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SOME CONTINENTAL AND FOREIGN WAR MEDALS

A century ago the Prussians were our allies. Today the position is reversed, and we have hastened to assist the descendants of the brave men who routed the Prussians at Jena and the Austrians at Marengo, and so strenuously fought against our forefathers at Waterloo. I have already described most of the medals awarded for that famous battle, but there are others of an interesting character which were awarded for the campaigns of 1813, 1814, and 1815, when the various continental nations strove against the genius and power of Napoleon.

Prussian Oval Iron Medal for 1815.—This reminds us of the fact that the exchange made by modern German women of their gold wedding rings for those of iron is simply a repetition of a sacrifice which the women of Germany made during the Napoleonic Wars, when they gave their gold jewellery and replaced it by delicately made ornaments of iron, as visitors to the Victoria and Albert Museum may see. The medals awarded to the survivors of the wars were invariably of metal, some, like our Victoria Cross, having been made from captured cannon. This oval medal, however, is of iron and bears on the obverse King Frederick William's initials in German text capitals, surmounted by the Prussian crown and underneath Fur Pflichirtreue im Kreige Fur Pflichirtreue im Kreige (For faithful service in war); encircling the whole is the legend Gott war mit uns, Ihm sey die Ehre! Gott war mit uns, Ihm sey die Ehre! (God was with us, to Him the honour). On the reverse is a cross patée with rays issuant between the arms and in the centre 1815. The medal is suspended from a white watered-silk ribbon with black and yellow stripes close to the edges. It was awarded to non-combatants.

Prussian Medals for 1813-15.—These were awarded by King Frederick William III to all those of his subjects who took part in the campaigns of 1813-14-15. On the obverse are the initials F. W. surmounted by a crown; below, Preussens tapfern Kriegern Preussens tapfern Kriegern (To Prussia's brave warriors), surrounded by the legend, with a border, Gott war mit uns, Ihm sey die Ehre! Gott war mit uns, Ihm sey die Ehre! (God was with us, to Him the honour). On the reverse, within a wreath of oak and laurel, tied with a ribbon at the base, upon a cross patée with rays, 1815—the date of the campaign. In the medals for 1813 and 1814 the arms of the cross are rounded at the ends and terminate at the medal rim. Indented round the edge, AUS EROBERTEM GESCHUETZ (from the captured guns). See page 52. The ribbon is yellow, flanked by stripes of black and white.

The Austrian Cross for 1813-14.—This is an interesting decoration, for the Cross itself is enamelled green in the basse-taille manner, the edge only being left to show the metal, likewise the laurel wreath which connects the arms of the Cross. On the obverse, across the centre arms, is PRINCEPS ET PATRIA, on the upper arm is the word GRATI, and on the lower arm FRANC IMP AUG. On the reverse, across the centre arms, is LIBERTATE ASSERTA, on the upper arm EUROPAE, and on the lower MDCCCXIII
MDCCCXIV. It is suspended from a yellow corded ribbon with very broad black edges.

Hessian Medal for 1814-15.—This is a bronze medal 1⅛ in. in diameter, bearing on the obverse in German text capitals, K W II reinen tapfern Hessen, 1821 K W II reinen tapfern Hessen, 1821, surmounted by a crown, and encircled by a wreath of conventionalised oak leaves. On the reverse in the centre is a cross patée, the arms of which rest upon a wreath of laurel. In the centre are the dates 1814
1815. Two tilting spears are arranged between the arms. Over the top arm, and resting upon a circle enclosing a light wreath, is a helmet, around is the motto in German text, Gott brach des feindes macht und Hessen ward befreit Gott brach des feindes macht und Hessen ward befreit. On the edge in Roman is impressed AUS EROBERTEM GESCHUTZ (from captured guns). The medal is suspended from a dark-blue ribbon with wide red edges. (See facing page 324.)

Légion d'Honneur.—The Order of the Légion d'Honneur was proposed on May 15th, 1802, by Napoleon Bonaparte when he was First Consul, as a reward for Military and Civil Services. The Legislative Assembly, however, was not favourably disposed, and it was not until four days later that the institution of the now famous Order was agreed to. Napoleon knew the value of a ribbon to stick in the coat. (See facing page 320.)

