Abailard, i, 307, 308 n., 311 sq.
Abassides, the, i, 252, 255
Abauzit, ii, 243
Abbas Effendi, i, 274
Abdera, i, 157
Aben-Ezra, i, 335
Abernethy, ii, 461
Aboul-ala el Marri, i, 261
Abraham and Isaac, i, 102
Abraxas, i, 228
Abstractions, deification of, i, 198
Abubacer, i, 270
Abyssinia, magic and religion in, i, 46
Academic thought in England, i, 164, 165, 321
Académie, the French, ii, 227 sq.
Academy, the New, i, 187;
of Florence, i, 371
Achamoth, i, 228
Aconzio, i, 392, 468, 469, 470
Acton, Lord, i, 461
Adamites, the, i, 418
Adams, John, ii, 382
—— George, ii, 394
Adamson, Professor, ii, 43
n.;
cited, ii, 65 n., 105,
338 n.
Addison, ii, 151
Adler, Felix, ii, 414
Adonai, i, 105
Adonis, i, 75, 101
Afdal-i-káshí, i, 265
Æneas Sylvius, i, 367, 370 n., 415, 418 n.
Ænesidemus, i, 181 n., 190
Aerius, i, 239
Æschylus, i, 130 sq., 148
Africa, Islam in, i, 276
—— unbelief in, i, 34, 35, 38, 39
African tribes, religion of, i, 23, 31
Agathon, i, 162 n.
Agni, cult of, i, 48
Agnosticism, Chinese, i, 83 sq.
—— of Chaucer, i, 346–47
—— Greek, i, 143, 146, 152, 161
—— Mohammedan, i, 255, 263
Agobard, i, 282
Agur, i, 116
Ahriman (Angra Mainyu), i, 68, 111
Ahura Mazda, i, 65 sq.
Aikenhead, ii, 181
Akbar, i, 275
Akerberg, ii, 418
Akhunaton, i, 72 sq.
Akkadian religion, i, 61 sq.
Ala-ud-Dawla, i, 267
Alba, Duke d’, ii, 372
Alberti, cited, ii, 157 n., 190, 368
Albertus Magnus, i, 319, 362, 377 n.
—— of Saxony, i, 360
Albigenses, i, 282, 299 sq.
Alciati, i, 453
Alexander IV, i, 322
—— VI, i, 373
—— of Aphrodisias, i, 376
Alexandria, religion at, i, 189, 226
—— library of, i, 253 n.
—— culture at. i, 188
Alfarabi, i, 267
Alfieri, ii, 369
Alfonso X, the Wise, i, 321, 325, 338–39
—— II, i, 336
—— of Naples, i, 366
—— de Spina, i, 370 n., 376
Algarotti, ii, 369
Algazel, i, 259, 263, 266, 267, 270
Algebra, ii, 13
Algeria, freethought in, i, 276
Alhazen, i, 268
Alison, cited, ii, 250
Ali Syed, i, 272 n.
Alkaios, i, 200
Alkibiades, i, 159, 160
Al Kindi, i, 267
Al Kindy, i, 258
Allbutt, Professor T. C., cited, i, 40; ii, 103 n.
Allegory, freethinking, i, 145, 161, 191
Allen, Ethan, ii, 382 n.
Allingham, cited, ii, 447
Almodobar, Duke of, ii, 373
Almoravides and Almohades, i, 269
Alphabetic writing, ago of, i, 105, 194
Alsted, ii, 294 sq.
Amadeo de’ Landi, i, 368
Amalrich (Amaury) of Bena, i, 317, 333
Amazons, myth of, i, 173, 185
Amberley, ii, 403
Ambrose, i, 233, 393
American colonies, revolt of, ii, 281
Amen-Ra, i, 69, 72
Ames, ii, 74
Ammianus Marcellinus, i, 234
Ammonios Saccas, i, 226
Amos, i, 104 sq.
Amun, i, 62
Anabaptists, the, i, 436, 454; ii, 1, 2
Anaita, i, 67
Anatomy, i, 259 n.
Anax, i, 125 n.
Anaxagoras, i, 136, 152 sq.
Anaximandros, i, 136, 138; ii, 47
Anaximenes, i, 136, 138, 152
Ancestor-worship, i, 83
Andamanese, religion and ethics of, i, 93;
food supply of, i, 94
André, ii, 122
Angels, belief in, i, 110, 111
Angerio, i, 411
Anglo-Saxons, i, 113
Ani, papyrus of, i, 109
Anomeans, the, i, 242
Anselm, St., i, 307, 308 n., 309 sq.
—— of Laon, i, 315 n.
