A.

• Abyssinia, Christianity of, 67.
• Achaia, dealings of Rome with, 218.
• Ælfred, his view of early Greek history, 18.
• Africa, Saracen conquest of, 133.
• Agamemnôn, his imperial position, 18, 19.
• Agathoklês, two sides of, 33.
• Akarnania, its position in Homeric times, 19;
  • becomes Greek, 24.
• Akragas, its time of greatness, 25.
• Ἀλαμανῶν ῥήξ, title of, 107.
• Alans, their history and settlement, 87, 88; 122.
• Alaric, his career, 78.
• Albanians, their origin, 119.
• Ἀλβανοί, opposed to Ῥωμαῖοι, 141.
• Alexander, founder of the modern Greek nation, 16;
  • his work in the East, 17;
  • his dealings with the Greek cities, 179.
• Alexander of Epeiros, 17;
  • his designs, 34.
• Alexandria, its relation to older Greek cities, 23.
• Alexios Komnênos, compared with Henry the Fourth, 162.
• Allies, Roman, their relations to Rome, 82, 83; 218-220;
  • their slow incorporation, 84, 85; 219-221.
• Ambrakia, its beginnings, 24.
• Amisos, dealings of Trajan and Pliny with, 237, 238.
• Amphiktyonic Council, nullity of, 178, 179;
  • its reform by Augustus, 225.
• Andorra, relations of, 217.
• Angles, first mentioned, 64.
• Antalkidas, Peace of, 28.
• Antioch, its relation to older Greek cities, 23.
• Antoninus Caracalla, effects of his edict, 42.
• Apameia, dealings of Trajan and Pliny with, 236, 237.
• Aquæ Sextiæ, battle of, 44; 60.
• Aquitaine, position of cities in, 192;
  • its relations to France, 195;
  • its separation from Burgundy, 196.
• Arles, capital of Southern Gaul, 85.
• Arminius, his historic position, 64.
• Arnold, Thomas, point chosen by for the ending of his History, 104.
• Asia Minor, its historic position, 19.
• Athens, her history mistaken for that of Greece, 21;
  • remains specially pagan, 74;
  • her relations to Rome, 84, 85;
  • her position under Trajan, 232.
• Aurelian, his dealings with the Goths, 77.
• Austria, the Frankish, effect of the rise of its Mayors, 91.
• Austrian Emperors, their relations to the Popes, 183.
• Austrian Empire, 151-152.
• Avignon, Popes at, 157.

B.

• Bajazet, Keiser of Roum, 145.
• Barbarians, conversion of, 67.
• Basil the Macedonian, his controversy with Lewis the Second, 108.
• Basil the Second, Emperor, 132, 133.
• Βασιλεύς, title of, 108.
• Basques, Iberian elements preserved by, 93.
• Belisarius, Roman consul, 125.
• Beneventum, battle of, 45.
• Bithynia, different position of its cities under Trajan, 233-238.
• Britain, Roman influence in, 94;
  • Continental, its origin, 89;
  • Celtic elements preserved in, 93.
• Buonaparte, Napoleon, his position and objects, 149-151.
• Burgundians, their settlement in Gaul, 89; 123.
• Burgundy, position of cities in, 191, 192;
  • its separation from Aquitaine, 196;
  • represented by Switzerland, 197, 198.
• Byzantine, use of the name, 129.

C.

