• forced to promise not to employ Jews, 3, 501–2, 503.
• laid under the ban, 3, 503.
• deposition of, 3, 508, 509.
• Raymond VII, of Toulouse, victorious over the crusaders, 3, 513.
• promotes Jews to offices, 3, 514.
• Raymund Roger, of Béziers, during the Albigensian crusade, 3, 502, 503.
• Raymund Trencaval, count of Béziers, the Jews under, 3, 394.
• assassination of, 3, 394–5.
• “Raza di Yechuda,” by Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 217.
• Razi, Arabic medical authority, taught by a Jew, 3, 146.
• Razio. See Ragesh.
• Reaction, the, in France under the Bourbons, 5, 596.
• Reactionary movement, the, in Germany, 5, 508–9.
• after Napoleon’s fall, 5, 512–13.
• Real estate, Jews of Visigothic Spain forbidden by Egica to hold, 3, 107–8.
• owned by Jews in France in the tenth century, 3, 242.
• German Jews under the Saxon emperors forbidden to own, 3, 242.
• owned by German and French Jews in the eleventh century, 3, 281, 297.
• owned by French Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 343.
• owned by Silesian Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 418.
• owned by the Jews of Tyre, 3, 426.
• Jews forbidden to buy, from Christians, 3, 592.
• acquired by Jews in Castile, 4, 193.
• Silesian Jews forbidden to own, 4, 260.
• owned by Jews in Poland, 4, 419.
• Jews forbidden to own in Hamburg, 4, 688.
• Jews forbidden by Paul IV to own, 4, 566–7.
• Reason, the religion of, established in France, 5, 450–1.
• and the Jews, 5, 451–2.
• Rebbe, leader of a Chassidistic group, 5, 392, 393.
• subordinate to the Zaddik, 5, 393.
• Recanate, the Jews of, annoyed by apostates, 4, 581.
• Reccared, Visigothic king, hostile to the Jews, 3, 34, 46–7.
• commended by Pope Gregory I, 3, 46.
• laws of, fall into desuetude, 3, 47.
• Receiver-general of taxes for the Jews of France, 4, 130, 132.
• See also Taxes, farmers of.
• Receswinth, Visigothic king, forces Christianity upon the Jews, 3, 102–4.
• forbids Christians to befriend Jews, 3, 104.
• Recha, character in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 324.
• Rechabites, the, Nazarites, 1, 200.
• descendants of, in Chaibar, 3, 55.
• Recife, Jews settle in, 4, 693.
• siege of, 4, 694.
• Red Sea, the, passage of the Israelites through, 1, 18–19.
• Redemption, the dogma of, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.
• attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.
• Redingge, Robert de, Dominican, converted to Judaism, 3, 640–1.
• “Reflections,” by Isaac Pinto, 5, 344–5.
• Reform Association, the, of Berlin, founded by Stern, 5, 683.
• programme of, 5, 683.
• and the Frankfort rabbinical conference, 5, 683–4.
• partially condemned by the conference, 5, 685–6.
• forms itself into a congregation, 5, 686.
• innovations of, 5, 686–7.
• antagonized by Michael Sachs, 5, 687.
• Reform of Judaism, the, difficulties in the way of, 5, 559–60.
• begins in Germany, 5, 560.
• objections to, by the orthodox, 5, 561, 571.
• undertaken by Jacobson, 5, 561–2.
• protests against, 5, 562.
• encouraged in Berlin, 5, 563.
• interfered with by Frederick William III, 5, 563.
• Hamburg made the center of, 5, 563–5.
• in Leipsic, 5, 573.
• in various places, 5, 573.
• in Vienna, 5, 580.
• advocated by Zunz, 5, 621.
• Geiger devoted to, 5, 626.
• opposition to, 5, 627.
• forced upon German Jews, 5, 628.
• attitude of the school of, 5, 629–30.
• progress of, in Hamburg, 5, 672–4.
• causes a rupture among German Jews, 5, 674.
• in Frankfort, 5, 674–7.
• discussed at rabbinical conferences, 5, 677.
• in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 5, 679.
• in Breslau, 5, 682–3.
• in Berlin, 5, 682–3, 686–7.
• Frankel’s attitude towards, 5, 684–5.
• attitude of Sachs to, 5, 689.
• in the United States, 5, 702.
• Reform of Judaism, the moderate, Bernays exponent of, 5, 574–8.
• Mannheimer exponent of, 5, 578–82.
• in Germany, France, and Italy, 5, 582.
• Reform party, the, in Judaism, beginning of, 5, 563.
• leaders of, 5, 568.
• cause of, advanced by Jacobson and Libermann, 5, 568–9.
• joined by Aaron Chorin, 5, 569.
• Reform Temple Union, the, in Hamburg, origin of, 5, 564.
• principles of, 5, 565.
• achievements of, 5, 565.
• produces a split in Judaism, 5, 565–6.
• aided by Jacobson, 5, 568.
• liturgy of, approved by some authorities, 5, 569.
• action of the Hamburg Dayanim against, 5, 570.
• supported by Lazarus Riesser, 5, 570.
• innovations of, declared heterodox, 5, 571.
• branches of, 5, 573.
• members of, belong to the Society for Culture, 5, 584.
• precipitates a quarrel, 5, 672.
• compiles a new prayer book, 5, 672–3.
• charges of, against Bernays, 5, 673.
• Reformation, the Protestant, in Germany, 4, 422.
• affected by the Talmud, 4, 423.
• affected by the study of Hebrew, 4, 434.
• beginnings of, 4, 467.
• pantomime on, 4, 468.
• spread of, 4, 469.
• effect of, on the Jews, 4, 470–1.
• effect of, on Judaism, 4, 471.
• results of, 4, 540–3.
• influence of, in Poland, 4, 633.
• in Poland and Lithuania, 4, 646–7.
• effect of, on the Jews of Poland, 4, 647–8.
• Reggio, Italian Jewish scholar, 5, 622.
• Reggio, Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.
• Isaac (II) Abrabanel, physician at, 4, 385.
• Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.
• Jews invited to settle in, 4, 675.
• Mordecai of Eisenstadt in, 5, 209.
• Regnault, French state councilor, advocates Jewish emancipation, 5, 480–1.
• Rehoboam, son of Solomon, 1, 177.
• undisputed succession of, 1, 179.
• lacks ability, 1, 179–80.
• and the rebellious Shechemites, 1, 180–1.
• flees from Shechem, 1, 182.
• makes a treaty with the king of Damascus, 1, 183.
• fortifies Jerusalem, 1, 184.
• defeated by Shishak, 1, 184–5.
• indifference of, 1, 188.
• permits Astarte worship, 1, 188–9.
• end of the reign of, 1, 189.
• Reign of Terror, the, suffering of the Jews under, 5, 450.
• end of, 5, 452.
• Reimarus, Eliza, friend of Lessing, 5, 320.
• collects subscriptions for Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 329.
• brother-in-law of, 5, 333.
• Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, predecessor of, 5, 179.
• rejects revealed religion, 5, 319–20.
• work by, published by Lessing, 5, 320–3.
• Reïs, Arabic word for Nagid, 3, 443.
• Reischer, Nehemiah, excommunicated by Chayim of Lublin, 5, 261.
• Release, the year of. See Sabbatical year, the.
• Relics, the miracle working power of, discussed by the Jews of France, 3, 343.
• Religious offices, not to be accepted from Christians, 3, 518.
• “Religious Poetry of the Jews in Spain,” by Sachs, 5, 693–4.
• Rembrandt, supplies engravings for a work by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 38.
• Remonstrants, the, a religious party in Holland, 4, 673.
• complain of the Jews, 4, 673, 674.
• Renaissance, the, of the Jewish race, 5, 291–2.
• Renaissance of Judaism, the, consequences of, 5, 374–5.
• description of, 5, 589–90, 591–2.
• shaped by Poland, 5, 607.
• Rephaim, the original inhabitants of Canaan, 1, 2.
• Rephidim, station of the Israelites on their journey through the desert, 1, 21.
• Resettlement, the, of the Jews in England. See under England.
• Resh-Galutha. See Exilarch.
• Resh-Kalla, title of the professors in Babylonia, 2, 547.
• title of the chief of the Kairuan community, 3, 210.
• title given to Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 217.
• Resh-Lakish. See Simon ben Lakish.
• Resh-Metibta, director of the school sessions in Babylonia, 2, 547.
• Resh-Sidra, principal of a school, 2, 512.
• “Restorers of the Law,” Simon ben Shetach and Judah ben Tabbaï, 2, 49.
• Resurrection of the dead, the, a foreign element in the divine service, 1, 401, 405–6.
• and the apostle Paul, 2, 225–6.
• bodily, denied by the Tiflisites, 3, 158.
• as taught by Maimonides and his disciples, 3, 475–6, 487–8.
• treatise on, by Samuel ben Ali, 3, 476.
• treatise on, by Maimonides, 3, 488.
• Retribution, the doctrine of, among the Pharisees, 2, 18.
• among the Sadducees, 2, 21.
• according to the Mishna, 2, 472–3.
• in the Kabbala, 3, 555.
• Return from the Captivity, the, 1, 351–6.
• “Return of the Jewish Warrior, The,” painting by Oppenheim, 5, 601.
• “Return of the Jews, The,” by Isaac La Peyrère, 5, 25.
• Reubell, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441, 448.
• Reuben, the tribe of, asks for land east of the Jordan, 1, 29–30.
• harassed by the Moabites, 1, 125.
• district of, taken by Hazael, 1, 220.
• descendants of, in Chaibar, 3, 437.
• Reubeni, David. See David Reubeni.
• Reuchlin, John (Capnion, 1455–1522), suggested as Pfefferkorn’s coadjutor, 4, 431–2.
• rôle of, in the Protestant Reformation, 4, 432.
• as a humanist, 4, 432.
• studies Hebrew, 4, 433.
• writes a panegyric on the Hebrew language, 4, 433–4.
• taught by Obadiah di Sforno, 4, 434, 473.
• compiles a Hebrew grammar, 4, 434.
• disciples of, 4, 434.
• prejudice of, against Jews, 4, 435.
• charges the Jews with blasphemy, 4, 435.
• honors conferred upon, 4, 435.
• discredited with the Dominicans, 4, 435–6.
• invited to join Pfefferkorn, 4, 436.
• appointed to direct the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.
• issues an opinion favorable to Jewish literature, 4, 441–3.
• advises the teaching of Hebrew at German universities, 4, 443.
• declares the Jews entitled to the privileges of the Holy Roman empire, 4, 443.
• defends the Jews from the charge of heresy, 4, 443–4.
• opinion of, on Jewish literature opened by Pfefferkorn, 4, 445.
• complains to Maximilian I of Pfefferkorn, 4, 446.
• publishes the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 446–8.
• charged with having been bribed to defend the Talmud, 4, 447.
• summoned to answer the charge of heresy, 4, 450.
• charges against, 4, 450–1.
• appears in Mayence, 4, 451.
• execution of the judgment against, delayed, 4, 452.
• appeals to Leo X, 4, 453, 454.
• examination of, ordered by Leo X, 4, 454.
• appears in Speyer, 4, 454.
• exonerated, 4, 455.
• enemies of, 4, 456.
• adherents of, 4, 456–7.
• excused from appearing at Rome, 4, 458.
• Maximilian I intercedes for, 4, 458–9.
• cause of, in Paris, 4, 459–60.
• supposed author of the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 462.
• cause of, submitted to the fifth Lateran Council, 4, 464.
• cause of, favorably decided, 4, 465.
• on the Kabbala, 4, 466–7, 481, 583.
• in the pantomime on the Reformation, 4, 468.
• publishes a work on Hebrew accents, 4, 471.
• encourages the study of the Bible, 4, 474.
• cause of, espoused by Lorenzo Pucci, 4, 503.
• introduces Rabbinical literature to Christians, 5, 179.
• Reuchlinists, the, composed of Young Germany, 4, 456–7.
• motto of, 4, 457.
• friends of the Jews, 4, 457.
• conspire against Hoogstraten, 4, 465.
• Reuel, father-in-law of Moses, 1, 14.
• Revelation, the belief in, shaken in the time of Saadiah, 3, 198.
• the belief in, 5, 715–16.
• “Revelation according to the System of the Synagogue,” by Steinheim, 5, 604–6.
• Revolution. See February revolution, the; French revolution, the; July revolution, the.
• Rezin, becomes king of Damascus, 1, 177.
• allies himself with the kings of Israel and Judah, 1, 248.
• ally of Pekah against Judah, 1, 258.
• slain, 1, 259.
• Rhabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda, dedicates his works to the empress Judith, 3, 162.
• indebtedness of, to Jews, 3, 163.
• Rheims, rabbinical synods meet at, 3, 377.
• rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• study of Hebrew at the university of, 4, 474.
• Rheingau, the, the Jews of, molested, 4, 543.
• Rhenish Confederation, the, Prince Primate of, 5, 504.
• dissolution of, 5, 505.
• Rhine district, the, the Jews of, origin of, 3, 40–1.
• during the first crusade, 3, 300, 305.
• devoted to the study of the Talmud, 3, 345.
• during the second crusade, 3, 352.
• protected by Bernard of Clairvaux, 3, 353.
• observe a fast for the Jews of Blois, 3, 380.
• emigrate, 3, 638.
• assaulted by the imperial army, 4, 225.
• find a refuge in Poland, 4, 420.
• Rhine district, the Lower. See Alsace; Lorraine.
• Rhine district, the Upper, the Jews of, banished, 4, 107.
• propose a distinction for Crémieux, 5, 670.
• Rhineland, the, the Jews of, during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 97.
• urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–2.
• the poll-tax abolished in, 5, 468.
• present addresses to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.
• Rhinokolura, the river of Egypt, boundary of Israel under David, 1, 129.
• south-western limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• Rhodes, Herod presents himself before Octavius at, 2, 101.
• criminal colony of Turkey, 4, 599.
• prophets at, silenced by Sabbataï’s apostasy, 5, 157.
• Rhodes, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• the blood accusation brought against, 5, 640–1.
• tortured, 5, 640, 641.
• revision of the trial of, 5, 647.
• acquitted, 5, 647.
• Rhodez, Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 373, 374.
• Rhodosto, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Cardoso at, 5, 207.
• Rhyme, introduced into neo-Hebraic poetry under Arab influences, 3, 116.
• Rhynsburg, Spinoza at, 5, 95.
• Rhynsburgians, a Dutch sect, 5, 94.
• Ri. See Isaac ben Samuel.
• Riba. See Isaac ben Asher Halevi.
• Riban. See Jehuda ben Nathan.
• Ribash. See Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat.
• Riblah, Necho at, 1, 299.
• Nebuchadnezzar at, 1, 313.
• dignitaries of Jerusalem beheaded at, 1, 314.
• Riccio, Paul, apostate, translates the Kabbalistic writings of Joseph Jikatilla, 4, 466.
• Richard I, of England, concludes a truce with Saladin, 3, 405.
• first persecution of English Jews at the coronation of, 3, 409–10.
• protects the Jews, 3, 411.
• joins the third crusade, 3, 411.
• orders those guilty of the massacre of the Jews to be punished, 3, 416.
• capture of, 3, 418.
• wishes to appoint Maimonides his physician, 3, 474.
• Richard, brother of Henry III, the Jews of England pledged to, 3, 590.
• Richelieu, celebrated by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 111.
• Richelieu, due de, expels the German Jews from Bordeaux, 5, 343–4.
• Richter, Friedrich (Jean Paul), attitude of, towards the Jews, 5, 533.
• Riess, David, permitted to have a private synagogue in Prussia, 5, 191.
• Riesser, Gabriel (1806–1860), grandfather of, 5, 330.
• father of, 5, 570–1.
• character of, 5, 598.
• attitude of, towards Judaism, 5, 599.
• unable to procure a position as jurist, 5, 599.
• works for the emancipation of the German Jews, 5, 599.
• criticises the Germans and the Jews, 5, 599–600.
• advocates the formation of societies for the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 600.
• influence of, 5, 600–1, 602.
• honored by the Jews of Baden, 5, 601.
• contest of, with Judæophobists, 5, 601–2.
• puts the Jewish question on the liberal programme, 5, 602.
• friend of, 5, 602.
• proposes means of commemorating the services of Montefiore and Crémieux, 5, 669–70.
• secretary of the Hamburg Reform Temple Union, 5, 672.
• and the proscription of the new prayer book, 5, 673.
• asked to join the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675–6.
• in the Prussian Landtag, 5, 697.
• Riesser, Lazarus, supports the Hamburg Reform Temple Union, 5, 570–1.
• Rieti. See Moses ben Isaac da Rieti.
• Rigle, the, festival lectures at Sora, 2, 515.
• of the Exilarch, 2, 607.
• Rihana, a woman of the Benu-Kuraiza, taken captive by Mahomet, 3, 81.
• Rimmon, the plain of, battle on, in the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 416.
• Rindfleisch persecution, the, of the German Jews, 4, 35–7.
• “Rites, The,” by Leo Modena, translated by Richard Simon, 5, 180.
• Ritual, the, work on, by Samuel ben Chofni, 3, 253.
• Ritual murder. See Blood accusation, the.
• Rivarola, cardinal, promises to remove Tomaso’s tombstone, 5, 668.
• Rizba. See Isaac ben Abraham.
• Rizpah, wife of Saul, 1, 95.
• coveted by Abner, 1, 110.
• sons of, killed, 1, 123.
• devotion of, 1, 123–4.
• “Roaring of the Lion, The,” by Leo Modena, 5, 73.
• Robert, archbishop, ordered to enforce the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council in Hungary, 3, 521.
• Robert of Anjou, king of Naples, protector of the Jews, 4, 59.
• appealed to by the Jews of Rome, 4, 61.
• patron of Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 4, 61, 63.
• taught by Leone Romano, 4, 68.
• patron of Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 69, 70.
• Robert, Ludwig, brother of Rachel Levin, 5, 534.
• Robert, Rachel. See Levin, Rachel.
• Robespierre, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441.
• fall of, 5, 452.
• Robles, Antonio, Marrano, indicted as a Papist, 5, 49.
• Rocamora, Vincent (Isaac) de (1601–1684), Marrano monk, poet and physician, returns to Judaism, 5, 109–10.
• judge of poetry, 5, 113.
• Roderic, the last of the Visigothic kings of Spain, 3, 109.
• Rodosto. See Rhodosto.
• Rodrigo, physician of, at the congress summoned by João II, 4, 367.
• Rodrigo, João, de Castel-Branco. See Amatus Lusitanus.
• Rodrigues, Isaac, member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.
• deputy of the French Jews, 5, 438.
• Roger, count of Béziers, Jews under, 3, 395.
• Roger II, of Sicily, permits the Jews to have their own jurisdiction, 3, 422–3.
• brings Jews from Greece, 3, 424.
• Rohrer, Joseph, writes against the Jews, 5, 472.
• Roïm. See Pastoureaux.
• Rokeach. See Eleazar ben Jehuda.
• Rolls, the, contain a register of the property of English Jews, 3, 588.
• Romagna, the, the Talmud burnt in, under Julius III, 4, 565.
• Roman, distinction between, and non-Roman disappears, 2, 468.
• Roman eagle, the, torn down by Judæans, 2, 115, 121.
• Roman era, the, used in public documents, 2, 134.
• Roman exile, the, 2, 321.
• Roman garrison of Jerusalem, the, under Metilius, 2, 255.
• capitulates to the Zealots, 2, 260.
• retreats to the towers of the wall, 2, 260.
• destroyed by the Zealots, 2, 261.
• Roman governors of Judæa, the, severity of, 2, 241. See Judæa, the Roman governors of.
• Roman provinces, the, rebel against Hadrian, 2, 399.
• the Jews of. See under Jews, the.
• Roman Senate, the, acknowledges the rights of Ptolemy VI, 1, 506.
• gives Cyrene to Ptolemy VII, 1, 507.
• defied by Ptolemy VI, 1, 507.
• promulgates a law against Judaism in Rome, 2, 136.
• Roman standard, the, obnoxious emblems on, 2, 139.
• Romano, Solomon. See Baptista, John.
• Romans, the, defeat Antiochus the Great, 1, 434.
• in the second century before the common era, 1, 443.
• favor Antiochus IV, 1, 443.
• espouse the cause of Egypt against Antiochus IV, 1, 453.
• order Lysias to give up elephants in the army, 1, 481–2.
• Judas Maccabæus negotiates with, 1, 485–6.
• allies of Judæa under Simon Tharsi, 1, 525–6.
• embassy sent to, by John Hyrcanus, 2, 4–5.
• forbid Antiochus IX to molest the Judæans, 2, 9.
• besiege the Temple, 2, 123.
• take of the Temple treasures, 2, 124.
• end the revolt against Sabinus, 2, 126.
• leaning of, towards Judaism, 2, 136–7.
• in Judæa despise the Judæans, 2, 246–7.
• of Judæa receive Hadrian with servility, 2, 406.
• kindly treated by the Jews under Bar-Cochba, 2, 411–12.
• under Antoninus Pius, persecute the Jews, 2, 446.
• See also Rome.
• Romantic movement, the, in Germany, 5, 515–16.
• Romanus, teacher of Alexander Severus in Jewish customs, 2, 482.
• Rome (city), Judæans in, before Pompey’s time, 2, 67.
• Judæan quarter in, 2, 68.
• struggle of parties in, after Cæsar’s death, 2, 79–80.
• conversions to Judaism in, 2, 383–5.
• the bishops of, bring about the Catholic Church, 2, 500.
• a synagogue in, burnt by Christians, 2, 614.
• the fall of, and the Jews, 3, 27–8.
• the Jewish community in, under the Ostrogoths, 3, 28.
• riot in, against Jewish slave-owners, 3, 30–1.
• immorality of, in the ninth century, 3, 169.
• Council of, decrees against Jews’ holding offices, 3, 293–4.
• Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369–71.
• declared a republic, 3, 370.
• exiled Jews settle in, 4, 408.
• David Reubeni at, 4, 492, 493.
• sack of, confirms Messianic hopes, 4, 497.
• Marranos of, permitted to profess Judaism, 4, 500.
• Solomon Molcho at, 4, 502–4, 505–7.
• flood in, 4, 505.
• the Inquisition at, authorized, 4, 525.
• Marranos well treated at, 4, 525.
• the Talmud burnt at, 4, 565.
• Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 161.
• Rome (city), the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.
• do honor to Alexander III, 3, 421.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• live secure until the fourteenth century, 4, 58.
• prosperity and culture of, 4, 58–9.
• order a translation of Maimonides’ works, 4, 60.
• threatened with banishment, 4, 61.
• oppose the influx of Spanish exiles, 4, 363.
• ill-treated by Paul IV, 4, 567.
• do homage to Pius IV, 4, 588.
• obtain privileges from Pius IV, 4, 588.
• permitted to remain on the expulsion of Jews from the Papal States, 4, 591, 659.
• number of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 653.
• under Sixtus V, 4, 655–6.
• intercede for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.
• return to the Ghetto under Pius VII, 5, 518.
• Rome (city), the Judæans of, power of, 2, 68.
• banished to Sardinia, 2, 136–7.
• first religious persecutions of, 2, 137.
• number of, 2, 202.
• in part banished by Claudius, 2, 202.
• avoid the arch of Titus, 2, 314–15.
• Rome (empire), Herod’s submission to, 2, 105.
• the Temple placed under the protection of, 2, 111.
• Judæa wholly in the possession of, 2, 128.
• subdued by Christianity, 2, 174, 559.
• Agrippa I makes plans against, 2, 195–6.
• the yoke of, on Judæa, 2, 233–4.
• the Judæan insurrection against, begun, 2, 255.
• taxes of, not paid in Judæa, 2, 258.
• allegiance to, renounced in Judæa, 2, 259.
• in the estimation of the Jewish and the Pagan Christians, 2, 369.
• the last emperors of, 2, 526.
• weakness of, at home, 2, 526–7.
• invaded by Parthians and Goths, 2, 527.
• loses its importance, 2, 560.
• revolt of the Jews against, under Constantius, 2, 570.
• dissolution of, 2, 604–5.
• See also East, the, empire of; Romans, the; West, the, empire of.
• Rome (empire), the Jews of, appeal to Marcus Aurelius for the abolition of anti-Jewish laws, 2, 449.
• favored by Julian the Apostate, 2, 597.
• under Theodosius the Great, 2, 614–15.
• See also Jews, the.
• the Judæans of, favored by Cæsar, 2, 76.
• mourn the murder of Cæsar, 2, 79.
• favored by Octavius, 2, 103.
• See also Judæans, the.
• Rome, Little, name of Cæsarea, 2, 106.
• Ronda, Berber ruler of, slain by the Arabs, 3, 276.
• Rosales, a Jewish author, made count palatine, 4, 692.
• Rosh, title of the chief of the Kairuan community, 3, 210, 211.
• Rostock, the theological faculty of, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, 4, 692.
• Rothenburg on the Tauber, the Jews of, indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 438.
• Rothschild, James de, entertains the diplomatic corps at Paris, 5, 529.
• action of, in the Damascus affair, 5, 653.
• Rothschild, Lionel de, refused his seat in Parliament, 5, 698.
• Rothschild, Mayer Amschel, obtains the emancipation of the Frankfort Jews, 5, 505.
• civic honors of, 5, 514.
• the son of, before the Congress of Vienna, 5, 514.
• Rothschild, Nathaniel M. de, acts in the Damascus affair, 5, 645, 651.
• obtains a revision of the trial of the Jews of Rhodes, 5, 647.
• dignity of, 5, 653.
• an English Peer, 5, 698.
• Rothschilds, the, the house of, a power, 5, 513.
• the residence of, mobbed, 5, 529.
• awe of, 5, 530.
• zealous in the Damascus affair, 5, 646.
• hostile to Thiers, 5, 649.
• appeal to, from Damascus, 5, 651.
• attempt to extort money from, 5, 655.
• Rotterdam, the second Jewish colony of Holland, 4, 685.
• Röttingen, the Jews of, burnt by Rindfleisch, 4, 35.
• Rouelle, the, a Jew badge introduced into France in the fourteenth century, 4, 131.
• Rouen, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 299.
• Rouen, the Council of, forbids Jews to keep Christian slaves or nurses, 3, 294.
• re-enacts the decrees of the fourth Lateran Council, 3, 520.
• Roundheads. See Puritans.
• Rousseau praises Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.
• Roussillon, French exiles emigrate to, 4, 49.
• Rubianus, Crotus (Johann Jäger), espouses Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 456.
• writes the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461–2.
• Rubio, Abraham, Sabbatian, 5, 145.
• Ruchaïm. See Solomon ben Yerucham.
• Rückert, inspires Sachs, 5, 692.
• Rüdiger, Huozmann, bishop of Speyer, grants privileges to the Jews, 3, 297–8.
• Rudolph (I) of Habsburg, emperor, Jews persecuted before the crowning of, 3, 611.
• extorts money from the Jews of Germany, 3, 634.
• grants privileges to the Jews of Ratisbon, 3, 635.
• confirms the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 635.
• ratifies papal bulls protecting the Jews, 3, 635.
• blood accusations under, 3, 635–7.
• confiscates the property of the Jews of Mayence, 3, 636.
• imprisons Meïr of Rothenburg, 3, 639.
• Rudolph II, emperor, attitude of, towards the Jews, 4, 652.
• Rudolph, a French monk, preaches the second crusade in Germany, 3, 351.
• arouses the people against the Jews, 3, 351.
• denounced by the clergy, 3, 352–3.
• disappears, 3, 353–4.
• Ruez, Juan, inquisitor appointed by Sixtus IV, 4, 312.
• Rufinus, chamberlain of Arcadius, favorably disposed to the Jews, 2, 615–16.
• Rufus, commander of the Tenth Legion, takes Simon bar Giora prisoner, 2, 313.
• Rufus, Annius, third procurator of Judæa, 2, 135.
• Rufus, Tinnius, governor of Judæa, retreats before Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.
• Rufus, Turnus, general, sent to Judæa by Hadrian, 2, 421.
• draws the plow over Jerusalem, 2, 421.
• severity of, towards Akiba, 2, 428.
• cruelty of, to the dead, 2, 430.
• wife of, and the Jews, 2, 432.
• Rühs, Friedrich, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 517.
• Rupert of the Palatinate, emperor, accession of, 4, 178.
• privileges granted by, to Jews, confirmed, 4, 219.
• Russia, Jews not allowed in, under Ivan IV, 4, 633.
• allied with the Cossacks, 5, 14.
• inflicts suffering upon the Polish Jews, 5, 14–15.
• supports Turkey, 5, 634.
• in the Quadruple Alliance, 5, 658.
• Russia, the Jews of, begin to study the Talmud, 3, 421.
• represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.
• condition of, inquired into by Alexander I, 5, 472–3.
• certain classes of, exempt from exceptional laws, 5, 473.
• forced to attend schools, 5, 473.
• forced into the cities, 5, 473.
• Russia, Little, the Cossacks enjoy independence in, 5, 2.
• the Jews of, massacred, 5, 10.
• Russia, West, the Haidamaks in, 5, 11.
• the Jews banished from, 5, 12.
• Russians, the, wage war with the Chazars, 3, 221.
• Ruta al Jahud, a fortress near Saragossa, 3, 42.
• Ruth, the Book of, composed to counteract Ezra’s views on intermarriage, 1, 370–1.
• Ruthard, archbishop of Mayence, permits the massacre of Jews by crusaders, 3, 303, 306.
• accused before Henry IV, 3, 307.
• flees to Erfurt, 3, 307.
• Ruthenia, rabbinical schools established in, 4, 420.
• Ruy Capron, ancestor of the Jew hater Pacheco, 4, 278.
• S
• Saad-Addaula (Mordecai Ibn-Alcharbiya), physician to Argun, 3, 638.
• regulates the finances of Argun, 3, 646.
• advises diplomatic connections with Europe, 3, 647.
• administration of, 3, 647–8.
• patron of learning, 3, 648.
• intrigue against, by the Mahometans, 3, 648–9.
• Mongol enemies of, 3, 649.
• execution of, 3, 649.
• Saadiah ben Joseph (892–942), makes science a principle of Judaism, 3, 187, 188.
• last important exponent of Eastern Judaism, 3, 188.
• wide knowledge of, 3, 188.
• decided character of, 3, 188.
• attacks the Karaites, 3, 189.
• translates the Bible into Arabic, 3, 189–90.
• Hebrew grammar and lexicon by, 3, 190.
• attacks the Karaite calendar, 3, 190–1.
• later works of, against Karaism, 3, 192.
• appointed Gaon of Sora, 3, 193.
• dissatisfaction of, with Babylonian-Jewish communal life, 3, 193–4.
• refuses to abet the injustice of the Exilarch, 3, 195–6.
• deprived of his office, 3, 195.
• names Josiah Hassan Exilarch, 3, 195.
• deposed by Caliph Kahir, 3, 196.
• at Bagdad, 3, 196.
• arranges a prayer book, 3, 196.
• collects the rules of the calendar, 3, 196.
• writes against Aaron ben Asher, 3, 196–7, 207.
• philosophical works of, 3, 197–8.
• skepticism of the time of, 3, 198–9.
• combats the opinions of Chivi Albalchi, 3, 199.
• in favor with the caliph Abradhir, 3, 200.
• reconciled with David ben Zaccaï, 3, 200–1.
• restored to the Gaonate of Sora, 3, 201.
• responses of, 3, 201.
• son of, 3, 202.
• attacked by Karaites, 3, 203, 204.
• defended by Jacob ben Samuel, 3, 204.
• objects to meter in Hebrew, 3, 223.
• lexicographical work of, supplanted by Menachem ben Saruk’s, 3, 225.
• works of, criticised by Dunash ben Labrat, 3, 226.
• compared with Haï Gaon, 3, 250.
• philosophical work of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.
• denounced as a heretic, 3, 624.
• Saadio Longo, poet, patronized by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya II, 4, 609.
• Saatz, Hussite victory at, 4, 226.
• Saba, Abraham. See Abraham Saba.
• Sabako, king of Egypt, designs of, on Palestine, 1, 257.
• Sabbaï, champion of the Samaritan religion, 1, 517.
• Sabbataï ben Solomon, Italian scholar, 3, 630.
• Sabbataï Donnolo (913–970), taken prisoner by the Mahometans, 3, 212.
• ransomed in Trani, 3, 213.
• physician to the Byzantine viceroy of Calabria, 3, 213.
• offers to treat Nilus the Younger, 3, 213.
• poetry of, 3, 223.
• Sabbataï Raphael, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 133.
• spreads abroad the Messiah’s fame, 5, 137.
• clings to the Messiah after his apostasy, 5, 157.
• encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, Germany, and Amsterdam, 5, 160–1.
• Sabbataï Zevi (1626–1676), compared with Spinoza, 5, 118.
• attractive appearance of, 5, 118.
• boyhood and studies of, 5, 119.
• early marriage of, 5, 119.
• teaches the Kabbala, 5, 119.
• father of, 5, 119–20.
• interested in Messianic speculations, 5, 120–1.
• reveals himself as the Messiah, 5, 122.
• excommunicated and banished from Smyrna, 5, 122.
• gains followers, 5, 123.
• the Messiahship of, confirmed by an old document, 5, 123.
• celebrates his marriage with the Torah, 5, 124.
• banished from Salonica, 5, 124.
• meets opposition at Athens, 5, 124.
• introduced to Raphael Joseph Chelebi, 5, 125, 127.
• attracts the Jews of Jerusalem, 5, 127.
• sent as a messenger to Chelebi, 5, 127–8.
• journey of, to Cairo, 5, 128.
• second marriage of, 5, 128–9.
• beginning of public career of, 5, 129.
• becomes acquainted with Nathan Ghazati, 5, 131.
• threatened with excommunication in Jerusalem, 5, 132.
• preparations for the arrival of, in Smyrna, 5, 133.
• reception of, in Aleppo and Smyrna, 5, 133.
• declares himself the Messiah in Smyrna, 5, 134.
• enthusiasm for, in Smyrna, 5, 134–5.
• sole ruler at Smyrna, 5, 136.
• attracts wide attention, 5, 137.
• honors paid to, 5, 141–2.
• divides the world among his adherents, 5, 145.
• goes to Constantinople, 5, 145–6.
• arrested on his arrival, 5, 146.
• reception of, in Constantinople, 5, 146–7.
• imprisoned with debtors, 5, 147.
• enthusiasm aroused by, in Constantinople, 5, 147–8.
• imprisoned at Abydos, 5, 148.
• celebrates the Passover illegally, 5, 148–9.
• visitors crowd to, 5, 149.
• homage paid to, 5, 149–50.
• abolishes the fast of Tammuz, 5, 151–2.
• summons Nehemiah Cohen, 5, 152.
• betrayed by Nehemiah Cohen, 5, 153.
• conversion of, to Islam resolved on, 5, 153.
• taken to Adrianople, 5, 154.
