Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Lycænidæ, Leach.

Genus. Thecla, Fabr. (Syst. Gloss. Synops. in Illig. Mag.) Polyommatus, Latr. et Godart. Cupido p. Schrank Papilio (Pleb. rural.), Drury.

Thecla Acis. Alis suprà fuscis subtùs pallidioribus, posticis bicaudatis maculâ rufâ ad angulum ani, subtùs punctis duobus fasciâque obliquâ albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)

Syn. Papilio Acis, Drury, App. v. 2. (1773). Cram. pl. 175. fig. C. D.

Papilio Mars, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 2. 66. No. 624. (1787). Herbst. Pap. tab. 288. f. 1. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 265. 24. (Hesperia M.) Encycl. Meth. 9. 635. (Polyommatus M.)

Papilo Ixion, Fab. Mant. Ins. 2. 71. No. 671?

Habitat: New York (Drury,) taken on 31st August. South America (Fabr.): Antilles (Godart). Cape of Good Hope (?? Cramer).

Upper Side. The anterior wings are entirely dark brown, without any spots or marks.—The posterior wings the same, with four tails, the inner ones much longer than the others; close above which latter are two red spots, edged at the bottom with black, and two more, placed at the anal angle. The cilia is white.

Under Side. All the wings are of a dark lead colour. A very narrow black and white line crosses the anterior wings, parallel to the external edges; another indented irregular line crosses the posterior wings, beginning near the middle of the anterior edge, and meeting just below the extremity of the body. Four long reddish spots are very visible on this side, below which are four black ones.

This species is nearly allied to Papilio Echion, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 788. figured by Roesel, tom. i. tab. 7. f. 3. 4. which is also an American species, but differs, as Drury observes, in wanting the red spots on the upper surface of the lower wings, in having a red line crossing the wings on the under side, &c.

THECLA SIMAETHIS.

Plate I. fig. 3.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Lycænidæ, Leach.

Genus. Thecla, Fabr., Horsfield. Polyommatus, Latr. et Godart. Hesperia, Fabr. olim. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Drury.

Thecla Simaethis. Alis supra fuscis, nitidis, subtus flavo-viridibus, vittâ transversâ argenteâ, posticis apice ferrugineis strigâ è punctis margaritaceis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Pleb. rural.) Simaethis, Drury, App. v. 2. Herbst. Pap. tab. 280. f. 3. 4. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 286. No. 97. (Hesperia S.) Latr. et God. Enc. Meth. 9. 643. 97. (Polyommatus S.)

Habitat: Saint Christopher's (Drury). Surinam (Fabr.)

Upper Side. The wings are brown, tinged with blue. The cilia white, posterior wings with two tails like hairs, of a chocolate colour; the tips being white.

Under Side. The anterior wings are green next the anterior edge, but along the interior one are of a greyish flesh colour. A narrow silver line begins at the anterior edge, about a third from the tips, and crossing both superior and inferior wings, meets near the extremity of the abdomen, running across the inferior wings in a very irregular, indented manner, and having its upper side verged with chocolate. The posterior wings, above this line, are of a deep pea-green; but below it soften into a flesh colour, which continues along the external edge, from the upper to the anal corner; whence rises a jagged, indented, chocolate line, that runs across the wing, parallel with the silver line, whereon are several dark blue spots, shining like polished steel.

Nearly allied to the common British species, Thecla Rubi.

PLATE II.

POLYOMMATUS THERO.

Plate II. fig. 1.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Lycænidæ, Leach.

Genus. Polyommatus, Latreille et Godart. Lycæna, Fabr. (Syst. Gloss. Synops. in Illig. Mag.) Papilio (Nymph. Phalerat.) Drury. (Pleb. rural.) Linn.

Polyommatus Thero. Alis dentatîs, suprà nigricanti-fuscis, fúlvo maculatis, posticis subtùs nebuloso-cinereis maculis linearibus nitenti-albis, maculà disci majori, apicibus uncinatâ. (Expans. Alar. lin. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Thero, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 787. No. 219. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 274. No. 57. (Hesperia rural). God. et Latr. Enc. Meth. 9. 602. No. 154.

Hesperia Erosine, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 266. No. 28.

Papilio Salmoneus, Cramer, Ins. t. 1. pl. 2. f. 1.

Papilio Rumina, Drury, (exclus. syn. Linn.)

Habitat: Cape of Good Hope.