• Cæsar, his work in Gaul, 61, 65.
• Capitular elections, their analogy with Greek cities, 228.
• Carthage, her beginnings, 24;
  • the rival of Greece, 29;
  • her wars in Sicily, 30;
  • her rivalry and first war with Rome, 46, 47;
  • strife of with Rome for Spain, 48, 49;
  • her fall and new birth, 54.
• Catalaunian Fields, battle of, 44.
• Catalogue, the Homeric, its historic value, 18-20.
• Charles Martel, his defeat of the Saracens, 134.
• Charles the Great, effect of his coronation, 104;
  • nature of his Empire, 106, 107;
  • successor of Constantine the Sixth, 106;
  • his position towards the East, 107, 108;
  • his successors, 130.
• Charles the Fourth, Emperor, his coronations, 147.
• Charles the Fifth, last Imperator, 138;
  • his coronation at Bologna, ib.;
  • real source of his power, 139.
• Charles the Sixth, Emperor, 152.
• Cherson, its beginnings, 24;
  • its relations to Rome, 84;
  • Roman annexation of, 221-222.
• Chlodowig, unites the Frankish kingdoms, 189.
• Christianity, its relation to the Roman power, 67-69;
  • its special rivalry with Mahometanism, 133.
• Cities, answer to nations, 177, 178; 183;
  • contrasted with nations, 186-188;
  • their chief developement among Southern nations, 186;
  • difficulty of uniting, 187;
  • their position in Northern and Southern Gaul, 191, 192;
  • their history and position in modern Europe, 199-205;
  • their history in Germany, 200-205;
  • suppression of, 201-202.
• Civilis, compared with Buonaparte, 151.
• Clermont, Council of, 162.
• Colonies, Greek, 14;
  • their relation to Macedonian conquests, 16;
  • their beginnings, 19;
  • their time of greatness, 23-26;
  • their extent, 24-26.
• Condominium, survival of, 211.
• Conquest, Roman and Teutonic compared, 85.
• Constance, Peace of, compared with that of Westfalia, 139.
• Constantine the Great, his changes at Rome, 74;
  • his foundation of Constantinople, ib.
• Constantine Palaiologos, his death, 170;
  • compared with Leopold the First, 171.
• Constantinople, its various names, 74;
  • Christian from the beginning, ib.;
  • its position compared with that of old Rome, 100-103;
  • never without a resident Emperor, 101;
  • its loss in 1204, 139;
  • its recovery, 142;
  • Latin Empire at, 145;
  • its position, 160;
  • taking of, May 29, 1453, 168-170;
  • Latin rites in Saint Sophia, 170.
• Convocation, English, its analogy with Greek cities, 227, 228.
• Crete, mention of in Homer, 19.
• Crusade, First, 161, 162.
• Crusade, Fourth, 164, 165.
• Cyprus, rivalry of Greek and Phœnician in, 24;
  • Empire of, 143;
  • conquered by Richard, ib.

D.

• Dacia, its conquest and cession, 77.
• Dante, his doctrine of the Empire, 68;
  • his theory carried out in the East, 159.
• Departments, French, their position, 210.
• Diocletian, his changes, 73, 74; 86.
• Diôn Chrysostom, his account of contemporary Greek commonwealths, 225-234;
  • value of his Orations, 231;
  • his speech to the Rhodians, 232;
  • his speech at Prusa, 233;
  • at Nikomêdeia, 234.
• Dionysios, two sides of, 33.
• Diplomacy, in the third century B.C., 37.

E.

• East, growth of native powers in, in the first and second centuries B.C., 65.
• Eastern Emperors, their religious character, 159.
• Eastern Empire, in what sense Greek, 112-120;
  • in what sense Roman, 117-119;
  • its power of revival, 128;
  • use of the name, 129;
  • its calling, 130;
  • its wars with the Saracens, 135;
  • with the Turks, ib.;
  • practically ends in 1204, 136; 139-144;
  • its survival and fragments, 145;
  • its greatest days, 160;
  • its crusades, ib., 161.
• Eastern Question, eternal, 5.
• Egypt, early Greek knowledge of, 20;
  • its relations to Greece, 26;
  • Saracen conquest of, 133.
• Eleventh Century A.D., its history, 135.
• Ἕλλην, use of the name, 112; 140.
• Empereur d’Allemagne et d’Autriche, title of, 149.
• Empereur des Français, title of, 149.
• Emperor, various uses of the name, 144.
• Emperor of the East, title of, 143, 144.
• Emperors, joint reign of several, 75;
  • pre-eminence of those in the East, ib.;
  • rival claims of in East and West, 107, 108;
  • contrast of in East and West, 120, 121;
  • origin of their power, 212-214.
• Empire, vague uses of the word, 155.
• Empire, Eastern, see Eastern Empire.
• Empire, Roman, see Roman Empire.
• Empire, Western, see Western Empire.
• Empires, various Greek, in the fourteenth century, 143, 144.
• England, its steps towards union, 188.
• Epeiros, its relations to Greece, 13, 14; 25;
  • plans of her kings in the West, 34;
  • suggested by the Macedonian conquests, ib.;
  • Empire of, 143.
• Erbkaiser von Oesterreich, title of, 151.
• Euboia, account of by Diôn Chrysostom, 231.
• Europe, three marked periods in its history, 4;
  • its geographical character, 6;
  • its analogies in the earliest and latest times, 176.