• converted to Islam, 5, 154.
• third marriage of, 5, 154.
• letters of homage to, from Amsterdam, 5, 155.
• Messianic claims of, acknowledged after his apostasy, 5, 156–7.
• proved the true Messiah by his apostasy, 5, 157–8.
• joined by Nathan Ghazati, 5, 158.
• begins his Messianic doings anew, 5, 162.
• preaches before Jews at Adrianople, 5, 162–3.
• lives as a Jew and a Mahometan, 5, 165–6.
• banished to Constantinople, 5, 166.
• fourth marriage of, 5, 166.
• banished to Dulcigno, 5, 166.
• death of, 5, 166.
• Cardoso declares himself the successor of, 5, 207.
• cause of the failure of, 5, 209.
• supposed son of, 5, 209.
• immorality of the widow of, 5, 209–10.
• successors of, 5, 211, 230, 274.
• biography of, 5, 212, 266.
• See also Sabbatian movement, the; Sabbatians, the.
• Sabbataï Zevi, the followers of, list of:
• Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca
• Abudiente, Abraham Gideon
• Aguilar, Raphael Moses d’
• Ashkenazi, Jacob
• Ayllon, Solomon
• Benveniste, Chayim
• Berachya,
• Bloch, Mattathias
• Bonafoux, Daniel Israel
• Cardoso, Abraham Michael
• Castro, Bendito de
• Chayim Malach,
• Chayon, Nehemiah Chiya
• Chelebi, Raphael Joseph
• Cuenqui, Abraham
• Duchan, Jacob Israel
• Eibeschütz, Jonathan
• Faliachi, Jacob
• Galante, Moses
• Isaiah Chassid,
• Jacob Querido,
• Judah Chassid,
• Leb Herz,
• Levi, Isaiah
• Löbele Prosnitz,
• Mordecai of Eisenstadt,
• Moses Meïr Kamenker,
• Naar, Isaac
• Nathan Benjamin Levi (Ghazati),
• Penya, Chayim
• Pereira, Abraham
• Pinheiro, Moses
• Primo, Samuel
• Rubio, Abraham
• Sabbataï Raphael,
• Salvador, Jonah
• Silveira, Isaac
• Sofino, Raphael
• Texeira, Manoel
• Wolf, Levi
• Yachini, Abraham
• Zacut, Moses.
• Sabbath, the, the observance of, by Babylonian proselytes, 1, 339.
• by Babylonian Judæans, 1, 364.
• as ordered by Nehemiah, 1, 386–7.
• after Nehemiah, 1, 397–8.
• forbidden by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 456.
• according to the school of Shammai, 2, 131, 132.
• by the disciples of Jesus, 2, 155.
• forbidden in Alexandria, 2, 184.
• by Pagans, 2, 384.
• forbidden by Hadrian, 2, 422.
• respected by Honorius, 2, 617.
• forbidden by Jezdijird III, 2, 627, 628.
• as ordained by Anan ben David, 3, 132.
• among the Karaites, 3, 132, 157, 158, 435; 4, 269–70.
• on Cyprus, 3, 425.
• a sign of heresy, 4, 316.
• by the Marranos of Lisbon, 4, 489.
• song for, 4, 538.
• the center of Lurya’s mystic system, 4, 626.
• Jews of France compelled to violate, 5, 451.
• national according to Holdheim, 5, 680.
• on Sunday, 5, 687, 702.
• “Sabbath Epistle, The,” by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 374.
• Sabbatian movement, the spread of, from Smyrna over Europe, 5, 135–41.
• and Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 142, 143–4.
• the Messiah in, 5, 142–3.
• opposed by the Kofrim, 5, 144.
• strengthened by the Messiah’s imprisonment, 5, 149–51.
• causes stagnation of trade, 5, 149.
• in Italy, 5, 160–1.
• after Sabbataï Zevi’s death, 5, 207–14.
• profligacy sanctioned in, 5, 210.
• growth of, 5, 211–13, 228–9.
• in Poland, 5, 212, 228.
• in Podolia, 5, 228.
• generally opposed by the rabbis, 5, 245.
• history of, 5, 266.
• Sabbatians, the, accept Islam, 5, 154, 211.
• ridiculed on Sabbataï’s conversion to Islam, 5, 155.
• threatened with persecution in Turkey, 5, 156.
• refuse to believe Sabbataï’s apostasy, 5, 156–7.
• excommunicated, 5, 157.
• at Adrianople, 5, 159.
• abrogate fasts, 5, 159.
• in Italy, 5, 160–1.
• adhere to Sabbataï, 5, 163.
• character of, unknown, 5, 259.
• existence of, denied, 5, 271.
• encouraged by the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 273.
• Jacob Frank the leader of, 5, 273.
• Sabbatical year, the, kept after Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 393.
• Alexander the Great remits the tax in, 1, 415.
• abolition of, contemplated by Judah I, 2, 459–60.
• tax during, exacted by Caracalla, 2, 469.
• Jannaï permits the cultivation of the land during, 2, 469.
• Sabea, a province of southern Arabia, 3, 54.
• Sabina, Poppea, wife of Nero, preference of, for Judaism, 2, 248.
• favorable to Judaism, 2, 248.
• appoints Gessius Florus procurator of Judæa, 2, 249.
• death of, 2, 251.
• releases Pharisees at the instance of Josephus, 2, 276.
• Sabinus, treasurer of Augustus, sent to seize Herod’s treasures, 2, 123.
• instigates a siege of the Temple by the Romans, 2, 123–4.
• appropriates treasures from the Temple, 2, 124.
• urges Quintilius Varus against the Judæan insurgents, 2, 125.
• Sabureans (Saboraim), the, post-Amoraic teachers of the Law, render the Talmud available for practical use, 3, 6.
• commit the Talmud to writing, 3, 6–7.
• chronicle of, by Sherira, 3, 233.
• See under Law, the, the teachers of.
• Sabureans, the, list of:
• Ahunai,
• Chanan of Iskia,
• Chananya,
• Chaninaï,
• Giza,
• Mar bar Huna,
• Mari bar Mar,
• Mar-Zutra III,
• Rabaï of Rob,
• Semuna.
• Sacharya. See Mar-Sacharya.
• Sachs, Michael (1808–1864), author of the “Religious Poetry of the Jews in Spain,” 5, 555, 693–4.
• contributor to the “Kerem Chemed,” 5, 622.
• antagonizes the Berlin Reform Association, 5, 687.
• compared with Holdheim, 5, 687–8, 692.
• compared with the Marranos, 5, 688.
• Hebrew and Greek studies of, 5, 688.
• characteristics of, 5, 688–9.
• attitude of, to the Reform movement, 5, 689.
• dislikes organized action, 5, 689.
• as a preacher, 5, 689–90, 692.
• friendship of, with Rapoport, 5, 690.
• as a Talmudist, 5, 690, 691.
• appointed rabbi in Berlin, 5, 691.
• scorn of, for the German Jewish church, 5, 691–2.
• scientific activity of, 5, 692–4.
• exegetical work of, 5, 692–3, 695, 699.
• Sacrifices, the, place of, in the Sinaitic teaching, 1, 24–5.
• in Israel’s early history, 1, 57.
• Samuel’s view of, 1, 74.
• diminished importance of, 1, 79.
• how replaced by the synagogue services, 1, 401.
• to Jupiter, 1, 455, 456.
• daily, paid for by the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 52.
• during the siege of Jerusalem by Aretas, 2, 60.
• offered to the Cæsars, 2, 103.
• offered by Vitellius, 2, 173.
• not opposed by Jesus, 2, 155.
• Jochanan ben Zakkai on, 2, 209, 324, 325.
• offered by heathens, 2, 258–9.
• system of, admired by Julian the Apostate, 2, 597.
• Sadducæism, revived by the high priest Anan, 2, 248.
• Sadducees, the, the sect opposed in religion and politics to the Pharisees, 2, 17.
• wherein opposed to the Pharisees, 2, 18.
• pay a tribute to the purity of the Pharisees, 2, 20.
• the kernel of the Hasmonæan following, 2, 21.
• derivation of the name of, 2, 21.
• patriotism of, 2, 21.
• political and religious principles of, 2, 21–2.
• position of, with regard to the Pentateuchal laws, 2, 22–3.
• unpopularity of, 2, 23.
• employed as diplomatists by John Hyrcanus, 2, 31.
• replace the Pharisees in state offices, 2, 33.
• actively opposed by the Pharisees under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 42–3.
• compose the Great Council, 2, 42.
• favored by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 42–3.
• deprived of their seats in the Synhedrion, 2, 50.
• make the sacrifices depend on voluntary contributions, 2, 52.
• persecuted by the Pharisees, 2, 53, 55.
• protected by Salome Alexandra, 2, 55.
• support Aristobulus, 2, 58.
• reconciliation of, with the Pharisees, begun by Hillel, 2, 98.
• a sect of, 2, 108.
• opposed to the oral or traditional law, 2, 327, 462.
• the opposition of, accentuates the legal character of Judaism, 2, 471.
• Sadolet, bishop of Carpentras, on Paul III’s friendliness to the Jews, 4, 515.
• Safa Berurah, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 374.
• Safet, the Jews of, excommunicate the Anti-Maimunists, 3, 633.
• Kabbalistic center, 4, 74, 399, 405, 622–3.
• importance of, 4, 399, 531.
• Spanish exiles in, 4, 399.
• influence of Solomon Molcho in, 4, 529–30.
• Joseph Karo at, 4, 538.
• Azarya deï Rossi’s works declared heretical at, 4, 616.
• Chayim Vital in, 5, 52.
• Luzzatto at, 5, 244.
• Safi (Assafi), Spanish exiles in, 4, 389.
• Safia, daughter of Hujej Ibn-Achtab, taken captive by Mahomet, 3, 83.
• Safran, Karaite center, 3, 158.
• Sagan. See Segan.
• Sahaduta di Mehemnuta, Sabbatian work, 5, 162.
• Sahal Rabban (800), physician and mathematician, translates the Almagest, 3, 146.
• Said. See Saadiah ben Joseph.
• Saida. See Sidon.
• Saif-Eddin Ghasi, friendly to the Jews of Mosul, 3, 429.
• St. Bartholomew, the massacre of, influences the election of the Polish king, 4, 604.
• Saint Etienne, Rabaud, deputy to the National Assembly, speaks in behalf of the Jews, 5, 439.
• St. Gall, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.
• St. Gilles, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 399–400.
• Jewish deputies meet at, 3, 509.
• St. Jean d’Acre. See Accho.
• St. John, Lord Oliver, English ambassador to Holland, visits a synagogue, 5, 33–4.
• St. Paul’s cathedral, Jews reported to have bought, 5, 45.
• Saints, the worship of, discussed by French Jews, 3, 343.
• Sais, center of the worship of Neïth, 1, 300.
• Saladin, sultan of Turkey, maintains his hold upon Jerusalem, 3, 405.
• power of, 3, 431.
• has a Jewish physician, 3, 443.
• succeeds the Fatimide Caliphs, 3, 461.
• the Jews under, 3, 461.
• at war with Nureddin’s adherents, 3, 472.
• allows Jews to settle in Jerusalem, 3, 474.
• patron of Abdel-latif, 3, 488.
• in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 324.
• Salamanca, the Jews of, accept baptism, 4, 205.
• charged with child murder, 4, 276.
• Salamis, capital of Cyprus, destroyed by Jewish rebels against Trajan, 2, 397.
• Salee, the Sabbatians of, persecuted, 5, 151.
• Salerno, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Salins, François, enemy of the Damascus Jews, 5, 661.
• Sallam Ibn-Mishkam, a prominent Nadhirite, urges war against Mahomet, 3, 79.
• Salman of Lemberg, spies upon Luzzatto, 5, 240.
• Salman of Liadi, leader of the Chassidim, 5, 393.
• imprisoned, 5, 394.
• Salome, sister of Herod, calumniates Mariamne, 2, 93, 104.
• Herod’s suspicions of, 2, 112.
• daughter of, 2, 112.
• conspires against Mariamne’s sons, 2, 112–13.
• ordered to execute prominent Judæans on the day of Herod’s death, 2, 116.
• bequest to, from Herod, 2, 119.
• disputes the succession of Archelaus, 2, 120.
• towns belonging to, bequeathed to Empress Livia, 2, 128, 132.
• Salome Alexandra, wife of Aristobulus I, accused of instigating her brother-in-law’s murder, 2, 38.
• said to have released Alexander Jannæus from prison, 2, 39.
• partisan of the Pharisees, 2, 42, 48.
• made regent, 2, 47.
• gentle character of, 2, 47–8.
• coins of, 2, 48.
• proclaims Hyrcanus high priest, 2, 48.
• protects the Sadducees, 2, 55.
• treats with the king of Armenia, 2, 55–6.
• end of, 2, 56.
• Salomon, Gotthold, preacher of the Hamburg Reform Temple, 5, 564–5.
• Heine on, 5, 577.
• Salomons, David, in the Damascus affair, 5, 645, 653.
• fined for taking his seat in Parliament, 5, 698.
• Salonica (Saloniki, Thessalonica), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Samuel II Abrabanel studies at, 4, 385.
• Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 388.
• the Spanish exiles at, 4, 404–5.
• becomes a Jewish town, 4, 404–5.
• a Kabbalistic center, 4, 405, 538.
• the Jews of, split up into national groups, 4, 478.
• the Kabbalists of, and Solomon Molcho, 4, 496–7.
• the Jews of, consider trading with Pesaro, 4, 579.
• Amatus Lusitanus in, 4, 580.
• Sabbataï Zevi in, 5, 124.
• the Sabbatian enthusiasm in, 5, 135.
• Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 160.
• the Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, 5, 163.
• profligacy of the Sabbatians in, 5, 210.
• the Donmäh in, 5, 211.
• growth of the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 211.
• Nehemiah Chayon at, 5, 216.
• Jacob Frank in, 5, 272.
• See also Thessalonica.
• Saloniki. See Salonica.
• Saloniki, Moses, accused of ritual murder, 5, 636.
• tortured, 5, 636–7.
• Salt mines, owned by Jews, 3, 242.
• farmed by Jews, 3, 521.
• Salt Sea, the, description of, 1, 43.
• Salvador, Jonah, defends the Jews of Metz from the blood accusation, 5, 176.
• Salvatierra, the Jewish community of, destroyed by the Almohades, 3, 506–7.
• “Salvation of the Jews, The,” by Mendelssohn, 5, 362–3.
• Salvation, the dogma of, criticised by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.
• according to Joseph Albo, 4, 240–1.
• Salzring, in Breslau, scene of the burning of Jews by John of Capistrano, 4, 262.
• Samach, wife of Izates, convert to Judaism, 2, 216.
• Samael, chief of demons, introduced into Judaism from Magianism, 1, 403.
• name of a Sefirah, 4, 17.
• Samaria (city) (Sebaste), made the capital of Israel, 1, 193.
• center of Phœnician idol-worship, 1, 197–8.
• Elisha in, 1, 218.
• besieged by Ben-hadad III, 1, 221–2.
• taken by Shalmaneser, 1, 264.
• subdued by Sennacherib, 1, 270.
• gubernatorial seat of Cœlesyria under Macedonian rule, 1, 414.
• a colony of Idumæans near, 2, 9.
• besieged by Hyrcanus, 2, 10.
• capitulates, 2, 211.
• Mariamne married to Herod at, 2, 87.
• incorporated with Judæa under Herod, 2, 103.
• called Sebaste and ornamented by Herod, 2, 106.
• the sons of Mariamne executed at, 2, 113.
• given to Archelaus by Herod’s will, 2, 119.
• ruled by procurators, 2, 137.
• given to Agrippa I, 2, 190.
• Greek citizens of, and Agrippa I, 2, 194, 196.
• Cumanus procurator of, 2, 242.
• a Christian city, 3, 12.
• Samaritans in, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
• Samaria, the kingdom of. See Israel, the kingdom of.
• Samaritan, a, brings about the fall of Bethar, 2, 417–18.
• the, account of the fall of Bethar, 2, 418.
• Samaritans (Cuthæans), the, a mixed population colonized in Samaria by Esarhaddon, 1, 285.
• worship at Mizpah, 1, 321.
• settled to the north of Judæa, 1, 355.
• and the second Temple, 1, 357.
• hostility of, to the Judæans, 1, 358.
• accuse the Judæans of disloyalty to Persia, 1, 361.
• intermarry with the Judæans, 1, 361–2.
• attack Jerusalem, 1, 371.
• take Jerusalem, 1, 372.
• build a Temple on Gerizim, 1, 390.
• declare themselves a remnant of the Ten Tribes, 1, 390–1.
• characteristics of, 1, 391–2.
• the first Jewish sect, 1, 392.
• hostility of, to the Judæans, 1, 392, 410, 435.
• retain the old Hebrew characters, 1, 396.
• reject the prophetical writings, 1, 400.
• reject the dogma of resurrection, 1, 406.
• Andromachos governor of, 1, 414.
• taken captive by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.
• money-lenders among, equip Joseph for court, 1, 424.
• join Gorgias in his invasion of Judæa, 1, 467.
• hostility of, to the Judæans, re-awakened in Egypt, 1, 515–16.
• forced to renounce Judaism by Antiochus IV, 1, 516.
• emigrate to Egypt, 1, 516.
• objection of, to the Septuagint, 1, 516.
• dispute with the Judæans in Egypt, 1, 516–17.
• Greek literature of, 1, 517.
• hostile to Judæa under John Hyrcanus, 2, 7.
• Temple of, destroyed, 2, 7–8.
• pollute the Temple, 2, 135.
• cruelly treated by Pontius Pilate, 2, 171–2.
• murder Galilean pilgrims, 2, 243.
• of Acrabatene, exterminated, 2, 243.
• join the Judæans against Rome, 2, 268.
• influence Hadrian against the Jews, 2, 403.
• receive Hadrian with servility, 2, 406.
• religion of, mocked at by Hadrian, 2, 407–8.
• participate in the revolt of Bar-Cochba, 2, 410.
• testimony of, declared valid, 2, 457.
• enmity of, to the Jews, 2, 457–8, 534.
• compelled to idolatry by Diocletian, 2, 533.
• declared heathens by the Synhedrion, 2, 534.
• weakened by their hostility to the Jews, 2, 535.
• in Babylonia and Abayi Nachmani, 2, 584.
• forbidden to enter military service under Honorius, 2, 617.
• evidence of, declared invalid by Justinian I, 3, 13.
• obliged to assume the decurionate, 3, 13.
• forced into Christianity, 3, 16–17.
• massacre the Christians of Cæsarea, 3, 17.
• oppressed by Justin II, 3, 17–18.
• help the Arabs in Palestine, 3, 87.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
• Samarkand, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 435.
• Samega, John Hyrcanus at, 2, 7.
• Samiel. See Samael.
• Samogitia, Karaites in, 5, 182.
• Samos, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Sampsigeramus, king of Emesa, allied with Agrippa I, 2, 195.
• Samson, judge, fights with the Philistines, 1, 64, 66.
• hero of a poem by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 111.
• subject of Luzzatto’s drama, 5, 234.
• the Syrian Hercules, 5, 715.
• Samson ben Abraham of Sens, Tossafist, regards Karaites as idolaters, 3, 408; 4, 72.
• emigrates to Jerusalem, 3, 505.
• anti-Maimunist, 3, 524, 527.
• party of, defeated, 3, 526.
• brother-in-law of, 3, 539.
• Samson ben Meïr, collects twenty signatures against the study of science, 4, 38.
• Samuel, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 439.
• Samuel, disciple of Jochanan bar Napacha, defends a political offender before Zenobia, 2, 529–30.
• Samuel, Jewish treasurer of Ferdinand IV of Castile, 4, 51–2.
• Samuel, Kabbalist, disciple of Abraham Abulafia, 4, 6.
• Samuel, prophet, characterization of, 1, 72–3.
• descent of, 1, 73.
• at Shiloh, 1, 73.
• prophetic inspiration of, 1, 73, 75.
• on sacrifices, 1, 74.
• versed in the Law of Moses, 1, 74.
• reclaims the nation from idolatry, 1, 75–6.
• as a preacher, 1, 75.
• unites the northern and the southern tribes, 1, 77–8.
• holds popular assemblies, 1, 78.
• introduces music into the divine service, 1, 78–9.
• sons of, 1, 79, 80.
• and the demand for a king, 1, 80.
• chooses Saul as king, 1, 82–3.
• abandons Saul at Gilgal, 1, 86.
• accompanies Saul against Nahash, 1, 90.
• anoints Saul, 1, 90.
• reproves Saul for disobedience in the Amalekite wars, 1, 92–3.
• kills Agag, 1, 93.
• anoints David, 1, 95–6.
• influences David, 1, 96–7.
• regulations for pilgrims to the grave of, 4, 398.
• Samuel the Younger (Hakaton), condemns the Jewish Christians, 2, 357–8.
• prophecy of, 2, 358.
• supposed author of the Birchath ha-Minim, 2, 379.
• Samuel bar Bun, Amora, contemporary of Ashi, 2, 609.
• Samuel bar Judah, Amora, emigrates from Judæa, 2, 567.
• Samuel ben Aaron, Karaite, gives an account of Karaism, 5, 183.
• Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï Halevi (1165–1216), prominent in Barcelona, 3, 388.
• Samuel ben Abraham Saporta, Maimunist, addresses the rabbis of France, 3, 539.
• denounces Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 543.
• Samuel ben Ali Halevi, Talmudist, Gaon of Bagdad, 3, 438–9.
• as a philosopher, 3, 438.
• as a teacher, 3, 438–9.
• judge of appeals, 3, 439.
• functions and authority of, 3, 439–40.
• daughter of, 3, 439.
• opposes Maimonides, 3, 472.
• traduces Maimonides, 3, 475, 477.
• treatise by, on the resurrection, 3, 476.
• correspondence of, with Maimonides, 3, 476–7.
• disciple of, 3, 525.
• Samuel ben Asher, murdered in Cologne during the first crusade, 3, 304.
• Samuel ben Chofni, last Gaon of Sora, exegetical works of, 3, 253.
• attacks Karaism, 3, 253.
• Samuel ben Israel, son of Manasseh, academic honors paid to, in England, 5, 38.
• Samuel ben Judah Ibn-Tibbon (1160–1239), translator, character of, 3, 398.
• corresponds with Maimonides, 3, 491.
• trains Jacob Anatoli as a translator, 3, 566.
• not in favor with the obscurantists, 4, 32.
• Samuel ben Meïr (Rashbam, 1100–1160), grandson of Rashi, Tossafist, 3, 288, 345.
• converts Rashi to a rational exegesis, 3, 288, 346.
• Bible exegete, 3, 345–6.
• commentaries by, 3, 346.
• maintains that the Biblical day begins in the morning, 3, 374.
• compared with Jacob Tam, 3, 375.
• at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• Samuel ben Meïr Allavi (Abulafia), minister of finance to Pedro the Cruel, 4, 115–16, 117–18.
• rectitude of, 4, 116.
• espouses the cause of Maria de Padilla, 4, 117.
• shares the king’s imprisonment, 4, 118.
• protector of the Jews, 4, 119.
• builds a synagogue at Toledo, 4, 119–20.
• agitation against, 4, 120–1.
• fall and death of, 4, 121.
• synagogue of, turned into a church, 4, 354.
• Samuel ben Solomon at the disputation with Donin, 3, 576, 578.
• Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel, Tossafist, 3, 586.
• Samuel ben Yechiel, martyr of the first crusade, 3, 305.
• Samuel Ibn-Abbas, apostate to Islam, writes against the Jews, 3, 442.
• Samuel Ibn-Adiya (500–560), Jewish Arabic poet, chief of an Arabic tribe, 3, 68.
• protects Imrulkais Ibn-Hojr, 3, 68–9.
• son of, 3, 69, 70.
• defense of, 3, 70.
• death of, 3, 70.
• Samuel Ibn-Nagdela. See Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.
• Samuel Ibn-Wakar (Abenhuacar), at the court of Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 76, 79.
• physician to Alfonso XI, 4, 80.
• jealous of Joseph Ecija, 4, 80.
• made farmer of revenues, 4, 80–1.
• accused of depreciating the coinage, 4, 81.
• end of, 4, 84.
• Samuel, son of Abba (Arioch, Mar-Samuel, Yarchinai, 180–257), cures Judah I, 2, 456.
• an Amora, 2, 479, 518.
• enforces the authority of the Patriarch in Babylonia, 2, 484.
• returns to Babylonia, 2, 511, 519.
• principal of the Nahardea academy, 2, 512, 519.
• decisions of, 2, 515.
• view held by, on the Messiah, 2, 519.
• establishes the principle of the sanctity of the law of the land, 2, 519–20.
• and Shabur I, 2, 520, 526.
• Persian leanings of, 2, 520–1.
• as astronomer, 2, 521.
• draws up a calendar, 2, 521–2.
• as a physician, 2, 522.
• subordination of, to Rab, 2, 522.
• recognized as the religious chief of Babylon, 2, 522.
• and Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 522–3.
• daughters of, taken captive by Odenathus, 2, 528.
• superiority of, acknowledged in Palestine, 2, 531.
• influence of, on Jewish Babylonia, 2, 544.
• on Judah ben Ezekiel, 2, 550.
• humanity of, towards his slaves, 2, 555.
• calendar of, used by Hillel II, 2, 574.
• Samuel, son of Joseph Ezobi, advice to, 3, 561.
• Samuel I Abrabanel (Juan de Sevilla), Almoxarif to Henry II de Trastamare, 4, 138, 169.
• exerts himself in behalf of the Jews, 4, 139–40.
• patron of Menachem ben Aaron, 4, 145.
• accepts baptism, 4, 169.
• delegate of the Spanish Jews to Martin V, 4, 219.
• grandfather of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 337.
• Samuel II Abrabanel (1473–1550), son of Isaac, student at Salonica, 4, 340, 385.
• eminence of, 4, 409.
• as financier, 4, 409.
• beneficence of, 4, 409.
• wife of, 4, 409–10.
• patron of Jewish learning, 4, 410.
• advises the Jews to leave Naples, 4, 543.
• settles in Ferrara, 4, 544.
• Samuel Alvalensi, Spanish exile, prominent in Fez, 4, 390.
• disciple of, 4, 392.
• Samuel Çarça, on the condition of the Jews of Castile, 4, 137.
• comments on Abraham Ibn-Ezra’s Pentateuch commentary, 4, 144.
• Samuel Cohen ben Daniel, head of the Bagdad academy, Maimunist, 3, 633.
• Samuel Franco, Kabbalist in Salonica, 4, 405.
• Samuel Halevi, delegate of the Spanish Jews to Martin V, 4, 219.
• Samuel Halevi, invents a water-clock, 3, 594.
• Samuel (Ishmael) Halevi Ibn-Nagrela (Nagid, 993–1055), consults Haï Gaon, 3, 252, 260.
• accomplishments of, 3, 254–5.
• taught by Chanoch and Chayuj, 3, 255.
• leaves Cordova and settles in Malaga, 3, 255.
• linguistic attainments of, 3, 255.
• master of Arabic calligraphy, 3, 255.
• private secretary to the vizir, 3, 256.
• minister to Habus, 3, 256–7.
• poem by, addressed to Habus, 3, 257.
• gentleness of, 3, 257.
• plots to depose, 3, 258.
• partisan of Badis, 3, 258.
• vizir under Badis, 3, 258.
• formulas of Moslem rulers used by, 3, 259.
• exercises authority over the Granada congregations, 3, 259.
• writes a methodology of the Talmud, 3, 259.
• writes a commentary on the Talmud, 3, 259.
• as poet, 3, 259–60.
• as patron of learning, 3, 260.
• as grammarian, 3, 261.
• hostile to Ibn-Janach, 3, 262, 313.
• patron of Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 268.
• eulogized by Joseph ben Chasdaï, 3, 273.
• poem by, in praise of Joseph ben Chasdaï, 3, 274.
• death of, 3, 274.
• son of, 3, 274.
• patron of Isaac ben Baruch Albalia, 3, 283.
• patron of Isaac Ibn-Giat, 3, 284.
• unique figure in Spanish Jewish history, 3, 313.
• employs the father of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 319.
• research of, furnishes material for Abraham Ibn-Daud’s history, 3, 366.
• Samuel Lisbona. See Lisbona, Samuel.
• Samuel Nagid. See Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.
• Samuel Shulam, physician, historical works by, 4, 608.
• Samuel Sidillo, scholar, Spanish exile at Cairo, 4, 392.
• Samuel Sulami, patron of Jewish learning, 4, 25–6.
• in correspondence with Solomon ben Adret, 4, 26.
• censured for harboring Levi of Villefranche, 4, 29.
• Samuel Vital, publishes his father’s Kabbalistic visions, 5, 53.
• superintends Chelebi’s penances, 5, 125.
• Samuel Zacuto, son of Abraham, escapes from Portugal, 4, 378.
• Samuges, king of Assyria, defection of the nations from, 1, 287.
• Samun, rabbi of Leghorn, recalls his approval of the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Sanaa (Usal), Israelitish trading station at, 3, 54.
• prince of the Jews of Talmas in, 3, 437.
• Sanballat, leader of the Samaritans, qualities of, 1, 362.
• hostility of, to the Judæans under Ezra, 1, 369–70.
• attacks Jerusalem, 1, 371.
• chagrined at Nehemiah’s appointment, 1, 374.
• disturbs Nehemiah’s work, 1, 375.
• intrigues against Nehemiah, 1, 375–6.
• daughter of, 1, 383, 386.
• projects a Temple on Mount Gerizim, 1, 389–90.
• invites settlers to Samaria, 1, 391.
• San Benito, the garment of the victims of the Inquisition, 4, 317, 327.
• Sanchez, Juan Perez, Marrano, tries to suppress the Inquisition in Aragon, 4, 329.
• plots against Pedro Arbues, 4, 329.
• Sancho IV, son of Alfonso X, rebels against his father, 3, 616.
• Jews of Castile under, 3, 616–17.
• regulates the taxation of the Jews, 3, 617.
• Todros Abulafia at the court of, 4, 2.
• Sancho Ramirez, king of Leon, concludes a treaty with Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 216.
• Sancta Anastasia, cardinal de, favorably inclined towards the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 379.
• Sand, Karl, assassin of Kotzebue, 5, 528, 530, 533.
• Sangisa, sister of Pope John XXII, hostile to the Jews, 4, 61.
• San Martin, Juan de, inquisitor appointed by Sixtus IV, 4, 312, 323.
• censured by Sixtus IV, 4, 318.
• San Miguel, the order of, awarded to Enriquez de Paz, 5, 110.
• Sans-Souci, Mendelssohn at, 5, 302.
• Santa-Cruz, Gaspard de, Marrano, dishonored after his death, 4, 331–2.
• Santarem, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.
• refuge of Leonora of Portugal, 4, 160.
• Santas. See Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur.
• Sante-Fé, Francisco de, Marrano, martyrdom of, 4, 331.
• San Thomas, children of Spanish exiles sent to, 4, 371.
• Santiago de Compostela, autos-da-fé in, 5, 91.
• Santob de Carrion (1300–1350), Spanish Jewish poet, 4, 87, 114–15.
• style of, 4, 115.
• rebukes the king and wealthy Jews, 4, 115.
• Saporta. See Enoch Saporta; Samuel ben Abraham Saporta.
• Saragossa, early traces of Jews near, 3, 42.
• Cordova Jews emigrate to, 3, 255.
• Ibn-Janach settles at, 3, 262.
• Ibn-Gebirol banished from, 3, 268.
• a Jewish vizir at, 3, 280.
• Ibn-Kamnial at, 3, 312.
• conquered by Alfonso I of Aragon, 3, 316.
• capital of Aragon, 3, 387.
• first victims of the Inquisition in Aragon fall in, 4, 329.
• Jews disappear from, 4, 354.
• Saragossa, the Jews of, censured by Ibn-Gebirol for neglecting Hebrew, 3, 267.
• try to prevent the execution of the decree concerning Jew badges, 3, 513.
• Maimunists, 3, 536–7.
• converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 206, 214.
• Saragossa, the Marranos of, plot against Arbues, 4, 330.
• protected by Alfonso of Aragon, 4, 330.
• slaughtered, 4, 331–2.
• Saragossi. See Joseph Saragossi.
• Sarah, wife of Abraham, buried in Machpelah, 1, 4.
• in the Zohar, 4, 23.
• Sarah Zevi, suffering of, during the Chmielnicki massacres, 5, 128–9.
• declares herself to be the destined wife of the Messiah, 5, 129.
• brought from Leghorn to Cairo, 5, 129.
• marries Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 129.
• immorality of, 5, 130, 135.
• at Abydos, 5, 149.
• accepts Islam, 5, 154.
• Saramalla, a rich Judæan of Antioch, assists Herod, 2, 87.
• Saraph-Bashi, Egyptian title, 5, 124.
• Sardes, the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.
• Sardinia, Roman Judæans banished to, 2, 136–7.
• the Jewish community in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.
• Sardinia, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.
• proclamation expelling, 4, 347.
• Sarepta (Zarephath), Elijah dwells in, 1, 203.
• Sariel, name of a Sefirah, 4, 17.
• Sarkel, Chazar fortress, taken by Sviatislav, 3, 222.
• Sarmatia, rebels against Hadrian, 2, 399.
• Sarrão, Thomé, Portuguese Marrano leader, 4, 516.
• Sarsar, meeting place of Kohen-Zedek and David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.
• Sar Shalom, rabbi of the Persian congregations, 3, 434.
• Sartaba. See Alexandrion.
• Saruk, Israel, introduces the Luryan Kabbala into Italy and Holland, 5, 54.
• Sason, Prussian consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, 5, 641.
• Sasportas, the family of, distinguished in Oran, 5, 169.
• Sasportas, Jacob, scholar, accompanies Manasseh ben Israel to England, 5, 38.
• rabbi of London, 5, 50.
• opposes the Sabbatian movement, 5, 138, 141, 150, 161.
• tries to expose Sabbataï’s roguery, 5, 151.
• Sasportas, Jacob, zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 455.
• Sassanides, the, dynasty of, established by Ardashir, 2, 523.
• Satan, beginning of the belief in, 2, 170.
• Satanov, Sabbatians before the council of rabbis at, 5, 276.
• Satanow, Isaac, one of the Measfim, 5, 400.
• Satire, the favorite burden of Jewish Andalusian poetry, 3, 224.
• Satirical romance, the, in Hebrew poetry, 3, 559.
• Saturnalia, the, Jews have no intercourse with the heathen before, 2, 477.
• Saubert, John, translator of Templo’s work, 5, 115.
• Saul, choice of, as king, 1, 83.
• qualities of, 1, 83.
• discontent with, 1, 83.
• son of. See Jonathan.
• offends Samuel at Gilgal, 1, 86.
• condemns Jonathan to death, 1, 88–9.
• at Gibeah, 1, 89–90.
• defeats the Ammonites, 1, 89–90.
