Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor). Arctic regions; in winter to Africa, South America, Marshall Islands, Indian Peninsula to Australia.

“Winter plumage.—Forehead, face, and the whole lower plumage pure white; crown, nape, hind neck, back, and scapulars pale ashy, the crown with well-defined black shaft-streaks, the other parts with narrower and less distinct shaft-streaks; wing-coverts blackish, the median and greater coverts broadly edged with white; primaries dark brown, blacker on the tips and outer webs, the shafts white, a portion of the outer webs of the later ones white; secondaries black, whitish at base and tipped with white; tertiaries rather broadly edged with white; tail pale brown on the outer webs, more or less white on the inner. ‘Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and claws black.’ (Armstrong.) Length, 190; tail, 51; wing, 122; tarsus, 25; bill from gape, 28.” (Oates.)

“Male in summer plumage.—Differs from the winter plumage in being mottled and not uniform, the upper surface being cinnamon-rufous, mottled with black centers to the feathers, which have hoary whitish or ashy edges; the inner secondaries cinnamon-rufous like the scapulars and back; sides of lower back and lateral upper tail-coverts pure white; sides of face, throat, and sides of breast deep cinnamon-rufous, mottled with black centers to the feathers; rest of under surface white. Length, 165; culmen, 23; wing, 124; tail, 48; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 19.

“Female in summer plumage.—Similar to the male but has not quite so much bright rufous in the plumage, the fore neck being barred with blackish. Length, 203; culmen, 27; wing, 124; tail, 49; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 20.

“Young.—Somewhat similar to the winter plumage of the adult but not so uniform above; entire under surface pure white, as also the forehead and sides of face; center of forehead mottled with blackish to base of bill; a dusky streak between bill and eye, as well as along upper edge of ear-coverts; on sides of breast and on fore neck a tinge of vinous-buff or vinous; sides of upper breast and of neck distinctly spotted with black; upper surface black, mottled with spots of white or sandy whitish, these spots being mostly terminal on back and scapulars; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy with a sandy buff tip and a subterminal spot of black, and fringed at the tips with a narrow blackish line, giving the rump the appearance of being lined transversely with black; feathers of head blackish, varied with brown or whitish edges, and forming a more or less distinct cap, which is separated from mantle by the light color of hind neck; mantle ashy streaked with dusky brown; wings much as in the winter plumage of the adult but the greater and median coverts, and inner secondaries mottled like the back.” (Sharpe.)

A male taken near Manila in March measures: Wing, 118; tail, 52; exposed culmen, 24; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 19.

Mindanao (Mearns). Northern Europe and northern Asia to Lake Baikal; in winter Africa, Indian Peninsula, and Ceylon.

“Adult in winter plumage.—General color above ashy brown, slightly darker along the shafts; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish brown; sides of lower back and lateral upper tail-coverts pure white; tail-feathers light smoky brown, the long central ones dark brown, with a very narrow whitish fringe; wing-coverts rather darker brown than the back, with ashy fringes to the median series; greater coverts tipped with white, forming a wing-band; alula and primary-coverts blackish brown, edged with white at tips; quills dark brown, with white shafts, a few of the inner primaries also edged with white near the base; secondaries dark brown, fringed with white at the tips, bases of inner webs white, forming a continuous band with the one on greater coverts; long inner secondaries light brown like scapulars, the shafts blackish brown; crown brown like the back, the feathers with darker brown centers; forehead and supra-loral region pure white; lores dusky brown; ear-coverts and feathers below eye light brown, with narrow streaks of dark brown; above ear-coverts a streak of white lined with brown, forming an indistinct eyebrow; cheeks, throat, and under surface pure white slightly ashy on throat and fore neck; sides of neck and upper breast brown, with slightly darker centers or shaft-streaks; under wing-coverts and axillars white; coverts round edge of wing dark brown, with white margins; lower primary-coverts dull ashy brown, forming an inconspicuous wing-patch. ‘Bill, feet, and claw black; iris hazel.’ (Seebohm.) Length, 132; culmen, 18; wing, 96; tail, 41; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18.

