Puy, Bishop of, ii, 226
Pyrrho, i, 181
Pyrrhonism, i, 190
Pythagoras, i, 136, 141 n., 144, 148 sq.; ii, 463
Pythagoreanism, i, 148 sq.
Quatraines du Déiste, i, 484
Quesnay, ii, 244
Quetzalcoatl, i, 88
Quietism, ii, 146
Quinet, i, 132; ii, 371, 442, 479
Rabanus, i, 283, 287 n., 288
Rabelais, i, 381 sq., 388, 391, 456; ii, 118
Rabia, i, 265
Race-character, theories of, i, 65, 81, 121–23, 179, 194 sq., 248, 341, 362 n., 363, 409, 413, 431
Racine, ii, 142
Rae, E., cited, i, 33
Raleigh, ii, 7 sq.
Ramessu III, i, 72
Ramsay, Chevalier de, ii, 213, 252
—— of Ochtertyre, cited, ii, 183 n., 187
—— W. M., cited, i, 125 n.
Ramus, i, 383; ii, 64
Ranchon, Abbé, ii, 225
Randall, ii, 23 n.
Ranke, ii, 469;
cited, i, 405, 439 n., 457 n.
Raoul de Houdan, i, 300
Rapin, i, 482 n.
Rappolt, ii, 297
Rashdall, Dr., cited, i, 313, 379
Rastus, i, 24
Rational Catechism, The, ii, 106–107
Rationalism and Rationalist, use of terms, i, 5, 8; ii, 79, 116, 330
Ratramnus, i, 286
Raumer, K. von, ii, 409 n.
Rawley, ii, 12
Rawlinson, Canon, cited, i, 68
Ray, John, ii, 98
Raymond Berenger, i, 301
—— of Sebonde, i, 399, 476
—— Archbishop, of Toledo, i, 338
Raynal, ii, 243, 254, 286 n., 287, 288
Reade, Winwood, ii, 402 sq.
Realism, philosophic, i, 147, 307 sq., 358, 359, 360
Reason, deification of, i, 215; ii, 274 sq., 278;
religious defence of, i, 283
Reboulet, ii, 291
Recared, i, 338
Rechenberg, ii, 298
Reeve, John, ii, 78
Reformation, the, politically considered, i, 403
sq.;
in Britain, i, 431 sq., 458 sq.;
in France, i, 427 sq.;
in Germany, i, 403 sq., 434 sq.;
in Hungary, i, 419 sq.;
in Italy, i, 407 sq.;
in the Netherlands, i, 414;
in Poland, i, 422 sq.;
in Spain, i, 413;
in Scandinavian States, ii, 354 sq.
Reformers, anti-pagan, i, 234
Régis, ii, 128
Regnard, ii, 143
Reid, W. H., ii, 210
Reimmann, i, 11, 483 n.
Reinach, i, 120 n.
Reinhard, ii, 410
Reinhold, i, 457
Reiser, ii, 298
Religion and conquest, i, 44–46, 205, 251;
psychology of, i, 26 sq.;
of lower races, influence of, i, 45, 93;
and sexual licence, i, 18 n., 103, 244, 292, 455;
and self-interest, i, 113–14;
dehumanizing power of, i, 172–73
Remigius, i, 286
Rémusat, i, 321 n.
Renaissance in Italy, freethought in, i, 365
sq.;
in France, i, 379 sq.;
in England, i, 393 sq.
Renan, ii, 418, 429, 439, 440,
476;
on Semitic monotheism, i, 102;
on Roman freethought, i, 212;
on Job, i, 112;
on Koheleth, i, 115;
on Mahometan conquest, i, 251 n.;
on Motazilism, i, 254 n.;
on Gazzali, i, 267 n.;
on medieval Jews, i, 316;
on Italian freethought, i, 326;
on The Three Rings, i, 328 n.;
on Petrarch, i, 329;
on the Franciscans, i, 336
Renaud, cited, ii, 405
Renée, Princess, i, 411
Renouvier, i, 121 n.
Reuchlin, i, 403, 406
Reuss, ii, 423
Reuter, H., cited, i, 13, 283 n.
Revelation of the Monk of Evesham, i, 397
Réville, Dr. A., i, 89 n., 98
Revolution, French, ii, 255,
274 sq., 386
sq.;
American, ii, 317
Rewandites, the, i, 256
Reynard the Fox, i, 301, 353, 361
Rheticus, i, 457
Richardson, cited, ii, 190
Richelieu, i, 426, 431; ii, 118, 119, 123
Richter, J. A. L., ii, 432
Riddle, i, 14, 15
Riem, ii, 315
Rihoriho, i, 38
Rings, The Three, i, 328
Ripley, G., ii, 480 n.
