city and province of, annexed by Prussia, I 292
Jews settle in, I 41
Jews of, petition Casimir IV for renewal of charter, I 61
communities in province of, destroyed, I 156
Alexander I. receives Kahal of, I 358
Abel Gumbiner, head of yeshibah in, I 200
Warta, in province of, place of Polish Diet, I 58

Kalkreuth, Count, patron of Solomon Maimon, I 240

Kalman, Jewish printer in Lublin, I 131

Kalmansohn, Jacques, author of pamphlet advocating Jewish reforms in Poland, I 385

Kalmanovich, Jewish lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims of Kishinev pogrom, III 91;
and of Homel pogrom, III 102

Kalmycks, tribe of, I 367

Kamenetz-Podolsk (Podolia), Dembrovski, bishop of, arranges disputation at, I 214 f
Talmud burned at, I 215
Vilna Gaon appeals against Hasidim to Kahal of, I 373
pogrom at, III 128

Kaniev (Ukraina), Starosta of, maltreats Jews, I 169

Kant, Immanuel, praises Solomon Maimon, I 240

Kantakuzenka (government of Kherson), pogrom at, III 33

Karabchevski, Russian lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims of Kishinev pogrom, III 91

Karaites, in Byzantine empire, I 28
in Crimea, I 28 f
in Chufut-Kale (Crimea), I 35
in Lithuania, I 60
K. of Lithuania, receive autonomy from Casimir IV., I 61
autonomy of K's. of Troki confirmed by Alexander Yaguello, I 64
form separate municipality in Troki, I 73
K's. of Tavrida granted equal rights, I 318 f; II 160
excluded from bar but inofficially admitted, II 352 f
Isaac Troki, Karaite, author of anti-Christian treatise, I 137 f
Simha Pinsker, historian of, II 160

Karaulov, deputy to Third Duma, defends Jews, III 156

Karlin, near Pinsk (government of Minsk), Hasidim establish themselves in, I 372
Aaron of, hasidic leader, I 234
Solomon of, hasidic leader, I 372

"Karliners," nickname for Hasidim in Lithuania, I 372, 375

Karnyeyev, governor of Minsk, inquires into condition of peasantry, I 322 f

Karpov, member of "Jewish Committees," advocates Jewish emancipation, II 196 ff

Karpovich (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, II 315

Kattowitz (Prussia), conference of "Lovers of Zion," at, II 376

Katzaps, nickname for Great-Russians in Little Russia, II 248; III 115, 117

Katzenellenbogen, Saul, rabbi of Vilna, objects to heterodoxy of Menashe Ilyer, II 115 f

Kauffmann, governor-general of Vilna, appoints commission to investigate Brafman's charges, II 189

Kaulbars, military governor of Odessa, fails to check pogrom, III 129

Kazan (Central Russia), Jews of Vitebsk exiled to (1654), I 154
cantonists stationed in, II 25
suicide of cantonists in, II 27
mosques destroyed in government of, I 254

Kazimiezh (Polish, Kazimierz), suburb of Cracow, established as Jewish ghetto, I 64
Jews of, restricted in business, I 75

Kedars, name for Polovtzis, conquerors of Crimea, I 29

Kempster, United States commissioner, sent to Russia, II 407

Keneset Israel, Hebrew periodical, II 372, III 58

Kerch, pogrom at, III 120; see Bosporus

Kertz, Crimean city, probably identical with Kerch, I 26

Khagan, title of Khazar king, I 20 ff

Khappers, Yiddish name for recruiting agents, II 23

Kharkov (city), Jews permitted to visit fair of (1835), II 40
Jews expelled from, II 319
merchants of, protest against exclusion of Jews, II 319
Bilu, organization of Palestine pioneers, formed in, II 321

Kharkov (government), Jews permitted to visit fairs of (1734)[62], I 251
Gubernatorial Commission appointed for, I 273
governor of, condemns Jews, II 276;
advocates school-norm, II 339