• homage paid to, at Gilgal, 1, 90.
• creates new offices, 1, 91.
• defeats Agag, 1, 91–2.
• beginning of the madness of, 1, 93–4.
• orders a massacre of the Gibeonites, 1, 94.
• royal ostentation of, 1, 94–5.
• permits David to fight with Goliath, 1, 97.
• invites David to his court, 1, 98.
• fears David as a rival, 1, 99.
• attempts David’s life, 1, 99.
• murders the descendants of Eli, 1, 100.
• consults the witch of Endor, 1, 103.
• death of the sons of, 1, 103.
• death of, 1, 103.
• body of, dishonored by the Philistines, 1, 104.
• remains of, buried, 1, 124.
• Israelites under, settle in the Hejas, 3, 54.
• favorite character of the Puritans, 5, 26.
• Saul, member of the Herodian family, wickedness of, 2, 236.
• accuses Gessius Florus before Nero, 2, 268.
• Saul of Tarsus. See Paul, apostle.
• Saul, son of Anan ben David, succeeds him, 3, 136.
• Saul Astruc Cohen, physician in Tlemçen, 4, 198.
• protects Marrano fugitives, 4, 199.
• Saul Cohen Ashkenasi, disciple of Elias del Medigo, 4, 293.
• letter to, from Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 386.
• pure style of, 4, 389.
• Saurim, brother of Raba bar Joseph, heartlessness of, 2, 588.
• Savoy, Oran Jews settle in, 5, 169.
• Savoy, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 103–4.
• during Vincent Ferrer’s crusade, 4, 218.
• privileges of, confirmed by Martin V, 4, 219.
• Saxon emperors, the, position of the Jews under, 3, 241, 242–3.
• Saxony, the Jews of, under heavy restrictions, 5, 509.
• Sbaráz, battle of, between Cossacks and Poles, 5, 12.
• Scaliger, Joseph, philologist, tolerance of, 4, 685.
• quickens learning, 5, 20.
• devotes himself to Rabbinical literature, 5, 21.
• introduces Rabbinical literature to Christians, 5, 179.
• Scaurus, legate of Pompey in Syria, attacks Aretas, 2, 70.
• called upon to arbitrate between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, 2, 61–2.
• commands Aretas to raise the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 62.
• bribed to favor Hyrcanus II, 2, 62.
• Schaffhausen, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.
• Schiller, expresses regard for Solomon Maimon, 5, 409.
• Schimmelpennik, Grand Pensioner of the Batavian Republic, appoints Jews to public offices, 5, 458.
• Schlegel, Frederick, character of, 5, 423–4.
• union of, with Dorothea Mendelssohn, 5, 424.
• representative of the romantic school, 5, 515, 516.
• Schleiermacher, intimacy of, with Henrietta Herz, 5, 423.
• hostile to Judaism, 5, 426–7, 428.
• refuses to acknowledge the Jewish origin of Christianity, 5, 426.
• ill-will of, towards Jews, 5, 462.
• Schmidt, Bremen deputy to the Congress of Vienna, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519.
• Schmidt of Hildburghausen, defends the Jews, 5, 522.
• Scholastic philosophy, the, and Ibn-Gebirol’s works, 3, 270–1.
• influenced by the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 486.
• studied by Leone Romano, 4, 69.
• quoted by Jewish preachers in the fifteenth century, 4, 232.
• Schools, elementary, established in Judæa by Joshua ben Gamala, 2, 249.
• in Spain by the law of Avila, 4, 229.
• Schools for young men, origin of, in Palestine, 1, 396.
• reorganized by Simon ben Shetach, 2, 50–1.
• lack of, in Galilee, 2, 148.
• in Asia Minor and Egypt, 2, 357–8.
• in Judæa inspected by order of Judah III, 2, 532.
• at Sora established by Chasda, 2, 553.
• in Palestine in the sixth century, 3, 12.
• at Yathrib, 3, 59.
• founded in the West by emissaries from Sora, 3, 208.
• in Amsterdam, 4, 681–2.
• in Rotterdam, 4, 685.
• See under Education for other headings.
• Schools, secular, founded by Jews, in Trieste, 5, 369–70.
• in Prague, 5, 371.
• in Berlin, 5, 405, 416.
• in Tarnopol, 5, 612.
• in Egypt, 5, 664.
• Schools, the, of the prophets, 1, 205, 234.
• Schor, Elisha, Frankist, 5, 275.
• draws up the Frankist confession of faith, 5, 280.
• Schudt, author of “Jewish Curiosities,” 5, 549.
• Schurmann, Anna Maria, student of Hebrew literature, 5, 21.
• “Schutzjuden.” See Protection-Jews.
• Schwager, preacher, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 358.
• Schwarz, Peter, apostate, maligns the Jews, 4, 301.
• motives of, suspected by Reuchlin, 4, 442.
• Schweidnitz, the Jews of, engaged in money-lending, 4, 260.
• charged with host desecration, 4, 261.
• Science, promoted by Judaism during the Middle Ages, 3, 146, 187.
• Science, the study of, by Jews, advocated by Jonathan of Lünel, 3, 397.
• opposition to, at the end of the thirteenth century, 4, 27–34, 37–45.
• ban against, 4, 39–40.
• controversy on, continued at Perpignan, 4, 50–1.
• baneful effect of the ban against, 4, 143.
• opposition to, in the fourteenth century, 5, 147.
• See also Maimunist controversy, the.
• Science of Judaism, the, subserves the Reform movement, 5, 627.
• “Scientific Journal, The,” the tone of, 5, 625.
• founder of, 5, 626.
• inculcates self-respect, 5, 626.
• recalls the Karaites, 5, 626.
• Scipio, follower of Pompey, has Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, beheaded, 2, 75.
• Scopas, an Ætolian, takes Jerusalem, 1, 432.
• garrisons the Baris, 1, 433.
• routed by the Syrians near Panion, 1, 433.
• Scopus Zophim, camp of Titus, 2, 302.
• Scotus. See Duns Scotus.
• “Scourge of the Jews,” name given to John of Capistrano, 4, 260.
• Scribes, the. See Sopherim, the.
• Scriptures, the, written with Assyrian characters, 1, 395–6.
• studied in the schools of Judæa, 2, 50–1.
• allegorical interpretation of, by the Judæo-Alexandrian school, 2, 208–9.
• as interpreted by Paul, 2, 230.
• canon of, completed, 2, 344.
• translated into Greek by Akylas, 2, 385, 386–7.
• Chiya bar Abba ignorant of, 2, 536.
• translations of, 2, 581–2.
• studied in Palestine under Theodosius II, 2, 623–5.
• the Latin translation of, 2, 625.
• incorrect explanation of, favored by the Talmud, 2, 633.
• vowel-points and accents introduced into, 3, 7.
• use of translations of, ordered by Justinian I, 3, 14–15.
• knowledge of, among the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.
• love for, among the Arabs, 3, 59.
• Mahomet’s doctrines borrowed from, 3, 72.
• study of, revived among Jews under Mahometan influence, 3, 111–12.
• rendered comprehensible by the introduction of vowel points, 3, 112.
• study of, stimulates poetic composition, 3, 118.
• studied by the Jews of Arabia, 3, 119–20.
• replaced by the Talmud, 3, 128.
• a return to the letter of, advocated by Anan ben David, 3, 130.
• study of, stimulated by Anan ben David, 3, 133.
• ardently studied by the Karaites, 3, 136.
• commentators on, among the Karaites, 3, 136.
• neglected by the Rabbanites, 3, 189.
• translated into Arabic by Saadiah, 3, 189–90.
• trustworthiness of, doubted in Saadiah’s time, 3, 198.
• the Ben-Asher copies of, 3, 207.
• the Massoretic text of, now in use, 3, 207.
• the oldest copy of, in Spain destroyed, 3, 387.
• the distortion of, by the Kabbalists, 3, 556.
• verses of, happily used by the fabulists, 3, 560.
• as interpreted in the Zohar, 4, 15–16.
• as explained by the mystics and the philosophers, 4, 23–4.
• study of, neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 91.
• study of, neglected in Spain in the fifteenth century, 4, 231, 234.
• concordance of, by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, 4, 234–5.
• taught to Karaites by Rabbanites, 4, 269.
• in Hebrew declared heretical, 4, 444–5.
• German translation of, by Luther, 4, 469, 475.
• study of, encouraged by Luther and Reuchlin, 4, 474–5.
• translated into the European languages, 4, 475, 540.
• in Hebrew, demand for copies of, 4, 475–6.
• studied by Marranos, 4, 485.
• Ferrara Spanish edition of, dedicated to Gracia Mendesia, 4, 576.
• translated into Polish, 4, 647.
• polyglot edition of, published by Arias Montano, 4, 651.
• study of, declines under the influence of the Polish Talmudists, 5, 17.
• neglect of, among Jews, 5, 327.
• studied by German Jews, 5, 395.
• French translation of, projected, 5, 449.
• Heine’s admiration for, 5, 553–4.
• translation of, by Sachs, 5, 693.
• See also Law, the; Old Testament, the; Pentateuch, the; and under the various books.
• Scriptures, the, commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 370–3.
• by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, 3, 204.
• by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.
• by Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi, 3, 206.
• by Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi, 3, 392.
• by Joseph Kara, 3, 345.
• by Moses ben Nachman, 3, 607.
• by Rashi, 3, 288.
• by Saadiah, 3, 189–90.
• by Samuel ben Meïr, 3, 345.
• by Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 70.
• by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 206.
• by Yizchaki, 3, 273.
• See Law, the, commentary on.
• Scriptures, the, exegesis of. See Exegesis of the Bible.
• Scriptures, the, translations of. See under Translation.
• Scrutinium Scriptuarum, polemic against Judaism by Solomon Levi, 4, 233.
• Scythians, the, invade Media, Assyria, and Philistia, 1, 287.
• bribed by Psammetich of Egypt, 1, 287.
• ravage Judæa, 1, 287.
• Scythopolis. See Bethshean.
• “Searching the Scriptures,” polemic against Judaism by Solomon Levi, 4, 233.
• Sebaste. See Samaria.
• Sebastian, of Portugal, defeated in Africa, 4, 381.
• Sebastus, harbor of Cæsarea, built by Herod, 2, 106.
• Sebel ha-Yerusha, hereditary teaching, among the Karaites, 3, 159.
• Seche, a Christian Shylock, punished by Sixtus V, 4, 657.
• Sechel ha-Poel, term used by Maimonides, 3, 480.
• “Secret of the Trinity,” by Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 217.
• Sects, Jewish. See Judaism, the sects of.
• Secundinus, bishop, and the Jew Antoninus, 3, 29.
• Seder ha-Kabbalah, historical work by Abraham Ibn-Daud, 3, 366.
• Seder Olam, historical work by José ben Chalafta, 2, 442.
• Sefer ha-Osher, grammatical work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 261.
• Sefer Madda, Maimonides’ code, attacked by anti-Maimunists, 3, 523.
• Sefer Refuoth, attributed to king Solomon, used by the Essenes, 2, 29.
• Sefer Yezirah, commentary on, by Saadiah, 3, 197.
• Sefer Yizchaki, Biblical work, 3, 273.
• Sefer Yochasin, chronicle by Abraham Zacuto, 4, 391.
• Sefiroth, the Ten, emanations from the Deity, in the Kabbala system, 3, 551.
• qualities of, 3, 552.
• correspond to the Temple, 3, 553.
• prayer addressed to, 3, 554.
• in the Zohar, 4, 14, 17.
• names of, 4, 17.
• instruments of the creation, 4, 619.
• streams of mercy flow through, 5, 121.
• Segal. See Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.
• Segan (Sagan) ha-Cohanim, deputy of the high priest, 1, 492; 2, 330.
• Segelmessa, the Jews of, persecuted by the Almohades, 3, 360.
• Segovia, the synagogue of, transformed into a church, 4, 196.
• the Marranos of, slain, 4, 283.
• Segovia, the Jews of, accused of host desecration, 4, 195–6.
• accept baptism under Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.
• riot against, 4, 278–9.
• carry their tombstones into exile with them, 4, 352.
• Segre, Joshua Benzion (1720–1809), deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 488.
• on the commission to answer the twelve questions put to the Notables, 5, 490.
• vice-president of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.
• Ségur, French state councilor, advocates Jewish emancipation, 5, 480–1.
• Seir, mount, the capital of Edom on, 1, 222.
• Sejanus, minister of Tiberius, hostile to Judaism, 2, 136.
• sends Pontius Pilate to Judæa as procurator, 2, 138.
• treachery of, revealed by one of the Herodians, 2, 172.
• Selden, John, student of Hebrew, 5, 21.
• Seleucia, north-eastern limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• Seleucidæan era, the, used by Jews, 1, 417.
• abolished, 4, 394–5.
• Seleucidæan kings, the, gain possession of Judæa, 1, 432.
• Seleucus I, ally of Ptolemy I at the battle of Ipsus, 1, 417.
• the era of, 1, 417.
• founds Antioch, 1, 419.
• invites Judæans to Antioch, 1, 419.
• Seleucus II, orders the confiscation of the Temple treasures, 1, 438.
• appealed to by Onias III, 1, 438–9.
• Seleucus, son of Demetrius Nicator, killed by his mother, 2, 6.
• Selichoth. See Prayers, penitential.
• Selig, Eliakim, obtains from the pope an acquittal of the Jews from the blood accusation, 5, 282, 285.
• Selim I, sultan of Turkey, conquers Egypt, 4, 393.
• employs a Jewish financier, 4, 393.
• makes the Jewish Egyptian communities autonomous, 4, 394.
• employs a Jewish physician, 4, 401.
• Jews under, 4, 402.
• Selim II, sultan of Turkey, the cause of, espoused by Joseph Nassi, 4, 594–5.
• espouses the cause of Joseph Nassi against the French ambassador, 4, 595.
• conveys land near the Sea of Tiberias to Joseph Nassi, 4, 596.
• proposes to give Naxos to Joseph Nassi, 4, 596.
• makes Joseph Nassi duke of Naxos, 4, 596.
• protects Joseph Nassi against France, 4, 597.
• banishes Daud to Rhodes, 4, 599.
• enters upon a war with Venice, 4, 600.
• favorably inclined towards Jews, 4, 602.
• death of, 4, 627.
• Selve, George de, bishop, studies Hebrew under Elias Levita, 4, 472.
• has Elias Levita invited to France, 4, 474.
• Selvia, the second ban against the Chassidim published in, 5, 393–4.
• Semak, manual of religious duties, by Isaac ben Joseph, 3, 587.
• Semender (Tarki), Jews settle in, 3, 124.
• second town of the Chazars, 3, 222.
• Semicha. See Ordination.
• Semijudæi, sects called forth by the Protestant Reformation, 4, 541.
• Semi-Judaizantes in Poland, 4, 647.
• Semuna, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 5.
• Saburean, 3, 6.
• commits the Talmud to writing, 3, 6–7.
• successors of, not known, 3, 7.
• Senbaris, scroll of the Law burnt at, 2, 569.
• Seneca, the Persian. See Abuzurj-Mihir.
• Sen Escalita. See Samuel Sulami.
• Senior. See Abraham Benveniste Senior.
• Sennacherib, king of Assyria, subdues Syria, 1, 270.
• takes the fortified towns of Judah, 1, 272.
• makes Lachish his headquarters, 1, 273.
• demands unconditional surrender from Hezekiah, 1, 274.
• besieges Pelusium, 1, 276.
• returns to Assyria, 1, 277–8.
• murdered, 1, 280.
• son of, murdered, 1, 284.
• Sens, archbishop of, anti-Jewish sentiments of, 3, 171.
• rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.
• archbishop of, banished for harsh treatment of the Jews, 3, 401.
• college of, sold, 4, 48.
• Sephardic Jews, the, looked upon as the nobility, 4, 382–3.
• distinguished by Pinto, 5, 344–5.
• See also Marranos, the; Portugal, the Jews of; Spanish exiles, the; Spain, the Jews of.
• Sepharvaim, the inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, 1, 285.
• Sepphoris (Diocæsarea), a Synhedrion established at, by Aulus Gabinius, 2, 71.
• an arsenal for Antigonus, 2, 85.
• arsenal of, seized by Judas the Galilean, 2, 125.
• burnt by Quintilius Varus, 2, 126.
• capital of the tetrarchy of Herod Antipas, 2, 137.
• school of, 2, 148.
• the only Galilean city faithful to Rome, 2, 276.
• ordered by the Synhedrion not to protect Josephus, 2, 281.
• makes overtures to Rome, 2, 283.
• seat of Agrippa II’s Jewish governors of Galilee, 2, 333.
• sides with the Romans during the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 414.
• home of José ben Chalafta, 2, 442.
• seat of the Synhedrion, 2, 452.
• center of the Jewish community, 2, 458.
• ceases to be the seat of the Patriarch, 2, 480.
• people of, characterized by Chanina bar Chama, 2, 491–2.
• academy of, loses prestige, 2, 532.
• the first church at, 2, 565.
• revolt of the Jews at, against Rome, 2, 570.
• razed to the ground, 2, 570.
• Septimania, the governor of, promises Jews religious freedom, 3, 105.
• the Jews of, punished for conspiracy against Egica, 3, 108.
• Septuagint, the, Greek translation of the Scriptures, made at the instigation of Ptolemy VI, 1, 510–11.
• criticism of, by Judæans, 1, 512.
• makes Judaism known, 1, 512–13.
• inaccurate, 1, 513–14.
• why so called, 1, 514.
• Samaritan objections to, 1, 516.
• tampered with, by various religious bodies, 2, 385–6.
• Origen tries to revise, 2, 488–9.
• recommended to Jewish congregations by Justinian I, 3, 14.
• declared not authoritative by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.
• studied by Z. Frankel, 5, 684.
• Sepulveda, the Jews of, charged with child murder, 4, 278–9.
• Serach ben Nathan, and Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 76–7, 79.
• Serachya ben Isaac (Ben Shaltiel-Chen), physician and Aristotelian, 3, 630.
• influence of, on the Italian Jews, 4, 59.
• Serachya Halevi Gerundi, (1125–1186), Talmudist, annotates Alfassi’s commentary, 3, 389, 392, 399.
• settles at Lünel, 3, 389.
• controversies of, with Abraham ben David, 3, 389, 490.
• on friendly terms with Judah Ibn-Tibbon, 3, 397.
• refuted by Nachmani, 3, 532.
• Serachya Halevi Saladin, at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 208.
• sermon by, 4, 212.
• Seraiah, high priest, beheaded by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 314.
• grandson of, 1, 352.
• ancestor of Ezra, 1, 365.
• Serene, a pseudo-Messiah leads the onslaught upon Talmudic Judaism, 3, 120–2.
• joined by the Jews of Spain, 3, 121.
• brought before Yezid, 3, 121.
• adherents of, wish to rejoin their communities, 3, 121–2.
• opposition of, to the Talmud, without result, 3, 128.
• Sergius, bishop, intercedes for the Samaritans, 3, 16–17.
• Serkes, Joel, Talmudist, 4, 703.
• grandson of, 5, 152.
• Sermons, origin of, among the Judæans in Egypt, 1, 514–15.
• Sermons for the conversion of Jews, preached by the Dominicans in England, 3, 643.
• in France in the fourteenth century, 4, 132.
• ordered by Benedict XIII, 4, 216.
• ordered by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.
• ordered by Gregory XIII, 4, 654–5.
• in Hamburg, 4, 690.
• in Vienna, 4, 706.
• inefficacy of, 5, 186.
• Sermons, vernacular, under Louis the Pious, 3, 163.
• by Jews, attract Christians, 3, 173.
• by Moses of Coucy, 3, 546.
• by Jacob Anatoli, 3, 566; 4, 32, 39, 40.
• in the Middle Ages, 4, 478.
• introduced into Germany by Jacobson, 5, 562, 563.
• the age of, pointed out by Zunz, 5, 621.
• Serra, Nicolas, papal nuncio, not favorable to the conversion of the Frankists, 5, 285.
• objects to the Lemberg disputation, 5, 285.
• believes the blood accusation, 5, 285–6.
• Serrarius, Peter, Messianic visionary, 5, 24, 36.
• Servants. See Christian servants.
• Servetus, Michael, anti-Trinitarian, martyr, 4, 541.
• disciples of, in Poland, 4, 646–7.
• “Servi Cameræ,” Jews become, after the second crusade, 3, 356–7.
• Jews considered, by Frederick I, 3, 416–17.
• why Jews were considered, 3, 417.
• name given to the Jews of Germany, 3, 516.
• Jews called, by Frederick II, 3, 569.
• Jews of Aragon considered, by Jayme I, 3, 597.
• possession of, granted to the electors, 4, 128.
• Sesonchosis. See Shishak.
• Seth, family of high priests, 2, 237.
• Seth, the Pneumatic type of the Gnostics, 2, 377.
• Setubal, port open to Jews on their banishment from Portugal, 4, 374.
• Severus, emperor with Niger, 2, 463.
• victorious over Niger, 2, 464.
• promulgates laws against Judaism, 2, 464.
• death of, 2, 468.
• wife of, 2, 468.
• Severus, bishop of Magona, burns the synagogues, 2, 619.
• Severus, Alexander. See Alexander Severus.
• Severus, Julius, sent to quell the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 414.
• military tactics of, 2, 415.
• takes the Jewish strongholds in the north, 2, 416.
• helped by a Samaritan at Bethar, 2, 418.
• returned to Britain, 2, 421.
• Seville, early Jewish settlements in the environs of, 3, 43.
• Jewish political fugitives from Granada settle in, 3, 258, 279–80.
• the Arab ruler of, organizes a revolt against the Berbers, 3, 276.
• the center of Jewish Spain, 3, 284.
• the Mahometan court of, cultured, 3, 291.
• Abu-Ayub in, 3, 312.
• the Ibn-Migash family in, 3, 315.
• the Jewish academy of, closed by the Almohades, 3, 361, 384.
• lost by Pedro the Cruel, 4, 124.
• the persecution of the Spanish Jews arises in 4, 167–8.
• outbreak against the Marranos in, 4, 282–3.
• first seat of the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 312.
• citizens of, opposed to the Inquisition, 4, 313.
• victims of the Inquisition in, 4, 317.
• the Inquisition in, 4, 335.
• expulsion of the Jews from, proposed, 4, 336.
• Jews disappear from, 4, 354.
• Seville, the Jews of, well treated by Alfonso X, 3, 592–3.
• ravages of the Black Death among, 4, 113.
• fury against, 4, 157.
• attacked, 4, 168–9.
• Seville, the Marranos of, and the Inquisition, 4, 313.
• taught by the Jews, 4, 334–5.
• tortured, 4, 350.
• flee to Granada, 4, 351.
• Sèze, de, deputy to the National Assembly, speaks in behalf of the Bordeaux Jews, 5, 442.
• Sezira, John, scholar, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 338.
• pleads with Sixtus IV for the Jews, 4, 340.
• Sforza, Galeazzo, duke of Milan, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 287.
• stops the preaching of Bernardinus of Feltre, 4, 296–7.
• “Shaagath Aryeh,” by Leo Modena, 5, 73.
• “Shaashuim,” satire by Joseph ben Sabara, 3, 559.
• Shäbs, the. See Frankists, the; Sabbatians, the.
• Shabur I, king of the neo-Persians, and Mar-Samuel, 2, 520, 526.
• Shabur II, king of the neo-Persians, and the Jews, 2, 580.
• oppresses the Jews, 2, 591–2.
• punishes Raba bar Joseph for exercising criminal jurisdiction, 2, 592.
• and Chama of Nahardea, 2, 594–5.
• at war with Julian the Apostate, 2, 601.
• concludes peace with Jovianus, 2, 602.
• Shach. See Cohen, Sabbataï.
• Shachna. See Shalom Shachna.
• Shakers, the, origin of, 5, 378.
• Shakespeare, defended from the charge of Jew baiting, 5, 552–3.
• Shalal. See Isaac Cohen Shalal.
• Shaliach Zion, messengers of the Synhedrion, 2, 535.
• Shallum, conspires against the king of Israel, 1, 243.
• made king of Israel, 1, 244.
• murdered, 1, 244.
• Shallum, uncle of Jeremiah, 1, 290.
• Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, subdues Tyre and Phœnicia, 1, 263.
• propitiated by Hoshea, 1, 263.
• conquers Phœnicia a second time, 1, 264.
• ends the kingdom of Israel, 1, 264–5.
• Shalom of Neustadt, compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.
• Shalom Shachna, Talmudist in Poland, 4, 634, 639; 5, 4.
• Shaltiel-Chen, famous Jewish family, 3, 630.
• Shamgar, judge, chastises the Philistines, 1, 61.
• Shammah, one of David’s warriors, 1, 116.
• Shammai, president of the Synhedrion, with Hillel, 2, 100.
• character of, 2, 100–1.
• maxims of, 2, 101.
• spreads the knowledge of the law in Judæa, 2, 149.
• the rules of, condemned by Joshua ben Chananya, 2, 349–50.
• Shammai, the disciples of, conception of the Messiah held by, 2, 144.
• morality of, 2, 151.
• Shammai, the followers of, refuse to take the oath of allegiance to Herod, 2, 108.
• hostile to Herod, 2, 114–15.
• constitute the Zealots, 2, 133.
• support the revolutionary party, 2, 256.
• prohibit the purchase of certain articles from the heathen, 2, 270.
• Shammai, the school of, 2, 101.
• rigor of, 2, 131–2.
• Pharisee principles of, 2, 132.
• displeased with Jesus, 2, 162.
• disputes with the school of Hillel under Gamaliel II, 2, 335, 336.
• estimation of, by the Nazarenes, 2, 372.
• limits the application of tradition, 2, 462.
• Shaphan, scribe, the family of, joins Jeremiah, 1, 292.
• receives Deuteronomy for Josiah, 1, 292.
• Sharbarza, Persian general, takes Jerusalem, 3, 19.
• Sharon (Shefelah), plain, description of, 1, 45.
• Shealtiel, son of Jehoiachin, entreats for the return of the Judæans to Palestine, 1, 342.
• Shear-Jashub, son of Isaiah, accompanies him to Ahaz, 1, 258.
• Sheba, the Bichrite, leads the revolt of the northern tribes from David, 1, 148–50.
• Sheba, the Queen of, visits Solomon, 1, 173.
• Shebet Jehuda, historical work by Joseph Ibn-Verga, 4, 557.
• Shebna, brother of Hillel, supports him, 2, 96.
• Shebna, Sochen under Hezekiah, power of, 1, 268.
• wrests power from Hezekiah, 1, 268–9.
• prepares Jerusalem for Sennacherib’s attack, 1, 271.
• reproved by Isaiah, 1, 271.
• displaced by Eliakim, 1, 272.
• Shebuot hesset, oath of purgation, introduced by Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 556.
• Shechaniah, suggests the repudiation of heathen wives by the Judæans, 1, 368.
• Shechem (Neapolis), taken by Jacob, 1, 4.
• chief city of Canaan, 1, 36.
• unfitness of, to be David’s capital, 1, 114.
• the inhabitants of, rebel under Jeroboam, 1, 180–1.
• fortified by Jeroboam, 1, 185.
• called Blessing by the Samaritans, 1, 390.
• a Samaritan center, 1, 391.
• celebrated by Theodotus, 1, 517.
• destroyed by John Hyrcanus, 2, 7–8.
• battle at, between Alexander Jannæus and Eucærus, 2, 44.
• hostility in, to Jews, 2, 457.
• sparsely inhabited by Christians, 3, 12.
• Samaritans in, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
• Shechina, the, Kabbalistic term, the female person in the Godhead, 5, 217.
• Shedim, evil spirits, introduced into Judaism from Magianism, 1, 403.
• Shefaram, temporary seat of the Synhedrion, 2, 452.
• Shefelah. See Sharon.
• Shekan-Zib, academy at, established by Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 545, 557.
• Shekel, the half-, contributions to the Temple, 2, 52–3.
• Sheloh. See Hurwitz, Isaiah.
• Shema, the, integral part of the morning service, 1, 399.
• recitation of, punishable under Hadrian, 2, 424.
• forbidden by the Portuguese Inquisition, 5, 32.
• Shem-Addaula. See Saad-Addaula.
• Shemaiah, prophet, prevents war between Judah and Israel, 1, 184.
• Shemaria ben Elchanan, emissary from Sora, settles in Cairo, 3, 208, 210.
• Shemarya Ikriti (1290–1320), tries to reconcile Rabbanism and Karaism, 4, 69, 71.
• writes a commentary on the Bible, 4, 70.
• Shemaya (Sameas), successor to Simon ben Shetach in the Synhedrion, 2, 71–2.
• maxims of, 2, 72.
• disciples of, 2, 72, 96.
• reproves Herod and Hyrcanus II, 2, 79.
• opposed to Antigonus, 2, 85–6.
• counsels submission to Herod, 2, 88.
• spared by Herod, 2, 89.
• death of, 2, 90.
• Shemer, owner of the plateau of Samaria, 1, 193.
• Shem-Tob. See Levi ben Shem-Tob.
• Shem-Tob de Carrion. See Santob de Carrion.
• Shem-Tob ben Abraham Ibn-Gaon (1283–1330), Kabbalist, 4, 74.
• Shem-Tob ben Isaac of Tortosa (1206–1264), medical writer, lectures at Marseilles, 3, 582.
• history of, 3, 582–3.
• Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, polemic writer, debates with Pedro de Luna, 4, 142.
• works of, 4, 142–3, 144.
• Shem-Tob ben Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, Kabbalist, work of, 4, 197.
• opponent to philosophy, 4, 239.
• opposed in views to his son, 4, 243.
• Shem-Tob Falaquera, poet and philosopher, defends the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 634.
• mysticism of, 4, 24.
• Sherif-Pasha, governor of Damascus, permits the persecution of the Jews, 5, 635.
• orders the bastinado for a Jewish suspect, 5, 636.
• tortures children, 5, 637.
• destroys the houses of Jews, 5, 637.
• circulates an anti-Jewish book, 5, 639.
• orders the translation of suspicious Talmud passages, 5, 640.
• obtains assent for the execution of the Jews, 5, 640.
• ordered to discontinue the torture, 5, 648.
• releases the prisoners, 5, 661.
• executed, 5, 661.
• Sherira ben Chananya (Chanina, 920–1000), judge of Pumbeditha, opposes the Gaon Nehemiah, 3, 208.
• Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 231, 232.
• descent of, 3, 232.
• devoted to the Talmud, 3, 232.
• “Letter” of, 3, 232–3.
• arraigned before the Caliph, 3, 233–4.
• abdication and death of, 3, 234.
• Sheshbazzar, Babylonian name of Zerubbabel, 1, 351.
• Sheshenk. See Sheshet.
• Sheshet. See Mar-Sheshet.
• Sheshet Benveniste (1131–1210), head of the Barcelona community, patron of Jewish learning, 3, 388.
• poem by, 3, 388.
• epigram by, 3, 524–5.
• Shibli Ajub, opponent of the Damascus Jews, 5, 633.
• “Shield and Sword,” polemic by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.
• Shila, principal of the school at Nahardea, 2, 512.
• acknowledges the authority of Abba-Areka, 2, 512.
• precedence of the family of, 2, 522.
• Shiloh (Salem), the seat of the sanctuary, 1, 41.
• not sufficiently centrally located for the sanctuary, 1, 57.
• the rallying point under the later judges, 1, 69, 70.
• destroyed by the Philistines, 1, 71.
• Shimei, the Benjamite, reviles David, 1, 142.
• welcomes David on his return to Jerusalem, 1, 147.
• executed, 1, 160–1.
• Shiraz, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 434.
• Shir-ha-shirim. See “Song of Songs, the.”
• Shishak, of Egypt, protects Solomon’s enemies, 1, 176.
• protects Jeroboam, 1, 180.
• in alliance with Jeroboam, 1, 184.
• defeats Rehoboam, 1, 184–5.
• Shobach, Aramæan general, killed at the battle of Helam, 1, 127.
• Shobi, made king of the Ammonites by David, 1, 129.
• aids David against Absalom, 1, 144.
• Shofetim. See Judges, the.
• Shoraich, son of Samuel Ibn-Adiya, bravery and nobility of, 3, 70.
• “Short and Established Practice,” work by Judah the Blind, 3, 136.
• “Short Demurrer, A,” by William Prynne, 5, 45–6.
• refuted, 5, 46.
• Shulam, Samuel. See Samuel Shulam.
• Shulamit, daughter of Aminadab, heroine of the “Song of Songs,” 1, 431.
• Shulchan Aruch, the, code by Joseph Karo, 4, 612–13.
• expected to unite Judaism, 4, 612.
• partiality of, 4, 613.
• authority of, 4, 613.
• influence of, on Judaism, 4, 613.
• commentary on, by Moses Isserles, 4, 637.
• not binding in the Messianic time, 5, 142.
• Shunamite woman, the, and Jehoash, 1, 233.
• Shunem, Philistine camp against Saul, 1, 102.
• “Shylock,” Heine on, 5, 552–3.
• Sibbechai of Hushah, Israelite champion in the Philistine war, 1, 117.
• Sibili, Astruc. See Astruc Sibili.
• Sibyl, the, used to spread Judæan doctrines, 2, 204–5, 402.
• Sicarii, the, a band of Zealots, lawlessness of, 2, 239.
• rob a servant of Claudius, 2, 242.
• employed by Felix, 2, 246.
• punished by Albinus, 2, 249.
• favored by Gessius Florus, 2, 250.
• leader of, 2, 258.
• take the fortress of Masada, 2, 258.
• join the Zealots in the Temple, 2, 260.
• kill the Roman garrison in Jerusalem, 2, 260.
• cruelty of, 2, 260–1.
• escape to Masada, 2, 261.
• one of the factions in Jerusalem, 2, 301.
• Sichin (Asochis), the Judæans defeated at, 2, 40.
• stronghold in the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 414.
• fall of, 2, 416.
• Sicily, the Jewish community in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.
• subjugated by Belisarius, 3, 31.
• a synagogue in, razed, 3, 34.
• a refuge for Jewish fugitives, 3, 569.
• Abraham Abulafia in, 4, 7–8.
• opposition to the Inquisition in, 4, 319–20.
• Sicily, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 422–3, 424.
• wear Jew badges, 3, 518.
• excluded from offices under Frederick II, 3, 567.
• persecuted in the fourteenth century, 4, 77.
• proclamation expelling, 4, 347–8.
• Siddur Rab Amram, the liturgy of the European Jews, 3, 178.
• Siderius, name borne by Gallic Jews, 3, 36.
• Sidillo. See Samuel Sidillo.
• Sidon (Saida), built by the Canaanites, 1, 3.
• center of Phœnician culture, 1, 53.
• laid waste by the Philistines, 1, 80.
• surrenders to Shalmaneser, 1, 264.
• urges revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 310.
• the inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, 1, 475.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.
• Sidra, academy, 2, 514.
