374 Arrian, Tactica, 4 and 34-41.
375 The chronology of the Rhenish reliefs has been worked out by Weynand (B. J. B. 108/9), and the Danubian monuments have been similarly treated by Hofman (Sonderschrift des Oesterreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien, Band v, 1905).
376 Figured by Lehner in the first part of his illustrated catalogue of the Bonn Museum, Plate vii, no. 3.
377 Figured by Cagnat, L’Armée romaine d’Afrique, p. 238.
378 Frontispiece.
379 It may also be omitted on the reliefs from considerations of space, which are also probably the cause of the frequent omission of the helmet.
380 J. R. S. ii. (1912) Fig. 8. As it was found at Hexham, and probably comes from Corbridge, it cannot well have been erected before about 85.
381 See Tac. Ann. xii. 35 (describing an engagement with Caratacus) ‘et si auxiliaribus resisterent, gladiis ac pilis legionariorum, si huc verterent, spathis et hastis auxiliarium sternebantur’.
382 Professor Baldwin Brown considers it to be a development of the iron broadsword of the La Tène period (Arts and Crafts of our Teutonic Forefathers, p. 118).
383 Josephus, Bell. Iud. iii. 5, 6.
384 The best representation of cavalry is Cichorius, Pl. 28.
385 I do not mean to imply that the details are correctly represented in every case. The swords, for instance, are often omitted, particularly in the earlier scenes. Doubtless several artists were employed, and all were not equally conscientious.
386 Arrian, Tactica, 4 θώρακα πεπλεγμένον, 41 θώραξι σιδηροῖς.
387 B. J. B. lxxxi. 104. The soldier’s name, T. Flavius Bassus, gives a terminus post quem for the dating of the relief.
388 Cichorius, Pl. 65 (equites singulares).
389 It is sometimes replaced by the scarf (focale).
390 Arrian, op. cit. 34.
391 I agree with Mr. Curle that the passage in Arrian (ἴσα πάντη τοῖς προσώποις πεποίηται τῶν ἱππέων) refers to helmets of this kind. See his discussion of the Newstead example, A Roman Frontier-post, Pl. 24, 27, 29, 30.
392 Von Domaszewski and Petersen, Die Marcussäule, Pl. 27, 52.
393 An Ala Gallorum et Pannoniorum catafractata existed in the reign of Hadrian, xi. 5632.
394 Hofman, Fig. 46. (Cf. iii. 4316.) He assigns it to the third century.
395 Hofman, Fig. 23. The deceased is represented shooting very dexterously at a target.
396 Arrian, Tactica, 4. It appears from this passage that in the reign of Hadrian the cavalry did not carry spears of two sizes for thrusting and throwing in the time of Josephus (see above), but one or more of medium length suitable for both purposes. The contarii were a special class of regiments; the best known of which was the Ala contariorum miliaria stationed in Pannonia (see Appendix).
397 Cichorius, Pl. 44, 45.
398 Haverfield, Catalogue of Inscribed Stones in Grosvenor Museum, no. 137.
399 Lehner, Pl. v, no. 3.
400 Lindenschmidt, Tracht und Bewaffnung des römischen Heeres, Pl. vi, no. 2.
401 Lehner, Pl. no. 2.
402 Lehner, Pl. vi, no. 3. This monument may be slightly later in date than the others, since the soldier carries an oval shield.
403 Lehner, Pl. vi, no. 4.
404 The details are brought out most clearly on Cichorius, Pl. 52.
405 Rangordnung, p. 59: ‘Sie (the numeri) dienen zur Ergänzung der zur schweren Infanterie umgeschaffenen Auxiliarcohorten.’
406 Tac. Ann. i. 51 ‘leves cohortes’, ii. 52 ‘legio medio leves cohortes duaeque alae in cornibus locantur’. Similarly iii. 39, iv. 73.
407 Cichorius, Pl. 27. For the helmet with metal ribs see Baldwin Brown, Arts and Crafts, Pl. xxx, Fig. 118. For the skins of animals worn by German auxiliaries see Tac. Hist. ii. 88.
408 Cichorius, Pl. 47, 50 and 80. They carry the Asiatic παλίντονα τόξα and may well be Palmyreni. Cichorius decides that those who wear scale armour are probably Iazyges, but his reasons seem insufficient.
409 Cichorius, Pl. 19.
410 Cichorius, Pl. 47, 50.
411 Cichorius, ii. 311.
412 viii. 18042 ‘Addidistis ut et lapides fundis mitteretis et missilibus confligeretis’. This is addressed to the ‘equites cohortis VI Commagenorum’.