[1] Corr.-Blatt, p. 14, 1884. Antiqua, 1883, i. pp. 31, 55; and ii. pp. 47, 54. B. 336 and 462.

[2] Antiqua, 1883, p. 61.

[3] Matériaux, vol. xvi. p. 257.

[4] Dr. Gross in Corresp.—Blatt, 1882, p. 99.

[5] Antiqua, 1884, pp. 42 and 85.

[6] Antiqua, 1884, p. 59.

[7] Antiqua, 1885, p. 165.

[8] Bul. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat., vol. xi.

[9] In 1861 Mr. Troyon carried on researches, under the superintendence of qualified persons, to prevent falsifications, which were frequently indulged in by the railway workers. And as the result, he enumerates the genuine objects collected as follows:—

[10] Corr.-Blatt, 1881.

[11] "Recherches sur les Antiquités d'Yverdon," Mitt. der Antiq. Gesel., Zürich, vol. xiv.

[12] Anzeiger, 1871, p. 280.

[13] Ibid., 1878, p. 803.

[14] Antiqua, 1885, p. 162.

[15] Antiqua, 1885, p. 97; and 1887, pp. 35, 51.

[16] Zeitschrift für Ethn., vol. xvi., Verhand., p. 84; Antiqua, 1884, p. 167.

[17] Antiqua, 1886, pp. 12 and 21.

[18] Anzeiger, 1858, p. 57; "Supplément au Recueil d'Antiquités Suisses, 1860."

[19] The catastrophe which befell Zug in the summer of 1887, by which a portion of the town slipped into the lake, has completely carried away the site of this lake-dwelling station.

[20] This mould is in two parts, and it is remarkable as having been found at different times. The first half was found by Mr. F. A. Forel on the 25th of February, 1855, and the second by his son, Dr. Forel, on the 18th of October, 1859. (B. 31, p. 111.)

[21] Das Ausland, 1884, p. 479; Antiqua, 1884, p. 70.

[22] Antiqua, 1885, p. 1.

[23] Corr.-Blatt, vol. xv. p. 55.

[24] Antiqua, 1884, p. 140.

[25] Antiqua, 1883, p. 14; and ibid., 1885, p. 2.

[26] Matériaux, vol. xvii. p. 321.

[27] Vereins für Vater. Naturkunde, Stuttgart, 1878, p. 95.

[28] "Kupferzeit in Europa," p. 9.

[29] Mitt. Anth. Ges. Wien, vol. xv. p. 120.

[30] Pigorini, B. 298e; Virchow, B. 293; Mestorf, "Der Intern. Anthrop. und Arch. Cong. in Buda-Pesth."

[31] Mitt. des Hist. Vereins für Krain, October and November, 1864.

[32] Zeit. für Eth., vol. v., Verhand., p. 119.

[33] Zeit. für Eth., vol. vi., Verhand., p. 180, 1874.

[34] Ibid., vol. ix., Verhand., p. 168.

[35] Atti della Soc. Veneto Trentina di Sc. Nat., vol. xi., 1889.

[36] Dr. Meschinelli, in reply to my observations on the Laibach machine, the advanced proofs of which I sent to him, rejects the beaver-trap theory as a possible explanation of the use of the Fontega machines, but suggests that they might have been used as traps for catching wild-fowl. (B. 469.)

[37] Atti della Soc. It. di Sc. Nat., vol. ii. p. 177.

[38] So called by the Congress of Italian Naturalists who met here in 1878, after Virginia Ponti, wife of the proprietor.

[39] Atti della Soc. It. di Sc. Nat., vol. ii.

[40] B. 90, and Giornale dell' Ing. Arch. ed Agri., an. xii.

[41] Brizio, "La Grotta del Farnè."

[42] Bul. Palet. It., 1883, p. 17.

[43] Atti della Soc. It. di Sc. Nat., vol. vii.

[44] Brizio, "La Grotta del Farnè," p. 45.

[45] Antiqua, 1886, p. 65.

[46] Antiqua, 1884, p. 128; and Bul. de la Soc. suisse de Num., 1884, No. 7.

[47] Rev. archéologique, 1884. p. 194.

[48] Acad. de Lyon, tome xi. p. 229.

[49] Association Française pour l'avancement des Sciences, 1885, vol. i. p. 175.

[50] Matériaux, etc., vol. xi. p. 95.

[51] Bul. Soc. Anth., 1884. See also "Crannia Ethnica": "Les Préhistoriques" (Mortillet); Bul. Soc. Anth., 1874, 22nd Jan.

