Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.
Genus. Melitæa, Fabr. Argynnis p. Ochs. Latr. & God. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Drury.
Melitæa Cytheris. Alis supra fulvis nigro maculatis, subtus anticis fulvis apice fusco, strigâ albâ, posticis fuscis strigâ discoidali maculâque marginali albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Ph.) Cytheris, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Habitat: Falkland Islands.
Upper Side. Head, eyes, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Anterior wings brown orange, with a number of small black spots thereon (not less than twenty) of various shapes and sizes. Next the body these wings are darker and pilose. Posterior wings are the same colour as the superior, and spotted with many small black spots of different shapes dispersed all over the wings; they are also darker next the body and hairy.
Under Side. Palpi reddish. Anterior wings sandy orange-coloured, rather paler than the upper side. Near the tips is a white streak placed next the anterior margin, and close thereto is a cloud of a dark red colour. Most of the small black spots are seen on this side, but less distinctly. Posterior wings dark red, with several faint clouds. A narrow white streak, about a quarter of an inch in length, is placed near the middle of each of these wings; and another much shorter is placed on the anterior edge, near the upper corner. All the wings are entire.
Plate V. fig. 1.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Bombycidæ, Steph.
Genus. Saturnia, Schrank. Attacus, Germar. Phalæna (Attacus), Linn.
Saturnia Mylitta. Alis cervino-fulvis, strigâ ferrugineâ submarginali ocelloque fenestrato, in medio lineâ diviso. (Expans. Alar. 6 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Attacus) Mylitta, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 26. 9. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 411. No. 11. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2403. 463.
Phalæna Paphia, Cramer, t. 146. f. A.
Habitat: Bengal.
Upper Side. Antennæ pectinated, reddish fox-coloured. Neck grey. Thorax and abdomen greyish yellow. Wings reddish fox-coloured, having a round transparent eye in the middle of each; those in the superior being largest. These eyes are encircled with a narrow yellow edging, then with a greyish band, and lastly with a narrow black line; the transparent pupil appearing as if a fine hair crossed it. The anterior edges of the superior wings have a grey margin from the shoulders almost to the tips, where the reddish colour is paler than on the rest of the wing. A narrow dark line begins near the tips, and runs along the external edges to the lower corners, which is continued along the external edges of the posterior wings to the abdominal corners. On these wings a faint arched line of a dark colour is observable over each eye.
Under Side. Breast, feet, and abdomen grey. The wings greyish brown; eyes appearing as on the upper side. A faint dark-coloured bar, beginning at the anterior edges of the anterior wings, and running across the lower parts of the eyes, is continued along the posterior ones; where it crosses the middle of the eyes, and ends at the abdominal edges below the body. All the wings are entire; the superior ones being arched, or hooked at the tips.
Plate V. fig. 2.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Noctuidæ? Steph.
Genus. Noctua? Auct.
Noctua? Speciosa. Fulva, alis anticis medio, posticisque albidis, illarum basi fulvo, maculis 6 parvis nigris, dimidio apicali obscuriori. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Speciosa, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Habitat: Sierra Leone.
Upper Side. Antennæ black, setaceous. Tongue long and spiral. Head, neck, thorax, and abdomen yellow. Anterior wings pale clay-coloured; but next the shoulders yellow, gradually changing to a white towards the middle of the wings, and occupying almost half of them; each wing having six small black spots on the yellow part, three being placed on the anterior edge, and the other three near the shoulder, where likewise is another small spot. Posterior wings white, immaculate.
Under Side. Palpi long and yellow at the base, but the ends are black and filiform. Legs white, striped with brown. Breast and abdomen white. Anterior wings with the tips pale clay-coloured, as on the upper side; all the remaining part being white. A small black bar begins about the middle of the anterior margin, and crossing the wing ends at the lower corner. Next the shoulders is a small tuft of hairs of a silver colour placed on each wing. Posterior wings white and immaculate. The margin of the wings entire.