Khazars, various forms of name, I 18
appear in Caucasus, I 19
establish kingdom on Volga, I 19
penetrate as far as Kiev, I 19
establish another center in Crimea, I 19 f
church attempts conversion of, I 20
converted to Judaism, I 20 f
invite teachers from Babylonia, I 21
inner life of, I 22
Jewish merchants travel through kingdom of, I 23
Jews of Byzantium flee to, I 23 f
Hasdai Ibn Shaprut corresponds with king of, I 24 ff
K's. defeated by Russians, I 28
withdraw to Crimea, I 28
K's. in Crimea destroyed by Russians and Byzantines, I 28
relatives of last king of, flee to Spain, I 28
Jews from kingdom of, attempt conversion of Vladimir, I 30
settle in principality of Kiev, I 31
civilizing influence of, on Kiev, II 252

Khazars, Sea of, name for Caspian Sea, I 23

Khazaria, name for Crimea, I 28 ff

Khelm (province of Lublin), bishop of, imprisons Jews on charge of host desecration, I 86
rabbi of, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, I 283

Kherson (city), visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418

Kherson (government), seat of Zaporozhian Cossacks, I 143
Jews settled as agriculturists in, I 363 f, II 71
included in Pale (Statute of 1835), II 40
pogroms in, II 251, 304, III 33, 100
governor of, deplores effect of Jews on their domestics, I 404
Localities in:
Alexandria, III 100
Anayev, II 251
Borki, II 378
Kantakuzenka, III 33

Khlopitzki, Polish dictator, declines offer of Jewish volunteers, II 105

Khlops, nickname for Polish peasants, I 140, 182;
see Serfs

Khmelnitzki (Polish, Chmelnicki), Bogdan, I 144 ff
elected Hetman by Cossacks, I 144
forms alliance with Tartars of Crimea, I 144
defeats Polish army, I 145
heads rebellion of Ukrainians against Poles, I 145
organizes massacre of Jews, I 145
sends detachment of Cossacks against Niemirov, I 146
derides Polish generals, I 149
besieges Lemberg, I 150 f
demands delivery of Jews, I 151
receives ransom and withdraws, I 151
defeated by Poles, I 152
signs Treaty of Byelaya Tzerkov (1651), I 152
enters into negotiations with Tzar Alexis, I 152 f
extent of K. massacres, I 157
recollection of K. massacres stirs later Ukrainians, I 182 185
reports of K. massacres arouses Sabbatai Zevi, I 205
K. massacres described by Gogol, II 139;
and Bogrov II 242
See Cossacks

Kholonyevski, member of Polish Diet, objects to extension of Jewish rights, I 288

Khomyakov, Russian poet, condemns régime of Nicholas I., II 141

Khovanski, governor-general of White Russia, ordered to provide livelihood for Jews expelled from villages, I 406
recommends discontinuation of expulsion, I 407
recommends proceedings in ritual murder trial of Velish, II 76 ff
believes to have discovered monstrous crime, II 78
asks governors of Pale for incriminating material, II 80
censured by Nicholas I., II 80
exposed as Jew-baiter by Council of State, I 81

Khoza Kokos, Jew of Crimea, agent of Grand Duke Ivan III. of Moscow, I 35
arranges alliance between grand duke and Khan of Crimea, I 35
writes to Ivan III. in Hebrew, I 35

