It will be seen that this grant of table-money had the effect of nearly doubling the pay of every captain on active service. The object of the king was to make it from henceforward unpardonable in any naval officer to neglect his duty for the sake of profit. He did not confine himself merely to increasing the salaries, but promised that in future the captains engaged in service against his enemies should have the whole benefit of the prizes taken from the enemy. They were to be "divided between the commander or commanders of such our ship or ships (with their officers and companies) as were concerned in the chase and capture of the said prizes according to the law and practice of the sea." In conclusion, the king promised to give special rewards to such officers as gave "any signal instances of their industry, courage, conduct, or frugality." This order was issued by the king at Windsor, on the 16th of July 1686.

It was not without reason that the king thought he had attached his navy firmly to himself, and that he could rely implicitly on its loyalty. Yet before two years were past his fleet was turning against him, and a few months later it failed him no less completely than his army. The navy, no doubt, moved with the nation, but the men in command might have been expected to prove personally loyal to the king, who had treated them with signal kindness. Yet, as a body, and with few exceptions, they deserted him in his need. Their motives were no doubt similar to those of other Englishmen of the time. Some were frightened by the favour he showed to the Roman Catholics, and rebelled out of zeal to the Church. Others came, like Churchill, to the conclusion that in the long-run no man who was not prepared to become an apostate could expect favour from the king. There were certainly not a few who remained perfectly loyal till they discovered the whole extent of the king's danger, and who then hastened to make their peace with his enemies. The sailors as a class were, as they had been in the Civil War, strongly Protestant. The majority of them still came from the southern and eastern counties, the most Puritan parts of England. So soon as the opposition to the king's Government became general, and leaders were found to appeal to the sailors, there could be very little doubt that the fleet would go with the rest of the country.

During 1687 and the early months of 1688 the king was steadily alienating the mass of his subjects. Sailors felt as other men did, and they were conspicuous in the crowd which applauded the acquittal of the Seven Bishops. There was no want of leaders to bring them over to the side of those who were preparing to upset the king's Government. The two chiefs of the sailors who played conspicuous parts in the Revolution were gentlemen captains. Edward Russell was the grandson of the Earl of Bedford, and the first cousin of the Lord William Russell executed for his share in the Rye House conspiracy. He had gone to sea young, and had seen much service. But the importance of the part he played was due less to his personal influence and reputation than to the dignity of his family. The part he took was natural enough, for the Russells were leaders of the Whigs. The action of Arthur Herbert was less to have been expected. His family were strong Royalists. His father had been Attorney-General to Charles I., and his brother, Sir Edward Herbert, was a very Royalist Judge. Sir Edward did indeed lose the favour of his master by opposition to the king's arbitrary treatment of the Fellows of Magdalen, but he remained loyal. Under a similar provocation Arthur Herbert took a very different course. It is said that the king, who at one time had been largely influenced by him in the management of naval matters, had transferred much of his favour to George Legge, Earl of Dartmouth. Dartmouth also was a gentleman captain bred to the sea. It may be that the stories he brought back from Tangier had done something to turn the king against Herbert. The fact that Pepys (whose opinion of Herbert had already been given) was Secretary of the Admiralty must also be allowed for. Yet the king made him Master of the Robes and Rear-Admiral of England. In 1687, when James was endeavouring to persuade all men of mark in England to support his claim to be entitled to dispense with penal statutes, he appealed to Herbert among others. The admiral, according to the well-known story, replied that his honour and conscience would not allow him to do what the king wished. The answer of the king, which seems to have been really given, is one of the innumerable proofs that he must have been a very silly man. He told Herbert that a gentleman of his habits of life had no right to talk of his conscience, which, coming from the master of the notorious Brouncker to a courtier who was perfectly aware of the facts, was portentously foolish. Herbert made the obvious reply that there were people whose lives were no cleaner than his who made a much greater profession of religion. This in the circumstances was a richly-deserved piece of impertinence. Provoked perhaps as much by the snub as by the admiral's refusal to support his policy, the king dismissed Herbert from his places, and caused his accounts as Master of the Robes to be severely examined. The admiral was not the man to submit to the displeasure of the king as his brother Sir Edward had done. He applied himself to making the Lord's anointed pay for depriving him of four thousand pounds a year. He went over to Holland, and there organised the naval part of the conspiracy. Russell remained in England, where he formed part of the Whig Council, but made occasional trips in disguise across the North Sea.

Subordinate agents were required to work directly on the ships' companies under the direction of these two chiefs. During the summer of 1688 rumours that the Prince of Orange was about to intervene on behalf of the Protestant interest were rife. A small squadron was armed by the king and put under the command of Sir Roger Strickland, one of the few Roman Catholic officers amongst the seamen. The king, with characteristic folly, had chosen this gentleman to succeed Herbert as Rear-Admiral of England. Strickland appears, from the little that is known of him, to have had no more tact or practical faculty than his master. He endeavoured to cause mass to be said in his ships, with the immediate result that the crews threatened to throw the priests overboard. This was too much even for the king. He did not indeed remove Strickland from active service, but he appointed Dartmouth to command over him. The disposition of the crews must have shown the conspirators that it would be no very difficult task to make the fleet useless to the king, and the history of the movements of the squadron show that they were perfectly successful. The immediate agents of the enemies of King James seem to have been two: the higher in rank, but not the most effectual, was Captain Aylmer, afterwards Lord Aylmer; the other was George Byng, the first lieutenant of the Defiance, then commanded by Captain Ashby. Byng behaved in a manner to justify the praise given him in Lord Hervey's Memoirs, namely, that "he had been in his youth a resolute, able, enterprising fellow; mercenary and knowing in his business."