Upper Side. The wings are dentated, and of a fine dark brown colour. The anterior having seven square discoidal red spots, of different sizes. The posterior ones are furnished with four short tails, two on each; above which are three small red spots.

Under Side. The anterior wings are red at the base; but along the external and interior edges are of a rusty grey brown, with several dark marks or clouds thereon. Near the anterior edge, towards the base, are three black spots, with three small white ones in their centres. The posterior wings are of a rusty grey brown, darkest in the middle, with a margin of a paler colour, running along the external and part of the upper edges. Several spots, of a silver white, are dispersed on different parts of the wings; some being round, long, triangular, &c. About the middle of each wing is a long silvery mark, running in a direction from the base to the external edge; being about half the length of the wing.

Drury confounded this species with the European Papilio Rumina, Linn. belonging to a distant genus (Thais), whilst Fabricius described it twice under the specific names cited above.

ERYCINA LYSIPPUS.

Plate II. fig. 2.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Lycænidæ?

Genus. Erycina, Latr. Hesperia (rurales), Fab. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Linn. Drury.

Erycina Lysippus. Alis fusco-nigris, singularum utrinque fasciâ tenui aurantiacâ; posticis angulatis, subtùs ad basin griseo maculatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Pleb. rur.) Lysippus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 793. No. 250. Cramer, pl. 380. f. A. Fabricius Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 321. No. 218. (Hesperia rur. L.). Latr. et Godart, Encycl. Méthod. ix. p. 566. No. 11. (Erycina L.)

Habitat: Jamaica (Drury). Guiana and Brazil (Latr. et God.).

Upper Side. The wings are of a chocolate-black. On the anterior is an orange-coloured line, which, rising about the middle of the anterior edge, crosses the wing towards the anal angle, where it suddenly bends, and terminates at the posterior edge. The posterior wings, which are angulated, have a circular orange line, rising at the anterior edge, near the corner, crossing the wings, and meeting near the anal angle.

Under Side. The wings are of the same colour as on the upper side, with the same orange line, whereon, in the anterior pair, are some white spots. Between this and the base are several faint, dirty grey, oblong spots, namely, four on the anterior, and about twenty on the posterior wing. The base of the anterior margin of the fore wings, and the anal margin of the posterior wings, are of a red colour.

HIPPARCHIA EUMEA.

Plate II. fig. 3.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swainson.

Genus. Hipparchia, Fabr. Satyrus, Latr. et God. Papilio (Danai Festivi), Drury.

Hipparchia Eumea. Alis integris subfuscis, anticis utrinque strigâ latâ fulvâ, subtus serie communi punctorum alborum. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc.)

Syn. Papilio (Dan. Festiv.) Eumeus, Drury, App. to v. 2. (1773). Cramer, pl. 183. fig. C. D.

Pap. (Nymphal.) Gripus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 149. No. 457. Herbst. Pap. tab. 135. No. 3. 4.

Satyrus Gripus, Latr. et God. Enc. Méth. v. ix. p. 497. No. 70.

Habitat: China (Drury). India (Fabricius).

Upper Side. The wings are entire, and of a deep brown, with a broad luteous fascia, rising near the anterior edges of the fore wings, running along near the tips, and ending at the external margin.

Under Side. The wings are the same colours as on the upper side. The anterior, with five whitish spots on each, placed in a row, near the external margin. The posterior have on each sometimes five, and sometimes seven spots, of the same colour, placed in a circular row, meeting near the extremity of the body.

I have reverted to the name given by Drury, in preference to following Fabricius, and the authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique.

NYMPHALIS (CHARAXES) ATHAMAS.

Plate II. fig. 4.

Order Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Sw.

Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. Subgenus. Charaxes, Boisduval. (See page 1.)

Nymph (Ch.) Athamas. Alis supra nigris, utrinque fasciâ mediâ latâ glaucâ subhyalinâ, subtus lunulis ferrugineis marginatâ. (Expans. Alar. 3. unc.)

Syn. Papilio (Equit.. Achiv.) Athamas, Drury, App. v. 2. Cramer, Pap. pl. 89. f. C. D. Encycl. Méthod. 9. 353. (Nymphalis A.)

Papilio Pyrrhus, Donovan. Insects of India, pl. 4. f. 2. (exel. syn. Linn.)

Habitat: China (Drury). India (Donovan). Java (Latr. et God.).