Khwarism, city in Asia, I 26

Kiev (city), Khazars make raids on, I 19
captured by Lithuanians (1320), I 94
forms part of Polish empire, I 94, 140
incorporated, together with Little Russia, in Russian empire (1654), I 94
ceded to Russia by Poland (1667), I 159
Metropolitan of Greek-Orthodox Church resides in, III 125
Jews settle in, I 31
Jews and Khazars in, II 252
Khazar Jews appear in, to convert Prince Vladimir (986), I 30 f
Greek-Orthodox priests in, preach hatred against Jews, I 31
pogroms at (12th century), I 32
Jews of, protected by Prince Svyatopolk II., I 32
fire at, damages Jews (1124), I 32
"Jewish Gate" at, mentioned in Russian Chronicles, I 32
visited by early Jewish travellers, I 32 f
Jews, fleeing from Germany, settle in, I 33
Moses, rabbi of, mentioned in early Hebrew sources, I 33
"Skharia," Jew of, settles in Novgorod (15th century), I 36
burghers of, obtain right of excluding Jews (1619), I 95
Jews permitted to settle in (1794), I 317, II 31
Nicholas I. orders expulsion of Jews from (1827), II 30 ff
authorities of, secure postponement of expulsion, II 33
Nicholas I. insists on expulsion from, II 36
closed to Jews by Statute of 1835, II 40
Jews permitted to visit K. temporarily, II 172
privileged categories of Jews settle in (under Alexander II.), II 264
Government agents prepare pogrom at (after accession of Alexander III.), II 248
pogrom at (April, 1881), II 251 ff, 287;
tried in court, II 264
"illegal" Jews expelled from (May, 1881), II 263 f
wholesale expulsions of Jews from (1882), II 319;
(1886), II 346
Jews of, subjected to raids, or oblavas, II 346; III 20
wives of Jewish artisans in, forbidden to trade, II 385
visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418
persecution of Jews in (under Nicholas II.), III 19 f
Jews made to pay for night raids, III 20
Government frustrates project of trade bank in, III 25 f
Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogroms, III 114
pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128
Jewish students excluded from Polytechnicum at (1907), III 152
1200 Jewish families expelled from (1910), III 157
Stolypin assassinated at (1911), III 164
impending pogrom at, stopped, III 165
Beilis ritual murder case in, III 165 f
Jewish printing-press in, II 43;
transferred to Zhitomir, II 43
Jewish printers of Slavuta imprisoned in, II 123
Censorship Committee in, ordered to examine Jewish books, II 44
Professor Mandelstamm, resident of, II 298, 304, III 47
Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev pogrom, student in, III 81
Jüdisches Volksblatt appears in, III 59

Kiev (province, or government), subject to Poland, I 140
estate in, owned by Polish nobles, I 140
ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
part of, annexed by Russia (1793), I 292
Jews of, flee to Tatars (1648), I 145
Jews forbidden to settle in (1649), I 151
Jews in part of, exterminated, I 157
few Jewish survivors in, I 246 Haidamacks massacre Jews in (1768), I 183 f
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1804), I 342;
(1835), II 40
Jewish deputies from, arrive in St. Petersburg (1803), I 337
Jews of, invited to send delegates to city of Kiev (1807), I 349
Hasidism spreads in, I 382; II 119 f
Jews expelled from villages in (1830), II 32;
expulsion postponed until 1835, II 33
number of Jewish artisans in, II 168
Poles and Jews forbidden to acquire estates in (1864), II 173
economic activity of Jews in, II 194
pogroms in (1881), II 256 f
Court of Appeals of, tries Homel pogrom, III 101
Localities in:
Berdychev, II 256 f
Chernobyl, I 382, II 119
Ruzhin, II 120
Shpola, III 33
Smyela, II 256
Uman, I 184 f, 383, II 122
Bibikow, governor-general of, condemns Jews, II 47;
arrests Israel of Ruzhin, II 120 f
Vasilchikov, Count, favors transfer of Jewish artisans to Russian Interior, II 168
Dondukov, Korsakov, points out economic danger of Jews, II 193 f
Drenteln, fierce anti-Semite, II 276, 316 f, 319, 341

Kiev, principality of, claims overlordship over Russian lands, I 29
influenced by Byzantium, I 29 ff
passes under sovereignty of Tatars, I 33;
see Kiev (city)

Kievlanin, anti-Semitic paper in Kiev, III 20

Kings, Polish, favor Jews because of financial advantages, I 69
elected by Poles, I 89
keep Jewish body-physicians, I 132
counteracted by Diets, I 160
lose their authority, I 168