Sir Roger Strickland hoisted his flag in August, and he had then with him twenty-six vessels. They were very ill manned, and Strickland asked that soldiers might be sent to fill up his crews. It may be that Strickland distrusted the spirit of his command. At anyrate, the plan of action he proposed was not one likely to occur to a bold man who felt confident that his squadron would fight. After consulting with his captains, he proposed to the king to lie at the Gunfleet, with an advance squadron on the coast of Holland. This was rightly rejected by King James. A squadron at the Gunfleet would have been nearly helpless against a Dutch fleet standing across the North Sea with an easterly wind, and it was only when the wind was from this quarter that an attack was to be feared. Strickland was ordered to station himself between the North Sands Head and Kentish Knock, to keep under sail by day, and only to anchor at night. It was while on this station that he nearly provoked a mutiny in his fleet, by causing mass to be performed. A stronger squadron and a stronger admiral were both needed. Dartmouth was sent to command, and the force of twenty-six ships was raised to sixty-one, of which thirty-eight were of the line-of-battle class. They were still ill manned, partly, no doubt, for the usual reasons, that men could not be got except by the press, and the press acted slowly. But there were other causes at work. The king's officers were loath to attract ill-will at a time when their master's danger was patent to everybody but himself. Then, too, numbers of English sailors had made their way across the North Sea, and were preparing to man the ships of the Prince of Orange under the command of Russell and Herbert. Even if the ships had been well manned, there was a fatal cause of weakness within. The Memoirs of Byng, published a few years ago, have enabled us to get a glimpse of the means taken to bring the fleet over to the side of the Revolution. His biographer, who was no doubt supplied with information by himself, tells us that Byng had been early entrusted with the knowledge of what was doing. At a meeting at which the Duke of Ormonde, General Kirke, and Captain Aylmer were present in London, Byng was especially charged with the duty of bringing over his own captain, Ashby of the Defiance, and Captain Wolfran Cornwall. Byng is honourably candid as to his own motives. Of the Protestant religion and the liberties of England he says not one syllable, but confines himself to telling us that "finding by further discourse that General Kirke, Mr. Russell, and other particular persons were going over to the Prince of Orange, he then became willing to agree to their undertaking." In plain English, he found that the king's Government was in great danger, and, being a resolute, able, enterprising fellow, he very sagaciously resolved to be on the winning side. With a modest distrust of his influence over his captain, he left Ashby to be dealt with by Aylmer. Yet, when Aylmer failed, he exerted himself. Ashby was finally persuaded to become a well-wisher to the cause. He had just declared "that in their profession they were not taught to turn against the king." It was only when Mr. Byng showed him "the dispositions of the most considerable persons in the fleet," that Ashby was induced to take up arms against the danger of Popish superstition. The conversion of Captain Cornwall was somewhat more difficult.

These captains—and there were doubtless many like them—would have remained loyal to the king, if it had not been made clear to them that his Government was undermined. Since the broom was to be used, they decided that it was more prudent to be on the side of the handle. Dartmouth, who took command of his squadron on the 2nd of October, was personally loyal, but he was also weak. It may be that he was dimly aware of the spirit of his squadron, and feared to put its loyalty to the test. The obvious way to prevent the Prince of Orange from coming over was to station the squadron on the coast of Holland, and attack him as soon as he came to sea. In the westerly winds the English could return to their own coast for provisions, knowing that the Dutch could not put to sea; with the wind in the east it was safe for them to lie close up to the Dutch coast. The next best course would be to lie in the Downs, from which the English fleet could start in pursuit of the prince, whether he attempted to go up the Thames or down the Channel. Dartmouth was in favour of the bolder course, and it is said that the majority of the captains were still loyal. The minority had, however, sufficient influence to get it arranged that the fleet should lie at anchor by the Gunfleet, inside the Shipwash, a long, narrow, and dangerous sand stretching in front of Harwich. Here it proved absolutely useless when the fleet of the Deliverer passed it in a hard gale from the E.S.E. on the 3rd of November. Six of the prince's ships were seen from Dartmouth's fleet. The king's fleet had their top-gallant masts and yards down on the deck, and, even when they got them up, were unable to clear the sand. The Prince of Orange was allowed to run through the Straits of Dover, and reach Tor Bay unmolested. Dartmouth at last followed. If he had still any delusions as to the spirit of his squadron, they were soon dispelled. Some of his captains, in fact, had already resolved to go over to the enemy, if they met them. These men, working on the fears and weakness of others, were able to induce a council of war, held on the 5th of November, off Beachy Head, to decide not to fight, if an action could be avoided "with honour." Next day the wind turned round to the west. It will be remembered that this shift of the wind stopped the progress of the prince's ships. Yet, when it once more swung round to the west, the Deliverer stood on to Tor Bay, while the king's fleet, under Dartmouth, returned tamely into the Downs. On the 18th he did stand to sea, and made his way to the west, but fresh gales of wind scattered his ships. Some of the captains were eager to take the opportunity of going over to the prince. Captain Ashby of the Defiance would have carried his vessel into Tor Bay, if he had not met Sir Roger Strickland, as the gale died down. It was thought better to run no risks, and the Defiance joined Dartmouth with the rest of the fleet at Spithead. In truth, it mattered very little where the ships went now. The Prince of Orange had landed, and was marching to London. The officers of the ships at Spithead heard what was happening by rumour. Some of them were eager to call attention to their zeal for the cause. At the close of November, Byng was despatched with a message. He applied for leave from Dartmouth to visit a relation in Huntingdonshire, and when it was given, probably because the admiral thought it was useless to refuse, went off in the disguise of a farmer. On the way he fell in with a part of Oxford's regiment of horse, but, thanks to his disguise, was not molested. At Salisbury he found the inn full of relations and acquaintances of his own, officers of the army who had deserted the king, and were making their way westward to join the Prince of Orange. At Sherborne, Byng finally reached the prince, to whom he was presented by Russell. William received him kindly, promised to reward his services, and "sent him back with an answer to the officers of the fleet, and with a letter to Lord Dartmouth to acquaint him with the necessity of his coming over, and of his intentions to continue him at the head of the fleet; with promises that Admiral Herbert [between whom there was some variance] should not be advanced over him. This letter the prince advised Mr. Byng to put into the stuffing of his saddle, lest, in case he was seized, it should not be found upon him; but he thought it best to quilt it in the rollers of his breeches. So Mr. Byng taking his leave returned safely to the fleet again." The letter was left on Dartmouth's dressing-table by Captain Aylmer. The biographer does not inform us whether Aylmer had or had not just been engaged in curling Dartmouth's periwig. The admiral is said to have been influenced by this letter into taking a more favourable view of the prince's cause. In truth, he had lost all control over his squadron. He only escaped a scheme hatched by some of his captains to put him under arrest, through the loyalty of Captain David Lloyd, a "plain strict man," who remained faithful to the king, and was a noted Jacobite agent in the coming years. When King James sent the little Prince of Wales down to Portsmouth to be carried over to France, Dartmouth would have been unable to execute his orders, even if he had wished to do so. He ended by submitting to the Prince of Orange. On the 30th of December the fleet at Spithead was broken up. Dartmouth sailed with a part of the ships for the Nore, and the others were left at Spithead, under the command of Sir John Berry.

The history of the navy under the House of Stuart ends here. The motives of those who were most active in bringing it over to the side of the Revolution have been sufficiently indicated in these extracts from Byng's Memoirs. It completes the picture, that Byng was made very angry when the vacant command of a sixth-rate was given to another officer, and was only soothed by being appointed to the command of the Constant Warwick. It cannot be said that any great zeal for a cause animated these men. The navy followed the country in deserting a worn-out and incapable dynasty. No doubt it did well, but we cannot say that it acted magnanimously. The later Stuarts were punished where they sinned. They came back making a great parade of cynicism, declaring that any man who professed to act on any higher motive than a regard for his own interests was a canting rogue. They were taken at their word. The time came when it was nobody's interest to fight for James II., and not a sword was drawn for him in his fleet. They set the example of making the gratification of their own pleasures the one rule of their conduct. Their servants did the same. The king had no right to complain. But the spectacle of a master deserted by those to whom he had been kind, and who had been loudest in professing loyalty, so soon as they found that he was giving the places to others, has something in it, which, even when we recognise that the nation benefited by the action, cannot well be called other than ignoble.