[52] "Antiquity of Man," 4th edition, p. 241.

[53] In a footnote on page 241 of his "Antiquity of Man," Sir Charles states that the Memoir of Professor Crahay was published in 1836, in the Bulletin de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, tome iii. p. 43. I find, however, that in this reference Crahay merely notices in a few lines the finding of the bones of the elephant in the excavations above referred to, and makes no mention whatever of the human jaw.

[54] Das Ausland, 1877, p. 960.

[55] "Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings," p. 219.

[56] Zeit. für Ethn., Verhand., p. 39, vol. viii.

[57] Zeit. für Ethn., vol. vi., Verhand., p. 228.

[58] Ibid., vol. x., Verhand., p. 52.

[59] "Die vorgeschichtlichen Rundwälle im östlichen Deutschland." Berlin, 1888.

[60] Zeit. für Eth., vol. vi., Verhand., p. 115, and vol. vii., Verhand., p. 127.

[61] Ibid., vol. ix., Verhand., p. 449.

[62] Behla, "Die vergeschichtlichen Rundwälle," p. 8.

[63] Ibid., p. 22.

[64] "Nat. Hist.," lib. xvi. 1.

[65] Inter. Cong, d'Anthrop. et d'Arch., Ses. V., p. 212.

[66] "Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings," p. 273.

[67] Cong. Inter. d'Anthrop. et d'Arch., Ses. V., 1871, p. 212.

[68] A comb precisely similar to the one here figured (No. 30) is described and figured by Ossowski as coming from the cavern of Wierzchowska-Górna in Poland. Antiqua, 1887, p. 41, and pl. vii. Fig. 10.

[69] Handelingen van het Friesch Genootschap, 1886-7, p. 12.

[70] "Die heidnischen Alterthümer Ostfrieslands." Emden, 1879.

[71] Journ. R. H. A. A., vol. v., 4th S., p. 325.

[72] Archæological Journal, vol. xx. p. 170.

[73] Proc. R. I. A., vol. v. p. 215.

[74] R. H. Arch. As., vol. v., 4th S., p. 330.

[75] Three iron pots were found on this crannog, one of them being of a triangular shape.

[76] Various mediæval objects collected in the mud on and near the crannog sites: iron cuirass, matchlock guns, pistols, antique keys, spurs, implements of iron, bronze ladle, bronze spear-head. The swords and gun-barrels were found sticking up in the mud from the lake-bottom.

[77] A great many piles covering an oval enclosure about 100 feet in diameter. On submarine crannogs, see Kinahan's "Manual of the Geology of Ireland," p. 264, and Note 83 (p. 443) of Scottish list of crannogs.

[78] O'Flahertie in his history mentions that the ancient castle of the O'Flaherties of Bunowen, in Ballinahinch Lake, was built on an artificial island.

[79] Two crannogs, one large and the other small. The former is only separated from the mainland by a shallow channel, and is accessible in summer by a narrow causeway. On it were found "two fine specimens of bronze pins, besides other articles of less interest in lead and iron, and a flint spear-head."

[80] A stockaded enclosure, about 35 feet in diameter, lying some 12 or 14 feet below the bog surface. "A magnificent pair of quern stones" and a large bowl-shaped vessel of oak are known to have been found on it.

[81] A curious wooden flooring, buried 14 feet in the bog. It rested on "a thick deposit of hazel and birch branches." Over it was a "collection of stone slabs, closely fitted together with a substratum of blue clay, but all laid on planks of timber forming part of the floor. On this there were quantities of ashes, proving that this was the fire-place of the ancient dwelling."

[82] "With piles round the margin and amongst the stones on its surface were found querns, some perfect, some in a broken state." A canoe became visible at a depth of 2½ to 3 feet when the water of the lake was unusually low.

[83] A small crannog discovered by turf-cutters, and "interesting from the fact of instruments made of iron and stone having been found together." Among other things were a bronze pin, fragments of crucibles, bits of anthracite coal, a socketed iron implement, two small flint knives, a stone celt, a round flat stone with an oblong-worked indentation on each side, and several bits of rude pottery.

[84] An artificial island, 30 yards in diameter, thickly planted with timber and surrounded with piles. In 1870 a canoe was found on the shore of this islet, embedded in the mud and half destroyed by fire. In the stuff lying on its floor were found some iron tools—an adze, a hammer (both with handles), a socketed chisel, two whetstones, and some fragments of iron.