Ritchie, cited, ii, 187
Ritual and ritualism, i, 29
Rivadeau, i, 393
Rivarol, ii, 275, 280 sq., 287;
cited, ii, 215 n.
Roalfe, Matilda, ii, 394
—— Prof. Croom, cited, ii, 65 n.
Robins, S., cited, i, 285, 318
Rocquain, ii, 227 n.
Rodwell, i, 249 n.
Rohde, cited, i, 99–100
Rolf Krake, i, 40
Romano, ii, 367
Roman religion, i, 194 sq., 207 sq.;
culture, i, 197;
freethought, i, 199 sq.;
law, i, 215
Rome, papal, i, 294, 331
Ronsard, i, 390
Roos, i, 468
Roscelin, i, 289, 307 sq.
Rosenkranz, cited, ii, 149 n., 267–68
Rose, Roman de la, i, 351
Rossi, M. A. de, i, 379
Rousseau, J. B., ii, 222
—— J. J., ii, 227, 229 n., 245, 254 sq., 278, 285, 287, 288, 311, 338, 396, 481
Roustan, ii, 256
Royal Society, i, 4; ii, 79, 155
Rüdiger, ii, 312
Rudrauf, ii, 298
Rum Bahadur, i, 24
Rupp, ii, 410
Ruskin, ii, 450
Russia, culture history of, ii, 363 sq., 412 sq., 456 sq.
Rust, ii, 97
Rutebœuf, i, 300
Ruth, Book of, i, 117
Rutherford, ii, 182
Rydberg, ii, 418
Ryssen, ii, 36 n.
Ryswyck, i, 399, 404
Sabatier, i, 344 n.
Sabbath, origin of, i, 110–11
Sabellius, i, 231
Sach, ii, 422
Sack, ii, 308 n.
Sacraments, Mexican, i, 88, 89
Sacred books, i, 42, 54, 92, 135, 193, 216, 250; ii,
176.
See Old Testament and New Testament
Sacrifices, causation of, i, 51, 94 sq.;
early disbelief in, i, 41, 43, 52, 86, 109;
human, i, 41, 42 n., 51, 63, 81, 82, 86, 88, 91, 99
Sadducees, i, 116
Sadi, i, 266
Saga, i, 468
Sahagun, i, 91
St. Bartholomew, massacre of, i, 391, 475
Sainte-Beuve, ii, 406, 443, 479;
cited, i, 479; ii, 123 n.
St. Cyres, Viscount, cited, ii, 117–18
St. Evremond, ii, 84, 143, 225
St. Glain, ii, 141 n.
St. Hilaire, B., cited, i, 58
—— Geoffroy, ii, 464
St. Simon, ii, 405
Saintsbury, cited, i, 352; ii, 281 n.
Saisset, i, 12;
cited, ii, 442, 483
Saladin, i, 328
Salas, ii, 376
Salaville, ii, 278
Salazar, ii, 376
Sale, i, 249 n.
Sales, Deslisle de, ii, 242
Sallier, ii, 257
Sallustius Philosophus, i, 119
Salvemini de Castillon, ii, 243
Salverte, ii, 468
Salvian, i, 236, 244, 245
Samaniego, ii, 374
Samaritans, i, 110 n.
Samoans, religion of, i, 37
Samoyedes, the, i, 33
Samson, i, 80, 102
Sanchez, i, 470, 474 sq.
Sanchoniathon, i, 79
Sand, George, ii, 442
Sanderson, Bishop, ii, 74
Sandys, J. E., i, 164, 165
Sankara, i, 53
Sankhya philosophy, i, 51
Saracen culture, i, 253 sq.;
in Spain, i, 268 sq.
(see Arabs)
Satan, i, 111, 113
Satire, medieval, i, 332, 353
Satow, Sir E., cited, ii, 495 n.
Saturnalia, the, i, 45
Saturninus, i, 227
Satyre Menippée, i, 481
Saul, i, 102
Saunderson, ii, 151
Savages, freethought among, i, 26, 33 sq.;
religion of, i, 27, 29 sq.;
ethics of, i, 28;
mental life of, i, 22 sq.
Savile, ii, 111
Saviour-Gods, i, 88
Savonarola, i, 370, 375, 407 sq.
Sayce, cited, i, 62, 64, 81
Sayous, i, 13
Sbinko, i, 416
Scævola, i, 203 n.
Scaliger, cited, i, 468, 469 n.