The moral of so plain a story as this ought surely to be obvious. Yet the failure of the fleet to bar the road to the Prince of Orange has been quoted in support of the contention that a strong navy is not the sufficient defence of this country against invasion. A moment's consideration ought to show any unprepossessed mind that the events of the autumn of 1688 prove nothing of the sort. If the navy failed then, it was for precisely the reasons which caused the army to be useless to King James, namely, active treason on the part of the officers, and an acquiescent want of loyalty in the ranks. Neither sailor nor soldier wished to win, and therefore the invasion succeeded. We may see the story of 1688 repeated again when Englishmen consider the Government their enemy, and its assailant from abroad their friend—but not till then.

Printed by T. and A. Constable, Printers to Her Majesty
at the Edinburgh University Press.

INDEX

• Admiral, first, of title, 13;
• of Northern Fleet, of Western Fleet, of Irish Sea, ibid.
• Admiral, Lord High, power of his office, 37.
• Admiral's Regiment. See Marines.
• Admiralty, origin of, 37;
• Commission of, 174.
• Aguila, Juan del, Spanish commander, 136.
• Alards of Winchelsea, Admirals, 14.
• Algiers, expedition against pirates of, 165-169.
• Allen, Sir Thomas, commands in Straits, 336, 337;
• commands White Division, 372;
• commands against Barbary pirates, 399.
• Amsterdam, New, Dutch colony seized by Sir R. Holmes, 329.
• Appleton, Captain Henry, at Leghorn, 266-273.
• Aquitaine, ships of, used by kings of England, 15.
• Armada, Invincible, 91-115.
• Armament of ships, 40, 75-77.
• Arundel, Earl of, why put in command of Western Fleet, 14.
• Arundel, Sir John, his shipwreck, 31.
• Ashby, Captain John, how persuaded to betray king, 459;
• proposes to go to Torbay, 461.
• Ashley, Lord, afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury, Commissioner of Prizes, 381.
• Axon, captain of Garland, 247.
• Aylmer, Captain, share in revolution, 458, 459.
• Ayscue, Sir George, blockades Rupert, 200;
• appointed to reduce Plantations, 210;
• reduces Barbadoes, 212, 213;
• returns home, 230;
• at Plymouth, 235;
• in Downs, 236;
• attacks De Ruyter's convoy, 239;
• removed from command, 240;
• in Blue Squadron, 338;
• surrenders to Dutch, 359;
• reported ill-treatment of, by Dutch, 365.

• Badiley, Captain Richard, succeeds Penn in Mediterranean, 266;
• at Zante, 268;
• his action with Dutch, 269;
• and operations near Elba and Leghorn, 269-273.
• Bahuchet, French admiral, 22.
• Ball, Captain, sent to coerce Danes, 265.
• Bankert, Dutch admiral, 371;
• at battle of Texel, 434, 435.
• Barbadoes, Island of, held for king, 210, 211;
• Penn and Venables at, 283.
• Barbary pirates, 292;
• Lawson cruises against, 322, 323;
• expeditions against, 398-408.
• Barbavera, Genoese in French service, 21.
• Barton, Andrew, Scotch pirate, 48.
• Baskerville, Sir Thomas, commands soldiers in expedition of 1594, 125;
• brings home squadron, 127.
• Batten, William, surveyor, 181;
• fires on queen at Bridlington, 185;
• removed from command, 188;
• escapes from London, and joins Prince of Wales, 191;
• discontent of Royalists with, 192;
• goes back to Parliament, 193.
• Batten, captain of Bonaventure, 247.
• Bazan, Alonso de, takes the Revenge, 120-122.
• Bazan, Álvaro de, Marquess of La Cruz, Spanish admiral, 92, 93.
• Beach, Captain, destroys the Algerines, 399.
• Beale, Governor of St. Helena, 441.
• Beauchamp, Sir John, K.G., first Admiral for all the Seas, 14.
• Beaufort, Duke of, his squadron, 377.
• Beggars of Sea, what were, 80.
• Bergen, attack on Dutch at, 346-348.
• Berkeley, Sir W., killed in Four Days' Battle, 355;
• story of Dutch insult to body of, 365;
• his body embalmed and sent home, 383.
• Berry, John, story of, 388;
• takes command at Spithead, 462;
• on Commission of 1686, 450.
• Bertendona, Martin de, commands squadron of Italy in Armada, 101.
• Black Oliver, serves in retaking of St. Helena, 441, 442.
• Blackburn, admiral for north, 29.
• Blagg, Ensign, gallant death of, 287.
• Blake, Benjamin, accused of misconduct, 247.
• Blake, Colonel Robert, admiral and general at sea, 196;
• blockades Rupert, 200;
• ordered to pursue, 201;
• services against Rupert, 202-205;
• returns to England, 213;
• helps in reduction of Channel Islands, 214;
• action with Tromp, 232, 233;
• sails north, 236;
• replaces Ayscue in Channel, 240;
• brush with French, 242;
• defeats Dutch near Kentish Knock, 243-245;
• fights battle of Dungeness, 246, 247;
• offers to resign, and makes complaint of officers, 247;
• in battle of Portland, 249;
• wounded, 251;
• commands squadron in Thames, 257;
• joins fleet, 260;
• health breaks down, 261;
• prepares to sail to Mediterranean, 278;
• cruise in Mediterranean, 291-294;
• returns, ibid.;
• blockades Cadiz, ibid.;
• attacks Spanish ships at Santa Cruz, 295, 296;
• greatness of the achievement, 297;
• his death, ibid.
• Board, Navy. See Navy Office.
• Bocanegra, Ambrosio, Genoese admiral of Castile, 28.
• Bombay taken possession of, 321.
• Bougie, Sir E. Spragge attacks pirates at, 401, 402.
• Bourne, Nicholas, rear-admiral, afterwards Commissioner, at Harwich;
• in battle of Dover, 232, 233.
• Boyle, Mr., killed, 342.
• Brackel, Captain, breaks the chain at Gillingham Reach, 394.
• Breda, negotiations at, 384.
• Brest, battle of, in 1512, 49.
• Bridge, Sir Tobias, cruises in West Indies, 440.
• Bridlington, Queen Henrietta Maria lands at, 185.
• Brouncker, Mr., brings order to shorten sail, 343.
• Brown paper stuff, what was, 161.
• Brunsvelt, Schoutbynacht, 371.
• Buckingham. See Villiers, George.
• Byng, George, exertions in Revolution, 458, 459;
• carries message from fleet, 461;
• appointed to command of Constant Warwick, 462.