[85] A small lake, scarcely a mile in circumference, and about three miles from Cavan. About a hundred yards from shore a heap of stones, surrounded by circles of stockades about fifty feet in diameter. In the moss near the lake two canoes were found 21 and 18 feet long.

[86] This lake is in the parish of Clonbroney, and contains two crannogs, called "Round Island" and "Fry's Island." The former is 18½ yards in diameter, and the "wooden piles, though in a pulpy and rotten state, are still to be seen. In the lake a small canoe, 9½ feet long, an iron spear, the nether stone of a grain-rubber, and the antlers (with eighteen points) of a deer were found embedded in the silt."

[87] This is a small lake, three and a half miles north of Enniskillen, about a mile in length and half a mile in breadth. It contains three crannogs, the largest of which is 105 feet in diameter. "Here were found querns, whetstones, worked pieces of deer-horn, some fragments of iron plated with bronze, many pieces of ornamented pottery, some of which were furnished with ears or handles; a very curious stone (apparently a tombstone), sculptured with a cross and ornamented with four human heads, and scroll work, and a large boulder, upon which a cross-like figure had been picked or punched out."

[88] A large crannog, covering about an acre, but only partly artificial. About thirty thousand piles used in strengthening the island, which had a jetty, and near this a canoe was found. The principal relics are—some stone hammers, three pieces of flint scrapers, a bead of amber and another of glass, a small stone ring the size of a finger-ring, fragments of pottery, a crucible, some articles of brass, and portions of bog-ore. The piles were cut by very sharp metal implements.

[89] In 1833 Captain W. Mudge, R.N., discovered here a wooden hut made of a framework of large oak beams mortised at the four corners. It measured 12 feet square and 9 feet high, and about half way up there was a flooring which divided the space into two storeys. The roof of this unique hut was buried in the peat 16 feet from the surface, and its base rested on a substratum of brushwood resembling a crannog. (See p. 489).

[90] Two crannogs, one large, 100 feet in diameter. An iron cauldron, found near the shore of lake, made on the same principle as the usual bronze cauldrons, of beaten iron, and riveted.

[91] Ornamented quern stone found on the crannog.

[92] "Six stone and two bronze celts, an iron spear-head and a bayonet, three fibulæ, one bridle-bit and two cheek-plates made of bronze," found on this island.

[93] From this crannog the following objects were presented to the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy:—"A piece of circular grindstone, block of flint, old iron key, two portions of blades of iron swords, and a piece of bone spike."

[94] A well-defined stockade, with horizontal beams. A canoe and the following objects recorded from this crannog:—"Two iron swords; a small anvil, very bright and clean; a pair of scales and several hammers; several gold pins; metal dishes; small axe-heads; an iron cauldron of a low dilated shape; a stone of yellowish-white colour, beautifully polished, about twelve inches long, three and a half broad, and two thick, accurately squared at the sides, having a round hole about one and a quarter inch deep and half inch in diameter at each end, the top surface and one of the sides being covered with carved devices; and a quern."

[95] "In another crannog in Rahan's Lake," says Mr. Morant, "we found five Queen Mary shillings, fused into a mass; a bronze pin; a flat spear-head, and a stone celt. We also found the hearth-stones and a quantity of ashes. The piles around the island are still visible above the water."

[96] Contained three or four crannogs. "In the one opposite Cloncahir were found several querns of different sizes and patterns (chiefly flat-shaped, ornamented with the usual cross design, varied more or less), and many of these were taken away by Mr. Kane to preserve at Mohill Castle. When the water was at a low level a slight examination was made in regard to the construction of the crannog. It was found that there were two, possibly three, concentric circles of piles of small size, enclosing an area considerably larger than that of the present island, and the space so enclosed seemed to have been filled with rough unhewn logs of wood up to about the present summer level of the water. Upon this had been deposited a stratum of stones and gravel, amongst which were found the querns already mentioned. In the same lake are three other crannogs—Man Island, Crane Island, and another."

[97] Three silver coins of the reigns of Edward I., II., and III. found on this crannog.

[98] Three crannogs in this loch, two close to each other, and are approached by a causeway which terminates about sixteen feet from the crannogs, both about twenty-five feet in diameter. On the margin of this crannog, under water, a bronze spear-head was found, 5¾ inches long, and a looped celt 4 inches long.

[99] Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. xv. p. 153.