Upper Side. The head is brown, with four minute yellow frontal spots. The wings are dentated, and of a fine red brown, each with a broad brimstone coloured bar, rising near the middle of the anterior wings; and, crossing them and the posterior ones transversely, meeting near the extremity of the body. Above these, near the tips, are two small oval spots of the same colour. The posterior wings have four tails, of nearly equal length, above which are seven small brimstone spots, placed on each, along the external edge.

Under Side. The broad transverse bar is of a pearl colour, being surrounded next the body by a narrow red brown border, edged with black, between which and the base, are two small black spots. The two spots, near the tips, are also seen on this side, being of a pearl colour. The external edges of the anterior wings are of an olive colour; the remaining parts being of a very resplendent greyish purple. Several small kidney-shaped marks are placed along the outer side of the pearl bar. The posterior wings have a narrow orange-coloured border running along their external edges; and above it, are seven small black spots, edged at the top with white. Above these is a shade of brown olive, over which are some black angular marks, with red crescents above them.

Donovan has confounded this species with the Linnæan Pap. Pyrrhus, although Drury had previously pointed out the diversity of the two species.

PLATE III.

EREBUS ODORA.

Plate III. fig. 1.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Noctuidæ.

Genus. Erebus, Latr. Thysania, Dalm. Noctua, Fabr. Phalæna (Attacus), Linn. Drury.

Erebus Odora. Alis dentatis fuscis, nigro undatis, anticis ocello atro auriformi fulvo marginato; posticis sesquialtero. (Expans. Alar. 7½ unc.)

Syn. Phalæna (Attacus) Odora, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 811. No. 11. Sloan. Jam. 2. t. 236. f. 13. 14. Noctua Odora, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 2. p. 10. No. 8. Gmelin, Linn., S. N. 2529. 11. Cramer, Ins. tab. 169. fig. A. B. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 8. 252. 7.

Habitat: Jamaica, Antigua, and other West Indian Islands (Drury). Surinam (Fabricius).

Upper Side. The body and wings are of a dark brown. The latter are scolloped, the anterior having, near their anterior margin, towards the middle, a black eye on each, shaped like a human ear, whose iris is of a dark orange colour; and, near the anal angle, towards the external edge, is a black scolloped line, running half way up the wing, joining to which (under it) is a bar of a very soft and delicate brown colour, differing from the general tint of the wings. The posterior wings have, on each, near the external edge, a mark somewhat like a large eye; upon whose under edge are two semi-eyes, one black, the other the same colour as the wings. Many agreeable shades, of a lighter colour, and ingrailed lines, run across all the wings.

Under Side. The head, breast, and legs, are the same colour as the upper side; except the thighs of the fore legs, which are red. There is very little variety of colours on this side, except a purplish hue, visible when held in a declining direction.

Drury notices another insect, also received by him from Saint Christopher's, of smaller size, and differing only in having a narrow indented bar, of a flesh colour, crossing the upper and lower wings, and which, he thinks, may possibly be the other sex of the insect here figured; considering also, that the references to Linnæus and Sloane, apply rather to the smaller insect. Fabricius states, that the female of Odora is distinguished by having a fascia, composed of three waved white lines, in the middle of the wings.

SPILOSOMA ACREA.

Plate III. fig. 2. ♀. 3. ♂.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Arctiidæ, Steph.

Genus. Spilosoma, Stephens. Arctia p. Schrank. Eyprepia p. Ochsenheim. Bombyx p. Fabr.

Spilosoma Acrea. Alis niveis (postieis ♂ fulvis), punctis nigris, costalibus majoribus; abdominis dorso fulvo nigro maculato. (Expans. Alar. ♂ 2 unc.—♀ 2¾ unc.)

Syn. ♀ Phalæna (Bombyx) Acrea, Drury, App. v. 2.

♂. Phal. (Bomb.) Caprotina, Drury, App. v. 2.

Bombyx Acria, Fab. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 451. No. 137. Abbot and Smith, Ins. Georg. tab. 67. (exclus. Syn. Fabr. B. lubricepidæ).

Arctia Pseuderminea (Peck), Harris in Massachus. Agricult. Repos. vol. 7. p. 328. and tab. annex.

Habitat: New York, Maryland, Virginia (Drury).

Male..—Upper Side. The antennæ and eyes are black; the thorax and extremity of the body cream colour; he abdomen yellow, spotted on the top and sides with black. The anterior wings are cream coloured, spotted with black. The number of spots very uncertain, except five which are placed on the anterior edge, and six on the external one. The cilia yellow, as are the posterior wings, on each of which are three black spots, two near the external edge, and one near the middle.