• Cabal, how composed, 411.
• Cadiz, attack on, 128-130;
• second attack on, 170;
• bullion trade at, 453, 454.
• Calais, possession of, by England gives command of Straits, 16.
• Camperdown, English and Dutch fleets anchor near, 262.
• Cárdenas, Don Alonso de, Spanish ambassador, his answer to Cromwell, 278.
• Carteret, Sir George, expelled from Navy Office, 411.
• Castle, Mr., shipbuilder, 332.
• Catharine of Braganza, Queen of Charles II., 320.
• Catz, Dutch officer in command near Leghorn, 266.
• Cecil, Sir Edward, commands expedition to Cadiz, 170.
• Chalmer, Mr., 247.
• Charles I., King, reasons for defects of navy in his reign, 171;
• desire to strengthen fleet, 172;
• tries to extort money from Spanish fleet, 177;
• fleet turns against, 179;
• execution of, 195.
• Charles, Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles II., joined by part of navy, 190;
• comes on coast of Norfolk and into Thames, 191.
• Charles II., King, his character and interest in navy, 299, 300;
• reasons for disliking Dutch, 325;
• decides to reduce fleet, 378;
• becomes tired of war, 379;
• his secret plans, 380;
• joins Louis XIV. in attack on Holland, 408, 409;
• accepts Test Act, 427;
• decline of navy in his last years, 445.
• Chatham, attack on, by Dutch, 389-397.
• Chips, what were, 312.
• Cinque Ports, men of, at Dover, 5;
• their quota, 11;
• services and decline, ibid.
• Clerk of Ships or of Navy. See Navy Office.
• Clifford, George, Earl of Cumberland, his voyages, 137-144.
• Clifford, Sir George, joins the fleet, 356;
• describes sailing of fleet, 370.
• Closing of the Exchequer, 412.
• Clytherow, Richard, admiral for south and west, 29.
• Commission to inquire into state of navy proposed, 156;
• appointed, 157;
• its report, 157-161.
• Comptroller. See Navy Office.
• Cordelier, French ship, burnt, 49.
• Cormat, or Cormac, associate of pirates, 151-154.
• Cornwall, Captain Wolfran, how induced to betray king, 459.
• Courtenaer, Dutch admiral, 339.
• Coventry, Sir William, secretary to Duke of York, 338;
• criticises Sandwich, 349;
• attends funeral of Sir C. Myngs, 362.
• Cox, Captain Owen, sent to warn Badiley, 268.
• Cromwell, Oliver, government of, 276, 277;
• resolves to attack Spain, ibid.;
• orders to Penn and Venables, 281, 282;
• death of, 298.
• Cromwell, Richard, sends fleet to north, 318.
• Cubitt, captain of Tulip, quoted, 220.
• Cumberland. See Clifford, George, Earl of.
• Cuttins, in Blue Squadron, 338.

• Dakins, Rear-Admiral, 283.
• D'Annebault, French admiral, commands at St. Helens, 59-61;
• his retreat, 62;
• anchors at Shoreham, 69.
• Darcy, Mr. Thomas, first-known King's Letter boy, 303.
• Dartmouth, Lord. See Legge, George.
• Dead Pays, what were, 43.
• Deane, Sir Anthony, shipbuilder, 332;
• on Commission of 1686, 450.
• Deane, Colonel Richard, admiral and general at sea, 196;
• summoned from Scotland to fleet, 234;
• in battle of Portland, 249;
• wounded, 251;
• his death, 259.
• Descharges of Brest invented portholes, 9.
• D'Estrées, French admiral, 417;
• conduct of, at Solebay, 421, 422;
• in Downs, 429;
• at battle of Texel, 434-439.
• De Liefde, Dutch vice-admiral, 371.
• Denbigh, Earl of, commander in Channel, 170.
• Denmark, King of, agrees to plunder Dutch, 346.
• De Ruyter, Michael Adrianzoon, appointed to succeed Tromp, 236;
• defends convoy, 240;
• outmanœuvres Penn, 241, 242;
• in battle of Kentish Knock, 243-245;
• commands van of Dutch fleet, 259;
• in Mediterranean, 323;
• sails in pursuit of Sir R. Holmes, 330;
• with convoy, 339;
• appointed admiral, 344;
• relieves Dutch at Bergen, 348, 349;
• at sea, 353;
• in Four Days' Battle, 354-360;
• cruises at mouth of Thames, 369;
• at Boulogne, 377;
• directs attack on Chatham, 389-397;
• his attack on Chatham, 389-397;
• appointed to command of Dutch fleet, 417;
• masterly management at Solebay, 420-425;
• his great qualities of command, 428;
• his conduct of campaign of 1673, 429-438.
• De With, Cornelius Witte, appointed to succeed Tromp, 238;
• in battle of Kentish Knock, 243-245;
• quoted, 261.
• De Witt, Cornelius, delegate with Dutch Fleet at Chatham, 389, 397.
• De Witt, John, Grand Pensionary, 227;
• orders to De Ruyter, 324;
• retaliates for Sir R. Holmes's cruise, 329, 330;
• severe measures, 343;
• joins fleet as deputy, 344;
• eager for peace, 383;
• endeavours to secure allies, 412;
• murdered with his brother Cornelius, 420.
• Dover, battle of, 6, 7;
• battle near, 232, 233;
• Treaty of, 409, 410.
• Downing, Sir George, ambassador in Holland, 324-329.
• Drake, Sir Francis, with Hawkins, 87;
• his expeditions to West Indies, 87, 88;
• commands expedition of 1585 to West Indies, 89;
• expedition to Cadiz, 93, 94;
• captures Don Pedro de Valdes, 106;
• in expedition to Portugal, 117;
• last expedition to West Indies, and death, 124-127.
• Dudley, Ambrose, Earl of Warwick, commands at Havre, 88.
• Dungeness, battle of, 246.
• Dutch, our disputes with, as to flag, and blockade, 148;
• war, causes of first, 215, 216;
• defects of their naval administration, 226, 227;
• preliminaries of second war with, 324-330;
• third war with, infamous character of, 408;
• English declaration of war with, 415;
• war with, unpopular in England, 420, 421.