[100] Among the objects from Lagore mentioned by Lord Talbot (Fig. 103) is a peculiar iron pipe, described as of unknown use. It is rather remarkable that it and this bayonet-like object from Buston should be the counterparts of a kind of padlock in use in the earlier Middle Ages, which acted in the following manner:—When a spring-bolt (like that of the object from Buston) was passed through the tube upwards, the spike attached to the latter passed through the perforation in the former. Inside the tube there were two small prominences, which when the bolt was pushed sufficiently home caught the tips of its springs and prevented its return. In this state the padlock was securely locked, and it could only be opened by a key consisting of another but smaller tube, which, when passed through the other end of the larger tube and over the springs, pressed the latter close to the body of the bolt until their tips became clear of the internal catches, and so allowed the spring-bolt to be extracted.

[101] Vol. i. p. 146.

[102] This crannog is of a rectangular shape, 43 feet by 41 feet, and formed of layers of large trunks laid transversely.

[103] See Note 3, p. 447.

[104] The question of submarine crannogs is still obscure, and the few facts that have come to light leave the matter in doubt as to whether the structures were originally constructed in the water or on dry land and subsequently submerged, in consequence of changes in the relative levels of sea and land. The only remains of this character that I know of in Britain are—(1) a cairn of stones on a substratum of wood near the island of Eriska, at the mouth of Loch Crerar; (2) the Black Cairn, in the Beauly Firth; and (3) some stumps of piles in Ardmore Bay, county Waterford. The mound at Eriska, which was found on examination to be of circular shape and 60 feet in diameter, was dry at low water, but submerged at spring-tides to the extent of five feet. Some ashes and charcoal and the broken bones of sheep and small oxen were the only relics of human occupancy found. The Black Cairn is noticed in the Statistical Account of Scotland, and also by Miss Maclagan. It is about four hundred yards within flood-mark. The top is only visible at low water, and the base is said to be composed of very large wooden beams.

[105] Mr. Wallace describes the island as entirely artificial, "raised upon piles and cross-beams, about fifty yards from the shore, and 189 feet long, with an average of 112 feet wide. The water immediately surrounding it is deep, and the margin of the island rises perpendicularly from the deep water, which is about seven or eight feet deep on the north and east sides, and ten or twelve feet on the south and west. The piles and cross-beams, on which it has been raised, lie like a pavement all round it, inclining to the centre. The beams are of oak, pine, and birch. Those of pine and oak are the largest. Between the beams, and all over the island, numerous pieces of charcoal were picked up. The island rises in the centre, and, after clearing away part of the luxuriant nettles and long grass, portions of a walled structure were disclosed. No trace of lime-cement could be detected, but the stones were large and well placed together. The ruins of this building raised the island to the height of seven feet above the present water-mark." The island is noticed in the historical annals, and in 1596 gave refuge to the Earl of Arran. The occurrence of vitrified materials on the surface gives to this crannog, according to Mr. Wallace, peculiar interest. I could understand this interest had it been proved that vitrified buildings had been constructed over the crannog. In the construction of the crannog, of course, stones taken from the shore were used, and in this way the vitrified materials might be accounted for, or, what is more probable, they are the slag of a smelting furnace. The following are Mr. Wallace's words: "I visited the island in July, 1885, and scarcely had I set my foot on shore when I found a small piece of true vitrified rock; and great was my astonishment when I discovered that the whole island was covered with fragments of different sizes of the same material. It was found among the piles and cross-beams in great quantities. Several larger masses—one measuring four feet by three—were found on the western margin of the island, and deeply embedded among the stones and above the piles and cross-beams, close to the water's edge. After careful examination the vitrified material was found to differ in no way from that forming our vitrified forts. Between the crannog and the shore there is a smaller island of large stones, which is only visible when the loch is exceptionally low, as it was this season. This island, which measures 90 feet by 60 feet, appears to be entirely built of stones. The sides, like those of the larger island, are perpendicular. One piece of vitrified rock was found here. The distance between the islands is about sixty feet, and between the smaller one and the shore about twenty feet."

[106] Upon the partial drainage of Carlingwark Loch, in 1765, various kinds of artificial structures were observed, as wooden roadways, dams built of stone and clay, and a couple of islets constructed on a framework of black oak. In the mud were also found various relics, as a brass dagger, 22 inches long, mounted with gold plaiting; a brass pan; a remarkable cauldron (Fig. 172), containing bronze and iron implements; and several large stag-heads.

