CHAPTER I.
THE NATURE OF ANIMAL LIFE.
| The characteristics of animals |
2 |
| The relation of animals to food-stuffs |
15 |
| The relation of animals to the atmosphere |
15 |
| The relation of animals to energy |
16 |
CHAPTER II.
THE PROCESS OF LIFE.
| Illustration from respiration |
21 |
| Illustration from nutrition |
25 |
| The utilization of the materials incorporated |
27 |
| The analogy of a gas-engine. Explosive metabolism |
30 |
CHAPTER III.
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT.
| Reproduction in the protozoa |
37 |
| Fission in the metazoa |
41 |
| The regeneration of lost parts |
41 |
| Reproduction by budding |
42 |
| Sexual reproduction |
42 |
| Illustration of development |
51 |
| Parental sacrifice |
56 |
| The law of increase |
58 |
CHAPTER IV.
VARIATION AND NATURAL SELECTION.
| The law of persistence |
61 |
| The occurrence of variations |
63 |
| Application of the law of increase |
76 |
| Natural selection |
77 |
| Elimination and selection |
79 |
| Modes of natural elimination illustrated |
80 |
| Protective resemblance and mimicry |
82 |
| Selection proper illustrated |
93 |
| The effects of natural selection |
95 |
| Isolation or segregation |
99 |
| Its modes, geographical, preferential and physiological |
99 |
| Its effects |
108 |
| Utility of specific characters |
110 |
| Variations in the intensity of the struggle for existence |
112 |
| Convergence of characters |
117 |
| Modes of adaptation: Progress |
119 |
| Evolution and Revolution |
120 |
CHAPTER V.
HEREDITY AND THE ORIGIN OF VARIATIONS.
| Heredity in the protozoa |
123 |
| Regeneration of lost parts |
124 |
| Sexual reproduction and heredity |
129 |
| The problem of hen and egg |
130 |
| Reproductive continuity |
131 |
| Pangenesis |
131 |
| Modified pangenesis |
134 |
| Continuity of germ-plasm |
138 |
| Cellular continuity with differentiation |
142 |
| The inheritance or non-inheritance of acquired characters |
146 |
| Origin of variations on the latter view |
149 |
| Hypothesis of organic combination |
150 |
| The extrusion of the second polar cell |
153 |
| The protozoan origin of variations |
156 |
| How can the body influence the germ? |
159 |
| Is there sufficient evidence that it does? |
162 |
| Summary and conclusion |
175 |
CHAPTER VI.
ORGANIC EVOLUTION.
| The diversity of animal life |
177 |
| The evolution theory |
181 |
| Natural selection: not to be used as a magic formula |
183 |
| Panmixia and disuse |
189 |
| Sexual selection or preferential mating |
197 |
| Use and disuse |
209 |
| The nature of variations |
216 |
| The inheritance of variations |
223 |
| The origin of variations |
231 |
| Summary and conclusion |
241 |
CHAPTER VII.
THE SENSES OF ANIMALS.
| The primary object of sensation |
243 |
| Organic sensations and the muscular sense |
244 |
| Touch |
245 |
| The temperature-sense |
249 |
| Taste |
250 |
| Smell |
257 |
| Hearing |
261 |
| Sense of rotation or acceleration |
269 |
| Sight |
273 |
| Restatement of theory of colour-vision |
278 |
| Variation in the limits of colour-vision |
281 |
| The four types of "visual" organs |
293 |
| Problematical senses |
294 |
| Permanent possibilities of sensation |
298 |
CHAPTER VIII.
MENTAL PROCESSES IN MAN.
| The physiological aspect |
302 |
| The psychological aspect |
304 |
| Sensations: their localization, etc. |
306 |
| Perceptual construction |
312 |
| Conceptual analysis |
321 |
| Inferences perceptual and conceptual |
328 |
| Intelligence and reason |
330 |
CHAPTER IX.
MENTAL PROCESSES IN ANIMALS: THEIR POWERS OF PERCEPTION AND INTELLIGENCE.
| The two factors in phenomena |
331 |
| The basis in organic evolution |
336 |
| Perceptual construction in mammalia |
338 |
| Can animals analyze their constructs? |
347 |
| The generic difference between the minds of man and brute |
350 |
| Perceptual construction in other vertebrates |
350 |
| "Understanding" of words |
354 |
| Perceptual construction in the invertebrates |
356 |
| "The psychic life of micro-organisms" |
360 |
| The inferences of animals |
361 |
| Intelligent not rational |
365 |
| Use of words defined |
372 |
| Language and analysis |
374 |
CHAPTER X.