The Order was originally divided into three classes—Légionaries, Grand Officers, and Commanders. After the Coronation of Napoleon (July 14th, 1804) the first class of Grand Officers was divided into Knights of the Grand Eagle (as the highest) and Grand Officers. At present there are five classes of the Order: Knights of the Grand Cross, Grand Officers, Commanders, Officers, and Knights.

The original Badge or Cross consists of a white enamelled badge with five double rays, with silver balls on the points, resting on a laurel and oak wreath, tied at the base, surmounted by an Imperial crown attached to the badge by a loop and ring, and has a ring for suspension from a crimson corded ribbon, 1½ in. wide.

Obverse: On a silver-gilt radiated centre, the laureated head of the Emperor Napoleon, facing right, surrounded by a blue enamelled band, with gilt borders, inscribed, in gold letters, NAPOLEON EMPEREUR DES FRANÇAIS. Reverse: Also on a silver-gilt centre of horizontal lines, the French Imperial eagle, surrounded by a blue enamelled band, with gilt borders, inscribed, HONNEUR ET PATRIE, with a sprig of laurel below.

The Cross for the Knight is in silver, and for the other classes in gold and of a larger size.

The Knights and Officers wear it at the button-hole or on the left breast; the Commanders round the neck. The Grand Officers wear besides, upon the right breast, a silver Star, similar to that of the Grand Crosses; and at the button-hole the Cross in gold. The Knights of the Grand Cross wear a similar golden Cross, but larger, suspended by a ribbon across the right shoulder towards the left hip; and also, on the left breast, a silver Star.

The Star is of silver, similar to the Cross, without the wreath, having rays between the angles, and in the centre, within a band inscribed HONNEUR ET PATRIE, the Imperial French eagle.

The first claim to the Order must begin with the lowest degree of Knights, as no degree can be passed over.

The Republican Cross.—The Badge of the Légion d'Honneur, given by the Republic, bears on the obverse, facing right, a laureated female head symbolic of the Republic, and surrounded by the legend REPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE, 1870. On the reverse in the centre are the crossed French flags, surrounded by the motto HONNEUR ET PATRIE. In place of the French Imperial crown which was employed as a suspender in the original badge or cross is an enamelled wreath, otherwise the general appearance of the decorations is the same.

Prussian Iron Cross, 1813.—The Order of the Prussian Iron Cross was instituted by King Frederick William III on March 10th, 1813, to reward those, either military or civil, who distinguished themselves in the war then being carried on. It was divided into three classes. The Grand Cross, which was double the size of the Knight's Cross, and was worn round the neck, was given exclusively for the gaining of a decisive battle, the conquest of an important position or place, or the brave defence of a fortress. The first class also wear upon the left breast, instead of a Star, a similar Cross or Badge. In the bestowal of the Cross, neither rank nor condition was regarded. (See facing page 332.)

It was worn by the military with a black ribbon with two white stripes near the edge; and by civilians with a white ribbon with black borders, and was suspended from a silver loop and ring. At the close of hostilities, the distribution of the Order ceased, but was revived on July 19th, 1870, for the war then about to commence with France. The decoration is a cast-iron Cross, in the form of a cross patée, with silver borders and mountings. There are three classes, both for military and civilians. Obverse: In the centre, within a silver milled border, three oak leaves; above, F. W. surmounted by the Prussian crown; below, 1813. The Cross awarded for the Franco-German War bears on the reverse: In the centre, also within a silver milled border, the initial W; above, is a crown; below, 1870.

For Distinction in Service.—In 1825, on the anniversary of the battle of Waterloo, King Frederick William III instituted a gold Cross for officers who had served twenty-five years, bearing on the obverse the initials, F. W. III F. W. III, surmounted by a crown, and on the reverse the number XXV. It was worn on the left breast, suspended by a blue ribbon. See facing page 332. For sub-officers and privates, silver buckles, 1¹³∕₂₀ by ⁹∕₂₀ in., with the initials F. W. III F. W. III in relief, on a rough ground, within a raised double border, worn on the left breast, with brooch attachment, suspended by a blue ribbon with yellow borders for twenty-one years' service; by a blue ribbon with white and blue borders for fifteen years' service; and by a blue ribbon with black borders for nine years' service. Years of war service counted double.