Under Side. The breast and thighs are yellow; the abdomen and legs the same, chequered and spotted with black. All the wings are yellow, spotted in the same manner with black, as on the upper side.

Female.Upper Side. The head and thorax white. The abdomen yellow, with black spots on the sides and top, the extremity being white. All the wings are white, with black spots, whose number is very variable; but, on the anterior edges of each anterior wing, are placed five, and on the external edges, six.

Under Side. The legs are black and white, the thighs yellow; the abdomen white, spotted with black. All the wings are white, with black spots, most of which, observed on the upper side, being seen on this.

This species is closely allied to the common British species, Spilosoma lubricepida, and Menthrastri; but is of larger size, the spots being also larger. The two figures given by Drury, are now ascertained to be the sexes of the same species, as, indeed, our author had surmised might be the case. It appears to be a very common species, and is stated by Drury to breed twice a year, namely, in June and September. The caterpillar is very hairy, and when young is white; as it advances in age, it acquires a fox colour, and, in its last skin, becomes almost black. Dr. Thaddeus W. Harris, a distinguished American entomologist, to whom I am indebted for many valuable insects of that country, has published a very interesting notice, in the work above cited, upon this insect, under the title of "The Natural History of the Salt-marsh Caterpillar," under which name the larva of this insect is commonly known, and which is exceedingly destructive to grasses of various kinds. He states, that when nearly full-fed, "they become very voracious, and continue eating all the day and night without intermission. Soon they leave the meadows, aggregated in great numbers, and commence the wandering state, or begin to run, as is the phrase, devouring everything in their progress; corn-fields, gardens, and even the coarse and rank produce of road sides, afford them temporary nourishment, until they have found a place of security from the wind and weather." Dr. Harris, in a communication to me, has stated, that he had ascertained that this insect was the Acria of Fabricius, and that Professor Peck's name must, therefore, be rejected. Abbot observes, respecting this caterpillar, that it is "a general devourer of all field and garden-plants, and weeds. It spun up in a thin web, intermixed with its own hairs, on the 16th of May, and the moth came out on the 2d of June. Others of the autumnal brood, taken in September, spun up on the 18th of that month, and remained in the chrysalis until the 21st of April."

PLATE IV.

CETHOSIA CYANE.

Plate IV. fig. 1.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Cethosia, Fabr. Latr. et God. Papilio (Nymphal. Phalerat.), Drury.

Cethosia Cyane. Alis dentatis nigris, lineâ communi tenuissimâ angulatâ marginali, anticis fasciâ posticis disco (nigro punctato) albis. (Expans. Alar. unc. 3½.)

Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Cyane, Drury, App. v. 2. Herbst. Pap. tab. 248. fig. 3. 4. Cramer, Pap. 25. pl. 295. fig. C. D. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 115. No. 352. Latr. et God. Encycl. Méthod. ix. p. 247. (Cethosia Cy.)

Habitat: Bengal (Drury). India (Fabr.).

Upper Side. The anterior wings are dentated and black: the anterior edge of a dirty olive brown; in the middle whereof a broad white bar arises, and runs transversely towards the middle of the external edge, where, stopping at the distance of a quarter of an inch, it forms, with some faint white spots, a black border along the external edge, whereon is a row of narrow white angulated marks. The posterior wings, which are deeply dentated, are white; with a deep black border running along the external edge, whereon is a row of white angulated marks, as on the superior wings, and above each of them is a series of short white streaks, running parallel with the edge of the wing. Above these are six round black spots, one situated between each nerve, and over them six more smaller, and fainter; several more spots being dispersed on the white parts of the wings, some very distinct, and others very faint.

Under Side. The anterior wings are red, which colour extends from the base nearly half along the wing, and which, towards the posterior edge, softens to a cream-colour. On this red ground are some short black lines, with blue ones between them, extending between the two principal nerves. The external edge has a black margin; whereon the white angular marks are seen more distinctly, being here shaped like beards of arrows. Above this border, near the external angle, are two oval black spots, or eyes, whose irides are white, having between them and the black border a row of small, round, black spots, placed close together. The white bar described on the upper side is also seen here. Several more black spots, of various forms, are dispersed on different parts, particularly a group in the centre of the wing. The inferior wings are white, with pale cream-coloured clouds; but next the base are white, blue, and red, with black streaks, from whence a shade of blue and brown runs along the anterior edge to the external angle, where a black border commences, whereon are angular white marks, like arrow beards or points. This border continues to the abdominal corners, where two small, curved, black lines meet together, and form an arch. Above the black border is a row of small black spots, and above them are six larger, with several others, of different shapes and sizes, dispersed on various parts of the wings.

