Moffat, cited, i, 34, 35
Mohammed, i, 27, 248 sq.
Mohammedanism, freethought under, 248 sq.
Moktader, i, 260
Molech, i, 103
Moleschott, ii, 479 n.
Molesworth, ii, 189
Molière, i, 2, 475; ii, 122–23
Molina, i, 456; ii, 125
Molinos, ii, 146
Mollio, i, 411
Mommsen, i, 194 n., 195, 197, 198
Monaldeschi, ii, 358 n.
Monarchism and religion, i, 47, 125
Monasteries, dissolution of, in England, i, 458
Monboddo, Lord, ii, 207
Mongault, ii, 258
Monk, ii, 167
Monolatry, i, 57, 98, 249
Monotheism, in Mesopotamia, i, 61 sq.;
Arab, i, 254 sq.;
Persian, i, 67;
Egyptian, i, 69;
in China, i, 82–83;
Mexican, i, 89, 90;
Peruvian, i, 90;
alleged primitive, i, 94;
Hebrew, i, 97, 100, 118;
Greek, i, 178, 181, 184;
Roman, i, 209;
later Pagan, i, 240;
of Mohammed, i, 248 sq.
Monroe, ii, 385
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, ii, 164
Montaigne, i, 2, 393, 465, 474, 475 sq.; ii,
18, 67, 95,
100, 139 n., 268, 480, 481;
cited, i, 2
Montalembert, ii, 482;
cited, i, 303 n., 305 n.
Montesquieu, ii, 217 sq., 245, 257, 351, 366, 368, 468
Monti, Pompeo de, i, 412
Moore, G., ii, 451
Moors. See Arabs
Morabethin, ii, 269 n.
More, Sir T., i, 177, 396, 460–61; ii, 1
—— Henry, ii, 65, 81, 88, 102, 104
—— Hannah, ii, 451
Morehead, ii, 450 n.
Morellet, ii, 254
Morelly, ii, 239
Morgan, Professor de, cited, ii, 13
Morgan, T., ii, 169
—— Sir T. C., ii, 462
Morin, i, 324
Morley, Lord, i, 452; ii, 256,
401, 408;
cited, ii, 149 n., 228, 261, 267,
272, 285 n., 286 n., 287 n.,
311
Mornay, de, i, 2, 473; ii, 18
Moroccan Letters, ii, 331
Morris, Rev. J., ii, 109
—— Gouverneur, ii, 382 n.
Morus, ii, 320
Moschus, i, 80
Moses, i, 102
Mosheim, cited, i, 211, 226, 229 n., 451; ii, 74, 303
Motadhed, i, 259
Motamid, i, 259
Motasim, i, 258
Motawakkel, i, 258
Motazilites, the, i, 254 sq., 272, 316, 328 n.
Motecallemîn, the, i, 267, 270, 328 n.
Moxon, ii, 395
Mozdar, i, 257
Muggleton, ii, 78
Muir, Dr., cited, i, 50
Müller, J., ii, 298
—— K. O., i, 121 n., 123, 131, 133
—— Max, cited, i, 51, 58, 145;
criticized, i, 48 n., 54, 95, 162 n., 165; ii, 465
Munter, ii, 361
Muratori, ii, 368
Murchison, ii, 467
Murimuth, i, 335
Murray, Prof. G., cited, i, 122, 135 n., 164–65, 166, 171 n.
Musaeus, ii, 297
Musgrave, i, 165
Musset, de, ii, 442
Mutianus, i, 434 sq.
Mycenean civilization, i, 120
Mysteries, Eleusinian, i, 183 n.;
Pythagorean, i, 129;
Bacchic, i, 200, 210
Mystery-plays, Christian, i, 302
Mysticism, i, 229 n.;
Greek, i, 146, 189;
Christian, i, 218, 335, 362;
Arab, i, 265, 267, 270
Mythology, ii, 246, 319, 424 sq., 470 sq.