This and several nearly allied species of tropical moths constitute a very distinct subgenus characterized by the prevailing colour, the spots at the base of the wings, the elongated palpi, and the peculiar neuration of the anterior wings. I have not, however, ventured to propose the establishment of a subgenus for them. They appear in some respects to be allied to the genus Leucania.
Plate V. fig. 3.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Lithosiidæ, Steph.
Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. Setina p. Schr. Phalæna (Bombyx), Drury.
Callimorpha? Pylotis. Alis atro-cœruleis, anticis fasciâ latâ mediâ albâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx) Pylotis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 99. No. 255. Fabr. Sp. Ins. No. 263. Syst. Ent. 585.
Phalæna cribraria, Clerck. Ins. 54. f. 4.
Habitat: Bay of Honduras.
Upper Side. Antennæ black and pectinated. Tongue orange-coloured, and spiral. Head, thorax, and abdomen fine mazarine blue. Anterior wings dark mazarine, having a single white bar running from the middle of the anterior edge to the lower corner. A small part of the cilia at the tips is white, the rest being of the same colour as the wings. Posterior wings of the same colour as the superior, and immaculate, except the cilia, which is entirely white.
Under Side. Palpi black. Neck white. Breast and sides mazarine. The legs black and white. Abdomen orange, ringed with mazarine. Wings coloured as on the upper side; but next the body of a finer and stronger blue. The white part of the tips is also stronger and more distinct. The margins of all the wings are entire.
Plate VI. fig. 1.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Pyralidæ.
Genus. Botys, Latr. Subgenus: Desmia? Westw. in Guer. Mag. d'Ent.
Botys (Desmia?) Sericea. Alis sericeis viridi-margaritaceis, anticarum margine antico luteo. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Pyralis) Sericea, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Habitat: Gold Coast of Africa.
Upper Side. Head light green. Eyes black. Antennæ thread-like, and very long; appearing at the middle as if they had been broken, and had branched out again to their proper length. Thorax and abdomen light green. Tail dark brown. Wings fine light green, almost transparent, and resembling mother of pearl. Anterior edges of the anterior wings pale orange-coloured.
Under Side. Palpi, neck, breast, abdomen, and legs light green; except the anterior tibiæ, which are pale orange. Tail dark brown. Wings of the same colour as on the upper side, immaculate. Wings entire.
The curious structure of the antennæ of this insect (which is, doubtless, peculiar to the males alone) is very similar to that of Desmia maculalis, (Westw. in Mag. Zool.) but the larger size, pearly wings, and different quarters of the globe in which these two species are found, make it doubtful whether the two insects belong strictly to the same subgenus. It is evidently nearly allied to the British genus Margaritia. Mr. Smeathman informed Drury that this is one of the Phalænæ which fly during the day. A little noise or rustling disturbs it, when it takes rapid flights of twenty or thirty yards, hiding itself with great ingenuity, which makes it difficult to catch.
Plate VI. fig. 2.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Bombycidæ, Steph.
Genus. Saturnia, Schrank. Attacus, Germar. Bombyx p. Fabr.
Saturnia Cynthia. Alis falcatis luteo-fuscis, fasciâ communi albidâ strigâ basali lunulâque discoidali; anticis ocello parvo apicali. (Expans. Alar. 5 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Attacus) Cynthia, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 5. 30. 26.
Habitat: China.
Upper Side. Head greyish brown. Antennæ strongly pectinated. Thorax and abdomen greyish. Anterior wings with a bar rising near the middle of the anterior margin, continued along the posterior wings parallel with the external edges, and ending near the abdominal corners; the inner part forming an equilateral triangle. The outer part of this triangle is ash colour, the inner part pale brownish grey, but darker than the rest of the wings. The tips of the superior wings are adorned with a small eye, the lower part of which is black, and the upper part white; from whence a faint white serpentine line runs to the very extremity of the wing. The spaces between the ash colour mentioned above, and the external edges of all the wings, are filled up with light brownish grey, appearing as if powdered thinly with black dust. A small narrow black line runs along the external edges of all the wings, which, beginning at the abdominal corners and ending at the tips, appears as if broken or interrupted just below the eyes. A narrow ash-coloured bar begins on the posterior edges next the shoulders of the superior wings, which, running towards the tips, suddenly turns off, and ends on the anterior edges about half an inch from the shoulders. On the middle of the posterior wings is an ash-coloured crescent, verged at top with black; and about a quarter of an inch above this is another crescent, larger and much fainter, running from the anterior to the abdominal edge, and ending at the extremity of the body.