• Earl of Salisbury, William Longsword, burns French ships at Damme, 5.
• East India Company, Dutch, 324.
• Echyngham, Sir Edward, report to Wolsey, 44;
• reports death of Sir E. Howard, 53, 54.
• Edward III., King, at Sluys, 21-23;
• at Espagnols sur Mer, 24-26;
• decline of navy at end of his reign, 27, 28.
• Effingham, Lord Howard of, Lord High Admiral, his character, 97;
• his fleet scattered by storm, 99;
• offers to pay for great ships, 100;
• sends defiance to Spanish fleet, 105;
• follows but does not attack Spaniards, 112;
• neglects administration of, 156, 157;
• resigns office, 161.
• Elizabeth, Queen, revives the navy, 73, 74;
• her poverty, and love of tricks, 96;
• rebukes Hawkins, 119.
• Elliot, Captain, commands advance squadron, 370.
• Espagnols sur Mer, battle of, 23-25.
• Essex county, story of gentlemen of, 366, 367.
• Essex, Earl of, commands an attack on Cadiz, 128;
• voyage to Isles, 134, 135.
• Essex, Earl of, the young, serves in second expedition to Cadiz, 170.
• Eustace the Monk, who was, 5;
• his defeat and death, 6, 7.
• Evertsen, Dutch admiral, 339.
• Evertszoon, Jan, Dutch admiral, 354-360;
• commands Dutch van, 371;
• commands Dutch squadron in West Indies, 440.
• Evertszoon, Schoutbynacht, 371.

• Falkland, Lord, Treasurer of Navy, 450.
• Falmouth, Earl of, killed, 342.
• Fan-Fan, story of, 373.
• Fireships, use of, at Calais, 109.
• Fishermen's war, 18, 19.
• Flags, used in 1545;
• used by Parliament, 195.
• Flores de Valdes, Diego, commands squadron of Castile in Armada, 100;
• his character, 101.
• Four Days' Battle, 343-360.
• Francis I., King of France, efforts to form fleet, 57.
• Frobisher, Sir Martin, voyage to Isles with Hawkins, 118.

• Gabriel, her crew, 41, 42.
• Gage, Thomas, author of New Survey of the West Indies, 281;
• in attack on Jamaica, 289.
• Galen, Jan van, succeeds Catz, 269;
• operations near Leghorn, 269-272.
• Garde, Baron de la, commands French galleys, 59.
• Gillingham Reach, chain in, 393, 394.
• Godwin, J., Commissioner of Navy, 451.
• Gomez de Medina, Juan, has command in Armada, 101.
• Goodson, Vice-Admiral, 284;
• his regiment, 285;
• gallant conduct of regiment, 288;
• remains at Jamaica, 290;
• dismissed, 302.
• Gravelines, battle of, 110.
• Grenville, Vice-Admiral Sir Richard, his action in the Revenge, and death, 120-122.
• Guard, Winter and Summer, what was, 56, 149.

• Haddock, Sir Richard, account of, 416;
• Commissioner of Navy, 450.
• Hall, Captain Edward, commands squadron, 207;
• letter quoted, ibid.
• Harman, Sir John, captain of flagship, 342;
• wounded in Four Days' Battle, 355;
• his cruise to West Indies, 385-389;
• rear-admiral of Red, 418;
• at battle of Texel, 434.
• Harold, King, disbands his fleet, 4;
• why, ibid.
• Hastings, John, Earl of Pembroke, defeated at Rochelle, 28.
• Hawkins, Sir John, Treasurer and Comptroller of Navy, 78;
• first voyage to West Indies, 81, 84;
• third voyage, 85, 87;
• voyage to Isles, 118;
• story of, 119;
• his death, 126.
• Hawkins, Sir Richard, serves in expedition to Algiers, 168.
• Haynes, Major-General, killed, 257.
• Helvoetsluys, English ships at, 192, 193.
• Henrietta, Queen Maria, lands at Bridlington, 185.
• Henry VIII., interest in his navy, 46, 47;
• at Portsmouth, 49.
• Herbert, Arthur, serves against Barbary pirates, 408;
• his command in Straits, 453, 454;
• appointed Rear-Admiral of England, 456;
• dismissed by king, 457;
• goes over to Prince of Orange, ibid.
• Hewer, Mr., on Commission of 1686, 450.
• Hiddes de Vries, Tjerk, Dutch admiral, 371.
• Hoen, G't, Shoutbynucht, 372.
• Holdfast, Tom, at St. Helena, 442.
• Holland, invasion of, in 1672, 417;
• restoration of Stadtholderate in, 423, 424.
• Holmes, Sir Robert, serves with Prince Rupert, 209;
• cruise against the Dutch, 328, 329;
• rear-admiral of Red, 372;
• attacks Smyrna convoy, 412-414.
• House of Commons. See Parliament.
• Howard, Lord Charles. See Effingham.
• Howard, Lord Thomas, commands voyage to Isles, 120, 122.
• Howard, Sir Edward, 41;
• report to king 47, 48;
• ravages coast of France, 49;
• at Plymouth, 50;
• urges king to join fleet, 51;
• his death, 54.
• Hubert de Burgh, who was, 5;
• his victory at Dover, 6, 7.
• Hurtado de Mendoza, Antonio, his command in Armada, 101.

• Impressment. See Press.
• Isle of Wight, French land on, 61, 62.
• Isles, voyages to the, 119.

• Jamaica, capture of, 289;
• early history of settlement, 290.
• James I., King, his love of peace, 147;
• protects Pett, 155;
• corruption in navy under, 156;
• his death, 169.
• James II., King, resolves to restore navy, 450;
• appoints Commission, ibid.;
• increases pay of captains, 454;
• sends Prince of Wales to Portsmouth, 462.
• See York, James Duke of.
• James's Valley in St. Helena, 442.
• John, King of Portugal, harbours Rupert, 202.
• John, King, in what sense naval history begins with, 4.
• Jordan, Sir Joseph, vice-admiral of Red, 372;
• vice-admiral of Blue, 418;
• able movement at Solebay, 422.

• Keigwen, Richard, at retaking of St. Helena, 442.
• Kempthorne, Sir John, rear-admiral of Blue, 372;
• his famous action, 400;
• rear-admiral of Blue, 418.
• Kempthorne, Morgan, captain of Kingfisher, 401.
• Kentish Knock, battle of, 243, 245.
• King's Letter boy, what was, 304.
• Kiriet, French admiral, 22.
• Knevet, Sir Thomas, captain of Regent, his death, 49.
• Koenders, Dutch admiral, 371.