Kirgiz, tribe, placed in Russian law above Jews, II 367

Kiselev, count, appointed chairman of Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews (1840), II 50, 157
addressess circular to governors-general concerning projected Jewish reforms (1845)[63], II 65 f
receives petitions in favor of Jews from Moses Montefiore, II 688
advocates mitigation of Jewish restrictions (1856), II 157

Kishinev, modern Jewish school in, II 52
Jews of, accord friendly reception to Max Lilienthal, II 56
"Congregation of New Testament Israelites" in, II 225
"Smugglers," anti-Semitic play, produced in, III 38
pogrom at (1903), III 69 ff;
stirs Jewish national sentiment, III 82;
avenged by Jewish youth, II 81, 132;
stimulates emigration, III 85;
intensifies animosity of Nicholas II., III 93;
tried in court, III 90 ff
authorities of, impeached before Senate, III 92
Jews accused of seeking to avenge K. massacre, III 95, 101
fear of new pogrom at, causes emigration, III 96 f
Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogroms, III 114
pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise, III 121

Kitovich, Polish writer, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 180

Klaus, name for hasidic house of prayer, II 124

Klausner, Joseph, Hebrew writer, editor of ha-Shiloah, III 58, 163

Klopstock, German poet, imitated in Hebrew, II 135

Kmita, Peter, voyevoda of Cracow, accepts bribes from Jewish merchants, I 76

Kobrin (province of Grodno), Bezalel of, Hebrew author, I 201

Kochubay, Minister of Interior, appointed chairman of Committees for Amelioration of Jews (1802), I 335 f
instructs governors to allay fears of Jews, I 336
assisted by Speranski, I 340
recommends postponement of expulsion of Jews from villages, I 347
assists settlement of Jewish agriculturists in New Russia, I 363
accepts dedication of pamphlet by Nyevakhovich, I 387
recommends severe measures against "Judaizers," I 402

Koenigsburg (Prussia), visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239
visited by Menashe Ilyer, II 114
Jewish socialists arrested in, III 223 f
Hebrew periodicals published in, II 223

Kohan, Jacob, Hebrew poet, III 162

Kohen, Sabbatai, see Cohen

Kokovtzev, Minister of Finance, favors Jewish franchise, III 122

Kol Mebasser, Yiddish periodical, II 218

Kollontay (Polish, Kollontaj), radical member of Polish Diet, I 280
suggests abolition of Jewish autonomy, I 282
assists Jews in struggle for rights, I 291

Kolomea (Galicia), capital of Pokutye province, I 150

Königsberg, see Koenigsburg

Konotop (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, intensified by Jewish self-defence, II 257

Koppelman, Jacob, Hebrew author, I 133

Koretz (Volhynia), Phineas of, disciple of Besht, I 227

Korff, Baron, advocates admission of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 170

Korobka, or basket tax, name explained, II 61;
see Tax

Korolenko, Russian writer, signs protest against Jewish persecutions, II 387
writes public letter in defence of Jews, II 388
portrays Kishinev massacre, III 76 f

Korostyshev, hasidic center, II 120

Korsun (province), Poles defeated by Cossacks at (1648), I 145

Kosciuszko, spelling and pronunciation of name, I 292
leads Polish uprising of 1794, I 292
liberal and democratic, I 292 f
permits formation of Jewish regiment, I 294
announces it in special army order, I 294 f
captured by Russians, I 296
Zayonchek, general under, I 296, II 91

Kosovo (Galicia), Besht settles in, I 223
Nahman of, disciple of Besht, I 227

Kostantinia, Sea of, name for Black Sea, I 26

Kostomarov, Russian historian, defends ritual murder libel, II 205

Kotzebue, governor-general of New Russia, fails to check Odessa pogrom (1871), II 192

Kotzk (Polish, Kock), near Warsaw, Berek Yoselevich killed in vicinity of, I 303
hasidic dynasty of, II 122

Kovalevski, Minister of Public Instruction, advocates admission into Russian Interior of graduates of secondary schools, II 164