Nabonidos, i, 64
Nadaillac, cited, i, 88 n.
Naigeon, ii, 224, 242, 267, 272 sq.
Nanak, ii, 497
Nantes, revocation of Edict of, ii, 141–42
Napier, ii, 182
Naples, freethought in, i, 366–67; ii, 365;
reaction in, ii, 387
Napoleon, ii, 292 sq., 387 sq., 458
—— III, ii, 406
Narrien, i, 150
Natalius, i, 230
Natura naturans, i, 318, 472; ii, 3, 207
“Naturalist,” use of word, i, 1–2
Naudé, Gabriel, i, 391 n.; ii, 117 sq.
Naylor, James, ii, 83
Neander, cited, i, 287, 288, 446; ii, 431
Nebo, i, 47
“Negative criticism,” i, 16–17; ii, 197
Neo-Platonism, i, 76, 189, 191, 226
Nero, i, 213
Nestorians, the, i, 241
Netherlands, i, 398 sq., 414, 461 sq.; ii, 33 sq., 132 sq., 352 sq., 407
Netzahualpilli, i, 90
Netzahuatlcoyotl, i, 41, 89
Nevill, ii, 78
“New Christians,” the, i, 342
Newman, J. H., ii, 127 n., 170, 437, 470, 487
—— C. R., ii, 439 n.
New Testament, criticism of, ii, 148, 211, 219, 230, 245, 308, 318, 321, 327 sq., 423 sq.
Newton, ii, 61, 106, 110–11, 112 sq., 150, 174, 178, 202–203, 457 sq.
New Zealand, freethought in, ii, 500;
superstition in, i, 46
Nichirenites, ii, 492
Nicholas I, Pope, i, 285
—— IV, Pope, i, 344
—— V, Pope, i, 367
—— the painter, i, 297 n.
—— of Amiens, i, 311
Nichols, Dr., ii, 98
—— James, ii, 22 n.
Nicholson, or Lambert, ii, 1
—— E. B., i, 220 n.
—— R. A., cited, i, 250, 251 n., 252
—— W., ii, 201
Nicolai, ii, 315 sq.
Nicolaus of Autricuria, i, 361, 368
—— of Cusa, i, 367, 368, 398; ii, 42, 47 n.
Nicoletto, Vernias, i, 369
Niebuhr, ii, 368
Nietzsche, ii, 474
Nifo, i, 369
Niketas. See Iketas
Nikias, i, 174
Nikon, ii, 363
Nilus, St., i, 392
Ninon de l’Enclos, ii, 223 n.
Niphus. See Nifo
Nirvana, doctrine of, i, 56
Nizolio, i, 469
Nominalism, i, 283, 307 sq., 358, 360
Nonconformity in England, ii, 160 sq.
Norris, John, ii, 104
Norway, freethought in, ii, 412, 457
Nourisson, ii, 255
Nous, doctrine of, i, 154
Noyes, ii, 453
Numa, i, 374
Numbers, doctrine of, i, 149, 228
Nyström, ii, 418
Obscenity and religion, i, 357 sq.
Occam. See William
Ochino, i, 409, 453, 468; ii, 488
Ogilvie, cited, ii, 207
Oglethorpe, ii, 267 n.
Okeanos, i, 125
O’Keefe, ii, 201
Olavidès, ii, 373
Oldcastle, i, 349
Oldfield, ii, 98
Old Testament, criticism of, i, 316; ii, 97, 131, 132, 134, 156, 167, 211, 256, 307, 318, 321, 359, 431 sq.
Olivetan, i, 379
Omar, the Khalif, i, 251
Omar Khayyâm, i, 262 sq.
Omens, belief in, i, 174, 198, 199, 206
Oracles, i, 136, 157 sq., 174, 186
Orano, cited, i, 411 n.
Origen, i, 226, 236 sq.; ii, 488
Orléans, Duchesse d’, cited, ii, 145
Ormazd. See Ahura Mazda
Ormsby, cited, ii, 40
Orpheus, i, 125 n.