Ansted, ii, 463
Anthoine, Nicholas, i, 453
Anthropomorphism, i, 182, 195; ii, 29
Antichthon, i, 150
Anti-clericalism in India, i, 55;
Paulician, i, 280, 293, 295;
of Troubadours, i, 300 sq.;
Italian, i, 323, 327, 366;
medieval, i, 331 sq.;
English, i, 346, 348;
French, i, 351, 353;
German, i, 361;
in the Renaissance, i, 366 sq.
Antinomianism and religion, i, 2, 18, 333, 446
Antisthenes, i, 183
Antonines, the, i, 217
Anytas, i, 171
Aphroditê, i, 124
Apistos, early use of word, i, 1, 127 n., 235
Apocalypse, i, 225 n.
Apollo, i, 124, 145
Apollonius of Tyana, i, 238 n.
Apologetics, Christian, i, 235, 310, 350, 370, 407, 482 sq.; ii, 79 sq., 97 sq., 124 sq., 137, 145, 156, 162 sq., 179, 210, 214
Apostolici, i, 336, 406
Apotheosis, imperial, i, 185, 208, 209
Apthorp, ii, 205
Apuleius, i, 212;
cited, i, 77
Aquinas, Thomas, i, 318 sq., 359, 360, 376
Arabs, influence of, on Europe, i, 268, 301 sq.,
315 sq., 362, 366;
influence of on negro life, i, 276;
civilization of, i, 249, 251, 268 sq.;
science of, i, 256, 258, 268 sq.;
decadence of, i, 258 sq., 269 sq.;
persecution of, ii, 56;
Himyarite, i, 112, 116
Aranda, Count, ii, 372, 373, 377
Arcadia, religion in, i, 45
Archelaos, i, 136, 160, 163
Archilochos, i, 124 n., 145
Argotti, ii, 54
Aristarchos, i, 188
Aristippos, i, 183
Aristo, i, 184
Aristodemos, i, 170
Aristophanes, i, 152, 167, 171
Aristotle, i, 131, 149, 152, 168, 177 sq., 257,
307, 471;
in Campaspe, ii, 3
Aristotelianism, i, 307, 317, 318, 469–70; ii, 63
Arius and Arianism, i, 77, 229 sq.; ii, 151, 153–54
Ark, the Hebrew, i, 101
Arkesilaos, i, 187
Arminianism, i, 462 sq.; ii, 22, 133, 137, 378
Arminius, i, 455, 462
Armstrong, E., cited, i, 408
Arnaldo of Villanueva, i, 339
Arnobius, i, 215, 225
Arnold of Brescia, i, 295
—— the legate, i, 303
—— Matthew, i, 457; ii, 255, 403, 408, 441 n., 450, 452
Arnoldson, K. P., ii, 418
Artaxerxes Mnemon, i, 67
Artemis, i, 124
Artemon, i, 230
Arts, effect of, on religion, i, 95–96;
affected by religion, i, 365
Aryabhata, i, 57
Aryans, i, 48 sq.
Asceticism, i, 54, 216, 227, 243 sq.
Ascham, i, 467; ii, 2
Aselli, ii, 66
Ashari, Al, i, 259
Ashtoreths, i, 79, 81
Asmodeus, i, 111
Asoka, i, 59, 60
Aspasia, i, 155
Assassins, the, i, 266
Associations, religious, in Greece, i, 189
“Assurance,” doctrine of, i, 455
Assyria, religion of, i, 47, 63 sq.
Astrology, i, 401;
Chaldean, i, 63;
Greek, i, 188;
Roman, i, 212;
medieval, i, 327;
Italian, i, 373;
Rabelais on, i, 382, 384;
Renaissance, i, 401;
and Protestantism, i, 449;
assailed by Gassendi, ii, 67–68
Astronomy, Arab, i, 270, 275;
Hindu, i, 56–57;
Greek, i, 137, 188;
Babylonian, i, 62–63, 95, 137;
Modern, ii, 41 sq.
Astruc, ii, 236 n., 239, 256, 431
Asvamedha, rite of, i, 53
Aszo y del Rio, ii, 372
Aten, cult of, i, 73, 74 sq.
Athanasius, i, 77
Athanasianism, i, 235
Atheism and atheist, use of words, i, 1, 4, 225
Atheism, Arab, i, 249 sq., 256;
Brahmanic, i, 51 sq.;
Buddhistic, i, 56, 58;
among Sikhs, ii, 497;
in Phœnicia, i, 79;
in Greece, i, 17, 142, 156, 159, 160, 173, 183, 184, 189;
at Rome, i, 211;
under Islam, i, 249, 256;
in modern Germany, i, 437; ii, 296;
in medieval Italy, i, 325;
in Renaissance Italy, i, 374;
in France, i, 389, 473; ii, 219, 221, 231, 267,
273, 275, 278;
in the Netherlands, ii, 135;
in Poland, ii, 308;
in England, ii, 2, 3, 6 sq., 72, 79, 97, 150,
151, 165;
in Scotland, ii, 181, 182;
in the French Revolution, ii, 274 sq.,
287;
rise of modern, i, 466;
in Turkey, i, 272;
in Japan, ii, 426
Athenaeus, cited, i, 176
Athenagoras, i, 225 n., 230
Athênê, i, 124
Athens, culture of, i, 133, 148, 152 sq.