F.

• Federal States, examples of in the third century B.C., 36.
• Federations, their long survivals in Greece, 225.
• Fifth Century A.D., its character and relation to earlier times, 79;
  • compared with the third century B.C., 81;
  • sketch of its history, 122-124.
• Fifth Century B.C., a time of Greek decline, 21;
  • its effect on the Teutonic nations, 85-95.
• Finlay, George, his view of the fifth century B.C., 21.
• France, formation of, 91, 92;
  • its growth, 190-192;
  • position of cities in, 191.
• France, Duchy of, its dismemberment, 190.
• Francia, name of, 89;
  • divisions of, 91.
• Frankfurt, its commonwealth suppressed, 202.
• Franks, their appearance in Gaul, 78;
  • translation of the Empire to, 112;
  • their advance in Gaul, 123;
  • union of their kingdoms, 189;
  • fourfold division of, 196.
• Frederick the Second, Emperor, his crusade, 163;
  • effects of his treatment by the Popes, ib.
• Frederick the Third, Emperor, 138; 147.
• Free Cities, hindrances to national growth, 193.
• French Empire, 149-151.
• French language, its formation, 190.
• French nation, its origin, 91, 92;
  • its formation, 190-192.

G.

• Gascons, see Basques.
• Gaul, Cisalpine, Roman conquest of, 49;
  • its Roman life, 61, 62;
  • Teutonic settlements in, 87;
  • how affected by the Teutonic invasions, 90, 91;
  • Southern, Romance growth in, 91;
  • its disunion, 189;
  • national elements in, 195-197.
• Gauls, their relation to Rome, 86;
  • their adoption of the Roman name, 87.
• Gela, its time of greatness, 25.
• George Maniakês, his recovery of Syracuse, 135.
• German, use of the name, 113.
• German Empire, 153.
• Germans, their invasions, 77;
  • their relation to the Empire, ib.
• Germany, its connexion with the Western Empire, 147;
  • its disunion, 189;
  • less divided than Italy, 193;
  • position of cities in, 200-205.
• Ghibelline theory, carried out in the East, 159.
• Gibbon, Edward, extent of his history, 75.
• Gothia, name of, 88.
• Goths, their dealings with the Empire, 77-79;
  • their settlement in Gaul, 89;
  • their taking of Rome, 95;
  • their position in East and West, 99;
  • their settlement in Gaul and Spain, 123.
• Græci, use of the name, 112.
• Gratian, refuses the Pagan pontificate, 155.
• Greece, its geographical character, 6;
  • its historic calling, 7;
  • its connexion with other Aryan lands, 7, 8;
  • its influence compared with that of Rome, 8-10;
  • its position towards the East, 11, 12;
  • its relations to Rome, 15;
  • various forms of its influence, 16;
  • its geographical boundary, 17;
  • two main periods of its influence, 21, 22;
  • its decline in the fourth century B.C., 32;
  • its influence in East and West, 34;
  • relations of Rome to, after the first Macedonian war, 54, 55;
  • its influence extended by Rome, 92, 93;
  • international law in its oldest times, 178;
  • in Macedonian times, 179;
  • highest developement of cities in, 186;
  • survival of Federal systems in, 225;
  • its position under Trajan, 229.
• Greece, Greater, 14;
  • falls away from Greek life, 17;
  • its most brilliant time, 25.
• Greek, use of the name, 113;
  • in the sixth century, 126, 127;
  • in the thirteenth, 140, 141.
• Greek cities, their position under the Roman Empire, 239;
  • gradual extinction of their freedom, 239, 240.
• Greek language, its history in the Eastern Empire, 115-117.
• Greek nation, modern, its origin, 16.
• Greek studies, their value, 9, 10.
• Greeks, their relations to other nations, 13;
  • their geographical position, 17, 18;
  • their relation to Rome, 86;
  • their adoption of the Roman name, ib.
• Gregory the Great, his letter to Phocas, 125; 158.
• Gregory the Seventh, his career and death, 156, 157.