• Sigismund, emperor, advises Benedict XIII to abdicate, 4, 216.
• the Jews under, 4, 218, 219.
• has the privileges of the Jews confirmed by Martin V, 4, 219.
• in the Hussite war, 4, 225.
• protection of, ineffectual, 4, 227.
• appoints three Judenmeister, 4, 227.
• death of, 4, 248.
• Sigismund, of Burgundy, raises a barrier between Jews and Christians in Burgundy, 3, 37.
• Sigismund I, of Poland, kindly disposed towards Jews, 4, 419.
• Sigismund III, of Poland, confirms the privileges of the Jews, 4, 643.
• alienates the Cossacks, 5, 2.
• Sigismund, ambassador from Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.
• Sigismund Augustus, of Poland, appeals to Joseph Nassi, 4, 601.
• death of, 4, 603, 642.
• protects the Jews, 4, 633.
• Sihon, king of the Emorites, defeated by the Israelites, 1, 27.
• Silas, the Babylonian, Judæan hero in the Roman rebellion, 2, 264.
• Silesia, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.
• John of Capistrano in, 4, 258.
• Silesia, the Jews of, own real estate in the twelfth century, 3, 418.
• suffering of, through John of Capistrano, 4, 260–3.
• restricted to money-lending, 4, 260.
• charged with host-desecration, 4, 261.
• charged with the blood accusation, 4, 261–2.
• burnt at Breslau, 4, 262.
• improvement of the condition of, 5, 416.
• heavily taxed, 5, 508.
• Silhi, academy founded at, by Mar-Sheshet, 2, 554.
• Silk spinning, by the Jews of Greece, 3, 175, 425.
• Silk worms, the breeding of, carried on by Jews in Palermo, 3, 424.
• Siloah, spring south of Jerusalem, 1, 114.
• supplies the water for the Water Libation during Tabernacles, 2, 51.
• Silva, governor of Judæa, takes Masada, 2, 316.
• Silva, Diogo de, inquisitor-general of Portugal, 4, 508.
• resigns, 4, 513.
• Silva, Miguel de, Portuguese ambassador to the pope, effects Reubeni’s disgrace, 4, 498–9.
• Silva, Samuel da, physician, publishes a work against Uriel da Costa, 5, 59.
• answered by Uriel da Costa, 5, 60.
• Silvani family, the, support Chiya bar Abba, 2, 536.
• Silveira, Isaac, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 144.
• “Silver Dish, The,” by Joseph Ezobi, 3, 561.
• Silveyra, Miguel, Marrano poet, 5, 111.
• Simaï bar Ashi, father of Ashi, disciple of Papa bar Chanan, 2, 594.
• Simcha ben Samuel, Talmudist, member of the synod at Mayence, 3, 517.
• Simcha Cohen, martyr during the first crusade, 3, 302.
• Simeon, the tribe of, successful warriors in the desert, 1, 26.
• allied with Judah, 1, 38–9.
• delivered by Othniel, 1, 60.
• enters national life, 1, 77.
• loyal to Rehoboam, 1, 183.
• Simeon, Syrian bishop, enemy of Zorah Yussuf, 3, 65–6.
• Simeon. See also Simon.
• Simlaï, assessor of Judah II, 2, 484.
• versed in the Scriptures, 2, 488, 499.
• Agadist, 2, 498, 499.
• settle at Nahardea, 2, 498.
• relations of, to Judah II, 2, 499.
• on the commands of the Law, 2, 499.
• discusses Bible exegesis with the Church Fathers, 2, 499.
• defends the doctrine of the unity of God, 2, 501–2.
• Simon, brother of Jesus, 2, 148.
• Simon, brother of John of Gischala, accuses Josephus, 2, 281.
• Simon, companion of Ishmael ben Elisha, 2, 427–8.
• Simon I, high priest (the Just, 300–270), said to have appeared to Alexander the Great, 1, 413.
• improves Jerusalem and the Temple, 1, 421.
• described by Sirach, 1, 422.
• as teacher, 1, 422.
• objects to Nazarite practices, 1, 422.
• daughter of, 1, 423.
• Simon II, high priest, hostile to Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, 1, 432.
• son of, 1, 437.
• Simon III, high priest. See Simon Tharsi.
• Simon IV, high priest. See Simon, son of Boëthus.
• Simon, leader of the Idumæans, helps the Zealots, 2, 295.
• Simon I, president of the Synhedrion, son of Hillel, 2, 130.
• Simon II, president of the Synhedrion, son of Gamaliel I, 2, 240.
• member of the war party, 2, 269.
• coins in honor of, 2, 269.
• power of, 2, 271.
• head of the Pharisees, 2, 271.
• decrees the deposition of Josephus, 2, 281.
• Simon III, president of the Synhedrion, son of Gamaliel II, minority of, 2, 404.
• escapes from Bethar, 2, 434.
• Patriarch, resides at Jamnia, 2, 434.
• joins the Galilean synod, 2, 434.
• teachings of, 2, 435.
• relation of, to Meïr, 2, 440.
• dissolves the Synhedrion at Nahor-Pakod, 2, 443–4.
• seeks increase of dignity, 2, 444–5.
• conspiracy against, 2, 445.
• expels Meïr and Nathan from the Synhedrion, 2, 445.
• at peace with Nathan, 2, 446.
• excommunicates Meïr, 2, 446.
• on the Roman persecution of the Jews, 2, 446.
• death of 2, 451.
• Simon, slave of Herod, proclaimed king, 2, 124–5.
• Simon the Benjamite, Hellenist, opponent of Onias III, 1, 437.
• banished, 1, 438.
• gives information about the Temple treasures, 1, 438.
• hires assassins to murder Onias III, 1, 438.
• Simon of Cairo, author of the “Great Halachas,” 3, 179.
• Simon the Hasmonæan. See Simon Hasmonai.
• Simon de Montfort, leads the crusade against the Albigenses, 3, 502.
• receives the estates of Raymond VI of Toulouse, 3, 508, 509.
• opposed by Raymond VII of Toulouse, 3, 514.
• protects the Jews, 3, 514.
• Simon the Parthian, servant of Judah I, 2, 466.
• Simon the Pious, murdered, 3, 352.
• Simon of Trent, martyr, the Jews charged with the death of, 4, 298.
• pilgrimages to the remains of, 4, 298–9.
• Sixtus IV refuses to canonize, 4, 299.
• Eisenmenger believes in the martyrdom of, 5, 188.
• Simon bar Abba, Amora, urged to marry Mar-Samuel’s daughter, 2, 528.
• austerity of, 2, 537.
• misfortunes of, 2, 543.
• Simon bar Giora, Judæan hero in the Roman rebellion, 2, 264, 273.
• leader of the Sicarii, 2, 293.
• life of, in Acrabattine, 2, 293.
• war of, with the Idumæans, 2, 293.
• wife of, taken prisoner, 2, 297–8.
• allies himself with the aristocratic party in Jerusalem, 2, 298.
• in Jerusalem, 2, 298.
• vengeful feeling of, towards the Zealots, 2, 301.
• followers of, executed, 2, 304.
• refuses to lay down arms, 2, 309.
• graces the triumph of Titus, 2, 313–14.
• hurled from the Tarpeian rock, 2, 314.
• Simon bar Kappara, propounds a riddle, 2, 455–6.
• authorization to teach refused to, 2, 456.
• announces the death of Judah I, 2, 466–7.
• adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.
• Simon bar Yochaï. See Simon ben Jochai.
• Simon ben Anatolio, head of the Talmudic college of Marseilles, 3, 400.
• Simon ben Asai (Azai), theosophist teacher of the Law, 2, 358, 381.
• favors the instruction of women in the Law, 2, 474.
• Simon ben Caipha, neo-Hebraic poet, author of an Abodah, 3, 115.
• Simon ben Ezron, leader of the Jerusalem Zealots, 2, 301.
• Simon ben Isaac ben Abun, commentator on the Talmud and poet, 3, 245.
• dirge by, 3, 246.
• stays the persecution of the Jews of Mayence, 3, 246.
• memory of, perpetuated by the Mayence community, 3, 247.
• related to Rashi, 3, 286.
• Simon ben Jochai (bar Yochaï), disciple of Akiba, returns to Judæa, 2, 433.
• reputed a Kabbalist, 2, 440.
• at the Synhedrion of Usha, 2, 440.
• an enemy of Rome, 2, 440–1, 447.
• method of, 2, 441.
• pursues the Law exclusively, 2, 441.
• rejoices in the deprivation of judicial rights, 2, 447–8.
• accuses the Romans of selfishness, 2, 448.
• condemned to death, 2, 448.
• lives in a cave, 2, 448.
• declares Tiberias clean, 2, 448–9.
• at Rome, 2, 449.
• teacher of Judah I, 2, 451.
• son of, 2, 457.
• son-in-law of, 2, 459–60.
• said to have foretold the rise of Islam, 3, 88–9.
• supposed revelation to, 3, 606.
• authorship of the Zohar attributed to, 4, 12.
• glorified in the Zohar, 4, 12–14, 16.
• Midrash of, 4, 19.
• declared not to be the author of the Zohar, 4, 292.
• Isaac Lurya pretends to hold intercourse with, 4, 622.
• grave of, visited by Kabbalists, 4, 623.
• homage paid to, by the Frankists, 5, 274.
• Simon ben Kathla, Idumæan leader in Jerusalem, 2, 301.
• Simon ben Lakish (Resh Lakish), Amora, 2, 479.
• opposes the leveling policy of Judah II, 2, 485.
• rebukes Judah II for covetousness, 2, 485–6.
• brother-in-law of Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 495.
• strength of, 2, 496.
• gloom of, 2, 496.
• Agadist, 2, 496–7.
• opponent of Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 497.
• disciples of, 2, 531.
• Simon ben Nanos, disciple of the Law, 2, 358.
• Simon ben Saul, Judæan hero of Bethshean, 2, 262–3.
• Simon ben Shetach, brother of Salome Alexandra, Pharisee leader, 2, 39.
• mediator between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, 2, 42.
• member of the Great Council, 2, 42.
• counselor of Salome Alexandra, 2, 48.
• proposed as Nassi of the Great Council, 2, 49.
• called “Restorer of the Law,” 2, 49.
• promotes the establishment of schools, 2, 50–1.
• rebukes Judah ben Tabbaï, 2, 53.
• president of the Synhedrion, 2, 54.
• severity of, 2, 54.
• condemns his son to death on a false charge, 2, 54–5.
• successors of, 2, 71–2.
• Simon ben Zemach Duran I (1361–1444), chief rabbi of Algiers, attacks Isaac ben Sheshet, 4, 199.
• first Spanish-Jewish rabbi to take pay, 4, 199–200.
• polemics by, 4, 238.
• and the conversion of the Jews of Palma, 4, 247.
• Simon ben Zoma, theosophist teacher of the Law, 2, 358, 381.
• Simon, son of Boëthus, father-in-law of Herod, high priest, 2, 107.
• founder of the Boëthusans, 2, 108.
• Simon, son of Dositheus, ambassador to Rome, 2, 4–5.
• Simon, son of Judah I, Chacham, 2, 466.
• Simon, son of Judas the Galilean, leader of an insurrection, 2, 199.
• crucified, 2, 199.
• Simon Duran I. See Simon ben Zemach Duran.
• Simon Duran II (1439–1510), rabbi of Algiers, protector of the Spanish exiles, 4, 390–1.
• Simon Episcopius, chief of the Arminians, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.
• Simon Hasmonai, grandfather of Mattathias the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.
• Simon Kara, compiler of the Yalkut, 3, 346.
• Simon Kephas. See Peter, apostle.
• Simon Maimi, chief rabbi of Portugal, martyrdom of, 4, 380.
• family of, martyrs, 4, 380, 381.
• Simon Stylites, ascetic, rebukes Theodosius II, 2, 621–2.
• Simon Tharsi, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.
• chosen as counselor to succeed his father, 1, 461.
• rescues the Galilean Judæans, 1, 475.
• leader of the Hasmonæan party, 1, 489.
• strengthens the defenses of Judæa, 1, 492–3.
• forces Bacchides to raise the siege of Bethhagla, 1, 493.
• commander of the Syrian forces on the Mediterranean shores, 1, 498.
• chosen leader of the people, 1, 500.
• prepares to oppose Diodotus Tryphon, 1, 500.
• pays tribute to Tryphon to save his brother’s life, 1, 501.
• sons of, 1, 520.
• makes Judæa independent, 1, 520.
• high priest, 1, 521.
• negotiates with Demetrius II, 1, 521.
• dates the independence of Judæa from the year of first coining money, 1, 522.
• drives the Hellenists from their strongholds, 1, 523–4.
• takes down the towers of the Acra, 1, 524–5.
• sues for an alliance with Rome, 1, 525–6.
• supreme sovereignty conferred upon, 1, 526–7.
• title of, 1, 527.
• coins money, 1, 528.
• attacked by Antiochus Sidetes, 1, 528–9.
• names his sons as his generals, 1, 529.
• assassination of, 1, 530.
• wife of, imprisoned, 1, 531.
• temporary character of his descendants’ rule, 2, 143.
• Simon Zarfati, physician to Pope Julius II, 4, 408.
• Simon. See also Simeon.
• Simon, Richard, Father of the Oratory, clears the Jews of the charge of child murder, 5, 175–6.
• lays the foundations of Bible exegesis, 5, 178–9.
• attractive style of, 5, 179.
• introduces Rabbinical literature to Christians, 5, 179.
• taught by Jonah Salvador, 5, 175, 180.
• exalts Rabbinical Judaism, 4, 180.
• translates Leo Modena’s “Rites,” 5, 180.
• shows Christianity to be based on Judaism, 5, 180.
• defends the Jews and the Talmud, 5, 180–1.
• recants his praise of the Jews, 5, 181–2.
• ridicules superstitious usages, 5, 202.
• Simoneta, cardinal, opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 516.
• on the commission to examine Paul III’s Inquisition bull, 4, 520.
• Simonias, the Jews of, ask Judah I for a teacher of the Law, 2, 453–4.
• Simonists, the, followers of Simon bar Giora, 2, 301.
• Sin, Original. See Original Sin.
• Sin, the theory of, in the Zohar, 4, 17.
• Sin-offering, the, for murders, abrogated by Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 239.
• Sinai, desert of, Moses in, 1, 15.
• Israelites in, 1, 20.
• Sinai, mount, the Israelites at, 1, 20–1.
• Sinaï, title of Joseph ben Chiya, 2, 581.
• Sinaitic revelation, the, characterized, 1, 23.
• place of sacrifices in, 1, 24–5.
• Sinhajas, the, a Berber race, found a kingdom in the south of Spain, 3, 256.
• unfriendly to the Arabs, 3, 261.
• Sinjar Shahin-Shah, Seljuk Sultan, expedition of, against the Ghuzz, 3, 434.
• assigns a final resting place to the supposed remains of Daniel, 3, 435.
• Sinzheim, Joseph David (1745–1812), compelled to flee from Strasburg, 5, 452.
• deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 483–4.
• character of, 5, 484.
• attainments of, 5, 484.
• rabbi of Strasburg, 5, 484.
• on the commission to answer the twelve questions to the Notables, 5, 490.
• works out the report of the commission, 5, 490.
• president of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.
• opens the first session of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.
• delivers the closing speech of the Synhedrion, 5, 497.
• member of the French consistory, 5, 502.
• not gifted with the temper of a reformer, 5, 559.
• Sinzig, the Jews of, burnt in the thirteenth century, 3, 611.
• Sippai of Gath, Philistine champion, 1, 117.
• Sirach. See Jesus Sirach.
• Sirach, grandson of Jesus Sirach, translates Ecclesiasticus into Greek, 2, 359.
• “Siraj,” Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 3, 458.
• Sisebut, Visigothic king, fanaticism of, 3, 40, 47.
• renews Reccared’s anti-Jewish laws, 3, 48.
• orders the Jews to be baptized or banished, 3, 48.
• laws of, repealed by Swintila, 3, 49.
• Sisenand, Visigothic king, the Jews under, 3, 49–50.
• Sisera, Jabin’s general, defeated by Barak, 1, 61.
• Akiba said to be a descendant of, 2, 351.
• Sixtus IV, pope, has Kabbalistic writings translated into Latin, 4, 292, 443.
• refuses to canonize Simon of Trent, 4, 299.
• authorizes the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 311.
• appoints four inquisitors, 4, 312.
• censures the cruelty of the Inquisition, 4, 318–19.
• sanctions the Inquisition in Aragon, 4, 319.
• troubled by the opposition to the Inquisition, 4, 320.
• appoints a chief judge of appeals for Marrano cases, 4, 320.
• forbids Marranos to be judges in heresy trials, 4, 321.
• infamy of, 4, 321.
• modifies the rigors of the Inquisition, 4, 322.
• recalls his bull, 4, 322–3.
• appoints Torquemada inquisitor-general for Spain, 4, 324.
• congratulated on his accession by Alfonso V of Portugal, 4, 340.
• Sixtus V, pope, removes restrictions from the Jews, 4, 655–6.
• a Talmudic dictionary dedicated to, 4, 657.
• punishes a Christian Shylock, 4, 657.
• permits the reprinting of the Talmud, 4, 657–8, 659.
• death of, 4, 658.
• avarice of, 4, 658–9.
• Sixtus Senensis, employed by Paul IV to annoy the Jews, 4, 581.
• urges the burning of the Talmud, 4, 582.
• rescues the Zohar from burning, 4, 584.
• Skytte, Swedish royal councilor, projects a university in Brandenburg, 5, 174.
• Slave-owners, Jewish, in Rome, riot against, 3, 30–1.
• Slave-trade, the, among the Jews of Italy, 3, 28–9.
• permitted to the Jews of the Frankish empire, 3, 34.
• discussed by the Church Councils, 3, 40.
• under Charlemagne, 3, 142.
• among Spanish Jews, 3, 229.
• among Bohemian Jews, 3, 305.
• See also Christian slaves.
• Slaves, Judæans sold as, 1, 227.
• enfranchised by Josiah, 1, 296.
• in the time of Ezra, 1, 376–7.
• cease to exist among Judæans, 1, 393.
• treatment of, by Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 555.
• Jews made, by Egica, 3, 108.
• owned by Jews, forbidden to be baptized under Louis the Pious, 3, 161, 164–5.
• Jewish, ransomed by Abrabanel, 4, 339.
• the Spanish exiles as, 4, 371.
• Jews as, among the Knights of Malta, 4, 656.
• See also Christian slaves.
• Slavonia, the Jews of, proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.
• Slavonian countries, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.
• Smith, member of Parliament, on the Damascus affair, 5, 656.
• Smyrna, small Jewish community in, in the fifteenth century, 4, 406.
• enriched by the war between Venice and Turkey, 5, 119.
• Sabbataï Zevi banished from, 5, 122.
• return of Sabbataï Zevi to, 5, 133–4.
• enthusiasm at, for Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 134–5.
• Christians at, interested in Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 137.
• Sabbataï Zevi leaves, 5, 145.
• prophets at, silenced by Sabbataï’s apostasy, 5, 157.
• Sabbatians at, continue to believe in Sabbataï, 5, 157.
• rabbis of, excommunicate the Sabbatians, 5, 157, 159.
• Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, 5, 163.
• Sabbatianism at, after Sabbataï’s death, 5, 207.
• Sabbatians in, 5, 210.
• Nehemiah Chayon at, 5, 216.
• the writings of Cardoso burnt at, 5, 220.
• Soares, João, Portuguese inquisitor, 4, 521.
• Sochen, manager of the court in Judah, chosen from the house of Nathan, 1, 249.
• power of, under Hezekiah, 1, 268.
• “Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews, The,” joined by Heine, 5, 547.
• founders of, 5, 551.
• limitations of, 5, 600.
• losses caused by, 5, 602.
• members of, in Galicia, 5, 612.
• “Society for the Good and the Noble, The,” formed by Mendelssohn’s disciples, 5, 403.
• “Society for the Promotion of Christianity among Jews, The,” publishes a history of the Jews, 5, 593.
• “Society of Friends, The,” formed to oppose the orthodox party, 5, 418–19.
• motto and symbol of, 5, 418.
• weakness of, 5, 419.
• encourage the Reform movement, 5, 563.
• “Society of the Friends of Reform, The,” in Frankfort, innovations of, 5, 675.
• invite Riesser to join them, 5, 675.
• declare circumcision optional, 5, 676.
• relinquish certain points in their programme, 5, 676.
• Socinus, disciple of Michael Servetus in Poland, 4, 647.
• Socrates, the sayings of, used by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267.
• Sodomites, the, honored by a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.
• Soem, gaoler of Mariamne, 2, 96.
• beheaded, 2, 104.
• Sofer, Moses, aggressiveness of, 5, 567.
• opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571, 572.
• Sofino, Raphael, encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, 5, 160.
• Sogane, taken by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• Solgat. See Sulchat.
• Solidarity, the, of the Jewish race, 2, 367–8; 5, 632–3.
• Solis, Pedro de, commissioner to frame the statute for the Inquisition, 4, 312.
• Solms, the princes of, remove the poll-tax, 5, 465.
• Solomon, king of Judah, son of David and Bathsheba, 1, 133.
• succession of, opposed, 1, 135.
• anointed by Nathan and Zadok, 1, 153.
• spares the life of Adonijah, 1, 154.
• characteristics and achievements of, 1, 156–8.
• vision of, at Gibeah, 1, 158.
• wisdom of, 1, 158.
• allegorical poems by, 1, 158–9.
• failings of, 1, 159.
• has Adonijah killed, 1, 160.
• deposes Abiathar, 1, 160.
• executes Shimei, 1, 160–1.
• harem of, 1, 161.
• and Hiram of Tyre, 1, 162.
• royal splendor of, 1, 162.
• division of land by, 1, 162.
• buildings of, 1, 162–9.
• Temple of, 1, 162–8.
• workmen of, 1, 163, 164.
• prayer of, at the dedication of the Temple, 1, 167.
• royal palace of, 1, 168–9.
• alliances of, 1, 169–70.
• fleet of, 1, 170–1.
• opens a route to India, 1, 170.
• has roads built, 1, 171–2.
• officers of, 1, 172.
• prosperity under, 1, 172.
• receives the Queen of Sheba, 1, 173.
• permits idolatry, 1, 175.
• and Jeroboam, 1, 175–6.
• children of, 1, 177.
• death of, 1, 177.
• “Sefer Refuoth” attributed to, 2, 29.
• in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.
• Solomon, brother of Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini, Maimunist, 3, 536.
• Solomon (761–762), Exilarch, dies without issue, 3, 128.
• Solomon (Chasdaï?), made Exilarch by Mahomet Almustafi, 3, 428, 438.
• prevents a persecution of the Jews of the Abbasside Caliphate, 3, 433.
• Solomon I, prince of the Cairo Karaites, 3, 444.
• Solomon, prince of the Jews of Talmas, 3, 437.
• Solomon the Egyptian, physician to Emperor Emanuel, 3, 425.
• Solomon of Lithuania. See Maimon, Solomon.
• Solomon (Shlomel) of Moravia, devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 55.
• Solomon of Rohatyn, Frankist, makes a Catholic confession of faith, 5, 285.
• Solomon of Tarascon, obtains the abrogation of the law on Jew badges, 3, 612.
• Solomon de Vesoul, receiver-general of France, 4, 150.
• robbed by a mob, 4, 151.
• Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, Talmudist, disciple of Judah Sir Leon, 3, 409.
• anti-Maimunist, 3, 527.
• literalness of, 3, 527–8.
• excommunicates the Maimunists, 3, 528–9.
• excommunicated, 3, 530.
• opposed by David Kimchi, 3, 531.
• aided by Nachmani, 3, 536.
• excommunicated by the Jews of Aragon, 3, 536–7.
• renounced by the French rabbis, 3, 539, 540–1.
• refers the Maimunist controversy to the Dominicans, 3, 542–3.
• denounced for inviting Dominican interference, 3, 543–4.
• partisans of, punished, 3, 544.
• imitated by Abba-Mari, 4, 32.
• Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret (Rashba, 1245–1310), disciple of Nachmani, 3, 609.
• character of, 3, 618–19.
• as Talmudist, 3, 619–20.
• as Kabbalist, 3, 619.
• authority of, 3, 620, 621.
• assists Maimonides’ grandson, 3, 620.
• refutes Raymund Martin, 3, 623.
• informed of the condemnation of the Eastern Anti-Maimunists, 3, 634.
• warns the Sicilian congregations against Abraham Abulafia, 4, 7.
• denounces the Messiah of Avila, 4, 9.
• in correspondence with Samuel Sulami, 4, 26.
• invited to oppose Levi of Villefranche, 4, 28, 29.
• appealed to by the Tibbonide party, 4, 33.
• refuses to prohibit the study of science without the co-operation of twenty congregations, 4, 34.
• pronounces the ban on science, 4, 38, 39–40.
• tries to have the ban accepted beyond his own community, 4, 40.
• attacked by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 42–4.
• protests admiration for Maimonides, 4, 44–5.
• in correspondence with Eleazar ben Joseph, 4, 49.
• again interferes in the controversy on the study of science, 4, 50.
• death of, 4, 51.
• has Maimonides’ works translated into Hebrew, 4, 60.
• disciple of, 4, 74, 147.
• Solomon ben Abraham Parchon, disciple of Abraham Ibn-Ezra, teaches Hebrew to the Italians, 3, 423.
• Solomon ben Abraham Zarfati, French Talmudist, on the Spanish rabbis of the fourteenth century, 4, 144, 162.
• Solomon ben Asher, letter to, from Abraham Maimuni, 3, 545.
• Solomon ben Jacob, physician, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 4, 60.
• Solomon ben Joseph Ibn-Shoshan, virtues of, 3, 384.
• Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi, travels and learning of, 4, 602–3.
• employed as an agent by Mahomet Sokolli, 4, 603.
• brings about the election of Henry of Anjou as king of Poland, 4, 605.
• concludes peace between Turkey and Venice, 4, 605–6, 608.
• honors shown to, in Venice, 4, 605–6.
• secures the position of the Venetian Jews, 4, 606–7.
• supplants Joseph Nassi, 4, 627.
• as a diplomat, 4, 628–9.
• sons of, live in Venice, 4, 629.
• wife of, saves the sultan’s wife, 4, 630.
• supports Stephen Bathori as candidate for the Polish throne, 4, 642.
• Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed, poet and satirist, 4, 182, 230.
• Solomon ben Yerucham (Ruchaïm, 885–960), defends Karaism against Saadiah, 3, 191.
• combats the opinions of Chivi Albalchi, 3, 199.
• makes propaganda for Karaism, 3, 203.
• commentaries of, 3, 206.
• hostile to philosophy, 3, 206.
• poetry of, 3, 223.
• Solomon Ibn-Almuallem. See Abu Ayub.
• Solomon Ibn-Farussal, diplomat in the employ of a Christian prince, 3, 312–13.
• Solomon Ibn-Gebirol (Abu Ayub Sulaiman Ibn-Yachya, Avicebron, 1021–1070), eulogizes Haï Gaon, 3, 253.
• protected by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260, 268.
• and Ibn-Janach, 3, 264.
• early life of, 3, 265.
• Hebrew style of, 3, 266.
• immortalizes Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, 3, 266.
• writes a versified Hebrew grammar, 3, 267.
• writes a work on moral philosophy, 3, 267–8.
• banished from Saragossa, 3, 268.
• philosophy of, 3, 269–71.
• importance of, for European philosophy, 3, 270.
• philosophy of, foreign to Jewish thinkers, 3, 270.
• eulogy of, on Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 274.
• death of, 3, 280.
• legend about, 3, 281.
• unhappiness of, 3, 313.
• poetic forms developed by, 3, 317.
• compared with Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 319.
• works of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.
• works of, interdicted by the Church, 3, 503.
• philosophy of, studied by Duns Scotus, 3, 644.
• marks the zenith of neo-Hebraic poetry, 4, 67.
• lyric and didactic poet, 5, 112.
• Solomon Ibn-Sakbel, poet, satirical romance by, 3, 318.
• Solomon Ibn-Verga, chronicler, 4, 556.
• Solomon Alami, on the degeneracy of fourteenth century Jews of Spain, 4, 154–5.
• describes the misery of Castilian Jews under Juan II, 4, 204.
• Solomon Alkabez, poet, companion of Joseph Karo, 4, 538.
• Solomon Dafiera, neo-Hebraic poet, 4, 230.
• Solomon Duran (1400–1467), rabbi of Algiers, defends the Talmud, 4, 238.
• son of, 4, 390.
• Solomon Gracian, opponent of the study of science, protests admiration for Maimonides, 4, 45.
• Solomon Kohen, disciple of Maimonides, 3, 461.
• Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul Burgensis, or de Santa Maria, 1351–1435), apostate, attainments and character of, 4, 182–3.
• renounced by his family, 4, 183.
• ordained as a Catholic priest, 4, 183.
• in favor with Benedict XIII, 4, 184.
• ecclesiastical offices of, 4, 184, 190.
• propagandist, 4, 184–5.
• satirizes Jewish customs, 4, 185.
• caluminates the Jews, 4, 185–6.
• controversies of, with Jews, 4, 186–8.
• prevails upon David Bonet to remain a Christian, 4, 188.
• privy councilor to Henry III, 4, 190.
• executor of Henry III’s will, 4, 194.
• in the council of regency for Juan II, 4, 194, 195.
• causes the death of Meïr Alguades, 4, 195, 196.
• issues an anti-Jewish edict, 4, 203–4.
• sons of, 4, 216, 249–50.
• propagandist for Christianity, 4, 231–2.
• writes a tract against Judaism, 4, 233.
• leaves the Marranos unconvinced, 4, 256.
• exegetical works of, used by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.
• Solomon Lurya (1510–1573), Polish Talmudist, 4, 634–7; 5, 4.
• critical ability of, 4, 634–5.
• aggressive nature of, 4, 635–6.
• admiration for, 4, 636.
• efforts of, to establish religious practice, 4, 636.
• as a grammarian, 4, 637.
• reproves Moses Isserles, 4, 638.
• authority of, 4, 639.
• disciples of, 4, 639.
• Solomon Petit, anti-Maimunist and Kabbalist, 3, 626.
• threatened with excommunication, 3, 627.
• persuades rabbis of Europe to denounce Maimonides’ writings, 3, 627.
• fails in Italy, 3, 627–8, 630.
• has Maimonides’ writings excommunicated, 3, 630, 631.
• excommunicated by two Exilarchs, 3, 632.
• Solomon Picho, rabbi of Sepulveda, 4, 278.
• Solomon Romano. See Baptista, John.
• Solomon Yizchaki (Rashi, 1040–1105), parentage of, 3, 282, 286.
• studies Talmud at Mayence, Worms, and Speyer, 3, 286.
• early fame of, 3, 286–7.
• rabbi of Troyes, 3, 287.
• as teacher, 3, 288.
• clearness of, 3, 288.
• commentaries of, on the Talmud and the Bible, 3, 288–9.
• grammatical knowledge of, 3, 289.
• family of, his disciples, 3, 289.
• daughter of, 3, 289.
• on Kalonymos of Rome, 3, 290.
• protests against the unkind treatment of repentant apostates, 3, 308–9.
• death of, 3, 309.
• legends about, 3, 310.
• influence of, 3, 344.
• supplements to the Talmud commentary by, 3, 344.
• sons and grandsons of, 3, 345, 403.
• commentary by, on Job completed, 3, 346.
• converted to rational exegesis, 3, 288, 346.
• works of, used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.
• praised by Nicholas de Lyra, 4, 185, 442.
• exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, 4, 442.
• commentary of, published in Bomberg’s Bible, 4, 476.
• Solyman I, Turkish sultan, informed of the treachery of his Egyptian viceroy, 4, 395.
• employs a Jewish physician, 4, 401.
• the Jews under, 4, 402.
• espouses the cause of Gracia Mendesia, 4, 574–5.
• patron of Joseph Nassi, 4, 577, 594.
• intercedes in behalf of Turkish Jews in Ancona, 4, 578.
• contemplates war with Spain, 4, 594.
• jealousy among the sons of, 4, 594–5.
• espouses Joseph Nassi’s cause against the French ambassador, 4, 595.
• gives Joseph Nassi a tract near the Sea of Tiberias, 4, 596.
• death of, 4, 596.
• Son of God, epithet adopted by Jesus, 2, 159, 162, 163.
• Son of man, epithet adopted by Jesus, 2, 158.
• Soncin family, the, of printers, 4, 586.
• Soncino, Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.
• Soncinus. See Cohen, Gershon.
• “Song of Deborah, The,” celebrates the victory over Jabin, 1, 61.
• “Song of Songs, The,” a product of Greek influences, 1, 430–1.
• rebukes the evils of the times, 1, 432.
• holiness of, discussed in the Synhedrion, 2, 343–4.
• commentary on, by Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 70.
• “Songs of Glory,” by Wessely, 5, 404.
• “Songs of Obadiah ben Amos in Exile, The,” by Steinheim, 5, 603–4.
• Sopher, keeper of the lists, 1, 122, 305, 313, 314.
• Sopheric age, the development of the Law in, 1, 395–7.
• the divine service in, 1, 398–400.
• Sopherim (Scribes), the, wise men, activity of, 1, 396.
• make a “fence” about the Law, 1, 397.
• new institutions of, 1, 397–8.
• divine service arranged by, 1, 308–401.
• prophetic writings collected by, 1, 400.
• traditional customs ascribed to, 2, 19.
• Hillel justifies the laws introduced by, 2, 327.
• as described by the Nazarenes, 2, 372.
• Sophia, Nathan Ghazati dies at, 5, 161.
• Sophocles, Judæan doctrines attributed to, 2, 204.
• Sophronius, bishop of Jerusalem, surrenders the city to Omar, 3, 87.
• Sora, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.
• Sora (Mata-Mechassia), frontier town of Babylonia in the most limited sense, 2, 504.
• on the lake of Sora, 2, 506.
• honesty of the inhabitants of, 2, 506.
• assemblies at, 2, 514–15.
• Chasda’s school in, 2, 553.
• homage paid at, to the Exilarchs, 2, 606–7.
• center of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 607.
• destroyed under Firuz, 2, 629.
• the Exilarch holds annual court at, 3, 95.
• Sora, the academy of, established by Abba-Areka, 2, 513–14.
• devotion of Rab to, 2, 518.
• superior to that of Nahardea, 2, 522.
• superior to the Palestinian academies, 2, 532.
• supremacy of, under Huna, 2, 548.
• method of, a continuation of that pursued in Judæa, 2, 574–5.
• numerical strength of, 2, 576.
• principals of, wealthy, 2, 579–80.
• decline of, 2, 583.
• prosperity of, under Ashi, 2, 605.
• rebuilt, 2, 606.
• closed under Hormisdas IV, 3, 8.
• re-opened under Bahram Tshubin, 3, 9.
• prosperity of, under Chosru II, 3, 9–10.