The insect described in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, from Malabar, differs from that figured by Drury, in having the disc of the posterior wings of a fulvous buff colour, and the spots larger, with the markings at the base of this pair of wings, on the under side fulvous instead of blue. Is this to be regarded as a variety, the opposite sex, or a distinct species?

CETHOSIA BIBLIS.

Plate IV. fig. 2.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Sw.

Genus. Cethosia, Fab. Latr. God. Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.), Drury.

Cethosia Biblis. Alis subrotundatis dentatis fulvis, extimo fusco, lunulis albis anticarum serie triplici digestis (intermediâ minori), posticis ante marginem maculis nigris, singulis subtùs ad basin lineis maculisque flavis variis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Biblis, Drury, App. v. 2. (1773). Cramer, Pap. 15. pl. 175. fig. A. B. Herbst. Pap. tab. 248. fig. 1. 2.

Papilio (Nymph.) Penthesilea, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 114. No. 349. (exclus. Syn. Crameri.)

Cethosia Biblina, Latr. et God. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 248.

Habitat: China (Drury). From the collection of the late Mr. Lee of Deptford.

Upper Side. The anterior wings, next the shoulders, are a brown orange, occupying half the wings; the other half, next the tips, are of a rusty red brown, whereon is a row of white crescents running along the external edge. Above this are five white squarish spots, and over them a row of angulated marks, like points of arrows, with white spots in their centres, above which is a single white spot, between which and the shoulders are some short black waved lines, extending between the two principal nerves. The posterior wings are entirely of a brown orange, except a rusty red-brown border that runs along the external edge, whereon is a row of white crescents, and above it are six black spots running parallel with the border, beneath which is a denticulated line of dark brown.

Under Side. The anterior wings, next the shoulders, are of a brown orange, reaching half way along the wings, the remainder being rusty yellow. On the orange ground, next the shoulders, are several black, irregular, short lines, placed two and two, the middle, or spaces between them, being clay-coloured. Two small black spots are placed on the anterior edge, on each side near the base. Along the external edge is a row of white angulated lines, above which is a row of ash-coloured marks, with some dark spots thereon; and over this, is another row of ash-coloured marks, shaped like acute angles, with an oblong streak in the centre of each. The posterior wings at the base are dark orange, but toward the external edges are rusty yellow, on which is a row of crescents on a dark border. Above this is a circular bar or band of a flesh colour, having a row of dark spots on the lower edge, and the upper edge shaped like acute angles, with a black triangular mark in each, and a white spot in its centre. About a quarter of an inch above this bar is another of a clay colour, about one-eighth of an inch broad, with dark spots and marks on it, some of which resemble Greek characters. Over this bar is another near the base, of a clay colour, with a double row of black marks or streaks on it.

Fabricius has confounded this species and another, under the name of Penthesilea. Latreille and Godart have altered the specific name proposed by Drury to that of Biblina, "parce qu'il a été imposé ultérieurement à un genre de Lépidoptères diurnes." I have, however, restored the specific name of Biblis, because the same name, was not proposed for a genus by Fabricius, until many years after the publication of Drury's work, in the Synopsis of the Systema Glossatorum, published in Illiger's Magazine; and because the employment of a proper name, like Biblis, for a species, even when previously used for a genus belonging to a perfectly distinct group, is not incorrect.

PLATE V.

CYNTHIA HUNTERA.

Plate V. fig. 1.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Cynthia, Fabr. Stephens. Vanessa p. Latr. et God. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), Drury, Fabricius.

Cynthia Huntera. Alis subangulatis dentatis fulvis, nigro variegatis; anticis apice productis albo maculatis; posticis infra ad basin griseo reticulatis, ad extimum ocellis duobus magnis notatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Nymph.) Huntera, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 499. No. 240. Herbst. Pap. t. 178. f. 5. 6. t. 179. f. 1. 2. Abbot and Smith, Ins. Georgia, vol. 1. tab. 9.

Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) Cardui Virginiensis, Drury, App. v. 2.