San Sebastian, 1836.—This medal was granted by the Spanish Government to the British Legion in Spain, who served under General Sir de Lacy Evans against the Carlists on the heights of St. Sebastian, on May 5th, 1836. It was given in silver to officers, and in white metal to privates. On the obverse, surrounded by the Collar of the Golden Fleece, within a circle, on a mottled ground, is a Lion, statant gardant. Above, ESPAÑA; below, AGRADECIDA. On the reverse, in the centre of a cross of four arms, with plain, raised borders, having crowns in the angles, surrounded by a wreath of laurel, from which rays issue, 1836; around which is inscribed SAN SEBASTIAN 5 DE MAYO. Beneath, and to the right of the lower limb of the cross, I.D.

The medal, 1⅖ in. in diameter, is suspended by a ring passed through the medal, to which is attached a silver bar. The ribbon is 1½ in. wide, dark purple with two yellow stripes near the edges.

Iron Cross for San Sebastian, 1836.—An iron Cross of four arms, with bright borders, with rays in the arms issuing from the centre, having four gold crowns between the arms. On the obverse, in the centre, in high relief, in gold, is a Lion, statant gardant, with a gold border, on which is inscribed in gold letters, HESPEINA AGRADECIDA. The whole within the Collar of the Golden Fleece, in bronze, the pendant Lamb being in gold. On the reverse, also in relief, within a laurel wreath of gold, SAN SEBASTIAN 5 DE MAYO in gold, having in the centre of a gold circle, 1836 in gold. The Cross, similar to that on the circular silver medal, is 1¹⁄₂₀ in. in diameter, with a gold loop and gold ring for suspension.

Medal for Irun.—For the capture of the fort and town of Irun, in Spain, on May 17th, 1836, a gold medal was issued by the Spanish Government to the officers, and among the recipients was an English surgeon, whose medal is in Dr. Payne's collection. It is 1¹∕₁₆ by ¹⁹∕₂₀ of an inch and has a plain gold border. On the obverse, encircled by two oak leaves enamelled green, tied at the base with a ribbon enamelled white, is a tower enamelled white; behind which is a sword with a gold hilt, the blade enamelled blue, and above the tower on a dark blue enamelled ribbon the word IRUN standing up in gold. The whole is enamelled champlevé. On the reverse on a plain gold ground is enamelled in blue 17 DE MAYO DE 1837, encircled by the name and rank of the recipient, STAFF SURGEON B. A. L. SPAIN, C. B. BREAREY, M.D., M.R.C.S. The ribbon from which the medal is suspended is black with red edges, symbolical of the blood spilt in capturing the fort and town, over which the black flag was waving, indicating that no quarter was being given.

Staff Surgeon Brearey likewise received the Silver Cross for San Sebastian, 1836, and this also is in Dr. Payne's collection.

Silver Cross for San Sebastian, 1846.—This is a silver Cross of four arms, 1¹⁄₂₀ in. in diameter, with plain, raised borders, with obverse and reverse the same as the medal, the words ESPAÑA AGRADECIDA being omitted on the obverse. (See facing page 336.)

Russian Medal for Hungary, 1849.—The medal awarded to the Russian soldiers who took part in the Pacification of Hungary at the request of Austria in 1849, bears on the obverse the Russian double-headed eagle, surmounted by a crown, having a shield on its breast, encircled by a collar and badge, containing the figure of St. George and the Dragon. The eagle to the left is holding a baton in its claws, and the one to the right a globe with a cross above it. Above, the radiated Eye of Providence; encircling the whole, in Russian characters, GOD IS WITH US: HEAR, O YE PEOPLE, AND SUBMIT, FOR GOD IS WITH US. On the reverse, inscribed in Russian characters, is FOR THE PACIFICATION OF HUNGARY AND TRANSILVANIA, 1849. This is a small circular medal, 1³∕₂₀ in. in diameter, with plain, raised double borders. It is made in silver and bronze.

For Zeal.—An interesting silver medal 1⅒ in. in diameter was issued by the Emperor Nicholas I. It bears on the obverse the bust of the young ruler facing right and his titles in Russian characters, and on the reverse, following the line of a ribbed border, the legend FOR ZEAL in Russian, a rope-like circle makes a central shield. The medal is 1¹∕₁₆ in. in diameter.