• principal of, receives the title Gaon, 3, 90.
• districts under the jurisdiction of, 3, 98.
• quarrels in, about the principalship of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 156.
• without a Gaon, 3, 156–7.
• decline of, in the ninth century, 3, 183.
• pays homage to David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.
• rise of, in the tenth century, 3, 186.
• decadence of, 3, 192.
• Kohen-Zedek proposes to close, 3, 192.
• restored by David ben Zaccaï, 3, 192.
• raised by Saadiah, 3, 193, 201.
• members of, side with Saadiah, 3, 195.
• questions sent to, under Saadiah, 3, 201.
• decline of, after Saadiah’s death, 3, 202.
• abandoned by Joseph ben Satia, 3, 202–3.
• unsuccessful attempt to restore, 3, 203, 208.
• emissaries from, 3, 208.
• place of, taken by the Spanish schools, 3, 236.
• the last Gaon of, 3, 253.
• See also Academies, the Babylonian.
• Sora, the academy of, the Gaon (principal) of, of equal rank with the Exilarch, 3, 93.
• deference paid to, 3, 93.
• privileges of, 3, 93–4.
• at the installation of a new Exilarch, 3, 94.
• pays homage to the Exilarch, 3, 95.
• rank of, 3, 96.
• appoints the judges of his district, 3, 98.
• Sora, the academy of, Geonim of, list of:
• Chaninaï Kahana ben Huna,
• Jacob ben Natronaï,
• Joseph ben Satia,
• Judah the Blind,
• Mar-Amram ben Sheshna,
• Nachshon ben Zadok,
• Nathan ben Yehudaï (titular),
• Natronaï II,
• Saadiah ben Joseph,
• Samuel ben Chofni,
• Yom-Tob Kahana ben Jacob.
• Sora, the academy of, principals of, list of:
• Ashi, son of Simaï,
• Chananya,
• Chasda of Cafri,
• Giza,
• Huna,
• Judah ben Ezekiel,
• Mar bar Ashi,
• Mar bar Huna,
• Rabba bar Huna,
• Rabina.
• Sora, lake in the Euphrates, 2, 506.
• Soranzo, Jacopo, Venetian agent in Constantinople, procures the revocation of the banishment of the Jews from Venice, 4, 606.
• Soreg, screen between the outer and the inner court of the second Temple, 1, 492.
• Sorai, the cortes of, deprive the Jews of criminal jurisdiction, 4, 157.
• Sosius, Antony’s general, sent to help Herod, 2, 87.
• invades Judæa, 2, 88.
• army of, ravages the Temple, 2, 88.
• Sostrates, officer of Antiochus Epiphanes, deposes Jason, 1, 447.
• Soul, the, theory of, in the Zohar, 4, 16–18.
• Souls, doctrine of, held by Isaac Lurya, 4, 619–22.
• transmigration of, explained by Isaac Lurya, 4, 620.
• impregnation of, 4, 621.
• sexes of, 4, 621–2.
• Spain, settlement of Jews in, 2, 620; 3, 42–3.
• intermarriages between Jews and Christians in, 3, 44.
• Karaites spread to, in the tenth century, 3, 207.
• Talmud schools established in, 3, 208, 210.
• Moslem culture in, under the Ommiyyade Caliphs, 3, 214.
• the center of Judaism from the time of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 229.
• split into parties in the twelfth century, 3, 316.
• characteristics of the rabbis of, in the age succeeding Nachmani, 3, 609.
• Talmudists of, use the works of Maimonides, 3, 624.
• entirely Christian, 4, 346.
• effect of the Inquisition on, 4, 356.
• the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.
• war with, contemplated by Solyman, 4, 594.
• rebellion against, in the Netherlands, 4, 601.
• condition of, at the accession of Philip III, 4, 668.
• autos-da-fé in, 5, 91.
• the Jews in, 5, 727–8.
• Spain, the Jews of, forbidden to trade with Christians, 2, 620.
• held in high esteem in the sixth century, 3, 43–4.
• well treated by the early Visigoths, 3, 45.
• defend the passes of the Pyrenees, 3, 45.
• orthodoxy of, under the Visigoths, 3, 45.
• under the Catholic Visigoths, 3, 46–52.
• under Reccared, 3, 46–7.
• under Sisebut, 3, 47–9.
• emigrate, 3, 48–9, 51–2.
• under Swintila, 3, 49.
• under Sisenand, 3, 49–50.
• refute Isidore of Seville, 3, 50–1.
• under Chintila, 3, 51–2.
• enthusiastic for science and culture, 3, 214–15.
• cultivate their own individuality, 3, 215.
• not permitted to hold offices under the Mahometans, 3, 216–17.
• the first persecution of, 3, 279, 281.
• as diplomats at Mahometan and Christian courts, 3, 281–2, 291.
• devote themselves to the study of the Talmud, 3, 282.
• culture of, in the first half of the twelfth century, 3, 313, 317–18.
• politics of, in the twelfth century, 3, 317.
• culture of, at its zenith, 3, 343.
• active in the struggle between the Christians and the Almohades, 3, 363.
• history of, in Abraham Ibn-Daud’s work, 3, 366.
• struggle against Jew badges, 3, 513.
• Maimunists, 3, 526–7, 536.
• philosophical leanings of, 3, 549.
• higher culture of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 615.
• superior to the Jews of other countries, 3, 618.
• Castilians the leaders of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 75.
• neglect Jewish science, 4, 86, 91.
• charged with causing the Black Death, 4, 101–2.
• humiliated by the civil war between Pedro and Henry de Trastamare, 4, 126.
• at the beginning of Henry II’s reign, 4, 136.
• intellectual decadence of, 4, 143–4.
• selfishness of, 4, 153–5.
• informers against, 4, 155–6.
• effect of persecution on, 4, 166–7, 172–3.
• persecution of, in 1391, 4, 167–73.
• existence of, endangered by the forced converts, 4, 179, 180.
• recognize Solomon Levi as their enemy, 4, 185–6.
• take refuge in northern Africa, 4, 197–8.
• crusade against, by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 202–3.
• conversion of, planned by Benedict XIII, 4, 206–7.
• take refuge in Portugal, 4, 218.
• send delegates to Martin V, 4, 219.
• intellectual decadence of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 228, 229–30.
• hatred of, increases in the fifteenth century, 4, 248.
• the object of papal hatred, 4, 254.
• privileges of, abolished by Nicholas V, 4, 254.
• charged with child murder, 4, 276.
• measures proposed against, by Alfonso de Spina, 4, 277.
• and the Inquisition, 4, 308.
• intimate relations of, with the Marranos, 4, 334–5.
• amenities of the position of, under Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 336.
• taxed for the war with Granada, 4, 344.
• expulsion of, decided on, 4, 346.
• proclamation expelling, 4, 347–8.
• losses sustained by, on their expulsion, 4, 349–50.
• attempts to convert, after the promulgation of the edict, 4, 350.
• steadfastness of, 4, 350–1.
• solidarity of, 4, 351.
• settlement of, in Portugal, negotiated for, 4, 352.
• leave Spain, 4, 352–3.
• effect of the expulsion of, 4, 353–4.
• expulsion of, censured by European princes, 4, 356.
• last remnant of, banished, 5, 169.
• history of, by S. D. Luzzatto, 5, 624, 625.
• See also under Aragon, Castile, etc.; Inquisition, the; Marranos, the.
• Spain, Andalusian, the Jews of, admitted to state offices under Moslem rule, 3, 234–5.
• characteristics of, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 3, 235–6.
• nobility of, 3, 235–6.
• position of, in foreign communities, 3, 236.
• heirs of Judæa, Babylonia, and northern Africa, 3, 254.
• Spain, Christian, divided against itself in the twelfth century, 3, 316.
• the Jews in the kingdoms of, 3, 383–4.
• Spain, Jewish, importance of, 3, 41–2.
• Spain, Jewish, center of, at Cordova under Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 217.
• at Granada under Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.
• at Seville under Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 284.
• Spain, Mahometan, the Jews of, well treated, 3, 110.
• sympathize with the false Messiah Serene, 3, 121.
• Spain, northern, lacks Talmud schools in the twelfth century, 3, 322.
• refuge of the Jews banished from England, 3, 646.
• taken by Henry de Trastamare, 4, 124.
• Spain, northern, the Jews of, exposed to persecution in the fourteenth century, 4, 53.
• suffering of, during the Pastoureaux rising, 4, 57.
• institute fasts to avert the Black Death persecutions, 4, 100.
• Spain, southern, Judæans in, 2, 203.
• Spain, southern, the Jews of, devoted to science and poetry in the eleventh century, 3, 281, 289, 290.
• intermarry with Christians and Mahometans, 3, 527.
• Spain, Visigothic, the Jews of, send names for mention at the memorial services of the Babylonian academies, 3, 101.
• forcibly converted under Chintila, 3, 101.
• under Chindaswinth, 3, 101–2.
• forced to profess Christianity under Receswinth, 3, 102–4.
• revolt against Wamba, 3, 104–5.
• publish anti-Christian treatises, 3, 105.
• under Erwig, 3, 106–7.
• under Egica forbidden to possess real estate, 3, 107–8.
• conspire against the Visigothic empire, 3, 108.
• enslaved, 3, 108.
• aid Tarik against Spain, 3, 109.
• aid Muza Ibn-Nosair, 3, 109.
• Spalding, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on church discipline, 5, 363.
• translates Wessely’s “Songs of Glory,” 5, 404.
• Spanish America, laws of Alfonso V in force in, 3, 596.
• Spanish Caliphate, the. See Ommiyyades, the.
• Spanish exiles, the, in Navarre, 4, 357–8.
• go to Italy, Africa, Turkey, 4, 358, 383, 400.
• in Naples, 4, 358–61.
• suffer from the plague in Naples, 4, 359–60.
• in Pisa, 4, 360.
• in Africa, 4, 361–2.
• sufferings of, 4, 362, 383.
• in Genoa, 4, 362–3.
• on the Greek islands, 4, 363–4.
• in Turkey, 4, 364, 400–5.
• in Portugal, 4, 365–81.
• permitted to settle in Portugal, 4, 368.
• leave Portugal, 4, 369.
• suffering of, on leaving Portugal, 4, 369–70.
• in Portugal sold as slaves, 4, 371.
• children of, sent to San Thomas, 4, 371.
• accept baptism under Manoel of Portugal, 4, 378.
• looked upon as the Jewish nobility, 4, 382–3.
• distinction of manner of, 4, 387–8.
• purity of language of, 4, 388.
• love of, for the Spanish, 4, 388, 421.
• superiority of, admitted by other Jews, 4, 389.
• prominence of, 4, 389.
• of distinction in Africa, 4, 389–96.
• religious severity of, 4, 395.
• in Palestine, 4, 396–9.
• in Syria, 4, 399–400.
• in Constantinople, split up into national groups, 4, 402.
• in Salonica, 4, 404–5.
• in Asia Minor, 4, 405–6.
• in Italy, 4, 407–10.
• do not settle in Germany, 4, 413.
• narrow-mindedness of, 4, 479.
• carry the Kabbala to Italy and Turkey, 4, 481.
• Spanish language, the, spoken by Sephardic Jews after their exile, 4, 387, 388, 421.
• Spanish poetry, influenced by Judæo-Christian satirists, 4, 181.
• Spanish preachers, sermons of, pedantic, 4, 478.
• Spanish satirists, use Hebrew words, 4, 181.
• Spanish translation of the Bible, by Abraham Usque, 4, 475.
• Speeth, John Peter (Moses Germanus), becomes a Jew, 5, 177, 178.
• disproves the blood accusation, 5, 178.
• Speyer, Rashi studies Talmud at, 3, 286.
• the congregation of, one of the three oldest in Germany, 3, 518.
• decisions of, 4, 135.
• Reuchlin and Hoogstraten tried at, 4, 454–5.
• Speyer, the Jews of, kindly treated by Bishop Rüdiger, 3, 297, 298.
• defended by Bishop Johannsen, 3, 300–1.
• emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.
• persecuted on the charge of well poisoning, 4, 107–8.
• Spina, Alfonso de. See Alfonso de Spina.
• Spinoza, Baruch (1632–1677), pupil of the Amsterdam Talmud Torah, 4, 682.
• fearlessness of, 5, 86.
• youth of, 5, 87.
• teachers of, 5, 87.
• companions of, 5, 87–8.
• studies the old Jewish philosophers, 5, 88.
• learns Latin, 5, 88.
• scientific pursuits of, 5, 89.
• scepticism of, 5, 89–90.
• renounces Judaism, 5, 90.
• tried by the rabbis, 5, 92.
• laid under the lesser ban, 5, 93.
• refuses the conditions of the rabbis, 5, 93.
• life of, attempted, 5, 93–4.
• leaves Amsterdam, 5, 94.
• laid under the greater ban, 5, 94.
• writes a pamphlet justifying himself, 5, 95.
• supports himself by polishing lenses, 5, 95.
• “The Theologico-Political Treatise” by, 5, 95–107, 108.
• finds the source of law in might, 5, 96–7.
• hostile to Jews and Judaism, 5, 97–8, 101–3.
• on God, 5, 98–9.
• on man, 5, 99–100.
• on knowledge, 5, 100–1.
• on Christianity, 5, 102–3.
• on the Jewish state, 5, 103–7.
• peaceableness of, 5, 107, 109.
• refuses a pension, 5, 107.
• refuses a professorship, 5, 108.
• publishes his “Treatise” anonymously, 5, 108.
• attack by, upon Judaism leaves the Amsterdam Marranos unaffected, 5, 117.
• compared with Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 118.
• on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 138, 142.
• letter to, on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 139.
• publishes his Ethics, 5, 167.
• death of, 5, 167.
• refuted by Isaac Orobio de Castro, 5, 167.
• influences Richard Simon, 5, 178.
• system of, repugnant to Mendelssohn, 5, 299.
• Spinozism, Lessing charged with, 5, 372.
• Spira, Nathan, Palestinian emissary at Reggio, 5, 126.
• “Spirit of the Laws,” by Montesquieu, 5, 336.
• Sprinz, David, rabbi of Nuremberg, defends Israel Bruna, 4, 302.
• Stambuli, Aaron, of Damascus, accused of ritual murder, 5, 638.
• Stamford, the Jews of, persecution of, 3, 412.
• Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, of Poland, forbids the meeting of the synod of the Four Countries, 5, 387.
• Starodub, the Jews of, massacred by Haidamaks, 5, 10.
• States General, the Dutch, forbids the sale of Spinoza’s “Treatise,” 5, 108.
• Stättigkeit. See Judenstättigkeit.
• Steel, Lord Chief Baron, on the commission for the Jewish question, 5, 43.
• Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig (1790–1866), physician, emphasizes the mission of the Jew, 5, 602–3.
• first work by, 5, 603–4.
• deplores the estrangement of the Jews, 5, 603–4.
• second work by, 5, 604–6.
• contrasts heathenism and Judaism, 5, 604–5.
• keeps aloof from the Jewish community, 5, 606.
• externally faithful to Judaism, 5, 607.
• expounds Jewish religious philosophy, 5, 699.
• Stephanus, governor of Palæstina Prima, oppresses the Jews, 3, 16.
• killed by the Samaritans, 3, 17.
• widow of, reports his death at Constantinople, 3, 17.
• Stephen, of England, protects the Jews from the crusaders, 3, 356.
• Stephen, Greek Judæan, stoned for blasphemy, 2, 221.
• Stern, lecturer in Berlin, founds the Reform Association, 5, 683.
• Stoic system, the, and Meïr, 2, 438.
• Strabo, geographer, friendly to the Judæans, 2, 179–80.
• Strasburg, the Jews of, protected by the councilors during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 106.
• the representatives of, plead the cause of the Benfelden Jews, 4, 107.
• the Jews of, burnt, 4, 108.
• the theological faculty of, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, 4, 692.
• Jews under restrictions in, 5, 349.
• Jews not allowed to live in, 5, 430.
• Jews drawn to, by Cerf Berr, 5, 431.
• objects to the presence of Jews, 5, 447, 476.
• the Jews of, compelled to violate the Sabbath, 5, 451.
• culture of the Jews of, 5, 476.
• citizens of, prejudice Napoleon against the Jews, 5, 476–7.
• Straton, the tower of, scene of Antigonus’ murder, 2, 38.
• beautified by Herod, 2, 106.
• See Cæsarea.
• Strauss, David, predecessor of, 5, 179.
• Streckfuss, opponent of the Jews, 5, 602.
• “Strengthening of Faith, The,” by Isaac Troki, 4, 648–9.
• “Stübel,” the Zaddik’s room, 5, 382.
• Sturm, Gosse, asserts the innocence of the Jews in the charge of well poisoning, 4, 106.
• deposed, 4, 108.
• Styria, the Jews of, urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–2.
• expelled by Maximilian I, 4, 427.
• Suabia, the Jews of, suffer during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 97.
• during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
• persecuted, 4, 163.
• expelled, 4, 307, 413.
• find a refuge in Poland, 4, 420.
• Suabian League, the, Reuchlin counselor of, 4, 435.
• Suasso, Isaac (Antonio), advances money to William III, of England, 5, 205.
• Suevi, the, antagonistic to the Catholics, 3, 44.
• Suger, Abbot, prevents a persecution of the Jews of France, 3, 351.
• Sulami, Samuel. See Samuel Sulami.
• Sulchat (Solgat, Eski-Crimea), Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, 3, 123.
• a Karaite community in, in the ninth century, 3, 182.
• Karaite center, 4, 71.
• Suleiman, Barbary chieftain, takes Cordova, 3, 255, 262.
• Suliman, Ommiyyade caliph, tolerance of, 3, 110.
• patron of learning, 3, 110.
• Sullam, Jacob, husband of Sarah, 5, 69.
• Sullam, Sarah Copia (1600–1641), poetess, education of, 5, 69.
• addresses Ansaldo Ceba, 5, 69.
• resists attempts to convert her, 5, 69–70.
• accused of denying the immortality of the soul, 5, 70.
• honored by Leo Modena, 5, 70.
• Sully, the Jews of, attacked by crusaders, 3, 356.
• Sulzer, musician in Vienna, 5, 581.
• “Summons,” addressed to the princes of Europe by Michael Berr, 5, 460.
• Sumptuary laws, against the Jews of Castile, 4, 138–9, 203–4, 205–6, 275–6.
• Sunna, Mahometan tradition, 3, 110.
• Superstitious usages, among Jews, 5, 201–2.
• Surenhuysius, William, translates the Mishna into Latin, 5, 193–4.
• enthusiasm of, for the Jews, 5, 194.
• Suriel, name of an angel, 1, 403.
• Susa, the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.
• the inhabitants of, force Antiochus Epiphanes to retreat, 1, 477.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 434–5.
• Susannah, the Book of, translated into Greek, 2, 359.
• admitted into the canon by Christians, 2, 488.
• Susiana, Armenian Jews colonized in, by Shabur II, 2, 591.
• Suson, Diego de, Marrano, burnt at the stake, 4, 317.
• Süsskind (Süzkint) of Trimberg, minnesinger, poetry of, 3, 420.
• Suwailim, of Medina, harbors conspirators against Mahomet, 3, 84.
• Sviatislav, of Kief, drives the Chazars from their land, 3, 222.
• Swaber, Peter, asserts the innocence of the Jews in the charge of well poisoning, 4, 106.
• deposed, 4, 108.
• Sweden, the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.
• Swedes, the, treat the Jews of Mayence well, 4, 707.
• Swieden, van, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 453–4.
• Swintila, Visigothic king, repeals anti-Jewish laws, 3, 49.
• dethroned, 3, 49.
• Switzerland, the Black Death persecutions in, 4, 103–5.
• the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.
• the Jews of, assisted by Mendelssohn, 5, 344.
• Sylvester, bishop of Rome, asperses Judaism, 2, 562.
• Symmachos, translation of the Scriptures by, used by Origen, 2, 489.
• Symmachos ben Joseph, disciple of Meïr, a sophist, 2, 440.
• Synagogue poetry. See Liturgical poetry.
• Synagogues, established in the Sopheric age, 1, 401.
• service at the, 1, 401.
• for foreigners in Jerusalem, 2, 201.
• desecration of, punished by the emperors, 2, 193, 614, 616, 621–2.
• turned into churches, 3, 26; 4, 196, 354.
• destroyed under Hakim, 3, 248.
• the desecration of, forbidden by Martin V, 4, 220.
• Synagogues, building of, forbidden by Theodosius II, 2, 617; 3, 28.
• by Justinian I, 3, 10.
• by Theodoric, 3, 30.
• by Gregory I, 3, 34.
• by Omar I, 3, 87.
• by Omar II, 3, 120.
• in England, 3, 516.
• by Alfonso X, 3, 595.
• by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.
• in Hamburg, 4, 688.
• Synagogues, noteworthy, in Alexandria, 2, 183.
• in Cordova, 3, 360.
• in Toledo, 3, 384; 4, 119.
• of Moses, 3, 445.
• on Mt. Zion, 4, 273–4.
• in Amsterdam, 4, 667, 671, 678, 680; 5, 166–7.
• in Hamburg, 4, 689, 691.
• Synagogues, private, in Berlin, 5, 191, 563.
• Synhedrion, a, established in five towns of Judæa, 2, 71.
• at Nahar Pakod, 2, 443–4.
• the establishment of, a condition of the Messianic time, 4, 530.
• necessity for the establishment of, 4, 530, 535.
• importance of, 4, 532.
• the revival of, antagonized, 4, 534–5.
• Synhedrion, the French, the convening of, proposed by Napoleon, 5, 493.
• constitution of, similar to that of the ancient body, 5, 493.
• approved by the Assembly of Notables, 5, 493.
• composition of, 5, 493.
• proclaimed by the Assembly of Notables, 5, 494.
• creates interest in Europe, 5, 494.
• the assembling of, 5, 495.
• officers of, 5, 495.
• second sitting of, 5, 496.
• addresses and messengers to, 5, 496.
• powers and justification of, 5, 496.
• speeches delivered before, 5, 497.
• decisions of, 5, 497.
• action of, displeases Jews in general, 5, 497.
• dissolution of, 5, 498.
• Synhedrion, the Great, reorganized, 2, 49, 50.
• the traditional code introduced into, 2, 50.
• divorce law of, 2, 50.
• institutes the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple treasury, 2, 52.
• forbids the breeding of swine, 2, 60.
• under Aulus Gabinius, 2, 71.
• summons Herod to answer for the execution of Ezekias, 2, 78.
• discusses the Paschal sacrifice on the Sabbath, 2, 99.
• tries and condemns Jesus, 2, 163–4.
• authority of, wanes under the Roman rule, 2, 129.
• under Gamaliel I, 2, 192–3.
• power of, diminished under Herod II, 2, 198.
• the legislative body for the dispersed Judæans, 2, 201.
• transferred from Jerusalem to Bethany, 2, 239–40.
• re-established after the defeat of Cestius, 2, 268–9.
• supremacy of, under Simon ben Gamaliel, 2, 271.
• decrees the deposition of Josephus, 2, 281.
• envoys of, deceived by Josephus, 2, 282.
• envoys of, sent back in chains, 2, 283.
• aid asked of, by Josephus against Vespasian, 2, 286.
• suspected of Roman proclivities, 2, 293–4.
• formed by the Zealots, 2, 296.
• ceases with the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 322.
• meetings of, interrupted after the fall of Bethar, 2, 423.
• seats of, after its dissolution at Usha, 2, 452.
• completeness of, at Sepphoris, 2, 452.
• invests Judah I with sovereign power, 2, 452–3.
• in Galilee, 2, 458.
• pronounces the Samaritans heathens, 2, 534.
• resolutions of, announced to distant communities, 2, 535.
• end of, under Constantius, 2, 567.
• members of, favor a fixed calendar, 2, 573.
• and the smaller in Babylonia, 3, 96.
• See also Council, the Great, of Seventy.
• Synhedrion, the, of Jamnia, established by Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 325.
• called Beth-Din, 2, 325.
• tries to reconcile the schools of Hillel and Shammai, 2, 337–8.
• revises Gamaliel II’s laws, 2, 342.
• members of, 2, 357.
• supremacy of, 2, 359, 360.
• order of proceedings in, 2, 361–2.
• the unity in, admired by Peter, 2, 367–8.
• discusses the Jewish-Christians, 2, 379–80.
• destroyed by Lucius Quietus, 2, 400.
• Synhedrion, the, of Usha, ordinances of, 2, 405.
• provides against the spread of the worship of Jesus, 2, 413.
• dissension in, 2, 444–6.
• dissolved, 2, 448.
• Synhedrion, the, presidents of, the family of Bene Bathyra, 2, 90.
• the descendants of Hillel, 2, 130.
• reverence paid to, 2, 360.
• rights of, 2, 360–1.
• duties of, 2, 361.
• fix the calendar, 2, 362–3.
• See Patriarchs, the.
• Synhedrion, the, presidents of, list of:
• Abtalion,
• Gamaliel I,
• Hillel,
• Joshua ben Chananya,
• Judah ben Tabbaï,
• Menahem,
• Shammai,
• Shemaya,
• Simon I,
• Simon II,
• Simon ben Shetach.
• See Patriarchs, the, list of.
• Synod of the Four Countries, the. See Four Countries, the synod of.
• Synod, the Galilean, the second assembly of teachers of the Law at Usha, 2, 434.
• Synods. See Rabbinical synods.
• Syria, conquered by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.
• end of the Seleucidæan dynasty of, 2, 6.
• Judæans in, make the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple, 2, 52.
• Judæa part of, under Roman rule, 2, 128.
• number of Judæans in, 2, 201.
• rights of Judæans in, 2, 202.
• Judæans of, go to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.
• devastated by the king of Parthia, 2, 447.
• depredations in, by Odenathus, 2, 527.
• succumbs to the Arabs, 3, 86.
• the Karaites spread to, in the ninth century, 3, 182.
• part of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 248.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426–7.
• Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 399–400.
• See Damascus; the kings of Aram and of the Seleucidæan dynasty, etc.
• Syria, the Roman governors (legates, prætors) of, list of:
• Cæsar, Sextus
• Cassius Longinus, Caius
• Cassius Longinus, Caius
• Cornelianus, Atidius
• Crassus,
• Flaccus,
• Gabinius, Aulus
• Gallus, Cestius
• Marsus, Vibius
• Mucianus, Licinius
• Petronius,
• Quadratus, Umidius
• Quirinius,
• Scaurus,
• Varus, Quintilius,
• Vitellius.
• See also Judæa, the Roman governors of; Procurators, the, of Judæa.
• Syriac, despised by Judah I, 2, 461.
• Syroes, son of Chosru II, revolts against his father, 3, 22.
• makes peace with Heraclius, 3, 22.
• T
• Tabæ, Antiochus IV dies at, 1, 477.
• Taberistan, home of Jewish physicians in the ninth century, 3, 146.
• David Alrui in prison in, 3, 432.
• Tabernacle, the, at Shiloh destroyed by the Philistines, 1, 71.
• Tabernacles, the Feast of, celebrated at Jerusalem under Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 380.
• as celebrated in the Second Temple, 2, 51.
• wreath of, abolished by Anan ben David, 3, 132.
• confiscation of prayer books on, 4, 430.
• Tabi, favorite slave of Gamaliel II, 2, 336.
• “Tables of Testimony, The,” defense by Eibeschütz, 5, 270.
• Tables of the Seven Planets, by Abraham Zacuto, 4, 367.
• Tables of the Testimony, the, 1, 22.
• Tabor, mountain, description of, 1, 44.
• considered holy by the Canaanites, 1, 51.
• Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, defeated at, 2, 73.
• fortress of, in possession of the Zealots, 2, 289.
• fortress of, taken by the Romans, 2, 290.
• fire signals on, 2, 363.
• Tabyome. See Mar bar Ashi.
• Tab-Yomi. See Lipmann of Mühlhausen.
• Tachkemoni, satirical romance by Solomon Ibn-Sakbel, 3, 318.
• romance by Jehuda Alcharisi, 3, 559.
• Tachos, king of Egypt, at war with Artaxerxes II, 1, 408.
• Tachpanches. See Taphnai.
• Tacitus, historian, on the conversions to Judaism, 2, 384.
• Tadmor. See Palmyra.
• Tafilet, the Jews of, fortunes of, 5, 168.
• Taima, castle of Shoraich, 3, 70.
• submits to Mahomet, 3, 83.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.
• Taku. See Moses ben Chasdaï Taku.
• Talleyrand, speaks to the National Assembly in behalf of the Bordeaux Jews, 5, 442.
• reactionary leader, 5, 512.
• Talmai, of Geshur, protects Absalom, 1, 134.
• Talmas, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.
• Talmide Chachamim, disciples of the wise, 1, 396.
• Talmud, the, application of the oral Law to new questions, 2, 328, 329.
• the creation of Pumbeditha and Machuza, 2, 591.
• the sole object of attention of the disciples of the Amoraim, 3, 5.
• stagnation in the development of, 3, 5–6.
• made available for practical use by the Sabureans, 3, 6.
• committed to writing, 3, 6–7.
• teachings of Mahomet borrowed from, 3, 72.
• the result of the opposition of Pauline Christianity, 3, 127.
• supplants the Bible, 3, 128.
• opposition to, without result, 3, 128.
• opposed by Anan ben David, 3, 130.
• rendered popular and intelligible by the Halachoth Ketuoth, 3, 136.
• exposition of, the work of the Geonim, 3, 178–9.
• the exclusive subject of the literary activity of the Geonim, 3, 180.
• criticised in Saadiah’s time, 3, 198.
• copies of, transferred from Sora to Spain, 3, 203, 228.
• studied carefully by Sherira, 3, 232.
• studied by the Jews of Spain in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 3, 235.
• scientific study of, founded by Jehuda ben Meïr, 3, 242.
• civil law of, treated by Haï Gaon, 3, 251.
• methodology of, by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.
• work on the civil jurisprudence of, by Isaac Albergeloni, 3, 284.
• work on, by Alfassi, 3, 285–6.
• studied by the Jews of Maghreb while pretending to be Mahometans, 3, 360.
• work on, by Jonathan of Lünel, 3, 397.
• work on, by Isaac ben Abba-Mari, 3, 399.
• maligned by Donin before Gregory IX, 3, 573–4.
• confiscation of, by Gregory IX and in France, 3, 575–8.
• disputation on, under Louis IX, 3, 576–8.
• defended by Yechiel of Paris, 3, 577.
• defended by Jehuda of Melun, 3, 578.
• condemned to be burnt, 3, 578.
• burnt in Paris, 3, 578–9; 4, 460.
• Jesus of Nazareth in, 3, 599.
• denounced by Pablo Christiani, 3, 602.
• confiscation of, ordered by Clement IV, 3, 602.
• subjected to censorship in Aragon, 3, 603.
• in the Zohar, 4, 19.
• burnt by order of the king of Majorca, 4, 50.
• burnt at Toulouse, 4, 55.
• guaranteed against confiscation by John of France, 4, 130.
• extermination of, planned by Benedict XIII, 4, 209.
• accused of blasphemy by Joshua Lorqui, 4, 213–14.
• Benedict XIII’s bull against, 4, 215–16.
• defended by Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi, 4, 234.
• defended by Solomon Duran I, 4, 238.
• reading of, forbidden by Eugenius IV, 4, 251.
• influence of, on the Protestant Reformation, 4, 423, 467, 468.
• the Dominicans desire to confiscate, 4, 425.
• attacked by Pfefferkorn, 4, 425–6, 427, 439.
• defended by Reuchlin, 4, 442, 466.
• decision against, 4, 444.
• the watchword of the Reuchlinists, 4, 457.
• in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.
• printing of, encouraged by Leo X, 4, 468, 565.
• attacked by Luther, 4, 549–50.
• endangered by the censor, 4, 563.
• burnt at Rome and elsewhere, 4, 565.
• persecuted by Paul IV, 4, 582.
• taught at Cremona, 4, 582.
• burnt at Cremona, 4, 582–3.
• appearance of, permitted by Pius IV, 4, 589.
• printed at Basle, 4, 589.
• connected with other ancient writings by Azarya deï Rossi, 4, 614.
• as viewed by Solomon Lurya, 4, 635.
• confiscation of, ordered by Gregory XIII, 4, 654.
• dictionary of, by David de Pomis, 4, 657.
• reprinting of, permitted by Sixtus V, 4, 657–8.
• reading of, forbidden by Clement VIII, 4, 659.
• expurgated edition of, 4, 659.
• mutilation of, 4, 659–60.
• beginnings of the criticism of, 5, 54–5.
• scoffed at by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 77.
• Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 84.
• opposed by the Sabbatians, 5, 142, 228.
• defended by Richard Simon, 5, 181.
• studied by Polish Jews, 5, 206.
• privilege of printing, obtained through Eibeschütz, 5, 250.
• rejected by the Frankists, 5, 274.
• slandered by Frankists, 5, 280–1.
• burnt at Kamieniec, 5, 582.
• excessive study of, favors Chassidism, 5, 383, 385–6.
• neglected in Germany after Mendelssohn’s death, 5, 395.
• attacked by the “Moniteur,” 5, 485–6.
• an alleged Oriental form of, 5, 651.
• exonerated by Zunz, 5, 669.
• aspersions upon, permitted by Geiger, 5, 669.
• authority of, not recognized by the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675, 676.
• opposed by Holdheim, 5, 678.
• authority of, not recognized by the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.
• rejected by the Berlin Reform Association, 5, 683.
• development of, 5, 726.
• See also Amoraim, the; Law, the oral; Mishna, the; Talmud, the Babylonian.
• Talmud, the, commentary on, by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 243–4.
• by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.
• by Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 283.
• by Rashi, 3, 288, 344, 403.
• by Jacob Tam, 3, 376.
• by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, 3, 389.
• by Nachmani, 3, 532.
• See also under Talmud, the.
• Talmud, the, the study of, degenerates into a matter of memory, 3, 128.
• encouraged in Spain by Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 227–8.
• among the French and German Jews in the eleventh century, 3, 281.
• in Spain, 3, 282.
• pursued by the German Jews after the first crusade, 3, 309.
• flourishes in Spain in the twelfth century, 3, 317.
• cultivated by the French Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 343–5.
• divided into two branches by the Tossafists, 3, 345.
• at Toledo, 3, 386.
• preserves the Jews of northern France from moral decay, 3, 407–8.
• in Germany in the twelfth century, 3, 419.
• in Bohemia, 3, 420, 421.
• facilitated by Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 3, 458.
• in the twelfth century described by Maimonides, 3, 492.
• the absorbing occupation of the Jews in the thirteenth century, 3, 571–2.
• in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 86, 144.
• decays in Germany in the fourteenth century, 4, 96.
• neglected in France in the fourteenth century, 4, 132–3.
• neglected in Germany in the fifteenth century, 4, 227.
• neglected in Spain in the fifteenth century, 4, 230, 231.
• by Karaites, 4, 269, 270.