“Adult male in summer plumage.—Much more rufous than in winter; feathers of upper surface sandy rufous; black centers and white margins to many of the scapulars and feathers of the back; feathers of head rufous, with black centers; neck rufous, streaked with dusky blackish, these streaks being smaller and less distinct on sides of face, which are also rufous; a slight indication of a whitish eyebrow; under surface white, throat tinged with rufous, chest pervaded with ashy, and throat, fore neck, and sides of breast mottled with dusky spots in the centers of the feathers. Length, 152; culmen, 19; wing, 96; tail, 36; tarsus, 20.

“Adult female in summer plumage.—Similar to the male, but somewhat less distinctly spotted on the breast. Length, 152; culmen, 18; wing, 98; tail, 37; tarsus, 20.

“Young.—Blackish above, with rufous edgings to the feathers, and thus somewhat resembling the summer plumage of the adults, but they may always be distinguished by the more numerous white edgings to the dorsal and scapular feathers, by the ashy color of the hind neck, by the absence of spots on the fore neck and chest, both of which are tinged with isabelline-buff.

“Nestling.—Mottled with rufous and black down, the tips of which are silvery white or sandy buff; the hind neck sandy buff, forming a collar; the crown black, slightly mottled with rufous and dotted with silvery white, the black extending in a line on the forehead, which is buff, continued into a somewhat broad eyebrow; a black loral line and a black spot on each side of the hinder crown as well as on the ear-coverts; under surface of body whitish, with a tinge of sandy buff on the lower throat.” (Sharpe.)

Ti-út ti-út, Bantayan.

Bantayan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead); Mindanao (Mearns, Celestino); Negros (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp.). Eastern Siberia, Japan, and Korea; in winter Burmese countries to Australia.

“Adult in winter plumage.—Resembles the winter plumage of L. minuta, but distinguished by the whiter fore neck and chest, and by the slightly shorter tarsus. Length, 145; culmen, 18; wing, 96; tail, 42; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18.

“Adult male in summer plumage.—Much more mottled on the upper surface than in winter, the centers of the feathers being blackish, and upper parts overspread with a brighter chestnut color, with which the feathers are broadly margined; crown blackish, washed with rufous and mottled with gray margins; forehead and eyebrow shaded with bright rufous, this color occupying entire sides of face, sides of neck, throat, and chest; chin whitish. ‘Bill and feet black; iris nearly black.’ (Dybowski.) Length, 135; culmen, 18; wing, 98; tail, 43; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 19.

“Adult female in summer plumage.—Does not differ materially from the male, but is perhaps scarcely so rufous, and retains a little more of the hoary gray of the winter plumage. ‘Iris brown.’ (Everett.) Length, 127; culmen, 18; wing, 99; tail, 43; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18.

“Young.—Scarcely distinguishable from the young of L. minuta.” (Sharpe.)

“Frequently seen in large flocks during the winter months.” (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Of the stints that visit the Philippine Islands in winter the Asiatic little stint undoubtedly occurs in greater numbers than all the others taken together; it is the only abundant species and is usually found in large or small flocks on tide-flats.

Basilan (McGregor); Luzon (Heriot); Mindanao (Mearns); Palawan (Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester). Japan, eastern Siberia, islands of Bering Sea, China to northeastern Bengal; in winter Burma to Australia.

“Adult male in winter plumage.—Similar to the winter plumage of L. minuta and L. ruficollis, but darker than either of them, with the head and neck much more thickly spotted with black, and the lower throat and fore neck very distinctly streaked or mottled with brown. The species can of course be distinguished from both of the above species by its long toes.

“Adult male in summer plumage.—Almost exactly similar to L. minuta, but easily distinguished by the length of the middle toe and the color of the legs. Length, 132; culmen, 178; wing, 86; tail, 36; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 23.

“Adult female.—Similar to the male in plumage. ‘Bill blackish, olive-brown at base of lower jaw; feet grayish yellow, with joints darker olive; iris dark brown.’ (Stejneger.)” (Sharpe.)

Negros (Steere Exp.). Northern Europe and Asia, northern and northeastern Africa; in winter Indian Peninsula and China.