Under Side. All the parts on this side are nearly of the same colour as on the upper, but not quite so distinct and bright. The angular bar on the anterior wings next the shoulders, and the faint crescent on the posterior, not being discernible. The margins of all the wings are entire; the superior ones being hooked at their tips.
From Dr. Roxburgh's interesting memoir upon the silk-producing moths of the East Indies,[1] it appears that this species is named the Arundi or Arrindy silk-worm, the caterpillars feeding upon the Arrindi, Ricinus, or Palma Christi. It is capable of being reared in the same way as the common silk-worm, the eggs are hatched in about ten or fifteen days; in about a month the caterpillars attain their full size, during which period they cast their skins three or four times. The caterpillar is from two and a half to three inches in length, each segment being furnished with several small soft conical tubercles, the prevailing colour being pale green. In this state they are very voracious, devouring daily many times their own weight of food. The cocoons are white or yellowish, of a very soft and delicate texture; in general about two or three inches in length, and three in circumference, and pointed at both ends. In this cocoon the chrysalis remains from ten to twenty days, the moth appearing at one end, the period of its final state not extending beyond from four to eight days. The moths are quiet, seldom attempting to fly from the apartment in which they are reared. The silk is so exceedingly delicate and flossy, that it is impracticable to wind it off; it is, therefore, spun like cotton, and the thread thus manufactured is woven into a coarse kind of white cloth, of a loose texture, but of surprising durability, the life of one person seldom being sufficient to wear out a garment made from it, the same piece descending from mother to daughter. It is used not only for clothing, but also for packing light clothes, &c. Some manufacturers in England to whom it was shewn seemed to think that it could be made here into shawls equal to any received from India.
Plate VI. fig. 3.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Lithosiidæ, Steph.
Genus. Deiopeia, Steph. Phalæna (Noctua), Drury.
Deiopeia Astrea. Alis fulvis; anticis fasciis septem albidis nigro-punctatis, posticis fulvis nigro-punctatis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 7 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Noctua) Astrea, Drury, App. vol. 2. Oliv. Enc. Méth. 8. 261. (Noctua A.)
Phalæna (Bomb.) Pylotis? Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 479. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2440. 575.
Phal. Geometra cribrata, Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2482. 751.
Habitat: The Gold Coast, Africa.
Upper Side. Head deep yellow. Antennæ filiform, dark brown. Neck and thorax yellow, with two small black spots on the former, and four on the latter. Abdomen yellow. Wings deep yellow; the anterior being nearly orange-coloured, and having several rows of small black spots crossing them from the anterior to the posterior edges, most of which are very irregular and uneven; the two last next the external edges being the least so. The number of spots on each of these wings is forty. Posterior wings with black spots, but much larger than those on the anterior, except three, which run along the external edges; the whole number being eleven.
Under Side. Palpi yellow, tipped with black. Tongue spiral. Legs, breast, and abdomen yellow, the last spotted with black. Wings deep yellow. The anterior spotted with forty black spots, larger and stronger than on the upper side. Posterior wings also spotted as on the upper side. Edges of all the wings entire.
Plate VI. fig. 4.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: Arctiidæ, Steph.
Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. Zygæna p. Fabr. Phalæna (Bombyx), Drury.
Callimorpha? Glaucopis. Collari sanguineo, alis nigricantibus, anticis fasciâ obliquâ niveâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Phalæna (Bombyx Spiriling.) Glaucopis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, tab. 322. f. D. Zygæna Glaucopis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 400. No. 47. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2397. 140. (Sphinx.)