[107] "In draining a lake at the east end of the parish of Croy, an artificial mound appeared within a few yards of the shore, about sixty feet in circumference and five in height. It was formed of alternate strata of stones, earth, and oak; piles of oak being driven in the ground were kept strongly fixed by transverse beams of smaller size. Over these were round stones, and on the surface some inches of fine black mould. Some fragments of brass rings, pieces of pottery, and the bolt of a lock of no ordinary size, were found on the mound. At about a hundred yards distance there is a circle of large piles of oak, driven deep in the earth, apparently the commencement of a second mound; but for what purpose they were intended it is impossible to conjecture. At the same time a canoe, of most beautiful workmanship, was found, which some modern Goth has since cut down for mean and servile purposes."

[108] See note 3, p. 443.

[109] Artificial lake, with two islands, said to be seats of Fergus, Lord of Galloway.

[110] Rev. R. J. Mapleton thus sums up his observations:—"Altogether, I think that it is evident that the crannog was entirely composed of rock and walling, with the middle part filled up with smaller stones; that there existed considerable works of wood on the east, south, and west sides, at least, but whether a rampart outside or a building on the structure itself, is not quite clear; that there was a partial causeway, now under water, and the interval either filled in with brushwood or passed over in a canoe."

[111] "In Loch Kinder there is an artificial mount of stones, rising six or seven feet above the surface of the water, and resting on a frame of large oaks, which is visible when the weather is clear and calm."

[112] An oval-shaped crannog, 50 feet long by 28 feet broad, constructed of layers of young trees laid transversely. Three fire-places were exposed over the structure, and among the rubbish were found two broken combs made of wood, one of which is here figured (Fig. 173), and a piece of wood with a Greek cross, with crosslets burnt on it.

[113] Half a century ago Loch Leven was lowered nine feet by drainage, and at the present time the remains of the lake-dwelling are always from one to three feet under water. The mound measures 35 yards by 20 yards, and 1½ to 2 feet in height. In this area were detected the stumps of two rows of piles, twelve feet apart, and each pile was four or five feet apart. Also, in a line stretching to the shore, which is about sixty yards distant, there were one or two piles encountered, as if forming part of a gangway. The lake-bottom is here firm, and not liable to compression, so that the structure, whether ancient or modern, was really a pile-building. The only relics are a bit of carved wood, which might have been a handle, and a fragment of archaic-like pottery.

[114] The island is oval in shape, 180 feet long and 135 feet broad in the widest part. Fire-places, wooden floorings, and other woodworks were exposed, and a few relics, viz. an ornamented bone comb (Fig. 174), a flat loop of bronze, part of the rim of a large vessel of cast bronze 3 inches in length, and portion of an armlet of greenish glass, with a blue-and-white twisted cable ornament running round it.

[115] Dr. Stuart quotes the following account of a crannog in Loch Lochy from Mr. Robertson's notes, extracted by the latter from a MS. in the Advocate's Library, written towards the end of the seventeenth century: "Ther was of ancient ane lord in Loquhaber, called my Lord Cumming, being a cruell and tyirrant superior to the inhabitants and ancient tenants of that countrie of Loquhaber. This lord builded ane iland, or an house, on the south-east head of Loghloghae; ... and when summer is, certain yeares or dayes, one of the bigge timber jests, the quantitie of an ell thereof will be sein above the water. And sundrie men of the countrie were wont to goe and se that jest of timber which stands there as yett; and they say that a man's finger will cast it too and fro in the water, but fortie men cannot pull it up, because it lyeth in another jest below the water." B. 94, p. 160.

[116] In Maitland's "History of Scotland" the curious observation is made that Boece states that in Loch Lomond there were fish without fins, waves without wind, and a floating island. (Boet. "Scot. Reg. Descript.," fol. 7.)

[117] The relics from the Wigtownshire crannogs, besides those already mentioned, are not numerous. From Barlockhart there is a stone ring (Fig. 175), two querns, and a spindle-whorl of clay-slate. From one of the crannogs at Machermore Loch there is a stone implement, with circular hollows on each face (Fig. 175). Regarding such implements Rev. George Wilson writes thus:—"These are of two types, elongated and oval, approaching a circular form, and I wish to direct attention to them because, as yet [1879], only eight have been reported in Scotland, seven of them being from Wigtownshire" (Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. xiv. p. 127). Shortly afterwards another, described at page 422, was found on the crannog of Lochspouts, in Ayrshire.