Orphicism, i, 148 n., 149
Ortlieb, i, 333
Orvieto, heresy at, i, 295, 299
Orzechowski, i, 425
Osborn, Major, cited, i, 255 n.
—— Francis, cited, ii, 11
Ostrorog, i, 423
Overton, ii, 79
Ovid, i, 209; ii, 463
Owen, Rev. John, i, 11;
cited, i, 191 n., 301 n., 328 n., 352, 368, 374
n., 377 n., 477 n., 479, 480 n., 483; ii,
43 n., 52 n.,
125 n.
—— Robert, ii, 395 sq., 399, 405
—— Sir Richard, ii, 465
Oxford in 16th century, ii, 64;
in 18th century, ii, 157
Ozanam, cited, i, 230 n.
Pachacamac, i, 90
Padua, school of, i, 330, 379
Paganism, suppression of, i, 234; late, and Christianity, i, 217
Pagitt, ii, 79
Paine, ii, 210 sq., 382 sq., 392, 393, 398, 418, 458
Painting, Italian, i, 365, 370
Palaiphatos, i, 185
Paleario, i, 412
Palestrina, i, 469
Paley, ii, 210, 252;
cited, ii, 207, 252
Palissot, ii, 258
Palmaer, ii, 418
Palmer, Herbert, ii, 27
—— Prof., i, 248 n., 249 n., 250
—— Elihu, ii, 385
Panini, i, 53
Pankosmism, i, 144
Pannonicus, i, 419
Pantheism, medieval, i, 2, 285;
Indian, i, 48 sq.;
Babylonian, i, 62;
Egyptian, i, 69, 76;
Chinese, i, 84;
Greek, i, 130, 132, 137, 142, 144, 150, 162, 184;
Moorish, i, 270;
Jewish, i, 316;
German, i, 333, 398; ii, 303, 308 n., 328;
Roman, i, 209, 210 n., 212;
Gnostic, i, 226;
Sufi, i, 265, 266;
Persian, i, 272 sq.;
French, i, 317; ii, 129;
of Aquinas, i, 318;
Italian, i, 373; ii, 49, 52,
63 n., 366;
in the Netherlands, i, 398–99; ii, 135,
138;
at Geneva, i, 446, 449;
English, ii, 148–49,
165;
Scotch, ii, 184
Paolo Giovio, i, 374 n.
Papacy, growth of, i, 294 sq.;
power of, i, 298, 302 sq.;
hostility to, i, 295, 312 n., 322, 325, 331 sq., 419
sq., 422.
Pare, Gian, ii, 1
Parini, ii, 371
Paris, university of, i, 329, 354, 355, 361
Parker, Archdeacon, ii, 91
—— Prof., cited, ii, 494, 496 n.
Parkes, Prof., cited, ii, 426
Parlement of Paris, ii, 287
Parmenides, i, 136, 146
Parr, ii, 488
Parsees, the, i, 111, 272
Parsons, ii, 9
Parthians, the, i, 68
Parvish, ii, 167
Pascal, i, 478; ii, 85, 121, 124 sq., 251
Paschasius Radbert, i, 286
Pasiphae, i, 185
Passerano, ii, 353
Pastoret, ii, 244
Pastoris, i, 424
Patericke, i, 384–85
Paterini, i, 296, 322, 406
Patin, Gui, i, 389; ii, 57 n., 66, 117 sq., 132 n.
—— Professor, i, 131
Patot, Tyssot de, ii, 214, 227
Pattison, Mark, i, 442, 452, 468 n.; ii, 126 n., 127, 179
Paul, i, 219, 224, 244
—— of Samosata, i, 230
—— II, of Russia, ii, 365
—— II, Pope, i, 370
—— III, Pope, i, 382, 411; ii, 41
—— IV, Pope, i, 412
—— V, Pope, ii, 57
—— Herbert, ii, 166 n.