• in Thebes, 4, 406.
• in Prague, 4, 418.
• in Poland, 4, 420.
• in Frankfort, 4, 429.
• in Poland in the sixteenth century, 4, 634, 639–40, 640–1.
• neglected in Germany during the Catholic reaction, 4, 653.
• in Poland in the seventeenth century, 5, 4–6.
• Polish method of, dominant in Europe, 5, 16–17.
• by Frankel, 5, 684, 694–5.
• See also under Talmud, the.
• Talmud Babli. See Talmud, the Babylonian.
• Talmud, the Babylonian, collected by Ashi, 2, 607–9.
• not committed to writing, 2, 608.
• the study of, disturbed under Theodosius II, 2, 623.
• compilation of, finished by Mar bar Ashi, 2, 628.
• completed by Rabina and José, 2, 630–2.
• uniqueness of, 2, 632.
• compared with the literature of the Church Fathers, 2, 632.
• blemishes of, 2, 632–3.
• diversified character of, 2, 633–4.
• as distinguished from the Jerusalem Talmud, 2, 634.
• intellectual character of, 2, 634–5.
• dialectics of, 2, 635.
• the preserver of the Jewish nation, 2, 635.
• the constitution of the Babylonian Jewish community, 3, 118.
• authority of, extended by the Islamic conquests, 3, 118–19.
• irksome to the Arabian Jews, 3, 119–20.
• printed by Daniel Bomberg, 4, 468.
• See also Talmud, the.
• Talmud, the Jerusalem (or Palestinian), compiled, 2, 609.
• compilers of, unknown, 2, 612.
• compared with the Babylonian, 2, 634.
• studied at Kairuan in the eleventh century, 3, 249.
• commentary on, by David Fränkel, 5, 294.
• Talmud, shel Erez-Israel. See Talmud, the Jerusalem.
• Talmud, the, of the Holy Land. See Talmud, the Jerusalem.
• Talmud Torah, graded Jewish school in Amsterdam, 4, 681–2.
• Talmud Torah, synagogue at Hamburg, 4, 689–90.
• Talmud Torah, the greatest virtue, according to the Mishna, 2, 473–4.
• Talmud Torah schools, contrasted with the rabbinical colleges, 5, 700.
• Talmudical Judaism, founded by Hillel, 2, 327.
• rejected by Arabian Jews, 3, 120.
• opposition to, led by Serene, 3, 120–2.
• opposition to, led by Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 124.
• opposed by the adherents of Anan ben David, 3, 129.
• Anan ben David’s opposition to, inconsistent, 3, 135.
• superiority of, over Karaism proved by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 334.
• as regarded by Maimonides, 3, 469–70.
• undermined by Maimonides’ arguments, 3, 529.
• becomes Rabbinism in Jacob Asheri’s code, 4, 89.
• efforts to reconcile the Karaites to, 4, 270.
• See also Rabbinical Judaism.
• Talmudical lexicon. See Lexicon, Talmudical.
• Talmudists, the, dialecticians, 2, 591.
• ranged against the Maimunists and the Kabbalists, 3, 558.
• of the sixteenth century characterized by Solomon Lurya, 4, 635–6.
• disputations of, in Poland, 4, 640–1.
• Polish, dominant influence of, 5, 17.
• mocked at by the Chassidim, 5, 379.
• Talmudists, list of:
• Aaron Halevi,
• Abraham ben David,
• Abraham ben Isaac,
• Abraham Ibn-Shoshan,
• Abraham Maimuni,
• Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik,
• Asher ben Yechiel (Asheri) (Tossafist),
• Ashkenazi, Jacob
• Ashkenazi, Zevi
• Baruch ben Samuel,
• Chages, Jacob
• Chananel ben Chushiel,
• Chanoch ben Moses,
• Chasdaï Crescas,
• Chushiel,
• Daniel ben Saadiah,
• David ben Kalonymos (Tossafist),
• David Ibn-Abi Zimra,
• Edles, Samuel
• Eibeschütz, Jonathan
• Elchanan ben Isaac (Tossafist),
• Eleazer ben Joel Halevi,
• Eleazer ben Joseph (Tossafist),
• Elias Mizrachi,
• Elijah Wilna,
• Emden, Jacob
• Ephraim ben Jacob (Tossafist),
• Eskapha, Joseph
• Florentin, Solomon
• Frankel, Zachariah
• Gershom ben Jehuda,
• Hal Gaon,
• Heller, Lipmann
• Hillel ben Samuel,
• Holdheim, Samuel
• Isaac ben Abba-Mari,
• Isaac ben Abraham (Rizba) (Tossafist),
• Isaac ben Asher Halevi (Riba) (Tossafist),
• Isaac ben Baruch Albalia,
• Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi,
• Isaac ben Jacob Campanton,
• Isaac ben Jacob Halaban (Tossafist),
• Isaac ben Jehuda Ibn-Giat,
• Isaac ben Joseph (Tossafist),
• Isaac ben Meïr (Tossafist),
• Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni,
• Isaac ben Samuel (Ri) (Tossafist),
• Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat,
• Isaac Ibn-Sakni,
• Jacob of London,
• Jacob of Orleans (Tossafist),
• Jacob ben Asheri,
• Jacob ben Nathaniel Ibn-Alfayumi,
• Jacob ben Nissim Ibn-Shahin,
• Jacob Ibn-Chabib,
• Jacob Berab,
• Jacob Polak,
• Jacob Tam,
• Japhet ben Elia,
• Jehuda ben Meïr (Leontin),
• Jehuda ben Nathan (Riban) (Tossafist),
• Jehuda Asheri,
• Jehuda Halevi,
• Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi (the Elder),
• Jonathan Cohen of Lünel,
• Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur,
• Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi,
• Joseph ben Pilat,
• Joseph Ibn-Nagrela,
• Joseph Ottolenghi,
• Joseph Karo,
• Judah the Blind,
• Judah Menz,
• Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac (Tossafist),
• Kalonymos of Rome,
• Lagarto, Jacob
• Levi ben Gerson,
• Levi ben Jacob Chabib,
• Levi, David
• Maimun ben Joseph,
• Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi,
• Mattathiah ben Joseph Provenci,
• Meïr ben Baruch of Rothenburg,
• Meïr ben Joseph Ibn-Migash,
• Meïr ben Samuel (Tossafist),
• Menachem of Merseburg,
• Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach,
• Mordecai ben Hillel,
• Moses of Coucy (Tossafist),
• Moses ben Chanoch,
• Moses ben Chasdaï Taku,
• Moses ben Isaac Alashkar,
• Moses ben Israel Isserles,
• Moses ben Maimun,
• Moses ben Nachman,
• Moses Menz,
• Nachshon ben Zadok,
• Nathan ben Isaac Kohen,
• Nathan ben Yechiel,
• Nissim bar Jacob Ibn-Shahin,
• Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben,
• Peter (Tossafist),
• Philosoph, Joseph
• Samson ben Abraham (Tossafist),
• Samuel ben Ali Halevi,
• Samuel ben Meïr (Rashbam) (Tossafist),
• Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel (Tossafist),
• Samuel Alvalensi,
• Samuel Cohen ben Daniel,
• Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela,
• Samuel Sidillo,
• Sasportas, Jacob
• Serachya Halevi Gerundi,
• Serkes, Joel
• Shalom Shachna,
• Shemaria ben Elchanan,
• Sheshet Benveniste,
• Simcha ben Samuel,
• Simon of Cairo,
• Simon ben Isaac ben Abun,
• Sinzheim, Joseph David
• Solomon ben Abraham,
• Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret (Rashba),
• Solomon ben Abraham Zarfati,
• Solomon Lurya,
• Solomon Yizchaki (Rashi),
• Taytasak, Joseph
• Yechiel of Paris,
• Zadok.
• Taman. See Phanagoria.
• Tamar, daughter of David, seduced, 1, 134.
• Tamarah. See Zoar.
• Tamarica, the Jewish community in, 4, 693.
• Tamarite, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 214.
• Tamgiz, anti-Karaite work by Saadiah, 3, 192.
• Tammuz, the fast of, abolished by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 151–2.
• abrogated by the Sabbatians, 5, 159.
• Tana. See Sanaa.
• Tanaites, the, teachers of the Law, 2, 356.
• and the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.
• reviled by the Nazarenes, 2, 371–2.
• deprecate the influence of the Minæans on Judaism, 2, 378.
• protect Judaism from Gnostic-Christian influences, 2, 382.
• uphold Gamaliel II’s ordinances, 2, 405.
• refuse subservience to Hadrian’s decrees, 2, 427.
• end of the second generation of, 2, 429.
• activity of, culminates in Judah I, 2, 450.
• conclude their activity by the compilation of the Mishna, 2, 462, 478.
• half, supplement the Mishna, 2, 470–1.
• connection of, with the Amoraim, 2, 479.
• compared with the Amoraim, 2, 490.
• subordinated to the Amoraim by Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, 2, 590.
• See also Law, the, the teachers of.
• Tanaites, the, list of:
• Abba Saul,
• Akiba ben Joseph,
• Chalafta,
• Chananya (nephew of Joshua ben Chananya),
• Chanina,
• Chanina ben Teradion,
• Dossa ben Nachman (Archinas),
• Eleazar ben Arach,
• Eleazar ben Azariah,
• Eleazar ben Jacob,
• Eleazar ben José (ben Chalafta),
• Eleazar ben Shamua,
• Eleazar ben Simon (ben Jochai),
• Eleazar Chasma,
• Eliezer of Modin,
• Eliezer ben Hyrcanus,
• Elisha ben Abuya,
• Gamaliel I,
• Gamaliel II,
• Ilai,
• Ishmael ben Elisha,
• Ishmael ben José (ben Chalafta),
• Jochanan of Alexandria (the sandal maker),
• Jochanan ben Gudgada,
• Jochanan ben Nuri,
• Jochanan ben Zakkai,
• Jonathan,
• Jonathan ben Nachman (Archinas),
• José the Galilean,
• José ben Chalafta,
• Joseph ben Kisma,
• Joshua ben Chananya,
• Joshua ben Karcha,
• Josiah,
• Judah ben Baba,
• Judah ben Bathyra,
• Judah ben Ilai,
• Judah I ha-Nassi,
• Matiah ben Charash,
• Meïr,
• Nachum of Gimso,
• Nachum the Mede,
• Nathan of Babylon,
• Nechunya ben Hakana,
• Nehemiah,
• Pinchas ben Jaïr,
• Samuel the Younger,
• Simon (companion of Ishmael b. Elisha),
• Simon II,
• Simon III,
• Simon ben Asai,
• Simon ben Jochai,
• Simon ben Nanos,
• Simon ben Zoma,
• Symmachos ben Joseph,
• Tarphon of Lydda,
• Zadok.
• Tanchuma bar Abba, Amora, Agadist, 2, 611–12.
• Tangermünde, projected university at, 5, 174.
• Tangier, Jews taken prisoners at, by Alfonso V of Portugal, 4, 286.
• “Tantalus in the Lawsuit,” comedy by Frederick the Great, 5, 339.
• Taphath, daughter of Solomon, 1, 177.
• Taphnai (Tachpanches), Judæans take refuge in, after Gedaliah’s murder, 1, 324.
• Jeremiah summons the Egyptian Judæans to, 1, 326–7.
• Tapuach. See Tiphsah.
• Tarazona, Jews of Navarre settle in, 4, 142.
• the cortes at, cancel the privileges of Aragon, 4, 326.
• the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, 4, 330.
• Tarentum, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Targum, the, declared not authoritative by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.
• Targum Onkelos, the, Aramæan translation of Akylas’ Greek version of the Scriptures, 2, 387, 581–2.
• Tarichæa. See Magdala.
• Tarik, Mahometan conqueror of Visigothic Spain, aided by the Jews, 3, 109.
• Tarki. See Semender.
• Tarnopol, beginnings of culture among the Jews of, 5, 612.
• school founded by Joseph Perl in, 5, 612.
• Tarphon, teacher of the Law, on Akiba, 2, 353.
• member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.
• on the influence of the Minæans on Judaism, 2, 378.
• at Lydda, 2, 423.
• Tarragona, the city of the Jews, 3, 42.
• Tarshish, ships of, fitted out under Uzziah, 1, 231.
• Tarsus, birthplace of the apostle Paul, 2, 223.
• Tartars, the, in Armenia, converted to Judaism, 3, 440.
• devastate Jerusalem, 3, 605–6.
• kingdom of, in Persia, 3, 637–8.
• plundered by the Cossacks, 5, 2.
• allies of the Cossacks, 5, 7.
• Jews as captives of, 5, 8.
• defeat the Poles, 5, 11.
• Taska, land tax paid by the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.
• Tavs. See Jacob Tus.
• Taytasak, Joseph, Talmudist and Kabbalist, 4, 405.
• the circle of, and Solomon Molcho, 4, 496.
• letter to, from Molcho, 4, 506.
• Tax, the, levied on the daily sacrifice by Bagoas, 1, 409–10.
• on the Judæans levied by the Macedonians, 1, 413.
• levied by the Egypto-Macedonian dynasty on the Judæans, 1, 418.
• levied by Syria upon the Judæans removed by Demetrius II, 1, 497.
• levied on Jerusalem by Pompey, 2, 67.
• paid by Judæa to Rome, 2, 87.
• levied by Augustus in Judæa, 2, 129–30.
• Judæan, lightened by Tiberius, 2, 135.
• imposed by Albinus, 2, 249.
• Roman, not paid by Judæa, 2, 258.
• paid by Judæans to the Capitoline Jupiter (fiscus Judaicus), 2, 316.
• levied on the Jews by Hadrian, 2, 420.
• imposed on Judæa under Judah I, 2, 463.
• paid by the Jews in the Sabbatical year under Caracalla, 2, 469.
• on land remitted by Gregory I in the case of converts, 3, 33.
• imposed upon Jews and Christians by Omar, 3, 88.
• levied by the Exilarchs, 3, 96.
• paid by the Jews of Spain to the Mahometan conquerors, 3, 110.
• imposed upon Jewish merchants by Charles the Bald, 3, 172.
• imposed upon the Jews by the Carlovingian and Saxon emperors, 3, 243.
• paid by the French and German Jews in the eleventh century, 3, 281.
• paid by the Jews to the emperors of Germany, 3, 357.
• levied on money transactions in northern France, 3, 407.
• imposed on the Jews of the Byzantine empire, 3, 425.
• imposed on Jews by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.
• exacted from the Jews by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.
• upon the German Jews discussed by the synod of Mayence, 3, 517.
• imposed on Jews enforced by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.
• levied on Jewish immigrants by Frederick II in Sicily, 3, 569.
• imposed on the Jews by the Council of Béziers, 3, 582.
• levied by Henry III upon the Jews of England, 3, 589.
• on the Jews of Castile regulated by Sancho, 3, 617.
• on the Jews of England decreed by the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.
• imposed on the Jews by Emperor Louis IV, 4, 96–7.
• levied on the Jews of Burgos, 4, 123, 124.
• levied on the French Jews under John the Good, 4, 130–1.
• exacted from the Jews by Emperor Wenceslaus, 4, 166.
• imposed on Marranos in Algiers, 4, 199.
• imposed on the Spanish Jews for the war with Granada, 4, 344.
• imposed on the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 545.
• paid by the Jews of Amsterdam, 4, 673.
• levied on the Jews of Vienna, 5, 170.
• paid by the Jews of Brandenburg, 5, 173.
• paid by the Jews of Prussia, 5, 191.
• See Poll-tax, the; Taxes; Tithes.
• Tax, the Patriarch’s, levied from the time of Judah II, 2, 486–7, 536.
• forbidden by Honorius to be collected, 2, 617.
• collected by the imperial officials under Honorius, 2, 622.
• Tax-gatherers. See Taxes, the farmers of.
• Taxes, paid by the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.
• imposed upon the Jews under Constantius, 2, 569, 572.
• laid upon the Jews by Louis the Pious, 3, 161.
• imposed upon the German Jews burdensome, 3, 517.
• the payment of, discussed by the synod of Mayence, 3, 517.
• paid by the Jews of Poland, 4, 632.
• imposed on the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 652, 702.
• imposed on the Frankfort Jews, 4, 700.
• paid by the Jews of Metz and Alsace, 5, 348.
• discussed by the National Assembly, 5, 446.
• removed from the Jews of Metz, 5, 446.
• imposed on the Jews of Austria, 5, 508.
• See Poll-tax, the; Tax, the; Tithes.
• Taxes, the farmers of (tax-gatherers, receivers-general), Jews act as, 1, 425; 2, 253; 4, 80–1, 132, 138, 150, 156, 275, 618.
• Taxes, the farming of, by Jews, forbidden by the Council of Mâcon, 3, 39, 171.
• in the Frankish empire, 3, 161.
• in Hungary, 3, 521.
• forbidden by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.
• objected to in Burgos, 4, 125.
• in Portugal, 4, 160, 339.
• in Poland, 5, 3.
• Teacher, title of the members of the Synhedrion in Babylonia, 3, 96.
• Teachers, the, of the Law. See Law, the, the teachers of.
• Tebeth, the fast of, abolished by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 143.
• Tekanoth Shum, decisions of Speyer, Worms, and Mayence, 4, 135.
• Tekanoth Usha, ordinances of the Synhedrion at Usha, 2, 405.
• Tekoah, the woman of, employed to plead for Absalom, 1, 135–6.
• home of Simon ben Jochai, 2, 441.
• Telesina, a Jew of, the friend of Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.
• Teller, consistorial councilor, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on Church discipline, 5, 363.
• letter addressed to, by Jews, 5, 421–2.
• Templars. See Reform Temple Union, the, in Hamburg.
• Temple, the first (Solomon’s), the site of, 1, 162.
• materials for, 1, 162–4.
• internal decoration and arrangement of, 1, 164–6.
• transfer of the ark to, 1, 166.
• consecration of, 1, 166–7.
• service of, 1, 167–8.
• breaches of, repaired by Josiah, 1, 218–19.
• ransacked by Jehoash of Israel, 1, 225.
• the people of Israel permitted to make pilgrimages to, 1, 232.
• the ornaments of, removed, 1, 274.
• image of Mylitta in, 1, 282.
• decay of, under Josiah, 1, 288–9.
• idol-worship in, under Jehoiakim, 1, 300.
• Jeremiah’s prophecies read in, 1, 304.
• the treasures of, taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 307.
• burnt by Nebuzaradan, 1, 315.
• the treasures of, taken to Babylon, 1, 315.
• the slaves of, live together in Babylon, 1, 330.
• the vessels of, restored by Cyrus, 1, 351.
• Temple, the second, beginnings of, under Zerubbabel, 1, 356–7.
• difficulties in the way of building, 1, 359.
• consecration of, 1, 359.
• spared by the Samaritans, 1, 372.
• the service of, neglected during Nehemiah’s absence, 1, 383–4.
• the service of, restored by Nehemiah, 1, 386.
• the form of prayer used in, 1, 399.
• Joshua slain by his brother in, 1, 409.
• renovated by Simon the Just, 1, 421.
• Hyrcanus stores his wealth in, 1, 437–8.
• despoiled by Menelaus and Lysimachus, 1, 448, 449.
• desecrated by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 451.
• abandoned, 1, 454.
• the statue of Jupiter placed in, 1, 455.
• re-consecrated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 472.
• fortified by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 473.
• attacked by the Hellenists, 1, 478.
• besieged by Lysias, 1, 479.
• the fortifications of, razed by Lysias, 1, 480.
• occupied by Alcimus, 1, 487.
• the sacrifices in, maintained by the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 52.
• taken by Aristobulus II, 2, 58.
• a tower of, falls on Pompey’s attack, 2, 66.
• entered by Pompey, 2, 66.
• votive offerings of, taken by Flaccus, 2, 68.
• robbed by Crassus, 2, 74.
• ravaged by Sosius, 2, 88.
• remodeled by Herod, 2, 109–11.
• courts of, 2, 110.
• gates of, 2, 111.
• dedication of, 2, 111.
• placed under the protection of Rome, 2, 111.
• besieged by the Romans, at the instigation of Sabinus, 2, 123–4.
• the treasures of, taken by the Romans, 2, 124.
• polluted by the Samaritans, 2, 135.
• offerings sent to, by Roman proselytes, 2, 136.
• the treasures of, used for an aqueduct, 2, 139–40.
• Jesus in, 2, 161.
• Vitellus sacrifices in, 2, 173.
• Caligula orders, to be desecrated, 2, 188.
• the bringing of first fruits to, in the time of Agrippa I, 2, 194.
• the center of the dispersed Judæans, 2, 201.
• portal presented to, by Helen of Adiabene, 2, 218.
• golden vessels given to, by Monobaz II, 2, 219.
• despoiled by the high priests, 2, 237.
• Cumanus places a cohort in, 2, 242.
• watched by Agrippa II, 2, 247–8.
• the treasures of, demanded by Gessius Florus, 2, 253.
• attacked by Gessius Florus, 2, 255.
• occupied by the Zealot chief Eleazar ben Ananias, 2, 259.
• barred against the Peace party, 2, 260.
• besieged by Anan, 2, 295.
• the western colonnade of, destroyed, 2, 305.
• siege of, begun by Titus, 2, 306–7.
• fire-brand thrown into, 2, 307.
• burnt to the ground, 2, 308.
• the vessels of, in Titus’ triumph, 2, 314.
• the vessels of, deposited in the Temple of Peace, 2, 315.
• contribution to, changed into the fiscus Judaicus, 2, 316.
• the restoration of, attempted under Hadrian, 2, 401–3, 411.
• the vessels of, seen in Rome by Eleazar ben Joseph, 2, 449.
• preparations for rebuilding, by Julian the Apostate, 2, 597, 598, 599.
• the rebuilding of, superintended by Alypius, 2, 599.
• Jews not interested in the rebuilding of, 2, 599–600.
• obstacles to the rebuilding of, 2, 600.
• the vessels of, in the possession of the Vandals, 2, 611.
• the vessels of, taken from Carthage to Constantinople, 3, 26–7.
• the vessels of, removed to Jerusalem, 3, 27.
• in the Kabbala, 3, 553.
• the model of, made by Jacob Jehuda Leon, 5, 114–15.
• Temple, the, of Onias, in Heliopolis, built by Onias IV, 1, 508.
• appearance and furnishings of, 1, 508.
• as regarded by Judæans in Egypt and Judæa, 1, 509–10.
• fortified, 1, 510.
• closed by Vespasian, 2, 318.
• Temple, the, of Peace, the spoils from the Jerusalem Temple deposited in, 2, 315.
• Temple, the, on Gerizim, built by the Samaritans, 1, 390.
• destroyed by John Hyrcanus, 2, 8.
• Templo. See Leon, Jacob Jehuda.
• Ten Categories, the, of the Aristotelian philosophy, compared with the Ten Commandments, 3, 197.
• Ten Commandments, the, part of the morning service in the Sopheric age, 1, 399.
• commentary on, by Saadiah, 3, 197.
• Ten Tribes, the, the dispersion of, 1, 265.
• a part of, join the Judæans in Babylonia, 1, 335–6.
• the Samaritans declare themselves a remnant of, 1, 390–1.
• supposed to be in Chazaria, 3, 141.
• the descendants of, around Nishabur, 3, 433.
• in Chaibar, 3, 437.
• theory of, held by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 30–3.
• Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 81.
• Ten Tribes, the, kingdom of. See Israel, the kingdom of.
• Tenes, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, 4, 197.
• Tenth Legion, the, defeated by the Judæans, 2, 303.
• Tephillah, the principal prayer in the morning service of the Sopheric age, 1, 399. See Liturgy, the.
• Tephillin. See Phylacteries.
• Teraphim, the, the Israelites believe in, 1, 75.
• Tertullian, Church Father, prohibits intercourse between heathens and Christians, 2, 476–7.
• Teruel, opposition to the Inquisition in, 4, 328.
• “Teshuboth,” by Dunash ben Labrat against Saadiah, 3, 226.
• Tetragrammaton, the, pronounced by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 122.
• Tetrarch, title of the governors of Judæa, 2, 81.
• See also Herod I; Herod Antipas; Phasael; Philip.
• Teutomania, retards the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 516.
• Texeira, a family of Marranos in Holland, 4, 690.
• Texeira, Diego, de Mattos, banker in Hamburg, 4, 690–1; 5, 140.
• Texeira, Manoel (Isaac Señor, 1630–1695), diplomat in Hamburg, Sabbatian, 5, 140.
• intercedes for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.
• Texeiras, the, millionaires in Hamburg, 5, 205.
• Texel, Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.
• Thabit, a friend of the Benu-Karaiza, 3, 81.
• Thafar. See Zafara.
• Thapsacus (Tiphsah), frontier town of Israel under David, 1, 129.
• Theatre, the, in the time of the Amoraim, 2, 542.
• Thebes, Zealots flee to, after the destruction of Jerusalem, 2, 318.
• Thebes, the Jews of, occupations of, 3, 425.
• fine Talmudists, 4, 406.
• Themudo, George, inquires into the life of the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 489.
• Theobald, count of Chartres, imprisons the Jews of Blois on the blood accusation, 3, 379.
• offers to release them for a sum of money, 3, 379.
• has them burnt at the stake, 3, 380.
• Theodatus, Ostrogoth, supported by the Jews, 3, 31–2.
• Theodebert, of Austrasia, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.
• Theodora, wife of Justinian I, and her Samaritan favorite, 3, 17.
• Theodoric, of Burgundy, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.
• Jews in the army of, 3, 36.
• Theodoric, founder of the Ostrogothic empire, 3, 27.
• hostile to the Jews, 3, 29–30.
• protects Jewish slave-owners, 3, 30–1.
• successors of, 3, 31.
• Theodosia. See Kaffa.
• Theodosia, the straits of, the Jews of the Byzantine empire settle on, 3, 123.
• Theodosius I (the Great, 379–395), emperor, protects the Jews and the Patriarchs from the bishops, 2, 612–13.
• orders the rebuilding of a synagogue at Callinicus, 2, 614.
• enacts laws for and against the Jews, 2, 615.
• division of the Roman empire under, 2, 615.
• the laws of, govern the Jews of Italy, 3, 28–9.
• Theodosius II, emperor of the East, forbids the building of synagogues, 2, 617.
• bestows distinctions on Gamaliel V, 2, 617–18.
• orders the Spanish Jews to cease mockery of Christianity, 2, 620.
• rebuked by Simon Stylites, 2, 621–2.
• anti-Jewish laws of, enforced by Justin I, 3, 10.
• expels the Jews from their quarter in Constantinople, 3, 26.
• anti-Jewish decree of, revived, 3, 171.
• Theodosius, Samaritan champion in the dispute with the Egyptian Judæans, 1, 517.
• Theodotion, translation of the Scriptures by, used by Origen, 2, 489.
• Theodotus, Egypto-Samaritan poet, extols Shechem, 1, 517.
• Theodotus, envoy of Nicanor to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.
• Theodus, introduces a substitute for the Paschal lamb, 2, 68.
• “Theologico-Political Treatise, The,” by Spinoza, an apology for freedom of thought, 5, 95.
• on the source of law, 5, 96.
• on the state, 5, 96–7.
• on freedom of thought, 5, 97.
• displays hatred of Jews and Judaism, 5, 97–8, 100–3.
• on God, 5, 98–9.
• on man, 5, 99–100.
• on knowledge, 5, 100–1.
• on Christianity, 5, 102–3.
• on the Jewish state, 5, 103–7.
• published anonymously, 5, 108.
• produces a stir, 5, 108.
• Theology, Jewish, first developed by Hillel, 2, 327.
• “Theorica,” astronomical work translated by Moses Isserles, 4, 638.
• Theosophy, in the Kabbala, 3, 550.
• Thessalonica, Judæans in, 2, 203.
• Paul establishes a Greek-Christian community in, 2, 228.
• See Salonica.
• Thessaly, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Theudas, a false Messiah, end of, 2, 198.
• Thibaut, of Champagne, agrees to surrender Jews from the Isle de France to Philip Augustus, 3, 406.
• Thibaut, professor, protects the Jews of Heidelberg, 5, 531.
• Thibet, under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, 3, 429.
• Thiers, struggle of, with Louis Philippe, 5, 648.
• espouses the side of Ratti Menton, 5, 648–9, 650, 658.
• questioned by Fould on the Damascus affair, 5, 649.
• opposes the Jewish envoys in Egypt, 5, 659.
• Thiery, competes for the Metz prize on the Jewish question, 5, 434.
• Thirty Years’ War, the, effect of, on the Jews, 4, 701–2, 707.
• Jewish victims of, seek refuge in Poland, 5, 2.
• awakens Messianic hopes, 5, 23.
• Tholuck, exegete, 5, 695.
• Thomas à Becket, rouses fanaticism, 3, 409–10.
• Thomas Aquinas. See Aquinas, Thomas.
• Thomists, the, opposed to Reuchlin, 4, 456.
• satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.
• Thompson, chairman of the Mansion House meeting, on the Damascus affair, 5, 656.
• Thonon, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.
• Thrace, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• “Three Communities, The,” Altona, Hamburg, Wandsbeck, 5, 238.
• Eibeschütz rabbi of, 5, 254, 256.
• espouse the cause of Eibeschütz, 5, 260.
• Throne Chamber, the, in the House of the Forest of Lebanon, 1, 168–9.
• Thuringia, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.
• Thuringia, the Jews of, perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109.
• assaulted by the imperial army against the Hussites, 4, 225.
• Tibbon. See Jacob ben Machir Tibbon; Judah ben Moses; Judah ben Saul; Samuel ben Judah Ibn-Tibbon.
• Tibbon family, the, instructors in medicine, 3, 582.
• Tibbonide party, the, in favor of the study of science, 4, 32, 34.
• appeals to Solomon ben Adret, 4, 33.
• obtains the ascendancy in Montpellier, 4, 39.
• issues a counter-ban against the opponents of science, 4, 40–2.
• appeals to the secular authorities in Montpellier, 4, 41.
• defends Maimonides, 4, 42.
• emigrates to Perpignan, 4, 50.
• Tiberias, built by Herod Antipas, capital of his tetrarchy, 2, 137.
• pious Judæans refuse to live in, 2, 137–8.
• conference at, called by Agrippa I, 2, 195–6.
• given to Agrippa II by Nero, 2, 246.
• a focus of insurrection in Galilee, 2, 272.
• population of, Zealots, 2, 273–4.
• partisans of Rome in, 2, 274.
• jealous of Sepphoris, 2, 276.
• men of, meet with Josephus at Bethmaon, 2, 279.
• ordered by the Synhedrion not to protect Josephus, 2, 281.
• rebellion in, fomented by Josephus, 2, 283.
• seat of Agrippa II’s Jewish governors of Galilee, 2, 333.
• declared clean by Simon ben Jochai, 2, 448–9.
• the seat of the Patriarch, 2, 480.
• the new-moon announced in, 2, 480.
• meeting place of disciples, 2, 493–4.
• sinks into insignificance, 2, 560.
• the first church at, built by Joseph, the apostate, 2, 565.
• partially destroyed, 2, 570.
• the birthplace of the Jerusalem Talmud, 2, 612.
• the text of the Bible studied at, 2, 623.
• seat of authority for the Jews in the sixth century, 3, 12.
• seat of a bishopric, 3, 12.
• Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.
• burial place of Maimonides, 3, 493.
• rebuilt by Joseph Nassi, 4, 610–11.
• grave of Luzzatto at, 5, 244.
• Tiberias, the Jews of, flee to escape taxation, 2, 463.
• join Sharbarza, 3, 19.
• join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.
• driven out by Omar, 3, 87.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
• Tiberias, the school of, 2, 148.
• loses prestige, 2, 532, 537.
• end of, under Constantius, 2, 567.
• gives religious instruction to the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.
• Tiberias, lake, description of, 1, 42.
• district about, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.
• tract near, given to Joseph Nassi, 4, 596, 610.
• Tiberinus, Matthias, physician, testifies to Simon of Trent’s violent death, 4, 298.
• Tiberius, emperor, lightens the taxes of Judæa, 2, 135.
• antipathy of, towards Judæans, 2, 135–6.
• instrumental in banishing Judæans from Rome, 2, 136–7.
• friendly to Judæans, 2, 172–3.
• helps Herod Antipas against the Nabathæans, 2, 173.
• death of, 2, 174.
• kindness of, to Agrippa I, 2, 176.
• imprisons Agrippa I, 2, 176.
• Tiberius, emperor of the East, the Jews under, 3, 18.
• Tiberius Julius Alexander, son of the Alabarch Alexander Lysimachus, renegade from Judaism, 2, 184, 235.
• procurator of Judæa, 2, 198.
• unpopularity of, 2, 198–9.
• governor of Egypt, 2, 199.
• orders a massacre of Judæans, 2, 263–4.
• won over to Vespasian’s side, 2, 300.
• aids Titus in the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 302.
• Tibni, king of Israel, chosen by the opponents of Omri, 1, 192.
• Ticini, Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against the Jews in, 4, 296.
• Tiflis, a Karaite center, 3, 158.
• Tiflisites, a Karaite sect, 3, 158.
• Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, designs of, on Palestine, 1, 258–9.
• captures Damascus, 1, 259.
• invades the kingdom of Israel, 1, 259–60.
• Tigranes, king of Armenia, threatens to invade Judæa, 2, 55–6.
• attacked by Lucullus, 2, 56.
• Tigranes, son of Alexander and Glaphyra, king of Armenia, 2, 128.
• Tigris, the district of, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 428–33.
• Tikkunim, Sabbatian prayer books, 5, 139.
• Tilly, general, plunders the Jews, 4, 701.
• Timnath-Serah, seat of Joshua 1, 41.
• Timotheus, Ammonite leader, defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.
• attacks the trans-Jordanic provinces, 1, 475, 476.
• Tiphsah (Tapuach), refuses to admit Menahem, the murderer of Shallum, 1, 244.
• Tirado, Jacob, leader of the Portuguese Marranos emigrating to the Netherlands, 4, 664, 665.
• saves the Marranos of Amsterdam, 4, 666.
• builds the first synagogue in Amsterdam, 4, 667.
• Tirhakah, king of Egypt, at war with Sennacherib, 1, 276.
• Tirzah, capital of the kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam, 1, 189.
• under Baasha, 1, 190.
• revolution in, 1, 191.
• abandoned as the capital of Israel, 1, 192–3.
• Tithes, collected under Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 382.
• the laws of, moderated by Judah I, 2, 458–9.
• Tithes, exacted from Jews, by Innocent III, 3, 499.
• by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.
• by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.
• Titus, brings Vespasian two legions from Alexandria, 2, 285.
• captivated by Berenice, 2, 285.
• kindly disposed to Josephus, 2, 288.
• takes Gischala, 2, 290.
• goes to Rome to do homage to Galba, 2, 299.
• urges his father to proclaim himself emperor, 2, 299.
• wins Licinius Mucianus to his father’s side, 2, 300.
