INDEX.
- Aben Aboo, last Morisco chief of Granada, his end, 174
- Abraham, his purchase of the field of Machpelah with silver money, 297
- Abydos, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
- Abyssinia, rock-churches of, 186
- Aconcagua, height of the volcano of, 54
- Adelsberg, cave of, vast dimensions of the, 135, 138
- entrance to the Cave of, 137
- stalagmital formations of, 140
- traversed by a river, 150
- fungi in the, 157
- subterranean animals found in the, 162, 163
- insects in the, 163
- Adit levels, drainage by, 269
- Adullam, David’s refuge in the cave of, 169
- Æolian caverns, 198-200
- those of Terni, 198
- fables respecting, 199
- Africa, future services of Artesian wells to, 51
- cannibal caves of South, 234
- Agates, 496
- Aidepsos, antiquity of the hot baths of, 44
- Ajunta, rock-temples of, 182, 183
- Alabaster, origin of, 4
- of Montmartre, 468
- of Volterra, 468
- of England, 469
- Alaghez, sulphur of the crater of the volcano of, 445
- Albania, subterranean water-courses of, 150
- Albano, Lake of, the crateriform hollow forming the, 132
- Albert the Great, his discovery of arsenic, 385
- Alchemists, their search for gold, 371
- Aleschga, fire temple of, 91
- Aleutian Mountains, volcanoes of the, 61
- Aleutian Archipelago, formation of a new volcanic island in the, 60
- Alexander the Great, wealth of, 286, 298
- Aldborough, amber found on the coast at, 450
- Algeria, Artesian wells of, 51
- Algiers, great part of, destroyed by the earthquake of 1755, 118
- Aljaska, volcanoes of the peninsula of, 61
- Almaden del Azogue, quicksilver mines of, 371-373
- mines of New Almaden in California, 378
- Alpujarras, destruction of the Moors of Granada in the caves of, 173, 174
- Alston, situation of the town of, 366
- Alston Moor, horses used in the mines of, 262
- great drain of Nent Force Level, 270
- lead mines of, 365, 366
- Altaï, copper mines of the, 326
- Alten Fjord, copper mines of, 324
- Aluminium, discovery and uses of, 387
- Aluminium-bronze, 387
- Amber, modes of collecting, on the Prussian coast, 449
- diggings near Dantzig, 449, 450
- various places in which it is found, 450
- what is amber? 450
- the extinct amber-tree, 451
- insects inclosed in amber, 452-455
- ancient and modern trade in, 455-457
- constituents of, 458
- mines of Tolfa, 458
- manufacture of, 459
- Amblyopsis spelæus, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 168
- America, number of active volcanoes in Western and Central, 61
- copper mines of, 326
- ancient copper mines of, 327
- iron industry of, 362
- lead mines of, 367
- silver mines of, 300-314
- coal-fields of North, 424
- fossil monkeys of South, 24
- animals of the Pliocene period and of the present day, 24
- Ammonites, number of species of the,18
- characteristics of the, 18
- Ammonites Henleyi, 9
- Anaitis, golden statue of the goddess, 286
- Anchorites, caves of, 178
- Ancyloceras gigas, 19
- Andernach, on the Rhine, glacial beer cellars of, 192
- entrance to the glacière of, 201
- Andes, sea-shells found on the, 34
- fish disgorged from the volcanic caverns of the, 69
- André, St., town and church of, buried by a landslip of Mount Grenier, 127
- Andreasberg, St., depth of one of the pits of, 247
- Animals, impressions produced on, by an earthquake, 113
- subterranean, 159-168
- divine honours paid to them by the Egyptians, and converted into mummies, 205
- caves containing remains of extinct animals, 213
- Anoplotheriums, size and characteristics of the, 23
- Antæopolis, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
- Anthony, St., of Egypt, his rock-cave, life, and death, 178, 179
- Anthracites, or non-bituminous coal, 401, 402
- value of, for steam-engines, 405
- Antimony, first mention of, 383
- Antioch, earthquake of, in the reign of Trajan, 97
- its subsequent subversion by an earthquake, 97
- Antiparos, Grotto of, 134
- Antuco, eruption of the volcano of, in 1835, 79
- Apallachian coal-field, its enormous extent, 424
- Apollo, at Delphi, golden statue of, 285
- Apteryx australis of New Zealand, 216
- Aptornis, Professor Owen’s resuscitation of the, 217
- Aqueducts of the Romans, 41