Pauli, i, 397
—— Gregorius, i, 425
Paulicians, the, i, 2, 279 sq., 291 sq., 309, 406
Pauthier, cited, i, 83
Pavlovsky, cited, ii, 456 n.
Pazmany, i, 422
Pearson, Bishop, ii, 9
Peasant wars, i, 406 n., 417, 419, 436
Pecock, i, 394 sq.; ii, 14
Pedro II, i, 338
—— de Osma, i, 340
Peel, Speaker, ii, 402
Peele, ii, 16
Peirce, ii, 161
Pelagianism, i, 231 sq., 277, 314
Pelagius, i, 229
Pelham, Prof., i, 200 n.
Pelletier, ii, 122 n.
Pellicier, i, 389
Pelling, E., ii, 98
Penn, ii, 114
Pentateuch, criticism of, i, 316; ii, 131, 132, 137, 167, 197, 256, 423 sq., 431 sq.
Pereira, i, 470
Pericles, i, 153 sq.
Perier, Madame, ii, 134
Perkins, W., ii, 74
Perrault, cited, ii, 120
Perrens, i, 13; cited, i, 2 n., 368 n., 381; ii, 120 n., 123 n.
Perrin, i, 443
Persecution, primitive, i, 36 n.;
Christian, i, 172, 232 sq., 240, 280, 291, 295, 296 sq.,
302 sq., 337, 349, 385, 386, 387, 388, 410 sq., 419, 428
sq.; ii, 1 sq., 22
sq., 83, 122, 141–42, 181, 188–90, 200, 214,
216, 222, 231, 233, 235,
274, 289 sq., 502 (see Inquisition);
Mohammedan, i, 257, 259, 261, 271;
Greek, i, 142, 152, 154, 159, 170 sq., 193;
Roman, i, 206, 207, 210, 216
Persia, religions of, i, 65 sq.;
influence of, on Hebrews, i, 110, 149;
freethought in, i, 66, 265;
culture-history of, i, 148, 265, 272 sq.
Peru, ancient freethought in, i, 41, 90;
religion of, i, 88;
modern freethought in, ii, 407
Perugino, i, 370
Pessimism, i, 130
Pestalozzi, ii, 346 n.
Peter the Hermit, i, 295
—— the Great, ii, 364
—— of Alliaco, i, 345
—— de Brueys, i, 295
—— Martyr, i, 409
—— von Mastricht, ii, 133
—— of St. Cloud, i, 353
—— of Vaux, i, 298
Petit, Claude, ii, 122
Petrarch, i, 328 n., 329 sq.
Petrie, W. M. F., cited, i, 72, 75, 76 n., 109
Petrobrussians, the, i, 295
Petronius, i, 211
Peucer, i, 457
Peyrat, ii, 440
Peyrère, ii, 132 sq.
Pfaff, ii, 298
Pfander, i, 166
Pfeiff, ii, 418
Pfeiffer, i, 457
Pheidias, i, 156
Pherekydes, i, 148
Philanthropic Institute, ii, 316, 321
Philip II, i, 341, 414, 472
Philips, A., i, 7
Philiskos, i, 200
Phillips, Stephen, quoted, ii, 53
Philo, i, 117, 118 n.;
cited, 183 n., 223
Philolaos, i, 149, 150
Phœnicia, religious evolution in, i, 78
sq., 100;
freethought in, i, 79–80
Photinus, i, 231, 242
Photius, i, 278
Phrenology, ii, 398
Physiology, ii, 459 sq.