• in Egypt, 2, 300.
• prepares to besiege Jerusalem, 2, 301–2.
• three Judæan traitors help, 2, 302.
• summons Jerusalem to surrender, 2, 302.
• begins the siege, 2, 303.
• cruelty of, to Judæan prisoners, 2, 304.
• again summons the besieged to surrender, 2, 305.
• hesitates to destroy the Temple, 2, 307.
• enters the Holy of Holies, 2, 308.
• saluted as emperor, 2, 308.
• besieges the upper city, 2, 309.
• treatment of Judæans by, 2, 312–13.
• celebrates his triumph over Judæa, 2, 313–15.
• arch of, 2, 314.
• rewards Josephus, 2, 317.
• protects Josephus from calumny, 2, 318.
• permits the establishment of a school at Jamnia, 2, 324.
• kindly treatment of the Jews by, after the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 331.
• and Berenice, 2, 332–3.
• abandons Berenice and Agrippa II, 2, 388.
• said to have settled Jews in Spain, 3, 43.
• Titus Aurelius Antoninus Pius. See Antoninus Pius.
• Tlemçen, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, 4, 197.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 390.
• “To my Co-religionists in Hamburg,” by Lazarus Riesser, 5, 570–1.
• “To the Confusion of the Jews,” polemic work by Samuel Ibn-Abbas, 3, 442.
• “To the Friends of Lessing,” by Jacobi, 5, 372.
• Tobba, name of the Himyarite kings, 3, 62.
• Tobiades, the, partisans of Antiochus the Great, 1, 432.
• opposed to Onias III, 1, 437.
• banished by Onias III, 1, 438.
• Tobiah, Ammonite leader, marries a Judæan, 1, 362.
• son of, marries a Judæan, 1, 362.
• hostility of, to the Judæans, 1, 369–70.
• vexed at Nehemiah’s appointment, 1, 374.
• disturbs Nehemiah’s work, 1, 375.
• intrigues against Nehemiah, 1, 376.
• a Temple court assigned to, 1, 383.
• expelled from the Temple, 1, 385.
• Tobiah, son-in-law of Simon the Just, son of, 1, 423–5.
• Tobias, Jewish physician in Trent, on friendly terms with Christians, 4, 297.
• Tobiene, the Judæans in, slaughtered, 1, 475.
• Tobit, the Book of, composed under Hadrian, 2, 430.
• admitted into the canon by the Christians, 2, 488.
• Toble Shacharith, 2, 26. See Essenes, the.
• Toda, queen of Navarre, concludes a treaty with Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 216.
• Todros of Beaucaire, ally of Abba-Mari, 4, 31.
• Todros ben Joseph Halevi Abulafia (1234–1304), Kabbalist, 4, 1, 2–3.
• prominent at the court of Sancho IV, 4, 2, 52.
• opponent of philosophy, 4, 2.
• Kabbalistic work dedicated to, 4, 3.
• Tôi, king of Hamath, congratulates David on his Ammonite victory, 1, 127.
• Tokat, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.
• the Jews of, accused of murder, 4, 553.
• Toland, John, favors the emancipation of the Jews in England, 5, 197–8.
• “Toldoth Jesho,” a Hebrew parody of the gospels, 5, 185–6.
• Toledano, Daniel, adviser of Muley Ismail, 5, 168.
• Toledo, early settlement of Jews in the environs of, 3, 43.
• played into the hands of Tarik by the Jews, 3, 109.
• Cordova Jews emigrate to, 3, 255.
• the Mahometan court of, cultured, 3, 291.
• taken by Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 294.
• made Alfonso VI’s capital, 3, 295.
• Jehuda Halevi in, 3, 324.
• college at, presided over by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 338.
• Jews of Lucena emigrate to, 3, 361.
• center of Jewish science in the twelfth century, 3, 361, 362.
• scene of a civil war, 3, 363.
• synagogue in, erected by Joseph Ibn-Shoshan, 3, 384.
• study of the Talmud at, 3, 386.
• the center of the supposed well poisoners, 4, 101.
• synagogue built in, by Samuel Abulafia, 4, 119–20.
• lost by Pedro, 4, 124.
• cortes of, disapprove of the Inquisition, 4, 313.
• tribunals of the Inquisition in, 4, 325.
• cortes of, enforce Jew quarters, 4, 335.
• rabbis of, ordered to inform against Judaizing Marranos, 4, 335.
• refuge of the Abrabanels, 4, 341.
• synagogue of, turned into a church, 4, 354.
• exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
• Toledo, the Council of (589), passes anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 46.
• (633), decrees of, against back-sliding converts, 3, 49–50, 51.
• (the eighth) confirms the anti-Jewish laws of the fourth Council, 3, 102.
• cited by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 511.
• Toledo, the Jews of, give a written assurance of their acceptance of Christianity, 3, 103–4.
• well treated by Alfonso VI, 3, 295.
• prosperity and culture of, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.
• assist Alfonso VIII against the Almohades, 3, 386–7.
• attacked by foreign crusaders, 3, 507.
• try to prevent the enforcement of Jew badges, 3, 513.
• in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 537–8, 540–1.
• under Sancho, 3, 617.
• supposed to be opposed to the study of science, 4, 38.
• ravages of the Black Death among, 4, 113.
• suffer during the civil war between Pedro and Henry II, 4, 118–19, 124, 126, 136–7.
• efforts to reorganize, 4, 140.
• decadence of, 4, 140, 142.
• persecuted in 1391, 4, 169–70.
• Toletum. See Toledo.
• Tomaso, Father, in Damascus, disappearance of, 5, 634–5.
• Jews suspected to be the murderers of, 5, 635.
• reward for the murderer of, 5, 652.
• inscription on the tomb of, 5, 668.
• Tongern, Arnold of, Dominican professor of theology, 4, 424.
• tool of Hoogstraten, 4, 450.
• satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.
• Torah, the. See Law, the; Pentateuch, the.
• Toro, fortress of, Pedro decoyed into, 4, 118.
• the cortes of, petition that restrictions be laid on the Jews, 4, 138–9.
• the Jews of, accept baptism, 4, 205.
• Toron de los Caballeros, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
• Torquemada, Thomas de, confessor of Isabella of Castile, 4, 310.
• refutes the work of a Marrano, 4, 312.
• appointed inquisitor, 4, 319.
• appointed inquisitor-general of Spain, 4, 324.
• appoints Inquisition tribunals in different parts of Spain, 4, 324.
• appoints inquisitors for Aragon, 4, 326.
• publishes the “Constitutions” for inquisitors, 4, 326–7.
• has two Marrano bishops burned, 4, 333.
• bids the rabbis of Toledo inform against Judaizing Marranos, 4, 335–6.
• condemns Jews to the stake on the blood accusation, 4, 343.
• urges the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 346, 348.
• forbids intercourse between Christians and the exiled Jews, 4, 350.
• tries to convert the Jews, 4, 350.
• complains of the Marranos, 4, 355.
• victims delivered to the Inquisition by, 4, 356.
• in fear of assassination, 4, 356.
• Torre de Montcorvo, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.
• Tortosa, traces of early Jewish settlements near, 3, 42–3.
• birthplace of Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 225.
• the Jews of, converted, 4, 206.
• Tortosa, the religious disputation at, 4, 207–15.
• Jewish delegates to, not firm, 4, 208, 210.
• Jewish delegates to, unfairly treated, 4, 212.
• Vincent Ferrer’s converts brought to, 4, 215.
• Tossafists, the, disciples of Rashi, 3, 344, 345.
• acumen of, 3, 344–5.
• divide the study of the Talmud into two branches, 3, 345.
• as Bible exegetes, 3, 345.
• in Champagne, 3, 403–4.
• in England, 3, 409.
• in Germany, 3, 419.
• leniency of, 3, 470.
• methods of, transplanted to the East, 3, 506.
• of northern France, anti-Maimunists, 3, 529.
• activity of, during Louis IX’s persecutions, 3, 586–7.
• compilers in the thirteenth century, 3, 587.
• See in the list of Talmudists.
• Tossafoth, supplements to Rashi’s commentary on the Talmud, 3, 344.
• on the Pentateuch, 3, 345.
• “the Old,” collected by Isaac ben Samuel, 3, 404.
• “Sens,” compiled by Samson ben Abraham, 3, 408.
• new collection of, by Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel, 3, 586.
• Tossafoth Yom-Tob, commentary on the Mishna, by Lipmann Heller, 4, 704.
• Tou. See Tôi.
• “Touchstone, The,” satire by Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 4, 63.
• Toulouse, Jews remain in, after the banishment by Charles VI, 4, 176.
• the Talmud burnt at, 4, 55.
• Toulouse, the Jews of, attacked at Easter, 3, 174.
• persecuted by Alice of Montmorency, 3, 514.
• protected by Simon de Montfort, 3, 514.
• not forced to wear the Jew badge, 3, 514.
• converted under Philip IV, 4, 48.
• during the Pastoureaux massacre, 4, 56.
• Touraine, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.
• Tours, the Council of, re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 520.
• Elias Montalto dies at, 4, 673.
• Tovey, on the treatment of Jews under Edward I, 3, 642.
• “Tower of Strength, The,” Sabbataï Zevi’s prison at Abydos, 5, 148.
• Trachonites, the, conquered and converted by Aristobulus I, 2, 37.
• Trachonitis, given to Philip, son of Cleopatra, by Herod’s will, 2, 119.
• under Philip, 2, 137.
• given to Agrippa II as a royal province, 2, 245.
• cavalry from, assists the Peace party, 2, 259, 260.
• Trade. See Commerce.
• Trades, among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, 3, 35.
• pursued by the German and French Jews in the eleventh century, 3, 281.
• pursued by the Jews of Poland, 4, 419.
• forbidden to the Jews of Alsace, 5, 348.
• opened to the Jews of Austria, 5, 357.
• See also Artisans; Handicrafts.
• Tradition, rejected by the Sadducees, 2, 22.
• among the Karaites, 3, 159.
• See also Halacha; Law, the oral; Mishna, the; Talmud, the; Rabbinical Judaism; Talmudical Judaism.
• Trajan, emperor, hostility of, to the Jews, 2, 350.
• conquest of Parthia by, 2, 393.
• opposed by the Jews, 2, 393–7.
• conquers Adiabene, 2, 393–4.
• fails to make Parthia a Roman province, 2, 399.
• death of, 2, 399.
• Trani, the Jews of, ransom Sabbataï Donnolo, 3, 213.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• Translation of the Pentateuch, into Chaldaic, 2, 581–2.
• into Syriac, 2, 582.
• into Persian, 4, 401.
• by Mendelssohn, 5, 328–35.
• Translation of the Scriptures, into Arabic by Saadiah, 3, 189–90.
• into German by Luther, 4, 469, 475.
• into the European languages, 4, 475.
• into Spanish by Abraham Usque, 4, 475.
• during the Reformation, 4, 540.
• into Polish by Simon Budny, 4, 647.
• by Sachs, 5, 693.
• See also Akylas; Septuagint, the; Vulgate, the.
• Translations of the Scriptures, various, 2, 489, 581–2.
• ordered to be read in Jewish congregations, 3, 14–15.
• not authoritative, 4, 237.
• Transmigration of souls (Metempsychosis), the, the doctrine of, adopted by Isaac the Blind, 3, 547–8.
• in the Kabbala, 3, 554.
• as explained by Isaac Lurya, 4, 620.
• Leo Modena on, 5, 67.
• Transubstantiation, the dogma of, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.
• refuted by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.
• attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 188.
• Travelers, Jewish, list of:
• Abraham de Beya,
• Benjamin ben Jonah of Tudela,
• Joseph Zapateiro de Lamego,
• Petachya of Ratisbon.
• “Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul, A,” by Samuel da Silva, 5, 59.
• “Treatise on the Position of the Hebrews, A,” by Simone Luzzatto, 5, 81–4.
• “Treatises of the Righteous Brethren,” adapted by Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 4, 62.
• “Tree of Life, The,” by Aaron (II) ben Elia Nicomedi, 4, 95.
• Trent, the Council of, to deal with the Protestants, 4, 525.
• Paul III abused at, 4, 525–6.
• the Marranos’ right of emigration defended at, 4, 526.
• deals with the Talmud, 4, 589.
• Trent, the Jews of, Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against, 4, 297.
• charged with the blood accusation, 4, 297–9.
• burnt, 4, 298.
• Treves, Israel, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 237.
• Treves, pilgrimage to the holy coat of, 5, 682.
• Treves, the Jews of, kill their children in the first crusade, 3, 300.
• baptized, 3, 300.
• Tria, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.
• “Trial of the World, The,” by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 49.
• Triana, castle in, the first house occupied by the Inquisition, 4, 314.
• Tribal government, under David, 1, 122.
• Trier, Solomon, invites opinions on the obligation of circumcision, 5, 677.
• Trieste, the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.
• Trieste, the Jews of, address Mendelssohn in behalf of their normal school, 5, 369.
• letter addressed to, by Wessely, 5, 370–1.
• Trietsch, the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• Trigland, Jacob, inquires into Karaism, 5, 183–4.
• Trimberg, castle in which Süsskind sang his poems, 3, 420.
• Trinity, the, the doctrine of, introduced into Christianity, 2, 500–1.
• derived from the Old Testament, 2, 501.
• attacked by Simlaï, 2, 501–2.
• supposed protests against, in Jewish literature, 3, 15.
• discussed by the French Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 343.
• refuted by Nachmani, 3, 601.
• in the Zohar, 4, 23.
• refuted by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, 4, 141.
• expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.
• refuted by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.
• attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.
• found in the Kabbala by Pico di Mirandola, 4, 292.
• inculcated by Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 216–17, 220.
• in the Frankist confession of faith, 5, 280, 281, 285, 287.
• belief in, threatened, 5, 682.
• Tripoli, Spanish exiles in, 4, 389.
• Triumvirate, the first, divides the Roman possessions, 2, 73–4.
• Triumvirate, the second, formation of, 2, 81.
• purpose of, 2, 143.
• Trok (Troki), Karaite center, 4, 265; 5, 182.
• Troyes, the birthplace of Rashi, 3, 286.
• Rashi the rabbi of, 3, 287.
• rabbinical synods meet at, 3, 377, 378.
• college of, sold, 4, 48.
• the Jews of, compelled to violate the Sabbath, 5, 451.
• “True Shepherd, The,” translated by Isabel Correa, 5, 114.
• Tryphon. See Diodotus Tryphon.
• Tryphon, Judæan envoy to Claudius, 2, 197–8.
• Tsiruf, Kabbalistic term, 4, 5.
• Tuch, exegete, 5, 695.
• Tucker, Josiah, favors the naturalization of the Jews in England, 5, 338.
• Tudela, protects Marranos concerned in the murder of Arbues, 4, 357.
• Tudela, the Jews of, enjoy equality with Christians and Mahometans, 3, 388.
• attacked at the instigation of Pedro Olligoyen, 4, 78.
• baptized, 4, 358.
• Tugaï Bey, Tartar chieftain, defeats the Polish troops, 5, 11.
• Tugendbund, the, founded by Berlin Jewesses, 5, 423, 425.
• Tulczyn, the Jews of, betrayed by the Poles to the Cossacks, 5, 9–10.
• Tunis, Louis IX dies at, 3, 612.
• forced converts emigrate to, 4, 179.
• Spanish exiles in, 4, 391–2.
• Turbo, Martius, Trajan’s general, in Egypt, 2, 397–8.
• cruelty of, 2, 398.
• Ture Zahab. See Levi, David.
• Turim (Tur), religious code compiled by Jacob ben Asheri, 4, 88.
• based on Maimonides’ code, 4, 88.
• treats of religious practice, 4, 88.
• compared with Maimonides’ code, 4, 89.
• Kabbalistic elements in, 4, 89.
• reception of, 4, 89–90.
• Turkey, the beginnings of, 4, 267.
• hospitable to Jews, 4, 268.
• the Karaites in, 4, 269–71.
• tolerance of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.
• Spanish exiles go to, 4, 358.
• treatment of the Spanish exiles in, 4, 364.
• the chief refuge of the Spanish exiles, 4, 383, 400.
• the Spanish exiles in, 4, 400–5.
• the Jewish fugitives in, dispose themselves in national groups, 4, 478.
• the Kabbala in, 4, 481.
• Portuguese Marranos emigrate to, 4, 485.
• Solomon Molcho in, 4, 496.
• Messianic enthusiasm in, 4, 497.
• Marranos in, 4, 529.
• refuge of the Neapolitan and Bohemian Jews, 4, 544.
• refuge of the exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.
• war of, with Venice, enriches Smyrna, 5, 119.
• refuge of the Ancona Marranos, 4, 570.
• victorious over Ferdinand I, 4, 597.
• victorious over Venice, 4, 601.
• peace of, with Venice, 4, 605–6.
• supported by Russia, 5, 634.
• Turkey, the Jews of, happy condition of, 4, 271–3.
• granted liberties, 4, 400.
• occupations of, 4, 401.
• linguists, 4, 402.
• molested by the Greek Catholics, 4, 552–3.
• trade with Pesaro instead of Ancona, 4, 578–9.
• prosperity of, 4, 593.
• under Selim II, 4, 602, 607.
• interested in the choice of a king for Poland, 4, 604.
• culture of, 4, 607–10.
• mediocrity of, 4, 611–12.
• religious stagnation among, 4, 627.
• submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.
• ransom Polish Jews from the Tartars, 5, 8.
• free from persecution, 5, 168.
• join Jacob Frank, 5, 273.
• emancipated, 5, 641.
• hated, 5, 641.
• praised by Delaborde, 5, 649.
• secured against the blood accusation, 5, 662.
• urged to use Turkish, 5, 664.
• Tur-Simon, stronghold fortified by Bar-Cochba, 2, 415.
• fall of, 2, 416.
• Tus. See Jacob Tus.
• Tuscany, the Jews of, protected against Bernardinus of Feltre, 4, 297.
• Tuster. See Susa.
• Tusti, Father, suspects the Damascus Jews of Tomaso’s murder, 5, 635.
• Tyre (Zor), built by the Canaanites, 1, 3.
• founded, 1, 80.
• subdued by Shalmaneser, 1, 263.
• surrenders to Shalmaneser, 1, 264.
• besieged by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306, 307.
• messengers from, urge Zedekiah to revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 310.
• merchants from, desecrate the Sabbath in Jerusalem, 1, 387.
• taken by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.
• Olympian games celebrated at, 1, 446.
• court held at, to try Menelaus, 1, 449.
• inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, 1, 475.
• inhabitants of, meditate the massacre of the Christians, 3, 20.
• Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 342.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.
• Tyrol, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 297–9.
• excludes Jews, 5, 523.
• U
• Ubaid-Allah, founder of the Fatimide dynasty, patron of Isaac Israeli, 3, 180–1.
• Ubaid-Allah Ibn-Suleiman, vizir, appoints Jews to state offices, 3, 183.
• Ucles, the battle of, Mahometans victorious at, 3, 312.
• Ueberlingen, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.
• burnt on the blood accusation, 4, 227.
• Ukba. See Mar-Ukba.
• Ukban. See Mar-Ukban.
• Ukraine, the Cossacks enjoy independence in, 5, 2.
• Jews banished from, 5, 12.
• Jews permitted to live in, 5, 14.
• devastated by the Cossacks, 5, 388.
• Ulam, an open vestibule in the Temple, 1, 165.
• Ulamma, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
• Ulla, friend of Judah ben Ezekiel, on the purity of the Jewish race, 2, 551.
• insulted by Yalta, 2, 556.
• Ulla bar Kosher, political offender against Zenobia, 2, 530.
• Ulm, conference at, to transfer the claims of Jews upon Christians to Emperor Wenceslaus, 4, 166.
• the Jews of, banished, 4, 416.
• Ulpianus Trajan. See Trajan.
• Ultramontanes. See Caorsini, the.
• Unger, Christian Theophilus, supplements Basnage’s work, 5, 197.
• “Union of American Hebrew Congregations, The,” the objects of, 5, 702.
• Unitarians, the, a Christian sect of the Reformation period, 4, 541.
• meetings of, the model of the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 645.
• influence of, in Poland, 4, 647.
• United States, the, espouse the cause of the Damascus Jews, 5, 633, 657.
• early Jewish immigrants in, 5, 702.
• Unity of God, the, ceases to be a doctrine of Christianity, 2, 500.
• defended by Simlaï, 2, 501–2.
• University degrees, Jews forbidden by the Council of Basle to take, 4, 245.
• “Upon Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism.” See “Jerusalem.”
• “Upon Mendelssohn and the Political Reform of the Jews,” by Mirabeau, 5, 432.
• “Upon the Aim of Jesus and his disciples,” one of the “Fragments” published by Lessing, 5, 321.
• “Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews,” by Dohm, 5, 352–62.
• emphasizes political advantages, 5, 352–3.
• describes the condition of the Jews, 5, 353.
• reviews the history of the Jews in Europe, 5, 354.
• programme outlined in, 5, 355–6.
• effect of, 5, 356–7.
• discussion of, 5, 358–62.
• appendix to, 5, 362.
• spread in Alsace by Cerf Berr, 5, 431.
• “Upon the Inutility of the Jews in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Moravia,” called forth by Dohm’s apology, 5, 359.
• Uranso, Vidal de, assassin hired against Arbues, 4, 330.
• Urban V, pope, enemy of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 122, 126.
• Urbib, of Alexandria, generosity of, 3, 23.
• Urbino, Abraham Abulafia in, 4, 6.
• refuge of Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.
• Uriah, high priest, summoned as witness against Ahaz, 1, 259.
• Uriah, the Hittite, betrayed by David, 1, 131–2.
• Uriah of Mayence, apostate, sets fire to the synagogue, 3, 303.
• Uriah, son of Shemaiah, prophet, slain by Jehoiakim, 1, 301.
• Uriel, name of an angel, 1, 403.
• Urim and Thummim, in the Zohar, 4, 23.
• Urraca, queen of Castile, marries Alfonso I of Aragon, 3, 316.
• Ursicinus, legate of Gallus, oppresses the Jews of Judæa, 2, 568–9.
• punishes the inhabitants of Sepphoris, 2, 570–1.
• falls into disfavor with Constantius, 2, 572.
• Usal. See Sanaa.
• Usha, school of, 2, 148.
• a center for the teaching of the Law, 2, 356.
• the Synhedrion removed to, 2, 405.
• a second time the meeting place of the teachers of the Law, 2, 433–4.
• home of Judah ben Ilai, 2, 433, 442.
• See Synhedrion, the, of Usha.
• Ushaya, the Elder, adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.
• compilation of, authoritative, 2, 471.
• establishes an academy at Cæsarea, 2, 543.
• Ushaya, the Younger, brother of Rabba bar Nachmani, Agadist, 2, 575–6.
• Usque, Abraham (Duarte de Pinel), Marrano, translates the Bible into Spanish, 4, 475.
• editor of the Ferrara Spanish Bible, 4, 576.
• printing press of, closed, 4, 581.
• Usque, Samuel, poet, on the Inquisition, 4, 324–5, 522.
• on the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 380.
• on Salonica, 4, 404–5.
• on Samuel II Abrabanel, 4, 409.
• Jewish historical subjects of, 4, 588.
• historico-poetical dialogue of, 4, 558–61.
• describes Gracia Mendesia, 4, 575–6.
• Usque, Solomon (Duarte Gomez), poet and historian, 4, 555, 558.
• tragedy by, on Esther, translated, 5, 90.
• Usques, the three, protected by Gracia Mendesia, 4, 576.
• Usury, the laws of, as enforced by Meïr, 2, 439.
• taken by Jews from Christians, 3, 376, 393.
• practiced in France in the twelfth century, 3, 400.
• restrictions of, by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.
• prohibited by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.
• in England and France in the thirteenth century, 3, 571.
• practiced by Jews in England under Henry III, 3, 591.
• prohibited by the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.
• among the Jews of Castile, 4, 80.
• in France in the fourteenth century, 4, 174.
• legalized in Mantua, 4, 286.
• charged against the Jews of Nuremberg, 4, 415.
• Manasseh ben Israel exonerates the Jews from the charge of, 5, 41.
• practiced by Christian capitalists, 5, 205.
• practiced by the Jews of Alsace, 5, 349, 350–1.
• charged against the Jews of France, 5, 481, 482.
• discussed in the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 492.
• discussed by the Synhedrion, 5, 497.
• Utrera, the Marranos of, adopt means of defense against the Inquisition, 4, 313.
• Uzza, the garden of, burial place of Manasseh, 1, 285.
• Uzzah, son of Abinadab, sudden death of, 1, 119.
• Uzziah, son of Amaziah of Judah, 1, 226.
• king of Judah, character and ability of, 1, 228–9.
• the earthquake under, 1, 229.
• drouth under, 1, 229–30.
• conquests of, 1, 230–1.
• fortifies Jerusalem, 1, 231.
• friendly relations of, with Jeroboam II, 1, 231, 232.
• models his kingdom after Solomon’s, 1, 231.
• warlike spirit of, 1, 244.
• attempts to sacrifice in the Temple, 1, 245.
• attacked by leprosy, 1, 245.
• last years of, passed in solitude, 1, 246.
• death of, 1, 248.
• Uziel, Isaac, preacher at Amsterdam, influence of, 4, 672.
• scourges the immorality of the Amsterdam Jews, 4, 680.
• disciples of, 4, 682, 683, 689.
• threatens Uriel da Costa with excommunication, 5, 58.
• V
• Vaad Arba Arazoth. See Four Countries, the, the Synod of.
• Valavigny, surgeon, suspected of poisoning wells, 4, 104.
• “Vale of Weeping,” by Joseph Cohen, 4, 590, 608.
• Valencia, quarrel about the chief rabbinate of, 4, 162.
• Marranos from, in Algiers, 4, 199.
• opposition to the Inquisition in, 4, 328.
• refuge of the last king of Toledo, 3, 295.
• Valencia, the Jews of, possess penal jurisdiction, 4, 155.
• exterminated in 1391, 4, 170–1.
• accept baptism, 4, 205, 206.
• charged with the blood accusation, 4, 344.
• possessions of, sequestrated by Ferdinand the Catholic, 4, 350.
• Valencia de Alcantara, Gonzalo Martinez besieged in, 4, 86.
• Valens, Emperor of the East, tolerance of, 2, 603.
• Valensino, Alexandrian Jew, seconds Munk’s efforts to establish schools, 5, 663.
• Valentinian I, Emperor of the West, tolerance of, 2, 603.
• Valerianus, emperor, taken prisoner, 2, 527.
• Valladolid, besieged by Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 79.
• the Marranos of, attacked, 4, 280–1.
• Valladolid, the cortes of, petition Alfonso XI against usury, 4, 80.
• petition for the curtailment of Jewish privileges, 4, 116.
• pass anti-Jewish regulations, 4, 158.
• Valladolid, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.
• deny the charges of Alfonso Burgensis, 4, 83.
• despoiled, 4, 125.
• accept baptism, 4, 205.
• Van den Enden, Dr. Franz, philologist, Spinoza’s teacher, 5, 88–9.
• Vandals, the, the empire of, conquered by Belisarius, 3, 26.
• antagonistic to the Catholics, 3, 44.
• Vangioni, the, marry Jewish women, 3, 41.
• Vannes, the Council of, forbids the clergy to take part in Jewish banquets, 3, 36.
• Vanni, mufti, proposes the conversion of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 153.
• instructs Sabbatian converts, 5, 154.
• teaches Sabbataï Zevi Mahometan customs, 5, 162.
• Van Oven, Bernard, English Jew, interested in the Damascus affair, 5, 653.
• Van Swieden. See Swieden, van.
• Vantabiet, Armenian bishop, incites a crusade against the Damascus Jews, 5, 662.
• Varnhagen von Ense, husband of Rachel Levin, 5, 443.
• attitude of, towards the Jews, 5, 533.
• Varus, representative of Agrippa II, treachery of, 2, 275.
• dismissed, 2, 275.
• Varus, Quintilius, governor of Syria, convicts Antipater of attempted parricide, 2, 114.
• given charge of Jerusalem, 2, 122–3.
• orders out Roman troops against the Judæan insurgents, 2, 125–6.
• subdues the Judæan insurgents, 2, 126.
• Vayol, Hans, calumniates Israel Bruna, 4, 302, 303.
• retracts his calumnies, 4, 304.
• Vaz, Diego, Marrano, murders Henrique Nunes, 4, 490.
• Vecinho, Joseph, physician and astronomer, at the congress summoned by João II, 4, 367.
• Vega brothers, the, found an academy at Jerusalem, 5, 126.
• Vega Enriques, Rachel de, marriage of, 5, 242.
• Vega, Judah, rabbi in Amsterdam, indulgent towards the weaknesses of the Jews, 4, 680.
• Veit, in the Prussian Landtag, 5, 697.
• Veit, Simon, husband of Dorothea Mendelssohn, 5, 424.
• Veitel, Ephraim, Voltaire’s agent, 5, 339.
• school founded by, 5, 405.
• Velasquez de Tordesillas, bishop of Segovia, accuses the Jews of host desecration, 4, 195–6.
• Venaissin, Jews in, after the banishment by Charles VI, 4, 177.
• the Jews of, expelled by Pius V, 4, 592.
• Venice, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.
• the Abrabanel family at, 4, 385–6.
• Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, 4, 388.
• exiled Jews settle in, 4, 408.
• the Marranos of, unmolested, 4, 500.
• Molcho and Reubeni at, 4, 504–5.
• Marranos well treated at, 4, 526.
• the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.
• the rulers of, prosecute Gracia Mendesia, 4, 574.
• ordered by Turkey to liberate Gracia Mendesia, 4, 575.
• ambassador of, denounces Joseph Nassi, 4, 595.
• hostility of, to Joseph Nassi, 4, 600.
• war of, with Turkey, 4, 600.
• imprisons the Levantine merchants, 4, 600.
• peace of, with Turkey, 4, 605–6.
• Elias Montalto in, 4, 673.
• the war of, with Turkey enriches Smyrna, 5, 119.
• the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 138, 150.
• Nathan Ghazati in, 5, 161.
• Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.
• Nehemiah Chayon at, 5, 216–17.
• honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.
• Venice, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
• threatened with expulsion, 4, 600–1.
• depart, 4, 606.
• position of, secured by Solomon Ashkenazi, 4, 606–7.
• number of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 650.
• in the time of Leo Modena, 5, 68.
• order Luzzatto to justify himself, 5, 238.
• Venice, the rabbis of, exact a promise from Luzzatto not to teach the Kabbala, 5, 239.
• offended by Luzzatto, 5, 239–40.
• excommunicate Luzzatto, 5, 240, 242.
• excommunicate the writer of Sabbatian amulets, 5, 263, 264.
• Venus, temple to, on Golgotha, 2, 422.
• Vera y Alarcon, Lope de, martyr, celebrated by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 111.
• Verdun, fortress of, refuge of the Jews, 4, 56.
• Verona, Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.
• Vesoul family, the, privileges of, 4, 150.
• extinction of, 4, 152.
• Vespasian, general of the Roman army in Judæa, 2, 284.
• met at Ptolemais by Judæan partisans of Rome, 2, 285.
• army of, 2, 285.
• defeats Josephus, 2, 285.
• defeated at Jotapata, 2, 285–6.
• takes Gabara, 2, 286.
• takes Jotapata, 2, 287.
• kindly disposed to Josephus, 2, 288.
• takes Gamala, 2, 289–90.
• truce declared by, 2, 290.
• hesitates to attack Jerusalem, 2, 297, 298.
• in fear of Licinius Mucianus, 2, 300.
• fealty sworn to, in Syria and Egypt, 2, 300.
• declares Judæa his property, 2, 312.
• celebration of the birthday of, 2, 312.
• celebrates his triumph over Judæa, 2, 314–15.
• appoints Bassus governor of Judæa, 2, 315.
• institutes the fiscus Judaicus, 2, 316.
• rewards the Judæans friendly to Rome, 2, 316–17.
• closes the Temple of Onias, 2, 318.
• treats the Jews kindly after the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 331.
• gives Galilee to Agrippa II, 2, 333.
• Viana, the Jews of, attacked at the instigation of Pedro Olligoyen, 4, 78.
• Victoria, of England, congratulates Montefiore upon his success in the East, 5, 669.
• honors Montefiore, 5, 670.
• approves of the abolition of the form of oath, 5, 698.
• Vidal. See Bonafoux Vidal; Crescas Vidal.
• Vidal, Maëstro. See Moses ben Joshua Narboni.
• Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi (Ferrer), champion of Judaism at the Tortosa disputation, 4, 207, 211.
• holds the Agada to be authoritative, 4, 214.
• refuses to accept Christianity, 4, 215.
• relations of, become converts, 4, 215.
• neo-Hebraic poet, 4, 230.
• defends the Talmud, 4, 233–4.
• Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meïri (1249–1306), rabbi of Perpignan, style of, 4, 26–7.
• Vieira, Antonio, Jesuit, characterizes Isaac Aboab and Manasseh ben Israel, 4, 683.
• Vienna, the Council of, confirms the anti-Jewish decrees of Innocent III, 3, 611–12.
• court Jews appointed in, 4, 702.
• Jews re-admitted into, 5, 189.
• Judah Chassid at, 5, 213.
• Chayon at, 5, 218, 230.
• Jews allowed to live in, under certain conditions, 5, 358.
• a Jewish salon in, 5, 413–14.
• intercourse with, awakens a desire for culture in Galicia, 5, 611.
• honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.
• Vienna, the Congress of, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 513, 518–20.
• statesmen of, favor the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 514.
• Vienna, the Jews of, declared ineligible to office, 3, 635.
• protected from the Deggenburg persecution, 4, 99.
• kill themselves to escape the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
• number of, 4, 694.
• importance of, during the Thirty Years’ War, 4, 702.
• privileges of, 4, 702–3.
• build a synagogue, 4, 702.
• tax paid by, 5, 170.
• banished at the instigation of Empress Margaret, 5, 170.
• call upon outsiders to have the decree revoked, 5, 171.
• go into exile, 5, 171–2.
• dispersion of, 5, 172–4.
• suppress “Judaism Unmasked,” 5, 189–90.
• join the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.
• heterogeneous character of, 5, 579–80.
• reforms of, 5, 580.
• the Temple service of, 5, 581.
• importance of, 5, 582.
• Viennet, French deputy, proposes the abolition of a state religion, 5, 597.
• Villadiego, the Jews of, exterminated by Pedro’s English allies, 4, 125.
• Villafranca, Oran Jews settle at, 5, 169.
• Villareal, tribunals of the Inquisition established in, 4, 325.
• Villaris, treasurer, insists upon the payment of taxes by the Jews of Spain, 4, 344.
• Ville-Neuve, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.
• “Vindiciæ Judæorum,” by Manasseh ben Israel, translated by Marcus Herz, 5, 362.
• fundamental idea of, 5, 363.