H.

• Hadriatic Sea, Western boundary of permanent Greek life, 17.
• Hamilkar, his exploits and those of his House, 48.
• Hannibal, his character and historic position, 50-53.
• Hannibalian war, its character, 50-52.
• Hansa, its growth, 201;
  • its decline, 202;
  • its modern survival, 202-204.
• Henry the Fourth, Emperor, his position at the time of the First Crusade, 162.
• Henry the Seventh, Emperor, 132; 147.
• Heraclius, his exploits, 129; 133.
• Herodotus, his clear view of history, 18; 21.
• Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, 95; 111; 112.
• Homer, his historic witness, 18-20.

I.

• Imperator and Imperator electus, 111.
• Imperial power, its original nature, 69;
  • its slow growth, 73, 74.
• Innocent the Third, his relation to the Fourth Crusade, 165.
• International law, times of its importance, 177-180;
  • its difficulty, 177;
  • ceases under the Roman power, 180.
• Italy, relations of its nations to the Greek cities, 31;
  • help for its cities sought in Greece, 32-34;
  • how affected by the Teutonic invasions, 90, 91;
  • its position under Theodoric, 97, 98;
  • reconquered by the Empire, 98;
  • divided between the Empire and the Lombards, ib.;
  • southern part remains Greek, ib.;
  • developement of cities in, 186;
  • its disunion, 189; 193;
  • position of cities in, 191;
  • its reunion, 193-195;
  • its drawbacks, 194.

J.

• Janissaries, 167.
• Jerusalem, recovered by Frederick the Second, 163.
• Jews, revival of their power under the Maccabees, 66;
  • their mission in the world, ib.
• John Sobieski, Vienna delivered by, 171.
• Joseph the Second, Emperor, 152.
• Justinian, closes the University of Athens, 85;
  • his historic position, 126-128.

K.

• Kingship, various forms of in the Polybian age, 36.
• Korkyra, its position in Homeric times, 20;
  • becomes Greek, 24.
• Kyrênê, colonization of, 24.

L.

• Latin language, its history in the Eastern Empire, 114-117.
• Λατῖνοι, opposed to Ῥωμαῖοι, 141.
• Lectures, scheme of, 204-206;
  • given in America, 205.
• Leo the Isaurian, beats back the Saracens, 134.
• Leopold the First, Emperor, compared with Constantine Palaiologos, 171.
• Lesbos, mention of in Homer, 19.
• Lewis the Second, Emperor, his controversy with Basil the Macedonian, 108;
  • his position in Italy, 130, 131.
• Lignitz, defeat of the Mongols at, 161.
• Lübeck, its coinage, 202.
• Lykia, League of, 37;
  • its history and constitution, 222, 223.

M.

