The Project Gutenberg eBook of Outlines of Zuñi Creation Myths, by Frank Hamilton Cushing.

Albizu, Tomas de, Zuñi attacked by, 328
Alona identified with Hálona, 327
Alvarado, H. de, Zuñi ruins visited by, 344
Ánahoho of Zuñi mythology, 414
Ánosin Téhuli of Zuñi mythology, 381
Apache-Navajo, Háwik’uh destroyed by, 329
Ápoyan Tä´chu of Zuñi mythology, 379
Aquico identified with Háwik’uh, 326
Architectural terms of the Zuñi, 356
Architecture of cliff dwellings, 344
Architecture, Zuñi, Evolution of, 363
Art remains of cliff and cave dwellers, 351
Arvide, Martin de, killed by the Zuñi, 327, 328
Áshiwi, a Zuñi synonym, 367
Avila y Ayala, Padre de, missionary at Zuñi, 329
Áwisho tehuli of Zuñi mythology, 383
Áwitelin Tsíta of Zuñi mythology, 379
Áwiten Téhu‘Hlnakwi of Zuñi mythology, 379
Áwonawílona of Zuñi mythology, 379

Baird, Spencer F., Acknowledgment to, 378
Bal, Juan de, missionary at Hálona, 329
Bal, Juan de killed by the Zuñi, 330
Bandelier, A. F., on southwestern cliff dwellings, 347
Baptism, how received by the Zuñi, 327, 333, 335
Baptismal record of Zuñi, 333
Bark clothing, 358
Benavides, A. de, Southwestern missions founded by, 327
Black people of Zuñi tradition, 343, 424

Canyon de Chelly, Cliff dwellings in, 348
Caquima identified with K‘yäkime, 326
Cardinal directions of the Zuñi, 355
Casa Grande, Masonry of, 360
Castañeda, P. de, Zuñi cremation mentioned by, 366
Ceremonials, Zuñi, Character of, 375
Ceremonials, Orientation in, 370
Chamuscado, F., Expedition of, 326
Children, Care of, in war times, 350
Church at Zuñi, Desecration of, 337
Church at Zuñi, how regarded by the natives, 335, 337
Church at Zuñi, when built, 332, 333
Cibola identified with Zuñi country, 325, 367
Cibola, Settlement of cities of, 427
Clans of the Zuñi, 368, 372, 386
Clans, Relation of, to natural phenomena, 370
Cliff dwellings, Nomenclature of, 359
Cliff dwellings and Zuñi ruins compared, 344
Cliff dwellings built by Zuñi ancestors, 343
Cliff dwellings, why constructed, 347
Clothing of ancient southwesterners, 358
Color divisions of the Zuñi, 369
Concretions used as fetiches, 359, 366
Corn maidens, Zuñi ceremonial of, 430, 435, 442, 443
Corn people of Zuñi tradition, 348
Corn perfecting ceremony, 445
Corn, Zuñi origin of, 391
Corn, Zuñi regard for, 376
Coronado, F. V. de, Conquest of Cibola by, 326
Cosmology of the Zuñi, 370, 379, 388
Cremation among Yuman and Piman tribes, 366
Cremation formerly practiced by the Zuñi, 336
Cuzco, the center of Inca dominion, 325

Death, Zuñi mythic origin of, 404
Dew People of Zuñi tradition, 343, 390
Doorways in cliff dwellings, 347
Drama, Zuñi, defined, 375
Duck, The, in Zuñi mythology, 407
Dwellings in Colorado valley, 357
Dwellings of the ancient Zuñi, 361

Eagle, The, in Zuñi mythology, 436
Earthquake influence in Zuñi ceremony, 373
El Moro, Spanish inscriptions at, 326
Espejo, A. de, Visit of, to Zuñi, 327
Estevanico, Cibola visited by, 326

Falcon in Zuñi mythology, 437
Feast, Ceremonial, at Zuñi, 327
Feast of the dead at Zuñi, 338
Fetiches, Concretions used as, 366
Fetiches of the ancient Zuñi, 359
Fiber clothing and sandals, 358
Flood in Zuñi mythology, 429
Flute people of Zuñi mythology, 432

Galdo, Juan, missionary at Zuñi, 329
Genesis of the Zuñi, 379
Government, Former, of the Zuñi, 325
Granaries of the Havasupai, 350
Granaries of the Tarahumári, 350