“Adult in winter plumage.—Above ashy gray, slightly varied with dusky shaft-streaks; scapulars bronzy brown like inner secondaries; lower back and rump brown, with a subterminal shade of darker brown; upper tail-coverts also dark brown, with longitudinal shaft-streaks of darker brown; wing-coverts brown, with a slight bronzy gloss, shaft-lines darker, and slight indications of paler edges; greater coverts tipped with white, forming a cross-band on the wing; alula, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown; shafts of the primaries pale whity brown, that of the first outer primary white; alula white with a brown center; all the primaries white at the extreme base; secondaries brown, white at base of inner web, and fringed with white at the ends; long inner secondaries bronzy brown with dusky centers; middle tail-feathers dusky brown, the remainder ashy brown, with white in the center, increasing in extent toward outer feathers, two external ones entirely white; crown ashy brown like back; lores dull brown surmounted by a streak of white, hardly joined to a second streak above the ear-coverts, which forms an indistinct eyebrow; eyelid white; sides of face and ear-coverts ashy brown, streaked with dusky brown; cheeks and throat white, with a few dusky streaks on cheeks and lower throat; fore neck and upper breast light ashy brown; lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, and flanks pure white; thighs brown, white internally; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillars white; coverts round the bend of wing dusky brown with whitish edges; lower primary-coverts brown, forming a patch; quills below ashy brown, somewhat lighter along the inner edge. Length, 140; culmen, 15; wing, 96; tail, 46; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18.

“Adult male in breeding plumage.—Only differs from the winter plumage in being more mottled above, the feathers having black centers, and being tinged with rufous, especially on the edges of the feathers; lower throat and chest have some distinct shaft-lines. ‘Bill olive-black, lighter olive brownish at base, especially on lower mandible; feet olive-yellow, joints more dusky; iris dark brown.’ (Stejneger.) Length, 135; culmen, 19; wing, 94; tail, 46; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 18.

“Adult female in breeding plumage.—Similar to the male, and apparently quite as much mottled. Length, 132; culmen, 20; wing, 99; tail, 47; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 18.

“Young birds.—These can always be distinguished from the adults in summer or winter plumage by the narrow sandy buff margins to the feathers of the upper surface, and by the ashy fulvous tinge on the fore neck, which is devoid of the dusky streaks seen in the adults.

“Nestling.—Covered with golden buff down, spotted with black, and spangled with silvery tips to the down; the black forms a line down the center of back; under surface dull white, tinged with buff on the fore neck.” (Sharpe.)

Batan N. (McGregor); Luzon (Celestino); Mindanao (Everett). Alaska, eastern Siberia, and China, south in winter to Australia and New Zealand.

“Adult male in breeding plumage.—General color above sandy rufous, streaked with black down the center of the feathers, these black centers being very much more distinct on the scapulars and inner secondaries, where the rufous margins are very bright; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dusky black, the lateral tail-coverts sandy rufous barred with black; lesser wing-coverts dull brown; median coverts brown; with blackish centers and ashy fulvous margins; greater coverts uniform dusky brown with white tips; alula uniform brown; primary-coverts blackish, the inner ones tipped with white; quills brown, dusky blackish at tips and along outer webs, the shafts for the most part white, brown toward the bases; secondaries brown, with a little white at base of inner webs, and narrowly fringed with white near tips, inner ones a little more broadly; tail ashy brown fringed with white round the end, the center feathers blackish and extended a little beyond the ends of the others; crown bright sandy rufous minutely streaked with black; lores and a distinct eyebrow white, with narrow streaks of blackish; sides of face white, with dusky streaks; ear-coverts tinged with rufous; under surface white; chin unspotted; throat, fore neck, and chest tinged with sandy rufous, and minutely spotted with dusky black, which sometimes takes the form of longitudinal streaks or arrowhead bars, the latter form of markings being especially distinct on the sides of body; breast and abdomen white, the latter with a few linear streaks of black; under wing-coverts and axillars white, bend of wing mottled with blackish bases; lower primary-coverts dusky with whitish tips; quills dusky below. ‘Bill blackish brown, browner or reddish brown at angle of mouth, clear gray at base of lower mandible; feet yellowish ocher-color, tinged with olive, darker on the joints; iris dark brown.’ (Dybowski.) Length, 178; culmen, 28; wing, 137; tail, 53; tarsus, 30.