Médaille Militaire.—This, the French equivalent of the British Distinguished Conduct Medal, was founded in 1852 by Louis Napoleon, when President of the French Republic. It is of silver, 1 in. in diameter, formed of a close band of laurel wreaths, encircling on the obverse the gilt bust of Louis Napoleon, facing left, with his name in gilt letters on a blue enamelled band. On the reverse, the wreath encircles a narrow band of blue enamel which borders the gilt centre bearing the legend VALEUR ET DISCIPLINE. The medal is surmounted by the French eagle, with outspread wings, and is suspended by an orange-coloured ribbon with green edges. After the Crimea, Louis, who had then become the Emperor Napoleon III, presented this medal to 500 British non-commissioned officers and men who had distinguished themselves in the campaign. (See facing page 132.)

The Republican variety bears the female head symbolic of the Republic on the obverse and the legend REPUBLIQUE FRANÇAIS * 1870 *; on the reverse is the inscription VALEUR ET DISCIPLINE. The medal is connected with the suspender by means of a trophy of French arms. The medal illustrated was won in France during the war now waging, by the late Sergeant Hunt.

Turkestan.—For the campaign in Turkestan the Emperor Alexander II gave a small silver medal 1¹∕₁₆ in. in diameter which bears on the obverse the Emperor's initial A in ornamental cypher, surmounted by the Imperial crown and II arranged between the legs of the initial. The reverse bears in the centre the date 1857-1858-1859 encircled by an inscription in Russian explaining that it was awarded for the success of arms in Turkestan. (See facing page 364.)

Garibaldian Medal, 1860.—This medal was given in 1860 to the Garibaldians in Sicily by the Municipality of Palermo, and distributed to the troops by Garibaldi, November 4th, 1860, in the square fronting the Royal Palace, Naples.

On the obverse, within the words AI PRODI CUI FU DUCE GARIBALDI, is a spread eagle standing on a scroll, on which are the letters S.P.Q.P. Three stars below. All in relief. On the reverse, outside a circle of laurel leaves are the words MARSALA, CALATAFIMI, PALERMO. Within the circle, IL MUNICIPIO PALERMITANO RIVENDICATO MDCCCLX. A star is in the exergue. This is a small circular medal, 1⅕ in. in diameter, within a plain, raised double border, suspended by a silver loop and ring from a crimson ribbon, 1⅖ in. wide, with narrow yellow edges, on which is attached the Arms of Sicily in silver, bearing the words UNO DEI MIL.

Papal States Campaign, 1860.—This medal was given by Pope Pius IX to his troops, including the Irish Brigade of Volunteers, who served under Major O'Reilly against Garibaldi. It was issued in gold to officers, and in silver and white metal to privates.

The obverse: An open ring formed by the body of a serpent—symbolic of eternity—on the head of which rests an inverted cross; around, on a plain band with simple, moulded edge is the motto, PRO PETRI SEDE▲ PIO · IX · P · M · A · XV▲. On the reverse, in the band, VICTORIA QVAE VINCIT MVNDVM FIDES NOSTRA *.

This (facing page 352) is a circular medal, 1½ in. in diameter, with a plain, raised, double border, and a scroll bar and claw clip suspender, from a crimson ribbon, 1⅕ in. wide, with two white stripes, edged with yellow.

The Caucasus.—For services in the Caucasus between 1859-1864 the Emperor Alexander II granted a small silver medal 1¹∕₁₆ in. in diameter bearing on the obverse his bust in profile facing left, and on the reverse across the centre is the date 1859-1864 encircled by an inscription in Russian characters stating that it is awarded for the subjugation of the Western Caucasus.

A bronze Cross, with crossed swords between the arms, to be attached to the uniform by means of a ring and bar attachment, was also awarded for the same campaign. It bears the explanatory inscription across the horizontal arms and Alexander's initial in Russian character surmounted by the Russian Imperial crown in the upper arm, and the date 1864 in the lower arm. In the circle which occupies the centre is the Russian eagle. It is 1⁹∕₁₀ in. across the arms. (See facing page 364.)

The Polish Insurrection.—For the suppression of the Polish Insurrection a bronze medal, 1¹∕₁₆ in. in diameter, was granted to the Russian troops. It is suspended from a ¾ in. ribbon composed of three equal stripes of white, yellow, and black, and bears on the obverse the two-headed Imperial eagle, surmounted by the Imperial crown, holding in its claws the orb and sceptre. On the reverse across the centre is the date 1863-1864 encircled by the inscription, in Russian, "For the suppression of the Polish Rebellion."