Papilio Iole, Cramer, Pap. 1. pl. 12. f. E. F.

Papilio Bella Donna Virginiana, Petiv. Gaz. Dec. 4. tab. 33. fig. 5.

Habitat: New York, Maryland, Virginia (Drury). Brazil to Georgia (Enc. Méth.).

Upper Side. The base of the wings tawny orange; the anterior, dentated and angulated; the tips and external edges are brownish black, on which are five white spots near the external angle, the largest being round. The remainder of the wings is of a fine orange brown, with several black marks thereon, near the anterior edges. The posterior wings are a little dentated, and of a brown orange colour like the anterior, having five black spots placed near the external edge of each, two of which being larger than the rest have blue centres, below these is a black border, with a row of brown-orange crescents running along the middle. The cilia is black and white.

Under Side. The anterior wings at the base are greyish, beyond which they are beautifully adorned with rose-coloured and black marks, having three white spots on each near the external edge, with several clouds and marks of different colours placed at the tips and anterior edges. The posterior wings are of a beautiful agate colour, with many lines and narrow bars branching from, and intersecting one another under different directions (like lines in a map), so as to form spots and clouds of different shapes. Each wing has two eyes placed near the external edge, one larger than the other, the pupils being of a blueish hue and the irides black, the small one having a yellow circle within it; below these, a purple line runs parallel with, and near to the external edge.

The caterpillar of this insect is described by Drury as being green, with black rings round the body, and as feeding about New York upon the wild balsams, appearing about the latter end of July, or beginning of August. Once in about five or six years they are exceedingly plentiful, at other times very scarce; a peculiarity also noticed in the very nearly allied European species, Cynthia Cardui (the Painted lady), of which species, indeed, Drury appears to have regarded it as a geographical variety.

The caterpillar, according to Abbot, is of a brown colour, with the incisions, and a lateral line yellow; it has also two dorsal lines, formed of alternately white and red points; the head is black, and the spines, with which the body is armed, are of the prevalent colour of the surface. It feeds upon the Gnaphalum obtusifolium. The chrysalis is rather yellow, with black spots, and is assumed towards the end of April or beginning of May. The butterfly appears at the end of about ten days. It continues breeding during the summer, and is very commonly seen sucking up moisture from damp places near houses. The caterpillar folds and spins the leaves together, in the same manner as the English Painted lady, Cynthia Cardui.

PIERIS (THESTIAS) PYRENE?

Plate V. fig. 2.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Papilionidæ, Leach.

Genus. Pieris, Schrank, Latr. et God. Pontia, p. Ochsenh. Horsfield. Papilio (Danai Candidi), Linn. Drury. Thestias, Boisduv. Teracolus, Swains.

Pieris (Thestias) Pyrene. "Alis flavis primoribus apice (medio fulvo) nigris, subtus nebuloso maculatis. Habitat in China." Lin. loc. cit. infra. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Dan. Candid.) Pyrene, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 762. 86? Latr. et God. Enc. Méth. ix. 120.

P. Evippe, Lin. var. teste. Drury, App. vol. 2.

Pap. (Dan. Cand.) Sesia, Fab. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 203. 636.

Thestias Pirene, Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. p. 593. No. 3.

Habitat: China (Drury). Asia (Linn.).

Upper Side. The anterior wings near the base are of a brimstone colour; the tips and external edges being of a dark brown, nearly black, surrounding a large patch of a fine orange. The posterior are of brimstone colour, with a border round their edges of dark brown. The male has not this border.

Under Side. Black; all the wings brimstone, without any marks, spots, or clouds whatever in the female, the male having its under side of a brighter yellow, with several reddish-brown spots on the inferior wings.

There is the greatest confusion respecting the specific names of this, and several nearly allied species, which would be very difficult to unravel. Drury considered this insect as a variety of Evippe, whilst Fabricius, Latrielle, and Godart, give it as identical with the Linnæan Pyrene, which opinion I have adopted, although I am by no means certain as to the identity of the species; the under side of the wings offering no trace of the central discoidal black spot existing in that species. M. Boisduval has not diminished the confusion, in his work just published, by giving a species from Guinea, under the name of Evippe (which Linnæus states is from China), with the erroneous observation, "Il est probable que les anciens auteurs auront confondu sous le nom d'Evippe trois ou quatre espèces Africaines."—Hist. Nat. Lépid. 1. p. 574.