Habitat: Bengal (Drury). Carolina (Fabr.).
Upper Side. Head black. Antennæ black, and very large and deeply pectinated. Neck fine scarlet. Thorax and abdomen black, tinged with mazarine. Wings black, immaculate; except the anterior, whereon is a white bar, beginning near the middle of the anterior edge, crossing the wing, and ending at the lower corners.
Under Side. Palpi small and black. Tongue spiral. Breast mazarine, intermingled with black. Legs long and black. Thighs mazarine. Abdomen black, tinged with mazarine. Wings coloured as on the upper side. Edges entire.
Plate VII. fig. 1.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Swains.
Genus. Idæa, Fabr. God. Papilio (Dan. Fest. or Eq. Hel.), Drury.
Idæa Lyncea. Alis elongatis integerrimis cinerascentibus, venis maculisque permultis nigris; anticis subfalcatis. (Expans. Alar. 6 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Papilio Lynceus, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Papilio Idea, Stoll. Suppl. Cramer, pl. 42. f. 1.
Idea Lyncea, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 195.
Habitat: The Island of Johanna, near Madagascar.
Upper Side. Antennæ black and subfiliform. Head, neck, and thorax black, spotted, and streaked with white. Abdomen black. Wings almost transparent, and of a glassy hue, much resembling common glass; having a great number of black spots like velvet on them of different shapes and sizes, some being round, some oblong, and others like streaks; there being on each of the anterior wings twenty-eight distinct ones, besides those placed next the anterior edges, which are not easily ascertained, from their running into one another. Posterior wings with thirty-three distinct spots like those on the anterior, whereof some appear double.
Under Side. Palpi white. Tongue black, and spiral. Breast, sides, and legs streaked with black and white. Abdomen white. Wings coloured as on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.
The Linnæan specific name of the type of the present genus was Papilio Idea, a name admirably expressive of the delicate transparent structure of these butterflies. As several closely-allied species were discovered in addition to the original type, all partaking of the same appearance, Fabricius transposed the original specific name into that of the genus; a new specific name, Agelia, being given to the original species, which is beautifully figured by Donovan, in his Insects of India, Pl. 24, and is by him considered identical with the insect figured by Drury. I have adopted the opinion of the authors of the Encyclopédie Méthodique, who consider the two insects as distinct.
Plate VII. fig. 2.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Sw.
Genus. Acræa, Fabr. Latr. God. Papilio (Helicon.), Fabr. &c.
Acræa Camœna. Alis oblongis fuscis, posticis basi nigro-punctatis ad extimum fasciâ flavescente transversâ extus nigro-marginatâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Eq. Helic.) Camœna, Drury, App. vol. 2. Herbst. Pap. t. 81. f. 3. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 173. No. 539. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 234. (Acræa C.)
Habitat: Cape Coast, Africa.
Upper Side. Antennæ black. Neck, thorax, and abdomen black, spotted with white. Anterior wings dark snuff colour, immaculate. About two-thirds of the posterior wings (upwards) also snuff-coloured, having some faint black spots thereon, seen more distinctly on the other side; beneath this is a yellow clay-coloured bar, running from the abdominal corner and ending near the external edge by the upper corner; below this bar is a black indented margin running along the external edge, with some small faint spots thereon, which are much stronger on the other side. Abdominal groove clay-coloured; and on each wing next the shoulders is a small triangular clay spot.
Under Side. Palpi clay-coloured. Breast and sides black, with white spots. Anterior wings coloured as on the upper side. Posterior wings clay-coloured, with twelve black distinct spots, two near the upper corners being small and round. These wings next the breast are black, with some white spots thereon; and along the external edges is a black indented margin, with eight small white spots on it, two of which next the abdominal corners are joined together. Margins of the wings entire.
Plate VII. fig. 3.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Sw.
Genus. Heliconia, Fabr. Latr. God. Papilio (Eq. Helicon.), Drury, &c.