[118] Lochavoullin, situated to the east of the Oban railway station, was formerly, as the name implies, used as a dam for a water-mill, but for many years it was a marsh in the summer time, and much frequented by sportsmen on account of the number of snipes which it sheltered. It is now in the process of being utilised, partly as a green, by filling up its bed, and partly as a skating-pond; and in the course of these operations a submerged platform of wooden beams, laid in transverse layers, was detected about the centre of the marsh. I visited the locality in the spring of 1888, but beyond seeing portions of the woodwork, and determining, by probing the mud, that it extended for several yards in all directions, nothing of archæological value was discovered. So far, however, it has all the appearance of the usual crannog, an opinion which is strengthened by the physical conditions of the environment.

[119] This loch covers about two acres. At the north end there is a small island, covered with a rank vegetation and a few stunted trees of Scottish fir and birch. A rough, crooked causeway extended from it to the shore. "Round the island could be seen driven piles, to which were attached strong transverse beams, and upon making a cut six or seven feet wide into the side of the island to ascertain its structure, we found a platform of about four feet in depth, raised by transverse beams placed alternately across each other, and kept in position by driven piles. These last were generally small oak trees, but dressed and sharpened by a metal tool, some of them mortised at the heads, where a transverse rail or beam could be fixed."

[120] Towards the north the author subsequently found a "plank with several Roman nails in it; and the number of loose nails found in the soil above it showed that they must probably have belonged to some wooden superstructure which had perished."

[121] Evans, "An. Br. Implements," p. 436.

[122] Proc. R. I. A., vol. ix. p. 176; and vol. i., 2nd Ser., p. 223.

[123] See translation of O. S., edited by Dr. Joseph Anderson, p. 182; also Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. viii.

[124] Antiqua, 1883, p. 15.

[125] Matériaux, etc., vol. xvi. p. 215.

[126] Bulletino Palet. It., An. i. p. 7.

[127] While visiting Mr. Flinders Petrie's collection of antiquities from Egypt lately exhibited in London, I was much interested in seeing a well-shaped wooden sickle with a groove in which a flint saw was still cemented in its place. The groove is adapted for three such saws, but only one remained in its place. The wooden portion of this unique instrument is shaped like a modern corn-hook, with the exception that the handle turns downwards at a right angle to the cutting plane, and the opposite end runs out into a long sharp point. It measures 12½ inches from tip to tip, and 17 from the point to the most bulging part of the body. From the same place were various other flint implements and some semilunar knives or saws, precisely similar to those so common in the Scandinavian archæological area. Mr. Petrie also pointed out some flint objects which were undoubtedly an imitation of implements of copper and bronze with which they were associated. The tombs of Hawara in which these relics were discovered are said to be of the 12th dynasty, dating some 2,600 years B.C.

[128] B. 423, pp. 80, 90; Bul. Palet. Ital., An. xii. p. 80.

[129] Archiv für Anthropologie, vol. xvi.

[130] Antiqua. 1883, p. 89.

[131] Corr.-blatt, 1882, 1883, and B. 401.

[132] Mitt. der Anth. Ges. Wien, B. xiii. pp. 213 and 216.

[133] Neues Jahrb. für Mineralogie, B. iii., 1884.

[134] Archæological Journal, vol. xxxvi., 1880.

[135] Zeit. für Ethn., bd. xv. pp. 163-190.

[136] Antiqua, 1885, p. 138.

[137] Zeit. für Ethn., vol. xviii., Verhand., p. 83.

[138] Ibid., p. 411.

[139] Ibid., vol. xix. p. 97.

[140] Ibid., p. 140.

[141] Castelfranco: Bul. Palet. Ital., Anno iv. p. 50.

[142] Nuovo Giornale Bot. Ital., vol. xxii., N. 1, 1890.

[143] An excellent summary of the evidence establishing this fact is given by Baron de Baye in his recent work "Archæologie Prehistorique," chap. vi.

[144] Zeit. für Ethn., vol. xviii., Verhand., p. 368.

[145] See also Anzeiger, 1880, p. 46; and 1882, p. 221.

[146] Archéologie Celtique et Gauloise, p. 368.

[147] Double Sépulture Gauloise de la Gorge-Meillet (Marne). By Ed. Fourdrignier. Paris, 1878.

[148] W. Osborne, Zur Beurtheilung des prähistorischen Fundes auf dem Hradischt bei Stradonic in Böhmen. Mitt. der Anth. Ges. Wien, vol. x.

[149] Bull. dell' Inst., 1875, pp. 50 and 178, and 1877, p. 74.

[150] Bull. Palet. It., anno xii., p. 194, etc., with six plates.

[151] Revue Archéologique, 1864.

[152] "Horæ Ferales," pp. 172 to 189.

[153] "Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Caucase," vol i. p. 70.