Kovno (city), Jews of, barred from city government (1805), I 370
growth of pauperism in, III 24
"Bund" holds convention in (1899), III 57
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights (1905), III 108
Abraham Mapu, Hebrew writer, native of, II 226 ff
Isaac Elhanan Spector, rabbi of, II 304

Kovno (government), part of, called Zhmud, I 293, II 133
formed originally part of government of Vilna, I 317
constituted 1872, I 317
forms part of Lithuania, II 39
vitally affected by expulsion of Jews from border zone (1843), II 63
placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov (1863), II 188
Lutostanski, anti-Semitic writer, priest in, II 203
Friedman from, deputy to Third Duma, III 153
Localities in:
Dusyaty, III 115
Salant, II 133
Vilkomir, II 236

Kozhenitz (Poland), Israel of, hasidic leader in Poland, I 384, II 122

Kozhmyan, member of Polish Council of State, objects to emancipation of Jews, II 93

Kozlovska, witness in ritual murder case of Velizh, II 82

Kozodavlev, Russian assistant-minister of Interior, member of "Jewish Committee," I 352

Kozubales, tax to Catholic academies in Poland, I 161, 166

Kramshtyk, president of Warsaw community, arrested for participating in Polish Insurrection, II 181

Krasinski, Vincent, Polish general, author of pamphlet on Jews of Poland, II 96 f

Kraushar, quoted, I 136

Krechatinikov, Russian general, captures Haidamack leaders, I 186

Kremenchug (government of Poltava), pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128

Kremenetz (Volhynia), Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
massacre at (1648), I 149
Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127
native place of Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 125 ff[64]

Kremsier (Moravia), meeting-place of Austrian Parliament, II 179

Kreslavka (government of Vitebsk), Frank, Jewish physician, resident of, I 331, 386

Krestentzya, form of lease, forbidden to Jews, I 404 f

Kretingen (province of Zhmud), Berek Yoselovich born at, I 293

Krochmal, Nahman, Galician thinker, associates with Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 126
work of, compared with that of Levinsohn, II 127

Kronenberg, convert, protests against Polish anti-Semitism, II 178

Kronenstadt, fortress near St. Petersburg, place of imprisonment, II 42

Krueger, Russian official, accuses Jews of Saratov of ritual murder, II 151

Krushevan, journalist and petty official in Kishinev, III 69
editor of Bessarabetz, III 69 ff
carries on violent agitation against Jews, III 69 ff
invited by Plehve to publish Znamya, anti-Semitic paper, in St. Petersburg, III 70
accuses Jews of ritual murder, III 71
incites to pogroms, III 71
wounded by Dashevski, III 81 f

Krushnitza, ancient Polish capital, Jew elected king at, I 40

Krysa, Leib, represents Frankists at religious disputation, I 217
baptized, I 217

Kuantung (Shantung) Peninsula, Jews expelled by Russians from, III 94

Kukhazhevski (Polish, Kucharzewski), Polish anti-Semitic candidate to Russian Duma, defeated by Warsaw Jews, III 167

Kulak, Russian name for village boss, II 318, 325

Kupernik, Jewish lawyer, acts as council for victims of Homel pogrom, III 102

Kursk (government), number of artisans in, II 168

Kut, Crimean city, I 26

Kutais (city in Caucasia), ritual murder case at, II 204

Kutaysov, Count, declares pogroms result of Jewish "exploitation," II 271

Kutover, Gershon, rabbi of Brody, brother-in-law of Besht, I 223
receives message from Besht in Palestine, I 228

Kuty (Galicia), Besht settles in neighborhood of, I 228

Kuyavia, former Polish province, I 75; II 90


Ladi (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman, founder of Habad, and his successors, I 234; II 117

Lakh, Ukrainian nickname for Pole, I 142, 184

Lambat, Crimean city, I 26

Lamsdorff, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, has interview with Herzl, III 84