Hairdressing of the ancient Zuñi, 358
Hálona, a town of Cibola, 327, 332
Hálona, Destruction of church at, 330
Hálona, Mission established at, 327, 329
Hálonawan, Settlement of, 429
Hán´hlipiŋk'ya in Zuñi mythology, 424
Havasupai granary pockets, 350
Háwik’uh, a Cibola town, 326
Háwik’uh, Abandonment of, 329
Háwik’uh, Mission established at, 327
Hemenway, Mary, expedition, Excavations by, 351
Herding, how conducted by the Zuñi, 340
Hunt, Ceremonial, at Zuñi, 327

Inca government, 325
Industries, Zuñi, how affected by Spanish intercourse, 340
Inscription Rock, New Mexico, 326

Kâ´‘hluëlane of Zuñi mythology, 408
Kâ´kâ, Abode of the, 404
Kâ´kâ, Explanation of the, 375
Kâ´kâ of the Zuñi, 366
Kâ´kâ, Origin of the, 401
Kâ´kâkwe, Zuñi dance dramatists, 327
Kâ´yemäshi of Zuñi mythology, 366, 410
Keres, Absorption of, by the Zuñi, 342, 343
Kinship terms, Origin of, 372
Kiva, Archeologic evidence furnished by, 348
Kiva in cliff dwellings, 346, 348
K‘ólin tehuli of Zuñi mythology, 381
K‘yäkime, a town of Cibola, 326
K‘yäk´lu of Zuñi mythology, 406

Las Tusas cave dwellings, 350
Letrado, Francisco de, missionary at Zuñi, 327
Letrado, Francisco de, Death of, by Indians, 328
Linguistic affinity of the Zuñi, 342, 355, 359
Los Muertos, Masonry of ruins of, 360
Lumholtz, Carl, on Mexican cave-dwellings, 349

Macaw, Zuñi mythic origin of, 384
McGee, W. J., Acknowledgment to, 378
Mátsaki, a town of Cibola, 326
Mátsaki, Zuñi cremation observed at, 366
Mendoza, A. de, Niza's report to, 326
Mexicans, how regarded by the Zuñi, 338
Middle-of-the-world, Ceremonial testing of the, 429
Middle-of-the-world, Zuñi determination of, 428
Middle-of-the-world, Zuñi search for, 390, 398, 415
Middle-of-the-world, Zuñi symbolism of the, 373
Middle People of Zuñi mythology, 427
Mohave, Houses of the, 358
Mortuary customs of the Zuñi, 336, 359, 365
Muzaque identified with Mátsaki, 326
Mytho-sociologic organization, of the Zuñi, 367

Names of sacred societies, Symbolism of, 371
Names of the Zuñi, native and Spanish, 333
New Mexico reconquered, 331
Niza, Marcos de, Cibola visited by, 326, 342

Padilla, Juan de, an early southwestern missionary, 326
Padilla, Juan de, Zuñi ruins visited by, 344
Paíyatuma of Zuñi mythology, 432, 439, 446
Peaches in Zuñi, Source of, 332
Perea, E., Southwestern, missionaries brought by, 327
Pescado springs poisoned by the Zuñi, 331
Philosophy of the Zuñi, 361
Poisoning of springs by the Zuñi, 331
Popé, leader in pueblo rebellion, 329
Population of the Zuñi, 367
Póshaiyaŋk‘ya of Zuñi mythology, 381
Powell, J. W., Acknowledgment to, 378
Powell, J. W., on kinship terms, 372
Priests, Zuñi, Origin of, 384, 417
Priests-of-the-bow in Zuñi mythology, 432
Priests-of-the-bow, Traditions of, 330
Pueblo rebellion of 1680, 329

Rainbow-worm in Zuñi mythology, 408
Raven in Zuñi mythology, 384, 438
Religion, Zuñi, how affected by Spanish intercourse, 333, 338
Religious terms of the Zuñi explained, 374
Ruins, Ancient Zuñi, described, 344

Salt supply of the ancient Zuñi, 353
Salt trade of ancient pueblos, 354
Salt trade in South America, 354
Sandal of fiber, 358
Scalp-dance, Significance of, 328
Seed People of Zuñi mythology, 428
Sepulchers in San Juan cliff ruins, 348
Shell necklaces and gorgets, 358
Shields of the ancient Zuñi, 358
Shíwona, Zuñi name for their range, 326
Silversmithing among the Zuñi, 339, 340
Societies, Sacred, of the Zuñi, 371
Societies, Zuñi, Origin of, 387
Sónoli ‘Hlúëlawe occupied by the Zuñi, 332
Spanish influence on the Zuñi, 331-341, 366
Spanish and Zuñi history, 326
Step-log, Zuñi etymology of, 361
Step-log of Yuman tribes, 357
Storage room in cliff dwellings, 345, 350
Summer clans of the Zuñi, 426, 428
Summer, Zuñi mythic origin of, 384
Symbolism of names of sacred societies, 371

Tarahumári cave dwellings, 349
Ték’ohaian úlahnane of Zuñi mythology, 383
Tépahaian tehuli of Zuñi mythology, 383
Tepehuani cave dwellings, 349
Thunder mountain, Settlement of the Zuñi on, 326, 330, 429
Time-reckoning by the Zuñi, 446
Totem clans, Myth regarding naming of, 386
Tsegi. See Canyon de Chelly.