Cross for König Grätz.—The Cross for König Grätz was awarded to the Prussian troops who fought against the Austrians during the sanguinary and disastrous seven weeks ("seven days") war in 1866. It was this short campaign which demonstrated the superiority of the needle gun or breech-loader, on the bolt principle, over the old-fashioned muzzle-loader used by the Austrians, who assert that they were defeated simply because it took them three or four times as long to load and fire their guns as it did the Prussians. In this fight, also called the battle of Sadowa, the Austrians lost 20,000 men placed hors de combat, and as many prisoners. The Prussian loss was 10,000.

The Cross, which is 1⅖ in. in diameter, bears in the centre the Royal Cypher W.R., surrounded by the legend PREUSSEN SIEGRIECHEM HEERE (To Prussia's victorious army); on the upper arm of the Cross is the Prussian crown, on the right arm GOTT MIT IHM, and on the left WAR UNS SEI, on the bottom arm is DIE EHRE. On the reverse is the crowned Prussian eagle, resting upon a cannon; on the upper arm is KONIG-GRATZ, on the left DENZ, on the right, JULI, and on the lower arm, 1866. The ribbon is of black corded silk, 1 in. wide, with narrow stripes of white and orange at the side. (See facing page 352.)

Geneva Cross, 1870-71.—This bears on the obverse a red enamelled Cross of four arms, with a silver indented border in the centre in white enamel, with a plain silver edge. Reverse: On a silver perpendicular lined surface, within a raised silver double border, above, 1870; below, 1871; between, AUX BLESSÉS DES ARMÉES DE TERRE ET DE MER. The cross has a ring and loop for suspension from a white ribbon, 1½ in. wide, with a red cross in the centre. This Cross appears to be like the one worn by King Edward VII.

The Silver Cross, 1½ in. in diameter, bears on the obverse, above, 1870; below, 1871; between, SOCIÉTÉ FRANÇAISE DE SECOURS AUX BLESSÉS DES ARMÉES DE TERRE ET DE MER. The reverse is plain, with a simple border. Ribbon, the same as the above. The Bronze Cross is the same, 1½ in. in diameter, and is also suspended from the white ribbon with the Geneva Cross in the centre. (See facing page 352.)

French Medal for 1870-71.—The bronze medal recently awarded by the French Government to the survivors of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 is what one might expect from an artistic nation. It is somewhat larger, however, than most French military medals. It bears on the obverse the helmeted and armour-clad bust of a woman, symbolising the Republic, with the legend REPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE and on the reverse a finely arranged trophy of French arms, supporting the French tricolour, above a panel inscribed AUX DEFENSEURS DE LA PATRIE (To the defenders of the country). It is suspended by a green ribbon, with four black stripes of equal width. (See facing page 356.)

German Medal for 1870-71.—After the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War the German Emperor distributed circular medals of iron or bronze to combatants and non-combatants who rendered service during the campaign: the reverse of the medal explains whether it was awarded to one or the other. On the obverse of the medal granted to combatants is W W, the initial of Wilhelm, surmounted by the Prussian crown, and underneath, Dem siegreichem Heere Dem siegreichem Heere (To the victorious army), encircled by Gott war mit uns, Ihm sei die Ehre Gott war mit uns, Ihm sei die Ehre (God was with us, to Him the honour). On the reverse, surrounded by a laurel wreath, 1870
1871. On the steel medals the wreath is of oak (on the medals for 1813, 1814, 1815 the wreath is of laurel and oak), but in each case the wreath overlays a cross patée with rays issuant between the arms. On the edge is sometimes impressed AUS EROBERTEM GESCHUETZ (From captured guns). The same inscription is on the edge of the bronze medals issued to combatants for the campaigns of 1813-14 and 1815. The medal awarded to non-combatants bears the inscription Fur Pflichittreue im Kreige Fur Pflichittreue im Kreige (For faithful service in war); there is no inscription on the edge. The medal is suspended by a ribbed silk ribbon, 1 in. wide, with a red stripe down the centre, flanked by black and white stripes and black edging. (See facing page 356.)