“Adult female.—Similar to the male.

“Adult in winter plumage.—Much browner than the summer plumage and without any rufous except, perhaps, a slight tinge on the head; under surface white; lower throat and chest ashy fulvous with a few narrow streaks and lines of blackish; flanks slightly washed with brown; on under tail-coverts a few narrow mesial shaft-streaks of blackish.

“Young birds.—Much more rufous on upper surface even than the breeding plumage; back much blacker than in any other age of the bird, intermixed with a great deal of rufous, and distinguished by the conspicuous whitish edgings to the dorsal feathers, scapulars, and inner secondaries; wing-coverts with broad margins of sandy rufous, and longitudinal black centers; chin white; breast and abdomen white, sometimes with a slight tinge of buff; the lower throat, fore neck, and sides of breast sandy rufous; fore neck and chest more ashy and uniform, so that the black shaft-streaks are confined to the lower throat; those on the sides of neck and sides of breast being a little broader.” (Sharpe.)

A rare winter visitant to the Philippine Islands.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, Celestino); Negros (Bourns & Worcester). Northern Siberia, south in winter to Africa, Indian Peninsula, and Australia.

“Adult male in breeding plumage.—Above deep bay or dark cinnamon-rufous; varied with whitish edges to feathers, which are mottled with black centers, taking the form of stripes on head and back, and of cross-bars on scapulars; lower back dull ashy brown, with whitish edges; sides of lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, the latter tinged with rufous, and showing a few black bars; wing-coverts brown, with whitish edgings, greater series tipped with white, forming a wing-bar; some of the coverts rufous like the back, and some of the inner secondaries also rufous on their edges; primary-coverts and quills darker brown, the latter with white tips, primaries dark brown with white shafts; secondaries fringed with white, more broadly on the shorter ones, which are white at base of inner webs; tail-feathers ashy brown, with white fringes and white shafts; head like the back, but showing less distinct blackish centers to the feathers; hind neck distinctly hoary, owing to the gray edgings of feathers; sides of face and under surface rich vinous-chestnut; with more or less distinct remains of hoary margins; vent and under tail-coverts white, the latter tinged with rufous, and having a few black bars; sides of body and flanks pure white, the latter with a few black bars; under wing-coverts and axillars pure white; lower primary-coverts and upper surface of quills light ashy. Bill and feet black; iris hazel. Length, 188; culmen, 34; wing, 135; tail, 48; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 25.

“Adult female in summer plumage.—Like the male but not so richly colored, tint of the under surface duller chestnut, and not so vinous. Length, 178; culmen, 35; wing, 124; tail, 46; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 25.

“Adult in winter plumage.—Ashy brown above, slightly mottled with darker centers to the feathers; wing-coverts like the back; quills as in the summer plumage; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; tail-feathers ashy brown, fringed with white, with white shafts, and a subterminal bar of dusky blackish, the inner webs having a good deal of white at the base; lores dusky, with a supra-loral streak of white; under surface of body pure white, with tiny lines of dusky brown on the sides of face, sides of neck, lower throat, and fore neck.

“Young in first autumn plumage.—Similar in general color to the winter plumage of the adult, and distinguished by the absence of rufous color in the plumage of the upper surface; on the under surface the streaks on the fore neck are almost obsolete, and a fulvescent shade overspreads fore neck and chest, in some specimens even extending to the breast itself. On the upper surface it is very similar to the winter plumage of the adult, but has always more distinct pale edgings to the feathers, these being gradually fulvescent, while the mantle is decidedly darker, being blackish, with pale margins to the feathers.” (Sharpe.)

So far as known this species is a rare winter visitant to the Philippine Islands.

Mindanao? (Mearns); Negros (Steere, Bourns & Worcester). Eastern Siberia and Japan; in winter China to Australia and western Indian Peninsula.