Úanam éhkona of Zuñi mythology, 381
Úanam yáluna of Zuñi mythology, 381
Untailing of men in Zuñi mythology, 416

Walls, Curved, in ancient ruins, 346
War, Zuñi origin of, 390
War gods, Zuñi origin of, 417
Weapons of the ancient Zuñi, 358
Winter clans of the Zuñi, 426
Winter, Zuñi mythic origin of, 384

Zipias, Account of the, 328
Zuñi, History of, 341
Zuñi, Spanish history of, 326

[1] Some of the primitive Zuñi methods of working metals are incidentally described in my paper entitled "Primitive Copper-working, an Experimental Study," in The American Anthropologist, Washington, January, 1894, pp. 193-217.

[2] See Bandelier, Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, etc., Part II, pp. 425-428.

[3] Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83.

[4] A parallel world example of the influence of salt sources on the movements of primitive peoples may be found in the fact that all the great historic trade routes across Asia were first established along salt trails of prehistoric times.

[5] See pages 403, 405-406.

[6] See Mindeleff, Architecture of Tusayan and Cibola, Eighth Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnology, p. 157.

[7] In my "Study of Pueblo Pottery," etc. (Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1882-83), I have said that "The archaic name for a building or walled structure is héshota, a contraction of the now obsolete term héshotapone; from hésho, gum, or resin-like; shótaie, leaned or placed together convergingly; tápoane, a roof (covering) of wood, or a roof (covering) supported by wood."

I regret to say that the etymology of this word as thus rendered was not quite correct, and therefore its meaning as interpreted in the passage which immediately followed was also mistaken. It is quite true that hésho signifies gum or resin, etc. (referring, as I then supposed, to áhesho, or gum rock, a name for lava; used constructively in the oldest round huts of the basaltic regions); but the root he enters into many other compounds, such as not only wax, gum, pitch, metal (as being rock-pitch, that is, melted from rocks), etc., but also mud, clay-paste, mud-mortar, and finally adobe, as being dried mud mortar; hence walls made either with or of adobe, etc. Had I been, at the time of this first writing, as familiar with the language as I now am I should not have connected as a single root he and sho, making hésho (gum or pitch) of it. For, as elsewhere stated in the same essay, shówe signifies canes, (shóole, a cane or reed), and it now appears that the syllable thus derived formed a root by itself. But I had not then learned that the greater number of the ruins of southern Arizona, especially of the plains, consisted of gabion-like walls, that is, of walls made by packing stiff earth or rubble mortar or cement between double or parallel cane-wattled stockades, and then heavily plastering this exterior or casing (as was the case in the main walls of the celebrated Casa Grande and the temple mound of Los Muertos); or else, in less massive ruins of lesser walls the cores or supports of which consisted of close-set posts lathed with reeds or canes, the mud or cement being built up either side of these cores, or, in case of the thinnest walls, such as partitions, merely plastered to either face.

I can not doubt that even the grandest and most highly developed of these ruins—the Casas Grandes themselves, which look today as if constructed wholly of massive masonry—no less than the simplest plastered stockade walls, were developed from such beginnings as the mere mud-plastered cane and stockade screens of the ancient rancheria builders. Thus, I am constrained to render the primary meaning of héshotapoane as approximately "mud-plastered cane and stick structure;" from heliwe, mud mortar; shówe, canes or reeds; táwe, wood, or tátawe, wood-posts; póa, to place (leaningly or closely) over against; and ne, (any) thing made. From this, the generic term héshota, for walled structure (especially ruined wall-structures), would very naturally have been derived, and this might or might not have given rise to the use of the prefix he, as occurring in all names for mortar-laid walls.

page	original text	correction
324	peoples'	people's
360	inclosure.	inclosure."
375	Kyä´klu	K‘yäk´lu
385	thereof.	thereof."
393	wind.	wind."
397	Thus	"Thus
403	k‘áetone	k‘yáetone
412	Sá´lamopia	Sálamopia
415	Kâ´‘hluelawan	Kâ´‘hluëlawan
426	Póshaiaŋk‘ya	Póshaiyaŋk‘ya
430	Hánthlipiŋk‘ya	Hán‘hlipiŋk‘ya
434	old	told
437	sunrise.	sunrise."
446	Of	"Of