Atheos, early use of word, i, 127
Atomic theory, i, 80, 157, 312
Atto, i, 291 n.
Aucassin et Nicolette, i, 300–301
Audra, ii, 291
Auerbach, ii, 456
Aufklärung, the, ii, 331, 333, 409, 472, 474
Augsburg, Peace of, ii, 49
Augustine, St., i, 1, 215, 225, 231, 232, 233, 235, 287, 290; ii, 119
Augustus, i, 204, 207 sq., 213
Aulard, cited, i, 287 n.
Aulus Gellius, cited, i, 200 n.
Auspices, Roman, i, 199
Austore d’Orlac, i, 366 n.
Australian aborigines, religion of, i, 32, 35, 95
Australian, freethought, ii, 412
Austria, freethought in, ii, 305 sq.
Austrittsbewegung, ii, 436 n.
Autocracy and freethought, i, 212 sq.
Auxerre, Bishop of, ii, 264, 269
Avebury, Lord, i, 30–31, 93; ii, 471
Avempace, i, 270, 316
Avenar, ii, 6
Averroës and Averroism, i, 270 sq., 302, 316, 318 sq., 324, 330, 338, 346, 360, 361, 369, 376, 379, 404; ii, 34
Avicebron, i, 316
Avicenna, i, 265, 267
Avignon, the papacy at, i, 354 sq., 398, 443
Azara, ii, 374
Aztec religion, i, 88 sq.
Baals, i, 78–79, 124
Bâb sect, i, 273 sq.
Babylon, religion of, i, 47, 111;
freethought in, i, 62–65;
science in, i, 62–63, 95, 122
Bacchic mysteries, i, 200
Bachaumont, cited, ii, 221 n., 235 n., 239 n., 240 n., 242 n., 244
Bacon, Francis, ii, 25 sq.,
64;
on rationales, i, 5;
on education, i, 378;
on Demokritos, i, 158, 177 n.;
method of, i, 178 n.;
on second causes, i, 472;
on atheists, ii, 4, 282;
on religious wars, ii, 13;
and persecution, ii, 23;
and Aristotle, ii, 63;
and Herbert, ii, 70;
and Spinoza, ii, 134;
cited, ii, 271
—— John, ii, 54
—— Roger, i, 319, 343 sq., 354
Baden Powell, Rev., cited, ii, 13, 178, 463 sq.
Baerlein, H., i, 262
Bagehot, W., criticized, ii, 198
Bails, ii, 375
Bain, Professor, ii, 404;
quoted, i, 174 n., 178, 109, 449
Bainham, i, 458
Bains, i, 456
Baird, H. M., cited, ii, 498
Baker, Sir S., i, 35
Ball, John, i, 350
Ballance, ii, 500
Baltus, ii, 226
Balzac, ii, 442
Bandino, i, 469 n.
Banier, Abbé, i, 185
Bantu, the, i, 22
Banvan, i, 429
Barante, ii, 284 sq.
Bardesanes, i, 227
Barmekides, the, i, 257
Barneveldt, i, 463
Barrington, ii, 173
Barrow, ii, 104
Barth, cited, i, 50
Barthez, ii, 243
Barthogge, ii, 87
Bartholmèss, ii, 43 n.
Bartoli, cited, i, 328 n., 353
Basel, University of, i, 447
Basil, Emperor, i, 279
Basileus, i, 125 n.
Basilides, i, 228
Bastian, A., ii, 470
Bataks, the, i, 23
Bathenians, the, i, 255
Baudeau, ii, 244
Baudelaire, ii, 442
Baudrier, President, i, 387 n.
Bauer, A., quoted, i, 156 n.
—— Edgar, ii, 432
Baume-Desdossat, ii, 239
Baumgarten, ii, 318 n.
Baur, F. C, ii, 325, 354;
cited, i, 410, 436; ii, 311, 317, 336 n., 344, 425, 428,
434, 477 sq., 479
—— Rev. W., cited, ii, 336 n., 409 n.
Baxter, i, 350 n.; ii, 71, 82, 84
Bayle, i, 2, 466; ii, 139 sq., 150, 154, 282, 352
Beard, C., cited, i, 464
Beaumont, J., ii, 138
Beating of idols, i, 23 sq.
—— Heinrich, i, 435
Béda, i, 429
Bede, i, 313
Beethoven, ii, 351
Beghards and Beguins, i, 333, 335, 339, 406
Béha, i, 274
Bekker, ii, 138
Belgium, freethought in, ii, 406 sq.