“Adult in winter plumage.—Similar to the winter plumage of T. canutus, being ashy gray above and white below, but easily distinguished by the longer bill and pure white upper tail-coverts; the dusky spots on chest and sides of body smaller and much more distinct.

“Young.—Similar to the adult winter plumage but blacker, with conspicuous white margins to the feathers of the upper surface; rump and upper tail-coverts spotted with black, but not barred with dusky as in T. canutus; head like the back, black with white edges to the feathers, but scarcely any trace of a white eyebrow, the lores and sides of face being thickly spotted with black; throat white, unspotted; lower throat and fore neck light brown, mottled with black spots; upper breast and sides of body also plentifully spotted with black, the spots on the sides of the body being large and often arrow-shaped; axillars white, with marblings of pale ashy gray.

“Adult male in breeding plumage.—Does not differ from the winter plumage to the same extent as in T. canutus; upper surface only slightly suffused with rufous; scapulars and inner secondaries more or less bright chestnut with black subterminal bars; under surface white; throat thickly streaked and fore neck so closely barred as to become almost black, these black bars extending on to breast and along the sides of body; the under tail-coverts spotted with black. ‘Bill brown; feet gray; iris dark brown.’ (Taczanowski.) Length, 267; culmen, 41; wing, 175; tail, 63; tarsus, 33.

“Adult female in breeding plumage.—Similar to the male, but with less rufous. Length, 267; culmen, 43; wing, 190; tail, 67; tarsus, 33.” (Sharpe.)

“Coloration in winter.—Upper parts light brownish gray, with black shaft-stripes which are broadest on the crown; sides of head and neck whitish, with dark streaks, supercilia and cheeks paler; wing-coverts with pale edges, greater coverts with white tips; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries blackish brown; secondaries brownish gray like back, but with white borders outside and at the end; lower back and rump dark brown, with white edges to the feathers; upper tail-coverts the same, but the white borders are much wider, the white sometimes occupying the greater part or the whole of the feathers; tail ashy brown; lower plumage white, fore neck and upper breast streaked or spotted with dark brown.

“In summer the plumage is blackish above, with whitish edges to the feathers, the scapulars with large chestnut spots; upper and lower tail-coverts white, with dark brown spots and bars; chin, throat, breast, and flanks so thickly spotted as to be almost covered in the middle of the breast with blackish brown; there is no rufous on the lower plumage.” (Blanford.)

“Seen in small flocks along seashore in winter.” (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

I have identified as of this species, a sandpiper collected by Major Edgar A. Mearns. The field tag gives no locality but I believe the specimen came from Mindanao. This and many other species of migratory shore-birds will doubtless be found in considerable numbers when more attention is paid to collecting them.

Bohol (Everett); Cebu (McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Platen). Northern Europe and Siberia, Mediterranean and Red Seas; in winter China to Indian Peninsula and Moluccas.

“Adult male in winter plumage.—Above light ashy gray, somewhat paler on the edges of the feathers, which have dusky brown centers; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish, with slight remains of sandy-buff fringes; sides of rump and lateral upper tail-coverts white; wing-coverts rather darker than the back, marginal ones dark brown; median series blackish in the center with hoary white margins; greater series dusky blackish edged with hoary gray, inclined to white at the ends, and forming a narrow band across wing; alula and primary-coverts black tipped with white, the latter broadly; quills black, paler brown on inner webs of primaries, excepting at tips, which are black; secondaries merely fringed with white near the ends, and with a little white towards base of inner web; inner secondaries ashy like back; shafts of all the quills white or whity-brown; middle tail-feathers blackish like upper tail-coverts, the others ashy brown with white shafts and white fringes; crown like the back; lores dusky, surmounted by a broad white streak, which is continued into a narrow eyebrow; sides of face white, with only a few tiny streaks of dusky brown; ear-coverts uniform dusky brown; under surface white, with a few streaks of dusky brown on lower throat and sides of breast; under wing-coverts and axillars white, the marginal coverts mottled with dusky bases, lower primary-coverts ashy. Bill dusky black; legs and feet slaty black; iris dark brown. Length, 165; culmen, 33; wing, 104; tail, 41; tarsus, 20.