• Macedonia, its relations to Greece, 14.
• Macedonian Conquests, effects of, 14, 15.
• Macedonian Emperors, their work, 132, 133.
• Macedonian Wars, character of the First, 51, 52.
• Magyars, effects of their settlement and conversion, 94.
• Mahomet the Second, his European position, 167.
• Mahometan history, its date, 11.
• Mahometanism, its special rivalry with Christianity, 133.
• Marcus, his reign, 76.
• Maria Theresa, 152.
• Marius, Gaius, his work, 60.
• Massalia, its time of greatness, 25;
  • its two republican periods, 192.
• Maximilian, Imperator electus, 138;
  • his tomb, 147.
• Merwings, end of, 158.
• Milêtos, mention of in Homer, 19.
• Mogul Empire, 150.
• Mykênê, Empire of, 18.

N.

• Nations, answer to cities, 177, 178; 183;
  • definition of, 192, 193.
• Nikaia, Sultans of, 135, 144, 145;
  • Emperors of, 140;
  • their recovery of Constantinople, 142;
  • its position under Trajan, 234, 235.
• Nikêphoros, Emperor, acknowledges the claim of Charles the Great, 108.
• Nikomêdeia, its position under Trajan, 234, 235.
• Normandy, settlement of, 190.

O.

• Odowakar, his position and history, 96.
• Odysseus, his relation to his overlord, 18.
• Olbia, Diôn Chrysostom’s account of, 231.
• Olympiad, First, a starting-point, 10, 11.
• Otto the Great, Emperor, 131.
• Otto the Third, Emperor, 131.
• Ottoman Turks, their advance in Asia and Europe, 165-168.

P.

• Palaiologoi, their Empire a survival of the old Empire, 142;
  • their recovery of Peloponnêsos, ib.
• Panormos, Phœnician colony, 24.
• Paris, the centre of France, 191.
• Parthia, Greek influence on, 15;
  • its relations to Rome, 62.
• Patricians, Teutonic, 105.
• Peloponnêsos, recovered by the Palaiologoi, 142.
• Pergamon, the model kingdom, 37;
  • its relations to Rome, 56;
  • dealings of Rome with, 218.
• Persia, its historic position, 27-29;
  • its alliance with Carthage, 30;
  • its new birth and rivalry with Rome, 63.
• Persian Wars, their nature, 21.
• Philip, how looked on at Megalopolis, 32.
• Philip the Fifth, his failure to help Hannibal, 51, 54.
• Phœnicia, its history and relation to Greece, 12; 20;
  • extent of its colonization, 24; 26;
  • its older and newer cities, 29.
• Physical inventions, their political effect, 183-185.
• Pippin, Patrician, 105;
  • recovers Septimania from the Saracens, 134;
  • his unction, 158.
• Pliny, his correspondence with Trajan, 225, 226; 233-239;
  • his dealings with Apameia, 236;
  • with Amisos, 237.
• Plutarch, his account of contemporary Greek commonwealths, 225-230;
  • his political precepts, 227-230.
• Poland, Vienna delivered by, 171;
  • share of the House of Austria in its partition, 172.
• Polybios, preserves the non-Athenian tradition of Philip, 32;
  • character of his age, 35;
  • his experience compared with that of Thucydides, 35, 36.
• Pompeius Gnæus, his work in the East, 61.
• Pontius Telesinus, 61.
• Pontos, Greek influence on, 15.
• Popes, a survival of the Empire, 155;
  • origin and growth of their power, 156-158;
  • their encroachments in the East, 165; 170;
  • chosen from Italians only, 182;
  • their relations to the Austrian Emperors, 183.
• Pragmatic Sanction, 152.
• Pressburg, Treaty of, 149.
• Protected states, their position, 224.
• Provence, its commonwealth, 192.
• Provinces, slow annexation of, 72, 73;
  • position of different towns in, 215-216.
• Prusa, speech of Diôn Chrysostom at, 232.
• Punic Wars, an episode in European history, 49, 50.
• Pyrrhos, his Hellenic position, 14; 17;
  • his designs, 34;
  • effects of his war with Rome, 45.