Chili-Peruvian War, 1879-81.—On April 5th, 1879, war was declared against Peru by the Chilian Republic, it being alleged as a casus belli that the Government of Peru had made a treaty with Bolivia—Chili having strained relations with the latter country—which was antagonistic to Chili. This, however, as the terms of the treaty show, was merely a pretext for taking by force the province of Tarapaca with its mineral wealth and guano deposits. The battle of Tarapaca was fought on November 17th, 1879, and despite the gallant efforts of the Peruvian Army, the city was taken by the Chilians. The latter, under General Baquedano, landing an army farther north, fought the battle of TACNA on May 26th, 1880, the action commemorated upon the bar attached to the medal illustrated and shown above the bar for SAN FRANCISCO, fought on November 19th, 1879. The Bolivian and Peruvian force of 9,000 men under General Camero was decisively defeated by the Chilians, 14,000 strong, who followed up their success by capturing Arica on June 7th, 1880. Incidentally I might mention that the bars slip over the ribbon and bear on the back the date of the action. The campaign in Lima succeeded the annihilation of the Peruvian Army. In this the raw recruits and volunteers who fought for Peru made desperate struggles at Chorrillos on the 13th and at a final concerted struggle at MIRAFLORES on January 15th, 1881, but they were beaten, losing about 3,000 men killed and wounded (their opponents' losses were over 2,000), and despite the splendid defence of Lima, it was taken on the 17th; but its defender, General Caceres, struggled on with a guerilla warfare until October 1883, when the war was concluded upon terms which pressed very heavily upon the unfortunate Peruvians.

The First Chilian Medal.—This was awarded to the participants in the first campaign, which, as the inscription on the reverse states, covered the inclusive period of DE 14 DE FEBRERO DE 1879 A 7 DE JUNIO DE 1880. This legend is on a blue enamelled ground, in the centre of the silver medal, bordered by a band of red. The five arms of the star are covered with scaling which forms the centre of the panels; the points are tipped with balls; conventional rays are issuant between the arms of the star. On the obverse, in the centre, is a laureated, Grecian head, symbolic of the Republic; it is gilt and encircled by a blue enamelled band bearing the legend CAMPAGNA A BOLIVIA I EL PERU. The decoration depends from a red, ribbed ribbon, and regulation brooches were issued with the medals for suspension.

The Second Chilian Medal.—For the campaign which resulted in the capture of Lima a silver Cross with five arms was awarded. The terminals of the arms are protected by beads and the panelling is scaled as in the other decoration; issuant between the arms, three leaves of laurel. In the centre of the obverse and reverse is a gilt five-pointed star upon a radiated ground. On one side in a blue enamelled band is the record CAMPAGNA DE LIMA 1887, and on the other REPUBLICA DE CHILE. This decoration depends from a blue ribbon, from a regulation silver buckle brooch. (See facing page 356.)

Tonkin, 1883-5.—The French medal for the China War of 1883-5 bears on the obverse, within a wreath of laurel, with ribbon entwined, the head of "the Republic," helmeted and laureated, with the word PATRIE on the forehead. Around, REPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE. Below truncation is the artist's name, DANIEL DUPUIS. On the reverse, in the centre of a circle, within a similar wreath of laurel, are the battle names, SONTAY, BAC-NINH, FOU-TCHÉOU, FORMOSE, TUYEN-QUAN, PESCADORES. Around, TONKIN CHINE ANNAM, 1883-1885, below, with a dot on either side. This is a small circular silver medal, 1³∕₂₀ in. in diameter, with a ring and loop for suspension from a yellow ribbon, 1½ in. wide, with four light green stripes. (See facing page 348.)

Spanish-American War.—Arising out of the difficulties between the Spanish and the Cubans, came the war between Spain and America and the opportunity for the United States Navy to demonstrate its power, with a squadron of only 6 ships, by destroying the fleet of 11 Spanish battleships in Manila Bay without the loss of a single man. I illustrate the remarkably fine medal which was presented by the American nation to Commodore George Dewey—Admiral Dewey, as he is known in Britain—and to the officers and men who served under him. The medal, designed by the famous American sculptor, Daniel Chester French, was struck by Messrs. Tiffany & Co. It bears on the obverse the bust of Admiral Dewey, and on the ground the following inscription, THE GIFT OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE OCEATIC SQUADRON, UNDER THE COMMAND OF COMMODORE GEORGE DEWEY. On the reverse is a finely modelled figure of an American sailor, sitting on a naval gun, holding firmly across his knees the American flag, his left foot resting on a small panel upon which the name of the ship was engraved. Encircling all is the record IN MEMORY OF THE VICTORY OF MANILA BAY, MAY 1ST, 1898. (See facing page 368.)