Landed Property, see Villages

Landau, Adolph, Russian-Jewish publicist, II 221

Language, use of Polish L., abandonment of Yiddish, and restriction of Hebrew advocated by Poles (1788-1791), I 273, 281
use of Polish in business [and elimination of Hebrew and Yiddish] advocated by Friesel, governor of Vilna (1800), I 327
use of Russian, Polish, or German in legal documents and in business suggested by Dyerzhavin (1800), I 333
Russian, Polish, or German made obligatory for Jewish schools and for public documents and business [Statute of 1804], I 345
reading and writing knowledge of Russian, Polish, or German required for Jewish members of municipalities [Statute of 1804], I 345
Jewish deputies plead for use of Hebrew in business, I 349 f
followers of David Friedländer call upon Polish Jews to abandon Yiddish and adopt L. of country, I 386
Statute of 1835 requires use of Russian, or other local dialect, for public and business documents, and forbids Hebrew categorically, II 40
Kahal elders required to read and write Russian [1835], II 41
Isaac Baer Levinsohn calls on Jews to study L. of country, II 126
Jews of Poland forbidden use of Hebrew and Yiddish in civil affairs, legal documents, and business correspondence [Act of 1862], II 182
Jews of Poland retain use of their L., II 195
freedom of L. demanded by League for Equal Rights [1905], III 112
fight between Hebrew and Yiddish (1908), III 161
See Hebrew, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish

Lanskoy, Minister of Interior, favors admission into Russian Interior of Jewish graduates of secondary schools, II 164
corresponds with officials concerning admission of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 168

Lantzkorona (Polish, Lanckorona, Podolia), assembly of Frankists at fair of, I 213, 215

Lapin, Shalom, of Grodno, suspected of ritual murder, II 73

Lapkovski, Benish, from government of Vitebsk, elected Jewish deputy, I 393

Laski, John, Polish chancellor, edits Polish code of laws, I 71

Laschenko organizes pogrom at Ananyev, government of Kherson, II 251

Lavrov, Russian revolutionary in London, II 223

Layze (Lazarus), son of Jewish arendar, I 266

Lazhentzka, Dorothy, of Sokhachev, sentenced on charge of having sold host to Jews, I 86

League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People in Russia, the, organized in Vilna (1905), III 111
program of, III 111 f
establishes Central Bureau in St. Petersburg, III 112
conventions of, III 131, 133 f
protests against pogroms, III 132
sends greetings to Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev pogrom, III 132
decides to call All-Russian Jewish National Assembly, III 133
Jewish Duma deputies accept program of, III 134
presided over by Vinaver, III 134
represents doctrine of National-Cultural Autonomism, III 144
stands above class and party affiliations, III 145 f
disintegration of, III 146 f

League of Jewish Socialists, in London, II 223

League of Jewish Workingmen, see "Bund"

League of Russian People, organization of Black Hundred, III 141
favors re-establishment of unlimited autocracy, III 149
secures pardon for pogrom makers, III 150
forms "Second Government," III 141, 151
badge of, demonstratively worn by Nicholas II., III 151
See Black Hundred

"Learned Jew" (Uchony yevrey), Russian title for Jewish Government expert, II 239

Lebensohn, Abraham Baer (called "Adam"), Hebrew poet, II 134 f
prominent in Maskilim circle of Vilna, II 136

Lebensohn, Micah Joseph, son of former, Hebrew poet, II 226

Legal Profession, see Bar

Leipsic, Russian-Jewish merchants visit fair of, I 359 f
place of publication, II 135

Lekkert, Hirsch, shoots at governor of Vilna, III 67

Lelevel (Polish, Lelewel), Polish historian, issues manifesto to Jews, II 107 f
calls upon Poles to be friendly to Jews, II 178
eulogized by Jews at memorial service, II 180