• Lawlessness of sea, 20.
• Lawson, Sir John, commands Blue Squadron on June 2, 1653, 259;
• rear-admiral with Monk, 261;
• early life, adheres to king, 319;
• serves against Barbary pirates, 320, 322, 323;
• vice-admiral of Red Squadron, 338;
• his death, 342.
• Legge, George, Lord Dartmouth, withdraws garrison of Tangier, 453;
• is appointed to command of fleet at sea, 457;
• anchors behind Shipwash, 460;
• enters Channel, 461;
• anchors at Spithead, ibid.;
• resigns command, 462.
• Leghorn, conflict of English and Dutch at, 266-273.
• Leiva, Alonzo de, his advice to Medina Sidonia, 184;
• drowned in shipwreck of Rata, 113.
• Levison, Sir Richard, commands in Isles and on coast of Ireland and Portugal, 135, 136.
• Ley, James, Earl of Marlborough, takes possession of Bombay, 321;
• his death, 342.
• Lindsey, Earl of, in command at sea, 170.
• Line of battle, 218, 221.
• Linschoten, John Huighen van, account of loss of Revenge, 123.
• Lisle, Lord, afterwards Duke of Northumberland, admiral, 58;
• quoted, 64;
• his order, 65, 66;
• quoted, 67, 70.
• Little Victory, fireship at Bougie, 403.
• Lloyd, Captain David, his loyalty to King James II., 462.
• Longland, Charles, agent of Commonwealth at Florence, 268.
• Longsand, Dutch fleet seen at, 258.
• Louis XIV., King of France, his relations to Dutch, 353;
• why did, not invade England 365;
• scheme of aggression on Holland, 383;
• attack on Holland, 408, 409.
• Louis, Prince, of France, invited over by barons, 5;
• defeated at Lincoln, ibid.
• Lowestoft, battle of, 340-342.
• Lynn, lieutenant of Bonaventure, 272.

• Mansel, Sir Robert, commands expedition against Algiers, 167.
• Marines, first engagement of, 318.
• Marlborough, Earl of. See Ley, James.
• Martel, M. de, French admiral, 435.
• Martinez de Recalde, Juan, commands squadron of Biscay in Armada, 101.
• Mary Rose, her speed, 47;
• loss of, 61;
• Kempthorne's ship, 400.
• Medina Sidonia, Duke of, appointed to command Armada, 96;
• sails from Lisbon, 98;
• his instructions from king, anchors at Corunna, 99;
• leaves Corunna, 100;
• refuses to attack at Plymouth, 104;
• sends message to Parma, 108;
• driven from Calais, 109;
• his obstinacy, 110;
• Captain General of Andalusia, 130.
• Medrado, Diego de, commands galleys in Armada, 101.
• Meppel, Dutch vice-admiral, 372.
• Modyford, Col. Thomas, assists in reduction of Barbadoes, 212, 213.
• Moncada, Hugo de, commands galleasses in Armada, 101;
• death of, 109, 110.
• Monk, George, Duke of Albemarle, succeeds Popham as admiral and general at sea, 249;
• reports condition of wounded, 254;
• at Yarmouth, 257;
• covers Deane's body, 260;
• renews action on 3rd June, 260; in sole command, 261;
• in pursuit of Dutch, 262;
• breaks the Dutch, 263;
• made Duke of Albemarle, his reasons for war with Holland, 324;
• succeeds Sandwich, 353;
• divides fleet, 354;
• in Four Days' Battle, 354, 360;
• takes fleet to sea and defeats Dutch, 369-375;
• recalled to London, 377;
• at Chatham, 391-395;
• justifies himself to Parliament, 410.
• Monson, Sir William, quoted, 127;
• service at Zizembre, 136;
• admiral in Narrow Seas, 146;
• account of service, 148, 149;
• his expedition against the pirates, 150-154.
• Montagu, Edward, afterwards Earl of Sandwich, accompanies Blake, 294;
• goes to north, 318;
• sails to Mediterranean, 320;
• occupies Tangier and brings home queen, 321, 322;
• commands Blue Squadron, 338;
• succeeds Duke of York in command of fleet, 345;
• directs attack on Dutch at Bergen, 346-348;
• affair of the prize ships, 349, 350;
• he is dismissed, 351;
• admiral of Blue Squadron, 418;
• story of, 419, 420;
• his death, 424.
• Montagu, Edward, cousin of Earl of Sandwich, killed at Bergen, 348.
• Morgan, Sir Pierce. See Primauguet, 49.
• Morley, Colonel, 247.
• Munden, Sir Richard, retakes St. Helena, 441, 442.
• Muskerry, Lord, killed, 342.
• Myngs, Sir Christopher, vice-admiral of White Squadron, 338;
• his death and funeral, 362, 363.

• Narbrough, Sir John, voyage to South Seas, 404;
• services against Barbary pirates, 405-408;
• Commissioner of Navy, 451.
• Nassau, Justinus of, blockades Parma's ships, 107, 108.
• Naval stores drawn from Baltic, 265.
• Navigation Acts suspended, 336, 416.
• Navy, conditions required for formation of, 2;
• successful use of, by King John, 4;
• mediæval organisation of, 10-12;
• how manned and officered, 12-14;
• decline of, at end of reign of Edward III., 26-28;
• decadence under Henry IV., 29;
• and Henry VI., 30;
• revival of, under Tudor dynasty, 33-36;
• organised by Henry VIII., 38;
• crews of, 42, 50;
• decline of, under Edward VI. and Mary, 71, 72;
• state of, under Elizabeth, 73, 74;
• employed on coasts of Scotland and France, 88, 89;
• efficiency of, in 1588, 97;
• growth in reign of Elizabeth, 145;
• duties of, in peace time, 154;
• corruption under James I., 156;
• committee appointed to report on, 157;
• condition of, in 1618, 158-160;
• scheme of reform, 161;
• scale of food and pay, 163;
• state of navy at death of James I., 169;
• elements of, in reign of Charles I., 171;
• measures taken to strengthen, 172;
• turns against king, 179;
• used by Parliament, 181;
• share in Civil War, 183;
• how administered by Parliament, 184;
• force of, employed in 1643, 186;
• in second Civil War, 187, 188;
• part of, joins Prince Charles, 189, 190;
• Parliamentary Committees for, 196;
• a real increase of, ibid.;
• increased pay, 197;
• vigorous use of, by Council of State, 206;
• how prepared for first Dutch War, 218-225;
• unpopularity of service in, 253;
• measures taken to improve, by increased pay, 255;
• submits to Cromwell, 256, 257;
• attention paid to, by Charles II., 299, 300;
• beginning of corps of regular officers, 303;
• "Laws of War," 306;
• orders of Duke of York, 307, 308;
• state of, in second Dutch War, 330-333;
• ships in commission, 335;
• gentlemen volunteers in, 338;
• pay in arrears, 339;
• corrupt administration of, 352, 353, 363;
• extended service, and improved organisation of, in reign of Charles II., 443;
• decline in king's last years, 445, 446;
• restored by James II., 451, 452;
• pay of captain increased, 454.
• Navy Office, founded by Henry VIII., 36;
• rules for, made by Queen Elizabeth, 77;
• suspended under James I., 162;
• restored, 176;
• under Charles II., 309;
• economy of, ibid.;
• treasurer of, 310;
• surveyor, ibid.;
• comptroller, 311;
• clerk of, or clerk of Acts, ibid.;
• storekeeper, 312;
• clerk of cheque, ibid.;
• master attendant, master shipwright, clerk of ropewalk, porter, boatswain, gunner, purser, 313;
• precautions against fraud, 314;
• why ineffectual, ibid., and 315, 316;
• sick and hurt, and pay office, 317, 318;
• defended by Pepys, 410;
• Commission of 1679;
• new Commission of 1686, 450.
• Nes, Van, Dutch lieutenant, 371;
• defends Smyrna convoy, 413, 414.
• Nore, fleet at, 367.
• Norris, Sir John, commands soldiers in expedition of 1589, 117, 118.
• Northumberland, Earl of. See Percy, Algernon.
• Nottingham, Earl of. See Effingham.
• Nugent, Lieutenant, tries to fire pirates, 402.