Scandinavia, freethought in ancient, i, 39–40;
in modern, ii, 355 sq., 412 sq., 457
Scaurus, i, 209
Sceptic. See Skeptic
Schade, ii, 315
Schäffle, ii, 469
Schechter, cited, i, 379
Schelling, ii, 349, 350, 454, 471
Scherer, E., i, 108; ii, 254, 443
Schiller, ii, 336
Schism, the Great Papal, i, 331
Scioppius, ii, 49 sq.
Scipio Aemilianus, i, 201
Schlegel, A., ii, 349;
quoted, i, 162
Schleiermacher, ii, 349, 350, 387, 409, 420 sq., 425
Schmidt, W. A., i, 12;
cited, i, 192, 208 n., 213 n.
—— J. L., ii, 306
—— Julian, cited, ii, 324 n.
Scholastics, the, i, 283 sq., 307 sq.
Schoner, ii, 38
Schoone, i, 165
Schopp, ii, 49 sq.
Schrader, i, 125
Schuckburgh, cited, i, 199
Schulz, ii, 330 sq.
Schürer, i, 149
Schwartz, ii, 298
Schwegler, i, 194 n., 197; ii, 426
Schweinfurth, i, 31
Schweizer, cited, i, 40 n.
Science in ancient India, i, 57;
in Babylon, i, 62–63, 95, 122;
in Greece, i, 137, 138, 143, 149, 160, 169, 179–80;
Christian contempt for, i, 241;
Saracen, i, 254, 258 n., 268;
Provencal, i, 302;
Spanish, i, 339;
Renaissance, i, 371, 375, 377, 402;
and the Reformation, i, 456 sq.;
Bacon and, ii, 30;
rise of modern, ii, 41 sq., 56, 105, 260
sq., 309, 457
sq.
—— philosophy in, ii, 484
Scot, Reginald, i, 3; ii, 4, 138
—— W., ii, 98
Scotland, Reformation in, i, 405, 433;
freethought in, ii, 85, 178,
181 sq., 208–209
Scott, Temple, ii, 156 n.
Scudéry, Mademoiselle de, ii, 142
Scylla, i, 185
Sedgwick, ii, 465
Sedillot, cited, i, 251 n.
Segarelli, i, 336 sq.
Segidi, the chief, i, 39
Seguier de Saint-Brisson, ii, 242
Self-interest and religion, i, 113–14
Sellar, cited, i, 202, 209 n.
Sembat, i, 280 n.
Semelê, i, 125
Semites, religions of i, 44, 45, 97 sq.;
theories concerning, i, 64, 81, 102, 248
Semitic influence on Greeks, i, 120 sq.
Semler, ii, 318 sq., 321, 330, 424
Seneca, i, 209, 215, 245, 476
Sergius, i, 280
Sermon on the Mount, the, i, 221
Serra, ii, 368 n.
Serre, De la, ii, 225
Servetus, i, 231, 408, 442, 447 sq., 467
Seton-Merriman, ii, 451
Seume, ii, 388 n.
Sevigné, Madame de, i, 2 n.; ii, 128, 142, 250 n.
Sextus Empiricus, i, 26 n., 159 n., 189–90, 391, 476; ii, 9, 39
Shaftesbury, ii, 99, 143, 149, 152,
154, 164, 184, 189, 194,
225, 268, 309;
cited, i, 6, 7
Shakespeare, i, 20, 475; ii, 15 sq.
Sharpe, i, 112; ii, 415
Shelley, i, 201; ii, 48, 395, 400, 443 sq., 445
Sherlock, W., i, 4; ii, 91–92, 113
Shîites, the, i, 254 sq.
Shintôism, ii, 491 sq.
Shirazi, J. V. M., cited, i, 263, 273 n.
Sibylline books, i, 206 n.
Sichel, W., cited and discussed, ii, 164 n., 197 n., 198
Sicily, culture of, i, 301, 318
Sidgwick, H., cited, ii, 74 n.
Sidney, A., ii, 78
—— Sir P., ii, 45
Sifatites, the, i, 255
Sigismund III, i, 426
Sikhs, ii, 497
Simeon Duran, Rabbi, i, 328
—— son of Gamaliel, i, 116
Simon de Montfort, i, 304, 305, 325
—— of Tournay, i, 311, 315
Simonides, i, 152
Simpson, cited, ii, 210
Sinclar, G., ii, 168
Sismondi, quoted, i, 303, 304, 305 n., 312 n.
Sixtus VI, i, 376
Skarzinski, criticized, ii, 188 n.
Skeat, Prof., cited, i, 347
Skeats, cited, ii, 160 n.