THE FEELINGS OF ANIMALS: THEIR APPETENCES AND EMOTIONS.
| Pleasure and pain: their organic limits |
379 |
| Their directive value |
380 |
| An emotion exemplified |
382 |
| Sensitiveness and sensibility |
385 |
| The expression of the emotions |
385 |
| The postponement of action |
385 |
| The three orders of emotion |
390 |
| The capacities of animals for pleasure and pain |
391 |
| Sense-feelings |
393 |
| Some emotions of animals |
395 |
| The necessity for caution in interpretation |
399 |
| The sense of beauty |
407 |
| Can animals be moral? |
413 |
| Conclusion |
414 |
CHAPTER XI.
ANIMAL ACTIVITIES: HABIT AND INSTINCT.
| The nature of animal activities |
415 |
| The outer and inner aspect |
417 |
| The inherited organization |
419 |
| Habitual activities |
420 |
| Instinctive activities |
422 |
| Innate capacity |
426 |
| Blind prevision |
429 |
| Consciousness and instinct |
432 |
| Mr. Romanes's treatment of instinct |
434 |
| Lapsed intelligence and modern views on heredity |
435 |
| Three factors in the origin of instinctive activities |
447 |
| The emotional basis of instinct |
449 |
| The influence of intelligence on instinct |
452 |
| The characteristics of intelligent activities |
456 |
| The place of volition |
459 |
| Perceptual and conceptual volition |
460 |
| Consciousness and consentience |
461 |
| Classification of activities |
462 |
CHAPTER XII.
MENTAL EVOLUTION.
| Is mind evolved from matter? |
464 |
| Kinesis and metakinesis |
467 |
| Monistic assumptions |
470 |
| The nature of ejects |
476 |
| The universe as eject |
478 |
| Metakinetic environment of mind |
481 |
| Conceptual ideas not subject to natural selection |
483 |
| Elimination through incongruity |
486 |
| Interneural evolution |
490 |
| Interpretations of nature |
492 |
| Can fetishism have had a natural genesis? |
493 |
| The origin of interneural variations |
496 |
| Are acquired variations inherited? |
497 |
| Summary and conclusion |
501 |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| |
FIG. |
PAGE |
| |
|
|
| |
Kentish Plover with Eggs and Young |
Frontispiece |
| 1. |
Spiracles and Air-tubes of Cockroach |
3 |
| 2. |
Gills of Mussel |
4 |
| 3. |
A Cell greatly magnified |
11 |
| 4. |
Amœba |
12 |
| 5. |
Egg-cell and Sperm-cell |
13 |
| 6. |
Diagram of Circulation |
23 |
| 7. |
Protozoa |
38 |
| 8. |
Hydra Virides |
43 |
| 9. |
Aurelia: Life-cycle |
45 |
| 10. |
Liver-Fluke—Embryonic Stages |
47 |
| 11. |
Diagram of Development |
51 |
| 12. |
Wing of Bat (Pipistrelle) |
64 |
| 13. |
Variations of the Noctule |
67 |
| 14. |
Variations of the Long-eared Bat |
68 |
| 15. |
Variations of the Pipistrelle |
69 |
| 16. |
Variations of the Whiskered Bat |
70 |
| 17. |
Variations adjusted to the Standard of the Noctule |
73 |
| 18. |
Caterpillar of a Moth on an Oak Spray |
85 |
| 19. |
Locust resembling a Leaf |
86 |
| 20. |
Mimicry of Bees by Flies |
91 |
| 21. |
Egg and Hen |
141 |
| 22. |
Stag-Beetles |
180 |
| 23. |
Tactile Corpuscules |
247 |
| 24. |
Touch-hair of Insect |
248 |
| 25. |
Taste-buds of Rabbit |
250 |
| 26. |
Antennule of Crayfish |
259 |
| 27. |
Diagram of Ear |
263 |
| 28. |
Tail of Mysis |
266 |
| 29. |
Leg of Grasshopper |
266 |
| 30. |
Diagram of Semicircular Canals |
270 |
| 31. |
The Human Eye |
274 |
| 32. |
Retina of the Eye |
274 |
| 33. |
Variation in the Limits of Colour-vision |
281 |
| 34. |
Pineal Eye |
288 |
| 35. |
Skull of Melanerpeton |
288 |
| 36. |
Eyes and Eyelets of Bee |
289 |
| 37. |
Eye of Fly |
290 |
| 38. |
Diagram of Mosaic Vision |
291 |
| 39. |
Direction-retina |
295 |
| 40. |
Antennary Structures of Hymenoptera |
297 |