• Virgin Mary, the, doctrine of, discussed by the Jews of France, 3, 343.
• refuted by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, 4, 141.
• Viseu. See Vecinho.
• Vishnioviecki, prince, Polish general, protects the Polish Jews against Cossack cruelty, 5, 10.
• retreats before the Cossacks, 5, 10–11.
• Vishnioviecki, the house of, controls Cossack colonization, 5, 3.
• Visigothic code, the, the Jews under, 3, 292.
• translation of, 3, 594–5.
• Visigoths, the, the kings of, dependent on the Church, 3, 37.
• antagonistic to the Catholics, 3, 44–5.
• treat the Jews kindly until Catholic times, 3, 45–6.
• the anti-Jewish decrees of, revived by the Council of Meaux, 3, 171.
• Vismes, the secretary of, shows the injustice done the Jews of Metz, 5, 446.
• Vital. See Chayim; Samuel.
• Vitellius, proclaimed emperor in Lower Germany, 2, 299.
• drives Otho to suicide, 2, 299.
• death of, 2, 300.
• Vitellius, governor of Syria, appealed to, against Pontius Pilate, 2, 172.
• befriends the Judæans, 2, 172–3.
• offers sacrifices in the Temple, 2, 173.
• Vitoria, the Jews of, deed their cemetery to the town, 4, 352.
• left without physicians by the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 353.
• Vivo. See Yechiel of Paris.
• Vizeu, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.
• Vladislav, of Poland, death of, 5, 8.
• Volga (Itil, Atel), the, Jews settle at the mouth of, 3, 123.
• kingdom of the Chazars founded on, 3, 138.
• Volhynia, rabbinical schools established in, 4, 420.
• Haidamaks in, 5, 11.
• Vologeses, king of Parthia, and Izates of Adiabene, 2, 218.
• Vologeses, king of Parthia, defeats Atidius Cornelianus, 2, 447.
• Voltaggio, Joseph Cohen at, 4, 555.
• Voltaire, Arouet de, compared with Lessing, 5, 296.
• hostility of, to Jews, 5, 338–9.
• financial losses of, through Medina, 5, 339.
• quarrel of, with Hirsch, 5, 339.
• Frederick the Great enraged at, 5, 339.
• slanders the Jews, 5, 340.
• answered by Pinto, 5, 345.
• compliments Portuguese Jews, 5, 345.
• “Jewish Letters” addressed to, 5, 346–7.
• admired by Jews, 5, 411.
• Von Bohlen, exegete, 5, 695.
• Von der Recke, countess, and David Friedländer, 5, 534.
• Voss, Julius von, defends the Jews, 5, 533.
• Vossius, Dionysius, translates a work by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.
• Vossius, Isaac, recommends Manasseh ben Israel to Christine of Sweden, 5, 22.
• Manasseh ben Israel dedicates a work to, 5, 37.
• Vossius, John Gerard, friendly to Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.
• Vowel-points, added to the Hebrew consonants, 3, 112.
• Vries, Simon de, friend of Spinoza, 5, 107.
• Vulgate, the, Latin translation of the Bible by Jerome, 2, 625.
• placed above the Hebrew Bible, 4, 444–5.
• W
• “Waage, Die,” journal published by Börne, 5, 542.
• Wadil-Kora, inhabited by Jews, 3, 55–6.
• submits to Mahomet, 3, 83.
• the Jews of, driven away by Omar, 3, 85.
• the Jews of, bring love of the Arabic to Babylonia, 3, 111.
• Wagenseil, John Christopher, Hebraist, accuses the Jews of blaspheming Jesus, 5, 185–6.
• interested in the conversion of Jews, 5, 186.
• tolerance of, 5, 186–7.
• denounces the blood accusation, 5, 187.
• Wala, incites the sons of Louis the Pious against their step-mother, 3, 166.
• Waldenses, the, crusades against, begin with massacres of the Jews, 4, 222.
• Wales, the Jumpers in, 5, 378.
• Wallachia, the Jews of, join Frank, 5, 273.
• Wallenstein, general, plunders the Jews, 4, 701.
• Walter Cornutus, archbishop of Sens, and the burning of the Talmud, 3, 578.
• Walther von der Vogelweide, the style of, adopted by Süsskind von Trimberg, 3, 420.
• Wamba, Visigothic king, revolt against, 3, 104–5.
• expels the Jews from Narbonne, 3, 105.
• Jews enjoy religious freedom under, 3, 105, 106.
• forced by Erwig to become a monk, 3, 106.
• “War for God,” defense of Maimonides by his son, 3, 545.
• “War of the Fosse,” between Mahomet and an alliance of tribes, 3, 80.
• Waragi, the, wage war with the Chazars in the tenth century, 3, 221.
• Waraka Ibn-Naufal, convert to Judaism, influences Mahomet, 3, 71.
• Wars of God, the, book of, early Hebrew poetry, 1, 29.
• Warsaw, Frank’s baptism at, 5, 288.
• the duchy of, created by Napoleon, 5, 500.
• Wartburg, the, Luther on, 4, 469, 475.
• Wasit, under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, 3, 98.
• the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.
• Water-gate, the, Ezra reads the Law near, 1, 378.
• Water libation, the, mocked at by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 43.
• re-introduced under Salome Alexandra, 2, 51.
• as celebrated on the Feast of Tabernacles, 2, 51.
• Water-Town, the. See Rabbath-Ammon.
• Way, Lewis, addresses the Congress of Aix on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 525–7.
• Wecelinus, chaplain, proselyte, lampoons Christianity, 3, 245.
• Weil, Jacob, teacher of Israel Bruna, defends him, 4, 302.
• death of, 4, 303.
• Weil, Moses, rabbi of the German Jews of Amsterdam, 4, 681.
• Weissenburg, the Jews of, persecuted in the thirteenth century, 3, 611.
• indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 438.
• Weissenfels, rabbinical synod at, 4, 163.
• Well poisoning. See Black Death, the.
• Wenceslaus, emperor, punishes the priests, 4, 164.
• appealed to, by the Bohemian Jews, 4, 165–6.
• exacts a poll-tax from the Jews, 4, 166.
• friend of the rabbi of Prague, 4, 166.
• deposed, 4, 178.
• Wenzel, Francis, apostate, tries to arouse prejudice against the Jews, 5, 191.
• Werner, archbishop of Mayence, protects the Jews, 3, 636.
• “Werner, the good,” supposed to have been murdered for ritual purposes, 3, 637.
• Werry, English consul at Damascus, abets Ratti Menton, 5, 639.
• Wertheimer, Joseph, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,” 5, 703.
• Wessely, Moses, aids Lessing, 5, 326.
• Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig, (1725–1805), poet, assists in Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.
• inspired by Mendelssohn, 5, 366.
• youth and education of, 5, 366–7.
• interested in the Bible, 5, 367.
• piety of, 5, 367.
• poetic gifts of, 5, 367–8.
• composes a hymn to Joseph II, 5, 368.
• on general culture for the Jews, 5, 368, 370–1.
• in negotiation with the Jews of Trieste, 5, 369.
• censured by the pious, 5, 369, 370.
• encouraged by Italian rabbis, 5, 371.
• contributor to the Meassef, 5, 399.
• permits the study of the sciences, 5, 402.
• last poem by, 5, 404.
• poetry of, compared with Luzzatto’s, 5, 623.
• compared with Munk, 5, 663.
• West India Company, the, Jews interested in, 4, 677.
• West, the, the empire of, the Jews of, under Honorius, 2, 616–17, 622.
• forbidden to enter military service, 2, 617.
• Westphalia, the kingdom of, created by Napoleon, 5, 500.
• constitution of, 5, 500.
• the Jews of, emancipated, 5, 500.
• Jewish consistory in, 5, 501–2.
• functions of the consistory in, 5, 502.
• added to Prussia, 5, 525.
• reforms of Judaism in, 5, 562.
• Wetterau, the, the Jews of, emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.
• “White Company,” the, troops of Henry de Trastamare, 4, 123.
• Widmannstadt, prosecutes Hebrew studies, 4, 434.
• William I, of England (the Conqueror), forbids Jews to keep Christian slaves and nurses, 3, 294.
• William III, of England, addressed by Oliger Pauli on the Jews, 5, 177.
• assisted by Suasso, 5, 205.
• William VIII, of Montpellier, unfriendly to the Jews, 3, 395.
• William of Orange, appeals to Joseph Nassi, 4, 601.
• tolerance of, 4, 663.
• well disposed towards Jews, 4, 678.
• William II, of Sicily, permits the Jews to have their own jurisdiction, 3, 422–3.
• William, bishop of Béziers, discontinues the Easter persecution of the Jews, 3, 394.
• William, bishop of Paris, entrusted with the persecution of the Talmud, 3, 575.
• William the Carpenter, leader of the first crusade, and the Jews, 3, 299–301.
• Wilna, the Jews of, slaughtered by the Russians, 5, 14.
• the Chassidim in, 5, 388, 391.
• rabbis of, excommunicate the Chassidim, 5, 391–2.
• Wimpfen, Süsskind Alexander, ransoms the body of Meïr of Rothenburg, 3, 640.
• Wine, on the Sabbath and the Passover, 1, 398.
• Wintzenheim, the consistory of, rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, 5, 571.
• “Wisdom and Wealth,” dialogue by Jehuda ben Sabbataï, 3, 559.
• Wisdom, the Book of. See Ecclesiasticus.
• Witiga, Visigothic king, 3, 109.
• Witnesses, Christian, against Jews recognized by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 422.
• Samaritan, testimony of, admissible, 2, 457.
• baptized Jews, evidence of, valid, 4, 36–7.
• Witnesses, Jewish, competent only in Jewish cases, under Justinian, 3, 12–13.
• cannot testify against Christians, 3, 102, 520; 4, 250.
• the oath of, under Charlemagne, 3, 144.
• not recognized in the Visigothic code, 3, 292.
• See also Jurisdiction, Jewish, autonomous.
• Witold, duke of Lithuania, grants privileges to the Karaites, 4, 265.
• Wittenberg, the theological faculty of, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, 4, 692.
• Wolf, Aaron Benjamin, rabbi of Berlin, and Chayon, 5, 219, 220.
• Wolf, John Christopher, supplements Basnage’s work, 5, 197.
• Wolf, Levi, apostate, Sabbatian, 5, 213.
• Wolfkan of Ratisbon, apostate, charges the Jews with the blood accusation, 4, 298, 304.
• Wolfram of Eschenbach, style of, adopted by Süsskind of Trimberg, 3, 420.
• Wolfssohn, Aaron, editor of the Meassef, 5, 400.
• founder of the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.
• Wolkenburg, the castle of, refuge of the Cologne Jews, 3, 352.
• Wolowski, Frankist family, 5, 289.
• “Woman-Hater, The,” satire by Jehuda ben Sabbataï, 3, 559–60.
• “Wonderful Word, The,” panegyric on the Hebrew language by Reuchlin, 4, 433–4.
• “Wonderworker by Means of Invocation in the Name of God.” See Israel of Miedziboz.
• Wood-festival, the, as celebrated in the second Temple, 2, 52.
• Worcester, the Jewish Parliament meets in, 3, 590.
• “Word to the Impartial, A,” philo-Jewish pamphlet, 5, 470.
• “Words of Peace and Truth,” by Wessely, 5, 368–9.
• Worms, founders of the Jewish community of, 3, 41.
• Rashi studies Talmud at, 3, 286.
• congregation of, one of the oldest in Germany, 3, 518.
• decisions of, 4, 135.
• rabbinical synod at, 4, 452–3.
• deputies from, consider the Jewish question, 4, 463.
• Luther at the diet of, 4, 469.
• Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
• Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 80.
• Worms, the Jews of, faithful to Henry IV, 3, 293.
• during the first crusade, 3, 301–2.
• defend the city, 3, 417.
• emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.
• burn themselves to escape the Black Death persecutions, 4, 108–9.
• threatened with expulsion, 4, 417.
• the extermination of, suggested by Pfefferkorn, 4, 463.
• number of, 4, 694.
• antipathy to, 4, 694–5.
• the expulsion of, urged, 4, 698.
• ordered to leave, 4, 699.
• suffering of, 4, 699.
• re-admitted, 4, 699.
• restrictions upon, 4, 700.
• protected by Ferdinand II, 4, 701.
• Wratislaw II, duke of Bohemia, 3, 305.
• prevents the emigration of the Jews, 3, 307.
• Writers (Historians, Pamphleteers, Scholars, etc.), non-Jewish, on Jewish subjects, list of:
• Abdel-latif,
• Abu Ishak al-Elviri,
• Abul-Ala,
• Abul-Arab Ibn-Moïsha,
• Adams, Hannah
• Agobard,
• Alexander Polyhistor,
• Alfonso de Spina,
• Alfonso Burgensis,
• Alsaid Ibn-Sina Almulk,
• Alvarez, Alfonso, de Villasandino
• Apion,
• Apollonius Malo,
• Apollonius Molo,
• Appian,
• Aristides,
• Augustine,
• Bail,
• Barlæus, Caspar
• Basnage, Jacob
• Buchholz,
• Buxtorfs, the
• Cassiodorus,
• Ceba, Ansaldo
• Chateaubriand,
• Cicero,
• Closener of Strasburg,
• Collier, Thomas
• Czechowic, Martin
• Delitzsch, Franz
• Diebitsch, von
• Diego de Valencia,
• Diez,
• Dio Cassius,
• Dohm, Christian William
• Duns Scotus,
• Dury, John
• Eck, John
• Erasmus,
• Eusebius,
• Ewald, Heinrich
• Ewald, Johann Ludwig
• Felgenhauer, Paul
• Ferrajo, Lucio
• Fichte,
• Frankenberg, Abraham
• Fries, J. F.
• Gesenius,
• Goethe,
• Graes, Ortuin de
• Grattenauer,
• Grégoire,
• Grund, Christian
• Hartmann, Frederick Traugott
• Hengstenberg,
• Herder,
• Holmes, Nathaniel
• Holst, Ludwig
• Hooghe, Romein de
• Hoornbeck, John
• Hosiander,
• Hundt, Hartwig
• Hutten, Ulrich von
• Ibn-Alfara,
• Isidore, arch-bishop of Seville,
• Jerome,
• Jesse, Henry
• Jurieu, Pierre
• Klonowicz,
• Kölbele, John Balthasar
• Kosmann,
• Krämer, August
• Lamartine,
• La Peyrère, Isaac
• Lavater, John Caspar
• Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim
• Longinus,
• Lopez, Pedro, de Ayala
• Luther, Martin
• Manetho,
• Martin, Harry
• Martin, Raymund
• Martinet, Adam
• Matthew Paris,
• Megerlin, David Frederick
• Meyer, Edward
• Michaelis, John David
• Miller, John
• Mirabeau,
• Münster, Sebastian
• Nicholas, Edward
• Nicolaus of Damascus,
• Paalzow,
• Porphyry,
• Posidonius,
• Procopius,
• Prynne, William
• Ramson,
• Reuchlin, John
• Rhabanus Maurus,
• Rohrer, Joseph
• Rubianus, Crotus
• Rühs, Friedrich
• Scaliger, Joseph
• Schleiermacher,
• Schmidt of Hildburghausen,
• Schudt,
• Schwager,
• Simon, Richard
• Speeth, John Peter
• Strabo,
• Streckfuss,
• Surenhuysius, William
• Swieden, van
• Tacitus,
• Tovey,
• Unger, Christian Theophilus
• Varnhagen van Ense,
• Voss, Julius von
• Vossius, Dionysius
• Wagenseil, John Christopher
• Wülfer, John.
• Wülfer, John, Hebraist, attacks the Alenu prayer, 5, 185.
• denounces the blood accusation, 5, 185.
• Würtemberg, the liturgy of, introduced into Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 5, 679.
• Würzburg, the Jews of, suffer martyrdom during the second crusade, 3, 354.
• blotted out during the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 35.
• perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
• the “hep, hep!” persecution of, 5, 528–9.
• Wycliffe, denounces the Church, 4, 202.
• inspires Huss, 4, 221.
• X
• Xeres, battle of, gives the Mahometans possession of Visigothic Spain, 3, 109.
• Xerifs, the, a powerful family of Fez, 4, 390.
• Xerxes (Ahasuerus), king of Persia, the Judæans under, accused of disloyalty, 1, 361.
• Ximenes de Cisneros, third inquisitor-general, forbids Charles V to tolerate the Jews, 4, 484.
• Xystum, colonnade before the Hasmonæan palace, 2, 14.
• Y
• Yachini, Abraham, preacher at Constantinople, confirms Sabbataï Zevi’s Messiahship, 5, 123, 131.
• rewarded by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 145.
• Yachya Ibn-Mondhir, patron of Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, 3, 266.
• Yachya Alkader, last Mahometan king of Toledo, 3, 295.
• Yalkut, the, a Midrash collection by Simon Kara, 3, 346.
• Yalta, wife of Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 554–5.
• pride of, 2, 556.
• Yarche Kalla, months of assembly at Sora, 2, 514–15.
• Yarchinaï. See Samuel, son of Abba.
• Yarob, ancestor of the Arabs, 3, 61.
• Yathrib. See Medina.
• Yazates, Persian good spirits, 1, 403.
• “Year of Flying,” the, era for the Jews of Bagdad, 3, 433.
• “Year of Penitence,” the, inaugurated by Asher Lämmlein, 4, 483.
• Year of Release, the. See Sabbatical year, the.
• Year, the Jewish, character of, 2, 362–3. See Calendar, the.
• Yechiel (Vivo) of Paris, Talmudist, invited to defend the Talmud against Donin, 3, 576.
• refuses to answer questions, 3, 576.
• refuses to take an oath, 3, 577.
• disproves the charge of immorality and blasphemy, 3, 577.
• maintains that there are no references to Jesus in the Talmud, 3, 577.
• disciples of, 3, 586.
• obtains supplies from Palestine, 3, 586.
• emigrates to Palestine, 3, 587.
• buried at Chaifa, 3, 608.
• Yechiel of Pisa, financier and patron of Hebrew literature, 4, 286.
• friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 286.
• ransoms Jewish prisoners, 4, 287.
• on Jewish physicians in Italy, 4, 287.
• accused of protecting the Jews by means of bribery, 4, 297.
• instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, 4, 340.
• sons of, help the Spanish exiles, 4, 360.
• Yechiel ben Abraham, manages the finances of Pope Alexander III, 3, 421.
• Yedaya En-Bonet Bedaresi (Penini, 1280–1340), poet, bombastic style of, 4, 26, 42–3.
• works of, 4, 43.
• defends the study of science, 4, 43–4.
• on the expulsion of the French Jews, 4, 49.
• Yekum Purkan, blessing for the Exilarchs and Geonim, 3, 95.
• Yekutiel (Kussiel) of Wilna, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 237, 245.
• spreads Luzzatto’s Kabbala, 5, 238.
• Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, protector of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 266.
• Yemen, a part of southern Arabia, 3, 54.
• king of, converted to Judaism, 3, 62–3.
• under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, 3, 429.
• Yemen, the Jews of, numerous, 3, 56.
• prevent the spread of Christianity, 3, 56.
• in the twelfth century, 3, 436.
• benevolence of, 3, 436.
• forced into Islam, 3, 461–2.
• consoled by Maimonides, 3, 462–4.
• devoted to Maimonides, 3, 464.
• rescued from persecution by Maimonides, 3, 474.
• See also Himyarite kingdom, the.
• Yezid I, Ommiyyade Caliph, tolerance of, 3, 110.
• patron of learning, 3, 110.
• cross-questions the false Messiah Serene, 3, 121.
• Yishaï ben Chiskiya, of Damascus, Exilarch, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 627.
• excommunicates Solomon Petit, 3, 632–3.
• reports the condemnation of the Anti-Maimunists of Accho, 3, 633.
• Yizchaki. See Abraham; Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus; Solomon.
• Yoktan, ancestor of the Himyarites, 3, 60.
• Yom bar Gerizim, anniversary of the destruction of the Samaritan Temple, 2, 8.
• Yom Tob, of Joigny, counsels the Jews of York to slay one another, 3, 414–15.
• Yom-Tob Kahana ben Jacob (926–928), Gaon of Sora, 3, 192.
• Yom Trajanus, a half-holiday, 2, 401.
• York, the governor of, deposed, 3, 416.
• York, the Jews of, persecuted under Richard I, 3, 413–15.
• take refuge in the citadel, 3, 413.
• refuse to admit the governor, 3, 414.
• besieged, 3, 414–15.
• kill each other, 3, 415.
• Yotabe, island, a Jewish free state on, 3, 56.
• “Youth,” drama by Mendel Bresselau, 5, 398.
• Yussuf Ibn-Teshufin, Almoravide prince, aids the Mahometans against Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 296.
• forces Islam upon the Jews of Lucena, 3, 311–12.
• Z
• Zab, the, Antiochus Sidetes defeats the Parthians at, 2, 5.
• Zaba, tribal contingent to David’s army, 1, 122.
• Zabir Ibn-Bata, survivor of the Benu-Kuraiza, 3, 81.
• Zaccaï, head of the Jewish congregation at Mosul, 3, 429–30.
• tries to influence David Alrui, 3, 433.
• Zaccaï ben Achunaï, pretender to the Exilarchate, confirmed in the office, 3, 137.
• Zachariah ben Jehoiada, high priest, stoned, 1, 220.
• Zachariah. See also Zechariah.
• Zacharias, founder of a Judaizing sect in Poland, 4, 633.
• Zachib as-Schorta, minister of police, 3, 313.
• Zachot, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.
• Zacuto. See Abraham; Moses; Samuel.
• Zaddik, the, in the Kabbala, 5, 121.
• Zaddik, the, Chassidean leader, requirements of, 5, 380, 381.
• importance of, magnified by Beer of Mizricz, 5, 381–2.
• pilgrimages to, 5, 382, 384.
• gifts to, 5, 382–3, 384.
• superior to the Rebbe, 5, 393.
• Zadok, high priest, at Gibeon, 1, 120.
• faithful to David, 1, 141.
• urges the recall of David, 1, 146.
• ranked above Abiathar, 1, 152.
• anoints Solomon king, 1, 153.
• of the house of Eleazar, 1, 155.
• made sole high priest, 1, 160.
• Zadok, leader of the Sadduceans, 2, 21.
• Zadok, Talmudist of Accho, 3, 427.
• Zadok, teacher of the Law, follower of Shammai, 2, 133, 330, 338.
• leader of the Zealots, 2, 133.
• resists the Roman census, 2, 133.
• maxim of, 2, 338–9.
• Zadukim. See Sadducees.
• Zafara (Thafar), falls into the hands of the Ethiopian king, 3, 66.
• Zag. See Isaac Benveniste.
• Zag (Isaac) ben Meïr de Malea, Almoxarif under Alfonso X, 3, 593, 615–16.
• Zag (Isaac) Ibn-Said, compiler of the Alfonsine Tables, 3, 593–4.
• Zähringen, the Jews of, accused of well poisoning, 4, 108.
• Zainab, sister of Marhab, tries to poison Mahomet, 3, 83–4.
• Zain-Eddin, commander of Amadia, patron of David Alrui, 3, 430.
• brings about the death of David Alrui, 3, 433.
• Zaken, title of the ordained, 2, 361.
• Zalmunna, Midianite king, punished by Gideon, 1, 63.
• Zamaris, founder of the colony of Babylonian Judæans in Batanæa, 2, 274.
• Zamora, the Council of, renews anti-Jewish laws, 4, 52.
• the Jews of, accept baptism, 4, 205.
• Zamosc, Israel. See Israel Zamosc.
• Zapateiro, Joseph. See Joseph Zapateiro.
• Zaporogians, the. See Cossacks, the.
• Zarak Barfat, poet, 4, 140.
• Zarephath (Sarepta), Elijah lives in, 1, 203.
• Zarfati. See Simon; Solomon ben Abraham.
• Zarko, Jehuda, poet, 4, 609.
• Zarzal. See Abraham Ibn-Zarzal.
• Zarzel. See Moses Zarzel.
• Zaslaw, the fair of, the Polish Talmudists meet at, 4, 640.
• Zealand, admission of Jews into, opposed, 4, 663.
• Zealots, the, republican party in Judæa, principles and leaders of, 2, 133.
• resist the Roman census, 2, 133–4.
• object to the use of the Roman era, 2, 134.
• conception of the Messiah held by, 2, 144.
• disapprove of Jesus, 2, 162.
• depredations of, 2, 238–9.
• a band of, called Sicarii, 2, 239.
• kill the Samaritan inhabitants of Acrabatene, 2, 243.
• in favor of war with Rome, 2, 256.
• allied with the royal house of Adiabene, 2, 256.
• leader of, 2, 256.
• supported by Shammai’s followers, 2, 256.
• hold the Temple mount, 2, 259.
• keep the Peace party out of the Temple, 2, 260.
• increased by the masses of the people and the Sicarii, 2, 260.
• force the Roman garrison to capitulate, 2, 260.
• disagree with the Sicarii, 2, 260–1.
• disinterestedness of, 2, 261.
• defeat Cestius Gallus, 2, 265.
• occupy the inner town, 2, 265.
• force Cestius to retreat, 2, 266–7.
• exaltation of, 2, 267–8.
• coins of, 2, 268.
• avenge the massacre of Judæans, 2, 269–70.
• forbid the purchase of certain articles of food from the heathen, 2, 270.
• in Galilee, 2, 272–4.
• in Jerusalem after the conquest of Galilee, 2, 291, 292.
• treatment by, of those suspected of Roman proclivities, 2, 294.
• besieged in the Temple by Anan, 2, 295.
• dissolve the aristocratic Synhedrion, 2, 296.
• reign of terror under, 2, 296–7.
• at war with Simon bar Giora, 2, 297–8.
• split up into factions, 2, 301.
• heroism of, 2, 306, 316.
• massacred by the Romans, 2, 315.
• flee to Arabia, Egypt, etc., 2, 317–18; 3, 54.
• end of the movement of, 2, 318–19.
• and Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 323.
• war of, immortalized by Josephus, 2, 415.
• Zebah, Midianite king, punished by Gideon, 1, 63.
• Zebaoth, Adonai, meaning of, 1, 130–1.
• Zebedee, the sons of, disciples of Jesus, 2, 153.
• suggest the necessity of a precursor to the Messiah, 2, 158.
• Zebulon, the tribe of, settles north of Mount Tabor, 1, 37.
• relation of, to the Phœnicians, 1, 53.
• extends its territory, 1, 67.
• descendants of, around Nishabur, 3, 433.
• Zebulon, tribesmen of, join Gideon, 1, 62.
• join Solomon’s fleet, 1, 170.
• Zechariah, king of Israel, murder of, 1, 243.
• Zechariah (I), prophet, son of Berechiah, prophecies of, 1, 254–6.
• summoned as witness against Ahaz, 1, 259.
• Zechariah (II), prophet, urges the completion of the second Temple, 1, 359.
• extols the high priest Joshua, 1, 360.
• Zechariah. See also Zachariah.
• “Zeda la-Derech,” by Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach, 4, 145.
• Zedekiah (Mattaniah), made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 308.
• swears fealty to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 308.
• character of, 1, 309.
• urged to revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 309–10.
• refuses tribute to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 310–11.
• flight of, 1, 314.
• blinded and taken to Babylon, 1, 315.
• Zedekiah, the daughters of, in Gedaliah’s care, 1, 319.
• taken prisoners by Ishmael, 1, 322.
• rescued by Johanan, 1, 323.
• Zedekiah, Jewish physician of Charles the Bald, 3, 170.
• Zeïra I, Amora, a Babylonian, 2, 531.
• emigrates to Judæa, 2, 557.
• method of, 2, 557–8, 590.
• modesty of, 2, 558.
• death of, 2, 558.
• Zeïra II, Amora, proposed as principal of Pumbeditha, 2, 583.
• and the Machuzan marriages, 2, 586–7.
• Zeïra bar Chanina, political offender against Zenobia, 2, 529–30.
• Zekenim, elders among the Israelites, 1, 7.
• Zelah, family tomb of Saul, 1, 124.
• Zemach. See Mar-Zemach.
• Zemach ben Kafnaï, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 200.
• Zemach ben Shahin, candidate for the Sora Gaonate, 3, 192–3.
• Zemach, Jacob, Marrano physician, Kabbalist, 5, 125–6.
• Zemach David, history by David Gans, 4, 638–9.
• Zend-Avesta, Persian code, compiled by Ardashir, 2, 524.
• Zendiks, the, adherents of the Magian religion reformed by Mazdak, 3, 2.
• recruited from the lower classes, 3, 2.
• Zenki, makes Mosul a capital of the Eastern Caliphate, 3, 429.
• kindly disposed to Jews, 3, 429.
• Zeno, Emperor of the East, hostile to the Jews, 3, 10–11.
• Zeno Cotylas, governor of Philadelphia, protects Ptolemy ben Habub, 2, 3.
• Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, the court of, 2, 529.
• feeling of the Jews against, 2, 529–30.
• end of, 2, 530.
• Zephaniah, captain of the Temple, beheaded, 1, 314.
• Zephaniah, prophet, prophecy of, 1, 286–7.
• Zerah, Egyptian general, defeated by Asa, 1, 190.
• Zerubbabel, grandson of Jehoiachin, intercedes with Cyrus for the return of the Judæans, 1, 351.
• leader of the exiles returning under Cyrus, 1, 351–2.
• governor of Judæa, 1, 352.
• erects an altar on the site of the Temple, 1, 356.
• refuses the help of the Cuthæans, 1, 357–8.
• urges the completion of the Temple, 1, 359.
• returns to Babylon, 1, 360.
• great-grandson of, accompanies Ezra to Palestine, 1, 366.
• the Exilarchs descended from, 2, 509.
• Zevi. See Elijah; Joseph; Mordecai; Sabbataï; Sarah Zevi; Jacob Querido.
• Zevi Ashkenazi, Chacham, anti-Sabbatian, 5, 221.
• as a Talmudist, 5, 221.
• rabbi of Amsterdam, 5, 221.
• and Solomon Ayllon, 5, 221.
• denounces Chayon, 5, 221–2.
• refuses to co-operate with Ayllon, 5, 222.
• excommunicates Chayon, 5, 224.
• abused by the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam, 5, 224.
• deserted by the German community, 5, 225.
• laid under the ban, 5, 226.
• compelled to leave Amsterdam, 5, 226.
• cause of, espoused by Jews elsewhere, 5, 227.
• the son of, 5, 254.
• Ziadeth-Allah, Aghlabite prince, Isaac Israeli physician to, 3, 180.
• Ziba, slave of Saul, appointed Mephibosheth’s steward, 1, 124.
• Zicareo, character in Samuel Usque’s work, 4, 558, 560.
• Zidon. See Sidon.
• Ziklag, given to David by Achish, 1, 101.
• burnt by the Amalekites, 1, 106.
• Zimra. See David Ibn-Abi Zimra.
• Zimri, commander of the war-chariots, kills Elah, 1, 192.
• short reign of, in Israel, 1, 192.
• Zinzendorf, count, addressed by the Jews of Trieste, 5, 369.
• Zion, celebrated by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 325–6.
• Zion, Hebrew journal devoted to Jewish science, 5, 693.
• Zion, mountain, description of, 1, 45.
• taken from the Jebusites, 1, 113.
• on the west side of Jerusalem, 1, 115.
• the Ark of the Covenant transferred to, 1, 120.
• permission to build a synagogue on, 4, 273–4.
• Zion, mourners of, in Babylon, 1, 338.
• Zion, the songs of, by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 337–8, 342.
• Zion, upper city of Jerusalem, plundered by Gessius Florus, 2, 254.
• taken by Titus, 2, 309.
• Zipporah, wife of Moses, 1, 14.
• Zisca, Hussite leader, bravery of, 4, 225, 226.
• Zoar (Tamarah), city of palms, 1, 43.
• south-eastern limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
• Zohar, the, authorship of, 4, 11–12.
• attributed to Simon bar Yochaï, 4, 12.
• glorifies Simon bar Yochaï, 4, 12–14.
• description of, 4, 14.
• the underlying principle of, 4, 14–15.
• interpretation of the Scriptures in, 4, 15–16.
• theory of, on the soul, 3, 16–18.
• the Messiah in, 4, 18.
• on the Talmud, 4, 19.
• spread of, 4, 19.
• discovery of, attributed to Nachmani, 4, 20.
• discovered to be a forgery, 4, 20–1.
• reception of, among the Kabbalists, 4, 21–2.
• influence of, 4, 22–3.
• and Christian dogmas, 4, 23.
• the Kabbalistic authority, 4, 196.
• denounced as a forgery by Elias del Medigo, 4, 292.
• affects the liturgy, 4, 481.
• printed at Mantua, 4, 583.
• edited by Vittorio Eliano, 4, 584.
• a canonical book, 4, 584.
• influence of, on Isaac Lurya, 4, 618–19.
• a system evolved from, by Isaac Lurya, 4, 619–22.
• esteemed at Safet, 4, 622.
• placed above the Bible and the Talmud, 4, 625.
• fixes the Messianic year, 5, 6, 24, 121–2.
• the genuineness of, defended by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 78.
• annihilates Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 144.
• opposed by Jehuda Brieli, 5, 200.
• the style of, imitated by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 235.
• accepted by the Frankists, 5, 274–5.
• exposed as a forgery by Emden, 5, 278.
• teaches the Trinity, 5, 287.
• Zohar Tinyana, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 237.
• Zoharites. See Frankists.
• Zoilus, governor of Gaza, 2, 40.
• Zolkiew, home of Krochmal, 5, 608, 614.
• Zollikofer, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on Church discipline, 5, 363.
• Zor. See Tyre.
• Zorah Yussuf Dhu-Nowas (520–530), Jewish king of Yemen, retaliates upon the Byzantine emperors, 3, 64.
• defeated by Aidug, 3, 64.
• takes Najaran, 3, 65.
• levies a tribute upon the Christians of Himyara, 3, 65.
• enemies of, 3, 65–6.
• war of, with the Nejus of Ethiopia, 3, 66.
• end of, 3, 66.
• Zorba-me-Rabbanan, master of the Law in Babylonia, 2, 544.
• Zoroaster, the doctrines of, restored by Ardashir, 2, 524.
• Zosina, Russian metropolitan, joins a Judaizing sect, 4, 633.
• Zuhara, castle of the Benu-Nadhir, 3, 78.
• Zunz, Leopold, founder of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.
• staunchness of, 5, 587–8.
• uses Rapoport’s methods, 5, 620.
• issues his first great work, 5, 620–1.
• contributor to the “Kerem Chemed,” 5, 622.
• on the blood accusation, 5, 669.
• on Jewish mediæval poetry, 5, 694.
• Zurich, the Jews of, charged with poisoning wells, 4, 105.
• Zütphen, adviser of the Duke of Alva, 4, 662.
• Zutra. See Mar-Zutra.
• Zwingli, declares himself against the papacy, 4, 469.