- Aqueous rocks, countless ages of the formation of the, 1, 5
- incomplete knowledge of these sedimentary formations, 1
- aqueous strata disturbed by igneous formations, 4
- Arabia, sulphur of, 446
- Arcadia, consecrated caves to Artemis and Pan in, 187
- Arcueil, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
- Arica, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 109
- Argentiferous veins of the Clausthal and the Veta madre, their length, 247
- Armenia, hermits in, 179
- Arnaud, St., Colonel, his massacre of the Arabs in the cave of Shelas, 176
- Arracan, mud volcanoes of the coast of, 93
- Arsenic, discovery of, 385
- Artesian wells, subterranean heat shown by, 32
- theory of, 48
- of the inhabitants of the Sahara, mentioned by Olympiodorus, 48
- the well of Grenelle at Paris, 49
- Artesian well sunk in the London basin, 49
- various uses of Artesian wells, 50
- those of Algeria, 51
- future importance of, in Africa and Australia, 51, 52
- Ashes thrown out by volcanic eruptions, 66, 67
- Asia Minor, earthquakes of, in the reign of Tiberius, 97, 100
- Asphalte, 426
- found swimming on the Dead Sea, 427
- uses of, 427
- pavements made of, 428
- Assuan, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
- Asterophyllites comosa, 392
- Augustus, Emperor, and the sacrilegious soldier, story of, 286
- Aurignac, sepulchral grotto of, 228, 229
- Australia, future importance of Artesian wells to, 52
- stalactital caves of, 141
- ossiferous caves of, 216
- discovery of gold in, 289
- Sir Roderick Murchison’s surmises, 289
- copper mines of, 329
- Austria, coal-fields of, 423
- Auvergne, carbonic acid gas springs of, 88
- maare, or crateriform hollows, in, 132
- Avaricum (Bourges), Cæsar’s siege of, 347
- Averno, Lake of, formed in an extinct crater of a volcano, 57
- Aviculopecten sublobatus, fossils of, 15
- Axmouth, landslip at, 128
- Sir C. Lyell’s account of it, 128
- Azores, earthquakes in the, 100
- Azure Cave of Capri, beauty of the marine excavation called the, 143
- Babylon, golden image of Belus at, 285
- Bagdad, coins of, 287
- Baghilt coal mine, in Wales, drowned, 273
- Bahaud, Port, upheaval of the land at, 36
- Baku, burning springs of, 91
- Balearic Islands, troglodytes of, 234
- Ballarat, gold mines of, 291
- Baltic, changes on the shores of the, 451
- Banca, tinstone of, 335
- Bann Bridge, subsidence of the land at, 36
- Barbary, earthquake of 1755 in, 118
- Barigazzo, burning springs near, 90
- Bath, thermal springs of, 43
- Bats, clusters of, in caverns, 159
- Baumann’s Cave, in the Harz Mountains, 136
- Bean shot and feathered shot of copperworks, 321, 322
- Bear, grisly, of the Rocky Mountains, 125
- bones of huge and formidable extinct species found in caverns, 123, 125
- remains of bears found in caves, 213
- Beatus, St., his cave on the Lake of Thun, 181
- pilgrimages to his cave, 181
- Beauheyl, or ‘living streams’ of tin, 337
- Beaujonc, scenes of the inundation of the mine of, 274
- Beckford, his remarks on the Grotto of Pausilippo and Virgil’s tomb, 242, 243
- Beetle, cavern, in the cave of Adelsberg, 163
- in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 167
- Belemnites of the Lias and Oolite, 19
- size and characteristics of the, 19, 20
- Belemnite, restored, 19
- Belgium, lead mines of, 367
- production of zinc in, 381
- coal-fields of, 423
- Belus, image of, in the temple of Babylon, 285
- Belzoni, his aptitude for his work, 203
- Benedict, St., his cave near Subiaco, 180
- Berchtesgaden, salt mines of, 436
- Bergmann, his experiments with platinum, 382
- Berguen, Louis von, discovers the art of cutting diamonds, 478
- Beryl, the, 491, 492
- Bethlehem, Church and Grotto of the Nativity at, 188
- Bewick, Thomas, a coal-hewer in early life, 419
- Biban-el-Moluk, the royal tombs of Thebes, 202-204
- Biscayana, Veta de la, silver mine of, 304
- its great wealth and subsequent abandonment, 304
- Billiton, tinstone of, 335
- Birds, cave-haunting, 160
- Birmah, mud volcanoes of, 93
- Bismuth, first mention of, 383
- Bituminous substances, 426
- Black Country, iron furnaces of the, 351
- Black lead. See Plumbago.