German South-West Africa.—The German medal for South-West Africa, 1904-6, marks a departure on the part of the Germans in the application of art to the making of war medals. The severity which has usually distinguished them has disappeared, and we have in very low relief the richly helmeted head of Germania, surrounded by the inscription, SUDEWEST AFRICA 1904-06, and on the reverse the Imperial crown with ribbons surmounting the Gothic initial W. II, which is arranged above crossed swords, the whole being encircled by the inscription DEN SIEGREICHEN STREITERN. The medal was given in steel to non-combatants. The ribbon is white with a series of red horizontal lines down the centre, leaving a clear white margin, which is edged with black of an equal width, and to it is attached a gilt bar for services rendered in KALAHARI 1908. Like some of the medals awarded by American States, the bar is not attached to the medal, and is apt to get lost.

The Serbo-Turkish War.—Of this medal, with 1912 in the centre, 400,000 were struck and distributed to the officers and men who took part in the Serbo-Turkish campaign. Five medals were struck in gold for the Court. On the obverse is the Serbian Eagle, encircled by a laurel wreath upon the leaves of which are struck incuse the names of the principal battles, reading downwards on the left: Kumanovo, Uesküb, Prilip, Adrianople, Welles, N. Pazar, Debar, Istip, Prizren et Medare; and reading downwards on the right: Monastir, Scutari, Ohrid, Dojran, Sjeniza, Tetovo, Ljesch, Elbassan, Durazzo, and Pristina. The names are in Serbian characters.

On the reverse in the foreground is represented a piece of artillery captured from the Turks, with the sun in its splendour above, the date 1912 being inscribed on the orb itself, and running with the line of the medal above is the Serbian inscription, in native characters, signifying "Kossovo avenged," the field of Kossovo being the place where the Serbians lost their independence in 1389. The medal, which bears the Swiss modeller's name, Hugeunin Frères, is suspended from a silk-woven ribbon, with the national colours, red, blue, and white, repeated perpendicularly six times.

The Serbo-Bulgarian War.—The medal issued for the war with the Bulgarians is in the form of a Cross—41 millimetres in dimension. This is a very plain, bronze, gilt Cross, bearing on the obverse the royal monogram and surmounted by the royal crown, and on the reverse the date 1913. The decoration is suspended from a red ribbon with an edging of black. Five hundred thousand of these Crosses were issued to the officers and men who took part in the campaign, and four Crosses were struck in gold for the Court.

"For Courage."—The third medal is for valour, and was awarded to those officers and men who particularly distinguished themselves in the two campaigns. On the obverse is a strong figure of Obilitch, a warrior revered by the Serbian people. He has been their national hero since 1389, the ideal and the eternal spirit which inspired and encouraged the Serbian people to live for the time when they could throw off the yoke of the Turk. Around the bust of Obilitch is the inscription, in Serbian characters, Miloch Obilitch, National Hero, 1389. It will be noticed that the crest or chimera which surmounts the helmet of the hero helps to give the connection between the shaped ring for suspension and the decoration. On the reverse is the cross of chivalry, and a wreath of laurel encircling the legend, in Serbian characters, "For Courage." Crossed swords fittingly fill the gaps between the arms of the cross. The medal, modelled by M. Henri Hugeunin, is 36 millimetres in diameter, is suspended from a red silk ribbon. Seven of these decorations (see facing page 376) were struck in gold, 101 in silver, 4,000 in silver-plated bronze, and 27,000 in bronze gilt.

The Sanatory Cross.—The "Sanatory Cross," which is bronze gilt and enamelled, and 40 millimetres at its greatest dimension, was distributed to those men and women who rendered service in the medical department during the two campaigns. On the obverse is the Serbian eagle on an enamelled ground, and on the reverse the inscription in Serbian characters, "For care to the wounded and sick." The inscription also stands out on an enamelled circle. Four thousand five hundred were issued with the sky-blue ribbon arranged in triangular form for men, and 3,500 in tie form for women. (See facing page 376.)

French Veteran's Medal.—An interesting medal is that worn by French veterans who are members of the SOCIÉTÉ DE SECOURS MUTUELS FRANÇAISE DES EX MILITAIRES. It bears this inscription in a circle, and on the reverse a trophy of arms. It is suspended from a wreath of laurel, tied with flying ribbons, by a ribbon into which is woven the colours of various war ribbons.