Heliconia Diaphana. Alis oblongis integerrimis hyalinis, margine omni fasciâque transversâ abbreviatâ anticarum fusco-nigris, posticis subtus costâ baseos sulphureâ. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Eq. Helic.) Diaphanus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, pl. 231. C. and pl. 315. D. E. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 184. No. 570.
Habitat: Jamaica, Brazil to Virginia (Enc. Méth.).
Upper Side. Antennæ black, and very long. Thorax and abdomen dark brown. Wings transparent, vitreous. Anterior ones with the posterior edges bending as it were inwards. A small narrow border of dark brown runs entirely round the edges of these wings; and on the anterior edges, about a third from the tips, runs a dark brown streak towards the middle of the wing, close to which is a small white spot joining to the anterior edge. Posterior wings having also a very narrow border running about two-thirds round them, and stopping at the abdominal edges; some long yellowish hairs are placed on the anterior edges near the body.
Under Side. Palpi, breast, sides, ash-coloured. The dark brown borders surrounding the wings appear on this side of an orange brown colour; the rest as on the upper side. Margins of the wings entire.
Plate VIII. fig. 1, 2.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Sw.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. God. Papilio (Nymphalis Phal.), Drury, &c.
Nymphalis Salmacis. Alis dentatis, supra nigris disco cœruleo-radiatis, subtus fuscis; fasciâ strigâque maculari albidis (♀). (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Ph.) Salmacis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Herbst. tab. 166. f. 5. 6. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 132. No. 408.
Papilio Omphale, Stoll. Suppl. Cram. pl. 26. f. 1. 1. A.
Habitat: Sierra Leone (Drury). Amboina (Stoll.).
Upper Side. Antennae black. Neck spotted with grey. Thorax and abdomen black. Anterior wings next the body black brown, but at the tips russet, or dark hair-coloured; about a quarter of an inch from thence are two small white spots placed on each wing, near the anterior margin; near the middle is a short white bar, crossed by the black nerves of the wing, whose under part joins to a patch of blue which runs to the posterior margin. Posterior wings next the body black brown, but along the external edges a little lighter. A white bar on each rises at the abdominal groove, and runs to the middle of the wing towards the anterior edge, being margined with blue which seems to shoot in rays; a row of twelve small white spots runs along the external edge in pairs.
Under Side. Palpi, neck, and breast black brown, spotted with white. Anterior wings russet, darkest next the body; the white spots and bar being very plain on this side, with the addition of a row of white spots running half way along the external edges. Posterior wings russet, with the same marks and spots as on the other side, but rather of a pearl colour. Margins of the wings dentated, the indentings being white.
Plate VIII. fig. 3, 4.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Papilionidæ, Leach.
Genus. Pieris, Schrank. Latr. God. Boisduval. Pontia p. Ochs. Papilio (Dan. Cand. or Heliconii), Linn. Drury, &c.
Pieris Pasithoe. Alis suboblongis nigris, suprà cœrulescenti-albo-maculatis, posticis subtùs disco flavo, nigro venoso, fasciâque baseos ferrugineâ incurvâ. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Helicon.) Pasithoe, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. 755. No. 53. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 179.
Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Dione, Drury, App. vol. 2.
Papilio Porsenna, Cramer, pl. 43. fig. D. E. & pl. 352. fig. A. B.
Pieris Pasithoe, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 148. Boisduval Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. p. 451.
Habitat: India (Drury). China, Bengal (Boisduval).
Upper Side. Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen dirty black. Wings soot-coloured, or dirty black, having a small white spot in the middle of the anterior; a row of oblong white spots runs from the anterior edge to the lower corner, some being pointed and placed a little distance from the tips; base of the wings powdered with white dust, increasing to a clear white as it recedes from the body. The posterior wings powdered in the same manner; and having four pointed white spots on each, crossing them from the upper to the abdominal corners. Abdominal groove yellow, extending towards the middle of the wing.