“Adult male in breeding plumage.—Above black, slightly varied with rufous edgings to the feathers, some of those of mantle, scapulars, inner greater coverts, and inner secondaries having sandy-buff margins, the black forming large subterminal spots; crown black, with a sandy-buff lateral stripe; lores black; sides of face rufescent, thickly spotted with dusky black like sides of neck; ear-coverts rufous, and surmounted by a pale buff eyebrow, which becomes lighter above the lores; chin and under surface of body white; throat, fore neck, and chest thickly spotted with dusky blackish, the spots on the fore neck and chest somewhat arrow-shaped, as they are also along the sides of body, all these parts slightly tinged with rufous; lateral upper tail-coverts barred with black; tail-feathers as in the winter plumage, but with a more extensive area on the inner webs. Length, 165; culmen, 30; wing, 105; tail, 38; tarsus, 20.

“Adult female in breeding plumage.—Similar to the male, but not quite so plentifully spotted underneath.

“Young birds.—Very similar to the summer plumage of the adults, being rufous above, mottled with black centers to the feathers, and having very broad whitish margins; center of crown black; outer tail-feathers with a great deal of white on inner webs, confining the ashy gray to a broad marginal line; fore neck slightly tinged with buff, as also the sides of the upper breast, these parts being very scantily streaked with brown. During the first winter the pale edges become worn off, so that the general aspect of the upper surface is black.

“The summer plumage is gained by a darkening of the center of the feathers of the upper surface, which become gradually blacker; the head becomes blackish, and the streaks on the breast much more emphasized.” (Sharpe.)

Calayan (McGregor); Mindanao (Murray); Palawan (White). Eastern Siberia to the Yenesei; in winter China to Malay Peninsula.

“Adult male in breeding plumage.—Above blackish, striped and mottled with sandy isabelline; streaks on the sides of back and scapulars very broad; upper surface interspersed with rufous spots, but general color of the light markings sandy buff, especially on hind neck; wing-coverts dark brown, marginal series almost uniform, the rest barred with rufous or sandy buff, with paler tips, the rufous and black bars very distinct on the greater coverts, where they are regularly indicated; alula and primary-coverts blackish, with narrow white tip; quills blackish, the first primary browner on outer web, which is narrowly fringed with white; secondaries (outermost of which do not exceed primary-coverts in length) narrowly fringed with white at tip, inner ones barred with rufous and blackish, mostly on outer web; innermost long secondaries barred across, especially near the ends; tail-feathers blackish brown, ten central ones with a broad band of pale chestnut, followed by a subterminal bar of blackish brown, before a pale rufescent tip; a second rufous band, considerably broken up, a little beyond the middle of the feather; eight outer feathers on each side becoming narrower and narrower, till the outermost has scarcely any web at all; these wire-like feathers with white tips, with an indication of a blackish subterminal bar; crown black, mottled with rufous spots and having a mesial streak of sandy isabelline; a loral line of black, surmounted by a supra-loral patch of sandy isabelline continued into a narrow eyebrow; sides of face and ear-coverts isabelline, rufous just behind eye, entire sides of face having more or less distinct small streaks of blackish, and traversed by a broad blackish line across ear-coverts; fore part of cheeks and chin sandy isabelline; throat and chest sandy buff, slightly mottled with streaks and narrow horseshoe-shaped bars of blackish; breast and abdomen white; sides of body slightly tinged with sandy buff, and distinctly barred with black; under tail-coverts pale sandy buff, with blackish centers, longer ones narrowly barred with black near their ends; under wing-coverts and axillars distinctly barred with black and white, white bars on the latter slightly wider than the black bars; lower primary-coverts ashy; quills ashy below, secondaries fringed with white at the ends. ‘Basal half of upper bill horny, distal half blackish brown; basal half of lower bill greenish, remainder blackish brown; feet greenish; iris brown.’ (Cripps.) Length, 223; culmen, 58; wing, 124; tail, 48; tarsus, 30.

“Adult female.—Does not perceptibly differ from the male in color and markings. Length, 240; culmen, 62; wing, 129; tail, 44; tarsus, 30.