Lemberg (Lvov, Polish, Lwow), leading city of Red Russia, I 74, 196
anti-Jewish riots in (1463), I 63 f
Jews of, restricted in commerce, I 74
besieged by Khmelnitzki(1648), I 150 f
authorities of, refuse to deliver Jews, I 151
Jesuit college students in, attack Jews, I 161
Jews of, organize self-defence, I 161; but are massacred (1664), I 162
Pikolski, monk in, conducts agitation against Jews, I 174
Jews of, receive communal autonomy (1356), I 53;
granted communal constitution(1692), I 191
rights of Kahal elders upheld by voyevoda of, I 190
Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
rabbis assembled at, excommunicate adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, I 211
disputation between Frankists and Orthodox at, I 216 f, 229
conversion of Frankists at, I 217
Isaiah Horowitz (Sheloh) educated in, I 135
Rabbis of:
Joshua Falk Cohen, head of yeshibah, I 128
David Halevi (Taz), I 130, 206
Meir of Lublin, I 129
Hayyim Rapoport, I 216
Solomon, I 115

Le Nord, newspaper in Brussels, organ of Russian Government, II 393

Lenchitza (Polish, Leckyca, province of Kalish), Jews of, executed on ritual murder charge, I 100
Solomon Ephraim of, criticises yeshibahs, I 119 f

Leon, Jewish physician, executed by Ivan III., I 37

Leshek, Polish prince, receives Jewish delegation from Germany, I 40

Leshek The White, Polish ruler, favorable to Jews, I 42

Lesnaya (White Russia), battle at, I 248

Lessing, referred to by Nyevakhovich, Russian-Jewish writer, I 387

Levanda, Leon (Lev), Russian-Jewish writer, native of Lithuania, II 238
teacher in Jewish Crown school, II 239
"Learned Jew" in Vilna, II 239 f
novels by, II 239 f
joins Palestine movement, II 240, 332
corresponds with Bogrov, II 241

Levendahl, Russian official, inspires Kishinev massacre, III 71, 77

Levi Itzhok, of Berdychev, hasidic leader, I 232 f
saintliness of, I 233, 382
Hebrew author, I 382

Levin, Shmaryahu, member of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III 112
deputy to First Duma, III 134
denounces Bialystok pogrom, III 137, 139
demands equal rights for Jews, III 137

Levinsohn, Isaac Baer, called "the Russian Mendelssohn," II 125 ff
born in Volhynia, II 125
associates with Maskilim of Galicia, II 125 f
author of Te'udah be-Israel, II 126;
conclusions of, II 126
author of anonymous anti-hasidic satire, II 127
author of Bet Yehudah, II 127 f
suggests plan of Jewish reforms, II 128;
and modifications in Jewish religious life, II 129
keeps in contact with Russian dignitaries, II 129 f
receives subsidies from Russian Government, II 129, 132
advocates prohibition of "harmful" books, II 129 f
naiveté of, II 130
publishes refutation of blood accusation, II 131
author of apologetic treatise Zerubbabel, defending the Talmud, II 131
compared with scholars in other lands, II 131
dies unappreciated, II 132

Levita, Benedict, of Cracow, granted monopoly of importing Hebrew books, I 131

Levy, Lipman, financial agent at Russian Court, I 248

Lewin, L., quoted, I 111

Lewin, Mendel, of Satanov (Podolia), Hebrew writer, I 388

Liberum Veto, Polish parliamentary law, source of anarchy, I 92, 168

Lieberman, A. (Freeman), Jewish socialist, II 223 f

Lieders, Russian viceroy in Poland, arrests Jewish leaders, II 181

Lieven, Russian Minister of Public Instruction, receives memorandum from Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 129

Lifschitz, Gedaliah, of Lublin, Hebrew author, I 133

Lilienblum, Moses Leib, advocates religious reforms, II 236
joins Russified intelligenzia, II 237
writes "Sins of Youth," II 237
joins "Love of Zion" and later Zionist movement, II 237, 328 f, 376, III 42, 49

Lilienthal, Max, native of Bavaria, II 52
director of modern Jewish school in Riga, II 52
commissioned by Russian Government to carry out school reforms, II 53
visits Vilna, II 54; meets with approval of local Maskilim, II 136 f
meets with opposition in Minsk, II 55