Skelton, cited, ii, 192
Skeptic, meaning of word, i, 5, 11
Skepticism, academic, i, 187 sq.;
Pyrrhonic, i, 11–12, 181, 474 sq.; ii, 119;
dialectic, among Christians, i, 465, 474, 480; ii, 120, 125, 126
sq., 163, 480;
popular, among Christians, i, 36, 465
Skytte, ii, 297
Slave Coast, priests of, i, 35
Slavery, Christianity and, i, 224;
Paine and, ii, 383 n.
Slavonic States, culture history of, ii, 362 sq.
Sloane, Prof., cited, ii, 273 n., 278 n.
Smalbroke, ii, 173
Smith, Adam, ii, 178, 185, 186, 187 sq., 196, 244
—— Bosworth, i, 253 n.
—— Elisha, cited, ii, 159
—— Henry, ii, 5
—— John, ii, 81
—— Joseph, ii, 156
—— S., i, 6
—— Sydney, ii, 386 sq.
—— W. Robertson, i, 51, 103; ii, 433
Smyrna, ancient, i, 124
Social causation, i, 91 sq., 113, 246, 269, 354–55, 365 sq.; ii, 146, 151, 170 sq., 178, 200, 386 sq., 391 sq.
Socialism, ii, 411 sq.
Socinianism, i, 392; ii, 35,
37, 106 sq., 138, 151, 488.
See Unitarianism
Sociology, i, 375; ii, 468 sq.
Sokrates, i, 153, 160, 168 sq.; ii, 288
Solano, ii, 373
Solomon, i, 101, 242
—— ben Gebirol, i, 316
Somers, ii, 112
Somerset, Duke of, ii, 403
Sophia, Princess, ii, 363
Sophists, the, i, 168
Sophocles, i, 127 n., 148, 162 n.
Sorbonne, the, i, 384, 429; ii, 125, 260, 264
Sorcery, belief in, i, 22
Sorel, cited, ii, 351
Soury, cited, ii, 267
South Africa, freethought in, ii, 417
South America, freethought in, ii, 407
South Place Institute, ii, 413 sq.
Sozzini, the, i, 392, 421, 467, 468; ii, 37 sq.
Spain, culture history of, i, 268 sq., 337
sq., 470 sq.; ii, 38 sq.,
372 sq., 387
sq.;
freethought in, i, 338 sq., 470 sq.; ii, 372 sq., 406;
Moors in, i, 268 sq., 338; ii, 38;
Reformation in, i, 413
Speirs, Rev. E., ii, 470 n.
Spencer and Gillen, i, 32, 93
Speusippos, i, 184
Spiegel, cited, i, 68 n.
Spina, Alfonso, i, 370 n., 376
Spinoza, i, 4, 16, 316, 464; ii, 29,
97, 107, 127, 129, 133
sq.;
and Toland, ii, 148, 253,
489;
and Leibnitz, ii, 289 sq.
Spinozism, ii, 129, 131, 135, 138, 168, 297, 347–48, 349 n., 352, 400
“Spirit of Liberty,” the sect, i, 337
Spirituales, the sect, i, 2, 445
Sprat, i, 4
Sprenger, cited, i, 249 n., 250 n.
Squier, cited, ii, 407
Stafford, W., ii, 368 n.
Stähelin, i, 392 n.
Stahl, ii, 460
Stancari, i, 425
Stanhope, Dr., ii, 98
—— Lady Hester, ii, 206
Stationers’ Company, ii, 99
Statius, i, 211
Stäudlin, i, 12; ii, 345
Stebbing, ii, 173
Steele, ii, 151
Steinbart, ii, 317
Steinbuhler, ii, 330
Steno, ii, 463 n.
Stephen Battory, King, i, 426
—— Sir J., cited, i, 356 n.; ii, 179, 251
—— Sir Leslie, i, 13; ii, 403, 408;
cited, ii, 104, 153
n., 161 n., 168, 251;
criticized, ii, 148 n., 150 n., 155, 171, 172 sq., 179 n., 203 n.,
251
Sterling, i, 478 n.
Stesichoros, i, 128
Stevenson, R. L., cited, i, 46
Stewart, H. F., cited, i, 246–47
—— Sir J., ii, 181 n.
Stillingfleet, i, 4; ii, 83, 87, 91, 109, 168
Stilpo, i, 183
Stirling, Dr. H., ii, 474
“Stirner, Max,” ii, 478
Stoicism, i, 180, 203, 209, 215, 352, 392
Stosch, ii, 297
Stout, Sir R., ii, 501
Strabo, i, 173 n., 180 n., 191
Strannik, cited, ii, 413 n.
Strasburg Cathedral, i, 361 n.
Strato, i, 184
Strauss, ii, 415, 423 sq., 425 sq., 428 sq., 432, 439, 447, 474, 476