CYNTHIA LAOMEDIA.

Plate V. fig. 3.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Cynthia, Fab. Vanessa p. Latr. et God. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.), Linn. Drury.

Cynthia Laomedia. Alis dentatis cinerascentibus lineis fuscis transversis undulatis ocellisque (quibusdam cœcis) serie posticâ digestis; anticarum sex, posticarum quinque. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.) Laomedia, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 772. No. 145. Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 98. No. 302. Cramer, pl. 8. f. 10. Herbst. Pap. tab. 174. f. 1. 2.

Habitat: China (Drury). East India (Linn.). Java (Enc. Méth.).

Upper Side. The wings are of a greyish purple and a little dentated. The anterior have on each four irregular black lines, running from the anterior edge near the body half way cross the wings, and six eyes on each, near the external edge, whose irides are white, some of which are oval, and one, being larger than the rest, is filled up with black and red; some are very faint. The posterior wings have six oval eyes on each, with white irides; three of which are more distinct than the rest, two of them being filled up with red and black. Two dark irregular lines run along and near to their external edges.

Under Side. The wings are rather paler than on the upper side. A small irregular line begins about the middle of the anterior edge of the superior wings, and running cross them and the inferior ones, meets below the body. The anterior wings have a distinct dark spot, and also a faint one. The posterior ones have two distinct red and black spots, and another very faint.

PLATE VI.

ARGYNNIS NIPHE.

Plate VI. fig. 1.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Argynnis, Fabr. Latr. God. Argyreus, p. Scopoli. Papilio (Nymphal. Phalerati), Linn. Drury.

Argynnis Niphe. Alis supra luteis nigro maculatis, anticis ad apicem cœrulescenti-nigris fasciâ albâ transversâ; posticis subtus viridi, argenteo, nigroque variis, strigâ quinque ocellorum notatis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Niphe, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 785. No. 208. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 142. No. 436.

Habitat: China.

Upper Side. The anterior wings near the base are of a brown olive. About half the wings (from the lower angle upwards) are of a dark blue, with many different shaped spots on them, and a white bar running from the anterior edge towards the external one, which, being intersected by the black tendons of the wing, appears like three steps. All the wings are dentated or scolloped. The posterior ones are of a clay colour, with many black spots on them, of various forms. A black border runs along the external edges, narrowed as it approaches the external angle, on which appear two rows of blue spots like crescents, whose convex sides are placed opposite each other.

Under Side. The white bar on the anterior wings appears as on the upper side, from whence to the tips is an olive colour, whereon are some silver spots; the remainder as on the upper side. The posterior wings are of an olive hue, finely variegated with some white silvery spots and marks. A line of this colour runs along the external edges almost close to the scollops, and above that are five round spots of a darker olive, with small white dots in their centres.

ARGYNNIS TEPHNIA.

Plate VI. fig. 2.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.

Genus. Argynnis, Fab. Latr. God. Papilio (Nymph. Phalerat.), Linn. Drury.

Argynnis Tephnia. Alis subrotundatis dentatis, supra luteis nigro maculatis, posticis subtus viridi argenteo nigroque variegatis serie quinque ocellorum. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)

Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Argynnis, Drury, App. v. 2. Herbst. Pap. t. 254. f. 5. 6.

Papilio Niphe, var. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 142.

P. Niphe mas. Cramer, Pap. 2. pl. 14. f. D. E.

Argynnis Tephnia, Latr. et God. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 262. No. 18.

Habitat: China.

Upper Side. The wings are of a brown orange, having many black spots, of different sizes and shapes on them. A black scolloped border runs along the external edges of the posterior wings, whereon are two rows of tawny red spots, appearing like crescents, with their convex sides placed against each other. All the wings are scolloped or dentated.

Under Side. The anterior wings, toward the body, are brown orange. The tips are of a yellowish flesh colour, with some olive spots on them, with black spots, as on the upper side. The posterior wings are of a yellow flesh colour, marked with some olive spots, and white marks, which seem of a silver hue. A margin of olive colour runs along the external edges, whereon is a row of flesh-coloured crescents (as on the upper side), with an intersected narrow line above them. Over these, are five round olive spots, of equal sizes, with a dot of silver in their centres.

The specific name given to this species by Drury, having the priority in point of date, would have been retained, had it not been identical with that of the genus to which it belongs. Engramelle and several other authors have, inadvertently, given it as an inhabitant of the south of Europe.