“It is very difficult to distinguish young birds from old ones, and I believe that the only characters of any value are the uniform black stripes along the sides of the crown. In old birds, not only are these black stripes mottled with rufous, but there are also numerous small spots of rufous-buff interspersed among the black feathers of the back; the black subterminal marks on the scapulars are also smaller in the young birds than in the old. A further sign of immaturity is, I believe, to be seen in the nearly uniform fulvous-brown on the throat and fore neck, these portions being more mottled with lines and arrow-head spots of black in the old birds.

“From G. gallinago the present species is distinguished by the wire-like feathers in the tail and by the entire surface of the under wing-coverts being regularly barred with black and white, and the outer web of the first primary being whity-brown instead of pure white. Occasionally young birds of G. stenura have the whole of the breast and abdomen regularly barred with dusky.” (Sharpe.)

Can-du-ro′, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Everett); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Jagor, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Negros (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Eastern Siberia and Japan; in winter China south to the Moluccas.

“Adult male.—Similar to G. stenura, and with wire-like outer tail-feathers, but these not so narrow and showing at least two distinct bars towards the ends; the tail-feathers twenty in number, of which the seven outer ones are attenuated, and only the six central ones show the characteristic broad subterminal band of rufous. ‘Bill light yellowish brown for basal two-thirds, yellower on base of under mandible, blackish brown on apical third; feet light yellowish gray, with blackish brown claws; iris dark umber brown.’ (Swinhoe.) Length, 240; culmen, 58; wing, 137; tail, 55; tarsus, 34.

“Adult female.—Does not differ from the male. ‘Legs and feet pale bluish gray, nails black.’ (Everett.) Length, 267; culmen, 66; wing, 142; tail, 55; tarsus, 33.

“Young birds.—As with G. stenura so with the present species, the young birds appear to be distinguishable by their more uniform dark brown throat and chest; the stripes on the sides of the crown are also black and not mottled with rufous spots.” (Sharpe.)

“Extremely abundant in rice-fields at certain seasons.” (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Can-du-ro′, Manila and Mindoro.

Bohol (Everett); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Mearns); Mindoro (McGregor). Europe to northern Asia; in winter Senegambia and northeastern Africa, Indian Peninsula to Malay Peninsula and the Moluccas.

“Male and female.—Crown black with a fulvous streak over median line; a blackish streak from bill to eye, above and below which the feathers are pale fulvous; chin whitish; throat and sides of head and neck fulvous, streaked with black; breast and sides of body fulvous, barred with black; abdomen and vent white; under tail-coverts fulvous, streaked with brown; under wing-coverts barred indistinctly with black and white; tail black, the end rufous mottled with black; upper plumage black, edged and streaked with rich fulvous and chestnut; wing-coverts black, barred with fulvous; quills dark brown, narrowly edged with whitish. Bill fleshy brownish, green for two-thirds of its length from base, remainder horny brown; iris very dark brown; legs and feet brownish green. Length, 267; tail, 61; wing, 127; tarsus, 30; bill from gape, 58.” (Oates.)

“Adult female.—Similar to the male. Length, 267; culmen, 71; wing, 135; tail, 62; tarsus, 33.

“Young.—Differs from the adult in being more rufous, especially on the throat and neck. The black markings of the back are more broken up and mottled with rufous bars, and the pale outer bands along the scapulars are not so wide. Seebohm states that young snipes may be recognized by not having a dark shaft-line on the light tips of the upper wing-coverts, but I have found indications of the latter in quite young birds.

“Nestling.—Covered with down of a chestnut color, interspersed with black along the back, and prettily variegated with silvery tips to the feathers; below the eye a whitish streak, bordered with lines of black; under surface of body bright chestnut, with a black spot on the throat and a black line across the fore neck.” (Sharpe.)