• Œconomy of Navy. See Navy Office.
• Old Mucks, what were, 161.
• Opdam de Wassanaer, Baron, commands Dutch fleet, 339.
• Oquendo, Antonio de, Spanish admiral, attacked by Tromp in Downs, 176, 177.
• Oquendo, Miguel de, commands squadron of Guipuzcoa in Armada, 101;
• his flagship damaged, 105.
• Orange frigate takes French prize, 366.
• Orange, Prince of, his invasion of England, 458-463.
• Orders of Duke of York. See Navy.
• Ossory, Lord, joins fleet, 356;
• rear-admiral of Blue, 434.
• Overton, Colonel, and the press at Hull, 253.

• Papachino, Spanish privateer, 400.
• Parliament, increase of power under Charles II., 301;
• votes money for war, 335;
• money voted by, 378;
• discontent of, 379;
• Bill for examination of Public Accounts, 381;
• turbulence of, in 1667-1669, 410;
• refuses money, 411;
• grants money for navy in 1677, 445.
• Parma, Prince, afterwards Duke of, Spanish commander in Low Countries, 9.
• Pay Office. See Navy Office.
• Penn, William, sent with squadron to Mediterranean, 206;
• quoted, 219, 220;
• recommends increase in number of lieutenants, 225;
• urges Cromwell to appoint captains, 234, 235;
• serves in Channel, 241, 242;
• vice-admiral with Monk, 261;
• appointed to command expedition to West Indies, 278;
• offers to go over to Royalists, 282;
• begs grant of confiscated land from Cromwell, 283;
• in attack on San Domingo, 285-288;
• at taking of Jamaica, 289;
• returns home, ibid.;
• imprisoned and dismissed, 290;
• adviser to Duke of York, 338;
• called before House of Commons, 410.
• Pennington, Sir John, 165;
• serves against Algerines, 168;
• hands over ships to French, 170;
• fails to protect Spaniards in Downs, 177;
• king wishes to name, vice-admiral, 178;
• fails to secure fleet for king, 182.
• Pepys, Samuel, Clerk of Acts, evidence as to affair of prize ships, 351;
• on Four Days' Battle, 361, 362;
• attends funeral of Sir C. Myngs, 362;
• account of fears of Navy Office, 381;
• reports saying of Duke of York, 384, 385;
• describes effects of Dutch attack on Chatham, 390-392;
• his State of the Royal Navy quoted, 446;
• imprisoned, 447;
• his account of decline of navy, 448-450;
• of its restoration, James II., 450-454;
• Secretary of the Admiralty, 451;
• goes to Tangier, 453;
• his account of squadron in Straits, 453, 454.
• Percy, Algernon, Earl of Northumberland, commands ship, money, fleet, 175;
• named Lord High Admiral, 176;
• anger with king, 177;
• opposes him in Long Parliament, ibid.;
• appoints Warwick vice-admiral, 178;
• dismissed by king, 180.
• Perez de Guzman, Alonso. See Medina Sidonia.
• Periods of naval history, 2, 3.
• Pett, Peter, Commissioner, complains of Badiley's crew, 274;
• report on pressed men, 335;
• runs away from Chatham, 393;
• his excuse to Parliament, 394;
• called before House of Commons, 410.
• Pett, Phineas, his family and services, 153;
• family of, 197.
• Philip II. prepares Armada, 92.
• Philipot, John, citizen of London, defeats pirates, 29.
• Plantagenet, Arthur, 52.
• Plague in fleet at Spithead, 63.
• Plunder, why different from prize, 131.
• Popham, Colonel Edward, admiral and general at sea, 196;
• blockades Rupert, 200;
• appointed to pursue, but retained in Channel, 201;
• his death, 231.
• Portland, action with Spaniards near, 107;
• three days' battle begins near, 249.
• Porto Longone, English ships at, 270.
• Portugal, expedition to, 117, 118.
• Pregent, Perye John, Preter John, Pierre Jean le Bidoulx, French admiral, 50;
• at Conquet, 53.
• Press, early use of, 12;
• difficulty of enforcing, 248;
• in 1665, 336;
• corrupt working of, 364, 365.
• Primauguet, French admiral, 49.
• Prince flagship surrendered to Dutch, 359.
• Privateers in reign of Elizabeth, 79.
• Prize, meaning of, 131.
• Prosperous Bay in St. Helena, 441.

• Rainsborough, Colonel, appointed to command at sea, 188.
• Raleigh, Sir Walter, quoted, 75;
• voyage to Isles with Essex, 134, 135.
• Rawlings, John, his escape from Barbary pirates, 166.
• Regent burnt, 49.
• Revenge, fight of, at Azores, 120, 121.
• Rich, Robert, Earl of Warwick, appointed vice-admiral, 178;
• secures place for Parliament, 182;
• suppresses revolt of fleet, 189, 190;
• refuses to strike flag, 191;
• blockades revolted ships at Helvoetsluys, 192;
• removed from command, 196.
• Richard, bastard son of King John, kills Eustace the Monk, 7.
• Rochelle, defeat of English at, 28.
• Royal Charles taken by Dutch, 392.
• Royal Guinea Company, 325.
• Rupert, Prince, appointed to command ships by Prince of Wales, 199;
• goes to Kinsale, 199;
• blockaded, 200;
• escapes, and sails for Lisbon, ibid.;
• at Lisbon, and on coast of Spain, 202-205;
• his cruise in the Atlantic, 207-210;
• commands White Squadron, 338;
• declines to serve with Sandwich, 345;
• joined in command with Monk, 352;
• detached, 354;
• rejoins fleet, 359;
• story of Fan-Fan, 373, 374;
• in sole command, 377;
• succeeds Duke of York, 427;
• at battle of Schooneveldt, 430-433.
• Russell, Edward, his share in Revolution, 456.
• Rust, John, of Blakeney, master to Sir John Arundel, 31;
• his death, 32.