Under Side. Palpi, sides, and breast sooty. Neck and abdomen grey. Anterior wings as on the upper side, but the white more distinct. Posterior wings next the body black, and surrounded by a red circle. The remainder of the wings principally yellow, having the nerves and also a margin running along the external edges soot-coloured. Margins of the wings entire.
Plate IX. fig. 1, 2.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Papilionidæ, Leach.
Genus. Papilio, Auct. Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Drury.
Papilio Menestheus. Alis dentatis, caudatis, nigris, fasciâ maculari maculisque marginalibus flavis, omnibus subtus basi albido striatis, posticis lunulis rufis cœrulescentibusque. (Expans. Alar. 5 unc. 3 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Eq. Ach.) Menestheus, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cram. pl. 142. fig. A. B. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 31. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 59. Boisd. Hist. Nat. Lep. 1. p. 236.
Habitat: Sierra Leone (Drury). India (erroneously, Fabr.).
Upper Side. Antennæ brown. The head, thorax, and abdomen greenish black. Anterior wings black, covered with minute green spots, the tips like black velvet. Some long russet-coloured hairs, occupying a space the size of a sixpence, are situated close to the posterior margin, near the lower corner; there are also twenty lemon-coloured spots on each, eight of which are very small and marginal; eight other oblong spots form a bar, rising on the anterior margin and running obliquely across the wings, meeting near the extremity of the body. Posterior wings velvety black, covered at the base with small green spots, and having five lemon spots running along the external edges. Each of these wings is furnished with a tail, having a lemon spot on each side; and on the abdominal edge is an eye, whose under part is red, and the upper blue. Near the upper corner is a red spot, hidden in the figure by the superior wings.
Under Side. Head and breast ash-coloured. All the spots and marks which on the upper side are lemon colour, on this are pale cream-coloured. Anterior wings soot-coloured, the spots very distinct; those next the external edges being larger, with many cream-coloured stripes at the base running longitudinally parallel with the tendons both of the anterior and posterior wings. These are adorned with several eyes of velvety black; the upper sides being blue, and the under orange verged with cream. The marginal spots are considerably larger than on the upper side.
Plate IX. fig. 3, 4.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Lycænidæ, Leach.
Genus. Thecla, Fabr. Polyommatus p. Latr. God. Hesperia p. Fabr. Linn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.), Drury.
Thecla Thetis. Alis integris; maris supra fulvis margine exteriori nigro; fœminæ fuscis disco albo: subtus albis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)
Syn. Papilio Thetis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, pl. 238. fig. D. ♀.
Hesperia Phædrus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 307. ♂.
Hesperia Æsopus, Fabr. op. cit. p. 307. ♀.
Papilio Cinyra, Cram. pl. 238. C. ♂.
Polyommatus Phædrus, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 675. No. 181.
Habitat: Bombay (Drury). Bengal, Coromandel (Enc. Méth.).
Upper Side. Antennæ black. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Wings russet, or dark hair-coloured, with a white spot in the middle of each, of an oblong shape in the anterior wings, and much smaller and placed transversely in the posterior. Cilia and abdominal groove white.
Under Side. Palpi, breast, and legs white. Wings on this side fine silvery white, immaculate. Margins of the wings entire.
I have reverted to the original name first proposed by Drury.
Plate X. fig. 1, 2.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Sw.
Genus. Biblis, Fabr. Latr. God. Papilio (Nymphalis), Fab. olim. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), Drury.
Biblis Undularis. Alis dentatis nigris aut fuscis; anticis suprà fasciâ apicali cyaneâ, posticis externe ferrugineis, omnibus subtus ferrugineo undulatis, punctoque costali posticarum albo. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 7 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Undularis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, pl. 256. fig. A. B. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 127. No. 389. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 326. (Biblis Und.)
Habitat: East Indies (Drury). Coromandel, Java (Enc. Méth.).
Upper Side. Antennæ brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen brown. Superior wings dark brown, somewhat lighter along the external edges, with an oblong subapical blue streak, beneath which are four oval blue spots placed along the external edges, discernible only when the light falls in a particular direction. Posterior wings reddish clay-coloured, surrounding a dark brown patch placed on the upper part.