“This species and G. stenura are likely to be confounded unless special attention is paid to the differences between them. The first and most unfailing point of difference is in the tail. In G. gallinago the tail is composed of twelve, fourteen, or sixteen ordinary soft feathers; in G. stenura there are ten soft feathers and on either side of these a number, varying from five to nine, of narrow rigid feathers with apparently no webs. These narrow feathers require to be looked for; they do not strike the eye, as they are more or less hidden by the tail-coverts and are moreover very close together. A second point of difference lies in the coloration of the lower surface of the wing. In the pintail snipe the axillars and the under wing-coverts are very distinctly and regularly barred with dark brown throughout. In the common snipe these same parts are indistinctly barred, and there is always a patch on the coverts left quite white and unbarred. Mr. Hume points out one or two additional differences which it may be well to quote: In the common snipe the outer web of the first primary is white or nearly so, and the secondaries are broadly tipped with white; in the pintail the outer web of the first primary is of the same color as the inner, and the secondaries are only margined with albescent or brownish white.” (Oates.)

Pa-co′-bo, Manila.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester). Africa, Indian Peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands; Burmese provinces to China and Japan south to Malay Peninsula.

“Adult female.—Above ashy brown, strongly glossed with olive-green, freckled all over with transverse lines of dusky blackish, with here and there broader bars of greenish black; some of the scapular feathers edged with bright ocherous forming a streak down each side of the back; long inner coverts pure white, forming another streak, generally concealed by the scapulars; wing-coverts distinctly glossed with olive-green and finely barred with dusky; alula, primary-coverts, and quills pearly gray, freckled with irregular wavy lines of black, and ocellated ovate spots of rich ocherous on outer web, and with bars of the same color on inner web; all the quills marked with black at base of outer web, more distinctly seen in the primaries than the secondaries; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pearly gray, with black cross-lines, rump with a few white spots, upper tail-coverts spotted with rich ocherous, tail-feathers barred with ocherous; crown dusky, slightly glossed with olive-green, a band of ocherous down the center, bordered on each side by a shade of black; round eye a cincture of isabelline whitish, reaching to a point above ear-coverts, and surrounded by a blackish shade above and below, more broadly in front; lores, sides of face, and throat, deep chestnut, extending backwards round hind neck; across fore neck a broad collar of greenish black; remainder of under surface white, extending upwards on either side of the black præ-pectoral band; on each side of upper part of breast a black patch with a slight greenish gloss, succeeded by some brown feathers waved with dusky lines; axillars and under wing-coverts white, outer ones ashy, freckled with dusky cross-lines and small spots of white or buff. ‘Bill greenish, yellowish fleshy at the tip of both mandibles; feet pale green; iris dark brown.’ (Butler.) Length, 229; culmen, 47; wing, 140; tail, 42; tarsus, 43.

“Adult male.—Different from the female and rather smaller. Easily distinguished from the female by the absence of chestnut on the throat and neck, and by the different color of the wing-coverts. The latter, instead of being olive-green barred with blackish cross-lines, are bronzy olive, with numerous bar-like spots of yellow-ocher, these spots having a black line above and below; the inner secondaries similarly colored and marked. Although there is a line of sandy buff on each side of the back, there are apparently no white parapteral plumes. Instead of the chestnut on the throat, the latter is white with dusky spots on the upper part, the lower throat light brown, mottled with dusky bars and whitish margins to the feathers, the lower border of this dusky patch edged with a band of black. ‘Bill purplish brown; feet dull slaty blue; iris dark brown.’ (S. Stafford Allen.) Length, 229; culmen, 49; wing, 127; tail, 41; tarsus, 43.

“Young male.—Resembles the old male almost exactly, but has the throat entirely white, the lower throat and fore neck washed with brown, with some dusky streaks; these streaks on the full-grown male are sometimes black, but the feathers of the back and scapulars have spots or margins of white.

“Young female.—Is at first like the young male and has the same yellow-spotted wing-coverts; the hind neck is gray, vermiculated with dusky like the male, and the markings on the throat are similar to those of the latter sex. When the chestnut color is first assumed, it is of a dull tint, and is obscured by dusky margins to the feathers; the chin is white, and the throat and fore neck uniform brown, with which the chestnut feathers are often mingled.” (Sharpe.)

“Fairly abundant about the rice-fields. Easy to bring down on account of its comparatively slow and heavy flight. Resident in the Philippines. We obtained its nest and eggs in Siquijor.” (Bourns and Worcester MS.)