• Sanders, Captain, report to Penn, 242.
• San Domingo, unsuccessful attack on 285-288.
• Sandwich, Earl of. See Montagu, Edward.
• San Juan de Ulloa, Hawkins attacked by Spaniards at, 86, 87.
• Sansum, Robert, rear-admiral of White Squadron, 338;
• killed, 342.
• Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Blake attacks Spanish ships at, 295.
• Schooneveldt, Dutch fleet at, 249;
• battles near, 430-433.
• Schram, Van, Dutch vice-admiral, 372.
• Scotch sailors in Dutch fleet, 336.
• Seymour, Lord Henry, commands in Straits, 1588, 97, 107.
• Seymour, Sir Edward, stopped by pressmen, 364.
• Ship, early mediæval, 8;
• improvements in, 9;
• growth in 16th century, 38, 39;
• money, 172, 173;
• money fleets, 175.
• Shish, Mr., shipbuilder, 332.
• Shoreham, French fleet at, 69.
• Schoutbynacht, rank in Dutch Navy, 371.
• Shovell, Cloudesley, services with Sir J. Narbrough, 405, 406.
• Sluys, battle of, 21, 22.
• Sick and Hurt Office. See Navy Office.
• Smith, Sir Jeremy, admiral of Blue, 372;
• fights separate action with Tromp, 373-375;
• commands Light Squadron, 385.
• Smyrna convoy attacked by Sir R. Holmes, 412-414.
• Smyrna convoy, Dutch, Allen captures, 337.
• Solebay, fleet leaves; battle of, 419-424, 339.
• Southerne, Mr., Commissioner of Navy, 450.
• Sovereignty of seas, 15-17.
• Spragge, Sir Edward, vice-admiral of Blue, 372;
• commands fort at Sheerness, 393;
• action with Dutch ships, 397;
• services against Barbary pirates, 401-403;
• passes Smyrna, 414;
• his quarrel with Holmes, ibid.;
• vice-admiral of Red, 418;
• admiral of Blue, 429;
• at battle of Schooneveldt, 432;
• his last action with Tromp, and death, 436-438.
• Stayner, Sir Richard, takes Spanish treasure ships, 295;
• letter to, 303.
• St. Helena taken and retaken, 440-442.
• St. Helens, French fleet at, 59, 61.
• St. Michael, Mr., on Commission of 1686, 450.
• Strickland, Sir Roger, appointed rear-admiral, 457;
• his squadron, ibid.
• Strozzi, prior of Capua, commanding French galleys, 60.
• Surveyor. See Navy Office.
• Sveers, Dutch vice-admiral, 372.

• Talbot, Sir Gilbert, English minister in Denmark, 346.
• Tangier garrison withdrawn, 452, 453.
• Taylor, Captain, reports discontent at Chatham, 253.
• Teddiman, Sir T., vice-admiral of Red, 372.
• Tello, Don Pedro, captures English ship, 126.
• Terschelling, English attack on, 375, 376.
• Test Act, 427.
• Texel, Dutch at anchor by the, 262;
• Dutch fleet escape to, 343;
• battle of, 434-438.
• Thames, shallows and channels of, 367, 369.
• Tippetts, Sir J., Commissioner of the Navy, 450.
• Treasurer. See Navy Office.
• Trevelyan, Sir William, captain of Gabriel, 42.
• Trinity House established, 46.
• Triple Alliance, 409.
• Tromp, Cornelius van, appointed to command against English, 270-272;
• covers retreat of Dutch at Lowestoft, 343;
• his discontent, 344;
• in Four Days' Battle, 354-360;
• commands rear, 372;
• separate action with Smith, 373;
• escapes, 375;
• reconciled with De Ruyter, 431;
• at battle of Schooneveldt, 432;
• action with Spragge, 436-438.
• Tromp, Martin Harpertz, attacks Oquendo in Downs, 176;
• at Dover, 232;
• threatens Dover, 236, 237;
• follows Blake, resigns command, 238;
• restored to command, 246;
• at battle of Dungeness, 246, 247;
• in Channel, story of broom, 248;
• in battle of Portland, 250;
• at sea, 257;
• plan of battle on 2nd June, 1653, 258;
• manœuvres before last battle, 262, 263;
• death, 264.
• Tudor dynasty, its interest in navy, 33, 34.
• Tunis, Blake burns ships at, 293.
• Tuscany, Grand Duke of, difficulties with neutrality of his port of Leghorn, 266-273.

• Utbar, Captain, rear-admiral of Red, 372.

• Valdes, Pedro de, commands squadron of Andalusia, 101;
• he is deserted by Medina Sidonia, and surrenders to Drake, 106.
• Van Ghent, Dutch admiral, in Firth of Forth, 390;
• co-operates with Allen, 399.
• Venables, General George, at taking of Jamaica, 289;
• returns home, ibid.;
• imprisoned and dismissed, 290;
• in attack on San Domingo, 285-289;
• to command troops in expedition to West Indies, 278;
• his character, 282;
• offers to go over to Royalists, ibid.
• Victuallers, what were, 51.
• Villiers, George, afterwards Duke of Buckingham, becomes Lord High Admiral, 161;
• his incapacity, 171;
• his death, 174.

• Walton, Colonel, 247.
• Ward, English pirate, in Algiers, 166.
• Warwick, Earl of, Robert Rich. See Rich, Robert.
• Warwick, Earl of, King-maker, admiral and captain of Calais, 14.
• West Indies, invasion of, in 1585, 89-91;
• state of, in 1654, 279, 280;
• state of, in 1667, 386.
• Whistler, Dr. Daniel, report on state of wounded at Portsmouth, 254.
• Willoughby of Parham, commands ships for Prince Charles, 190;
• named Governor of Barbadoes, 211;
• surrenders to Ayscue, 213.
• Wimpel, Dutch flag, 371, 372.
• Winkfield, Sir John, killed at Cadiz, 130.
• Winter, Sir William, commands fleet on coast of Scotland, 88;
• command in the Downs, 107.
• Wrenn, lieutenant of Kingfisher, 401.

• York, James Duke of, intended to be Lord High Admiral, 176;
• instrument of his brother in government, 300;
• hoists flag as Lord High Admiral, 301;
• advises building of bigger ships, 333;
• complains of want of men, 336;
• in North Sea, 338;
• wins battle of Lowestoft, 342;
• affair of the order to shorten sail, 342, 343;
• retires from command, 345;
• anger with Sandwich, 351;
• approves of fortifying Chatham, 384;
• quotes Turenne, 385;
• again in command of fleet, 418;
• sails from Downs, 418;
• anchors at Solebay, 419;
• at battle of Solebay, 419-424;
• driven from command by Test Act, 427;
• driven abroad by fear of popular violence, 447.
• Young, Captain, brush with Dutch, 231.
• Young, lieutenant of Leopard, 272.

• Zaan, W. van der, Schoutbynacht, 372.