Pico della Mirandola, i, 371, 372–73, 440
Pierre Aureol, i, 359
—— d’Ailly, i, 327 n., 360–61
Piers Ploughman, Vision of, i, 348
Pietro of Abano, i, 326, 376
Pighius, i, 439
Pilkington, Bishop, cited, ii, 13
Pindar, i, 128–29
Pinkerton, cited, i, 284
Pirnensis, i, 423
Pitt, the elder, ii, 169
Pius II, i, 367, 415
—— IV, i, 412
—— V, i, 412, 469
Place, Francis, ii, 395
Platner, ii, 346
Plato, i, 146, 147, 167, 168 sq., 174 sq.,
179, 226, 307;
in Campaspe, ii, 3
Platonism, i, 226 sq., 371 sq.
Pliny, i, 188, 210, 212
Plotinus, i, 76, 226
Plutarch, i, 153, 155, 172 n., 191–92, 227 n.
Poe, ii, 453
Poetry, Greek, i, 126;
Roman, i, 197, 215
Poets, freethinking of, 499
Poland, culture-history of, i, 422 sq.; ii, 37 sq., 362 sq.
Pole, Cardinal, i, 374 n.
Pollard, A. F., cited, i, 437
Pollock, Sir F., ii, 213 n.
Polybius, i, 191, 374 n.
Polynesians, the, i, 23, 34
Polytheism, i, 44 sq., 65, 70, 225;
Christian, i, 242
Pomare, i, 38
Pombal, ii, 377
Pompadour, Madame de, ii, 235
Pompeius, i, 206 n.
Pompignan, Lefranc de, ii, 258
Pomponazzi, i, 376 sq., 378
Pomponius Lætus, i, 378
Poole, R. L., cited, i, 309, 359, 360 n.
Pope, ii, 149 n., 164–65, 190, 198, 232–33, 259
Popham, ii, 10
Porphyry, i, 226, 238–39
Porteous, Bishop, cited, ii, 210
Portugal, heresy in, i, 339;
freethought in, ii, 377 sq., 407
Porzios, i, 409 n.
Posidonius, i, 240
Positivism, ii, 483 sq.
Postell, i, 389, 473
Potapenko, ii, 457
Pott, Dr., ii, 312
Pougens, ii, 226
Pouilly, Lévesque de, ii, 257
Poushkine, ii, 398
Powell, E. E., cited, ii, 135
n.;
criticized, ii, 136–37
—— Prof. Baden, ii, 463 sq.
Pragmatic Sanction, the, i, 427
Prat, Chancellier du, i, 428
Praxeas, i, 230
Prayer, popular view of, i, 36;
the Lord’s, i, 122;
theories of, ii, 180
Preaching, early, i, 217 n.
Predestination, i, 231–32, 254, 277, 285, 288, 446–47, 455–56, 462
Presbyterians, the, ii, 160
Press Licensing Act, ii, 84, 99
Prideaux, ii, 98
Priestcraft, ancient, i, 26, 62, 65, 67, 70, 101, 196
Priesthoods, evolution of, i, 60, 62, 68, 70, 72, 76, 89, 134
Priestley, i, 193; ii, 179, 202, 209–10, 385, 413, 484
Pringle-Pattison, Prof. A. S., ii, 473, 475 n.
Printing, rise of, i, 386, 439
Proclus, i, 241
Prodigies, ancient belief in, i, 198, 204, 209
Prodikos, i, 168
Progress, i, 144; ii, 68
Prophecy, i, 106, 107
Prophets, Hebrew, i, 104 sq., 215
Prostitution, religious, i, 62
Protagoras, i, 136, 157, 159
Protestantism in Italy, i, 408 sq.;
in England, i, 354;
fortunes of, i, 389, 413, 420 sq., 424 sq., 432, 437, 440
sq., 454 sq., 462 sq.; ii, 32,
141–42;
and occultism, i, 401
(see Reformation)
Proudhon, ii, 277
Provence, civilization of, i, 299 sq.
Providence, popular view of, i, 36
Psalms, the, i, 106
Psammetichus, i, 129
Psychology, ii, 459 sq.
Ptolemy, i, 188, 225 n.
Pulci, i, 368
Punjaub, ancient, freethought in, i, 55, 57
Purgatory, doctrine of, i, 287