Under Side. Breast, abdomen, and legs brown. Wings dark reddish clay, with short red streaks all over the wings, and a white spot placed at the middle of the anterior edges of the posterior wings. Margins of the wings dentated.
Plate X. fig. 3, 4.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Nymphalidæ, Sw.
Genus. Nymphalis, Latr. Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.), Linn. Drury, &c. Subgenus: Limenitis, Fabr. Steph.
Nymphalis (Limenitis) Arthemis. Alis dentatis fuscis; utrinque fasciâ communi albâ strigisque duabus lunularum cœrulescentium, subtus rufo-maculatis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.—3 unc.)
Syn. Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.) Arthemis, Drury, Append. vol.. 2 Say. Amer. Entomol. 2. pl. 23.
Papilio Lamina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 118. 361. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 380. (Nymphalis L.)
Habitat: New York.
Upper Side. Antennæ, head, thorax, and abdomen black. Wings black, at the base surrounded by a white band, separating it from the external part, which is black likewise. On the anterior wings, near the tips, are four small white spots, the two uppermost being largest; along the external edges is a narrow marginal row of small blue crescents, continued along the posterior wings, where it is double, having above it a row of brown orange spots, verged at top with blue. A white bar begins on the middle of the anterior edges of the anterior wings, which, crossing them and the posterior, ends at the extremity of the body.
Under Side. Palpi, head, breast, and legs brown. The parts that on the upper side are black, are of a fine red brown. The basal parts having some brown orange spots on both wings, verged with black. Margins blue; scollopings edged with white. Margins of the wings dentated; the inferior ones most.
Mr. Say observes of this beautiful species that it occurred sparingly in the Northwestern territory, during the advance of Major Long's expedition toward Lake Winnepec. He also found it at that lake as well as at the Lake of the Woods, and in other parts of Upper Canada. He procured specimens likewise from Arkansaw, in the expedition to the Rocky Mountains, and received it from Cambridge (Massachusetts).
Plate X. fig. 5, 6.
Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Diurna. Family: Papilionidæ, Leach.
Genus. Pieris, Schrank. Latr. God. Boisduval. Pontia p. Ochs. Papilio (Dan. Cand. or Heliconii), Linn. Drury, &c.
Pieris Eucharis. Alis suboblongis integerrimis, supra albis, omnibus utrinque venis limboque nigris: posticis subtùs flavis, maculis marginalibus coccineis alboque cinctis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 2 lin.)
Syn. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Eucharis, Drury, App. vol. 2. Cramer, pl. 201. B. C. ♂. 202. C. ♀.
Papilio (D.C.) Hyparete, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 176. (Exclus. Syn. Linn.)
Pieris Epicharis, God. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 153. No. 122. Boisd. Hist. N. Lepid. 1. p. 456.
Habitat: Bombay.
Upper Side. Antennæ black. Head grey. Thorax and abdomen grey. Anterior wings white: nerves black, with seven white oblong spots placed along the external edges and tips on a black ground. Posterior wings cream-coloured, with six oval flesh-coloured spots placed along the posterior margin on a black ground, separated by the black nerves.
Under Side. Palpi, breast, and abdomen grey. Anterior wings white, with very broad and black nerves, forming white oblong spots on the upper side. Posterior wings yellow, with a broad black margin along the external edges, whereon are placed six oval scarlet spots, edged or surrounded with white. Nerves black and broad. Margins of the wings entire.
Drury correctly considered this species as distinct from the Linnæan Hyparete, and accordingly named it Eucharis. Fabricius, notwithstanding, united the two species, and applied the name Eucharis to another Indian species (Anthocaris Eucharis of Boisduval, but which it would be more correct to name Aurora after Cramer). Godart, in order to obviate the confusion arising from two distinct species having the same specific name, altered the oldest name (Eucharis, Drury), instead of the incorrectly imposed name of Fabricius. I have therefore reverted to the name proposed by Drury, the other species being now removed to the genus Anthocaris.