“Believers in Reason,” ii, 350
Bélisaire, ii, 259 sq.
Bellarmin, Cardinal, i, 462; ii, 22, 57, 119 n.
Bellay, Guillaume de, i, 383
—— Jean du, i, 382
—— Joachim du, i, 390
Bellman, ii, 360
Bel Merodach, i, 62, 64
Benedict XIV, Pope, ii, 368, 369, 370
Benn, A., ii, 389 n.,
444 n.;
cited, i, 137 n., 138 n., 146 n., 158, 170
n., 178 n., 179–80, 187;
criticized, ii, 211
Bennet, Benjamin, ii, 88 n.
—— A., ii, 451
Bentley, ii, 97, 155;
cited, i, 8 n.
Béranger, ii, 442
Berault, ii, 98
Berengar, i, 289 sq., 440
Bergier, ii, 245, 250, 253, 256, 275, 287
Berington, Rev. J., cited, i, 300
Berkeley, i, 8 n.; ii, 91,
105, 124, 150, 151–52, 162 sq., 168;
and Hume, ii, 180, 251,
252
Berlin, churchgoing in, ii, 438 n.
Bernard, St., i, 295, 312, 313
—— J.-F., ii, 238
—— Sylvester, i, 312
Berquin, i, 429
Berruyer, ii, 215
Berthelot, ii, 122
Berti, cited, ii, 61 n.;
quoted, ii, 62
Besant, Mrs., ii, 402, 408, 452
—— Sir W., ii, 452
Bettinelli, ii, 368
Bevan, E. R., cited, i, 186
Beverland, ii, 36
Beyle, ii, 442
Bezold, i, 404, 435 n., 441
Bhagavat Gîta, the, i, 59
Biandrata, i, 420–21, 425, 453, 468; ii, 37
Bibliolatry, i, 403, 439, 454, 457; ii, 25, 26, 32, 35, 61, 209
Bickell, i, 115
Bielfeld, cited, ii, 303 n.
Biélinsky, ii, 456
Biology, ii, 207, 459 sq., 464 sq.
Bion, i, 184
Biran, ii, 479
Birch, W. J., ii, 18 n.
Björnson, ii, 457
Black Death, i, 34, 328–29
Blackmore, ii, 173
Blackstone, Sir W., ii, 195–96
Blanchard, ii, 257
Blasphemy, i, 167; ii, 5, 8, 73 n., 76, 99, 147, 149, 159, 170
Blatchford, ii, 408
Bleeckly, H., i, 171 n., 172
Blind, ideas of the, i, 39
Blount, Charles, ii, 96 sq., 99, 115, 149–50, 243, 449
—— Sir T. P., ii, 96 n.
Blunt, cited, i, 458
Bluntschli, ii, 35
Boas, Professor, cited, ii, 12
Boccaccio, i, 327 sq.; ii, 328
Bocher, Joan, ii, 1
Boeheim, i, 406 n.
Boëthius, i, 246–47, 348; ii, 34
Bogomilians, the, i, 281
Bohemia, Reformation in, i, 415 sq.
Bohemian Brethren, the, i, 419
Bohn, H., ii, 398
Bohun, ii, 99 n.
Boileau, ii, 183
Boindin, ii, 222, 248 n., 257, 258
Boissier, cited, i, 195, 198 n., 205 n.
Bolde, ii, 110
Boleslav, i, 422
Bolingbroke, ii, 143, 154, 164, 178, 196 sq., 223, 232–33, 253
Bolsec, i, 442, 446
Bonamy, ii, 257
Bonaventure Desperiers, i, 379 sq., 391
Boncerf, ii, 290
Boniface, St., i, 282
Bonner, Mrs., ii, 338
Book of the Dead, the, i, 70
Booth, B., ii, 452 n.
Booms, ii, 352
Borthwick, F., ii, 182 n.
Bos Homes, i, 297
Bossuet, ii, 65 n., 126, 131, 142, 146, 213, 250, 251
—— cited, ii, 123
Bouchier, Jean, i, 459
Bougre, origin of word, i, 281
Bouillier, cited, i, 377 n.; ii, 121 n.
Boulainvilliers, ii, 213, 237–38, 241
Bourdelot, ii, 357
Bourdin, ii, 65
Bourget, ii, 442.
Bourgeville, i, 473
Bourne, cited, ii, 108 n., 114 n.
Bouterwek, cited, ii, 40, 41 n.
Boyse, ii, 188
Bradke, Von, cited, i, 49
Bradford, Bishop, ii, 98
Bradlaugh, ii, 399 sq.
Bradley, J., ii, 98
—— F. H., i, 140
Brahé, Tycho, ii, 355