- Blast furnaces for iron, 352
- benefits of the hot blast, 353
- Blasting in mines and its dangers, 258-260
- Bleyberg-à-Montzen, lead mines of, 367
- Blothrus spelæus, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163
- its pursuit of the cavern-beetle, 163
- Blowers in coal-mines, 279
- Bogs, effects of bursting of, 130
- Bohemia, ice-caves of, 197
- gold coins of, 287
- gold of, 288
- silver mines of, 299
- their produce, 300
- tin mines of, 336
- iron mines of, 358
- coal-fields of, 423
- Bolivia, active volcanoes of, 61
- Bolsena, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, 57
- Bonifacio, in Corsica, caverns of, 144, 145
- Borax, or borate of soda, former chief supply of, 459
- obtained as a crude substance in various places, 459
- the suffioni of the Florentine lagoons, 460
- Boring for minerals, 249
- Williams’s account of the emotions of the boring party, 249
- mode of operation, 250, 251
- prices in the North of England for boring, 250 note
- implements used for boring, 250
- Borneo, diamond mines of, 480
- Borrowstoness Colliery, 410
- Bosio, Anthony, his discovery of the catacombs, 209
- Boston, in America, smelting-houses of the Bay of, 328
- Botallack mine, in Cornwall, 317-319
- Bourbon, Isle of, volume of the lava stream of the eruption of 1787, 75
- Bracciano, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, 57
- Brachiopods of the Silurian seas, 12, 13
- Brandstein, ice-cave of, 197
- Brazil, ossiferous caves of, 216
- iron-ores of, 363
- lead mines of, 367
- Bressay, islet of, its marine caverns, 142
- Breton, Cape, rain-drops of the Carboniferous period preserved at, 29
- Brienz, village of, twice buried by a landslip, and twice reconstructed, 127
- Brilliants, 479, 484
- Britannia metal, 335
- Brittany, traces of depression of the land on the coast of, 37
- Brixham, bone-caves of, 227
- Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, 332
- implements of, found in Switzerland, 332
- Brownhill, in North America, bituminous coal-field at, 424
- Brûlé, near St. Etienne, burning coalmine at, 283
- Brunswick, New, coal-fields of, 424
- Buch, Leopold von, his observations as to the rise of the land of Sweden, 35
- Büdöshegy, in Transylvania, sulphur caves of the mountain, 446
- Bufador, or the water-spout of Pope Luna, 146
- Buffalo, food of the, 26
- Burgbrohl, carbonic acid gas spring of, and quantity it produces, 88
- Burra-Burra copper mine, in Australia, 329
- Busingen, destruction of the village of, 124
- Bustamente, Don José, his draining gallery, 304
- Cadiz, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 on, 117, 118
- Cadmium, discovery and uses of, 386
- Calabria, earthquake of 1783 in, 98
- conduct of the peasants in the, 99
- movement of the sea during the earthquake, 107
- depth of the original shock of 1857, 111
- Calamine, zinc produced from, 380
- worked in Prussia, Belgium, and England, 381
- Calamites nodosus, 393
- Caldera, copper mines of, 326
- California, upheaval of the land at, 34
- discovery of gold in, 288
- immense flood of emigration into, 289
- gold-washing at, 295
- copper mines of, 328
- iron discovered in, 362
- quicksilver of, 378
- Callistus, catacomb of, discovery of the, 210
- Calobozo, sounds accompanying earthquakes at, 103
- Camborne, copper mines of, 317
- Cambrian rocks, antiquity of the, 2, 3, 10
- Cambyses, his enormous wealth, 286
- Campagna, different kinds of stone of the, 208
- Canada, iron pyrites of, 448
- Canary Islands, earthquakes of the, 100
- maare, or crateriform hollows, of the, 132
- Cane, Grotto del, cruel experiments on dogs at, 89
- Canstadt, in WurtembergWurtemberg, mills kept at work in winter by Artesian wells, 50
- Capac Urcu, the volcanic cone of, blown to pieces, 67
- Caraccas, town of, destroyed by an earthquake, 101
- Carbonic acid gas springs, 88
- Carboniferous period, fishes of the, 13
- vegetable and animal remains of the, 14, 18
- insects of the, 15
- rain-drops of the, preserved at Sydney, in Cape Breton, 29
- proof of the density of the atmosphere of the, 29
- plants of the, 391
- Carburetted hydrogen, springs of, 90-93
- Carclaze tin mine, 341
- Cardiganshire, lead mines of, 366
- Cardona, rock-salt of the valley of, 437
- Cardrew mine, in Cornwall, drainage of, 270
- Carguairazo, fish disgorged from the eruption of the volcano of, 69, 70
- Carinthia, dollinas and jamas of, 130
- subterranean water-courses of, 150
- fungi of the caves of, 158
- iron of, 358
- Carlsbad, hot springs of, 43
- Carmel, Mount, grotto of the prophet Elijah on, 188
- Carniola, dollinas and jamas of, 130
- subterranean water-courses of, 150
- Carnon, near Falmouth, tin-stream of, 338
- Carrara marble, origin of, 4
- quarries of, 465
- situation of the quarries, 465
- the town of, 465
- Carron iron-works established, 350
- Carson river, silver mines near the, 314
- Cass, General, his report on the copper mines of Lake Superior, 328
- Cassiterides, or tin islands, Herodotus’ mention of, 333
- Cassotis, at Delphi, antiquity of the, 44
- Castro, John di, his manufacture of alum at Tolfa, 458
- Catacombs of Rome, 205
- gallery with tombs, 206
- sepulchral inscriptions, 209
- Bosio’s discovery of the catacombs, 209
- Cavaliere de Rossi’s researches, 210
- these of Naples and Syracuse, 210
- those of Paris, 210
- Catania threatened by the lava-stream from Etna, 72
- partly destroyed by the lava, 73
- Catorce, Alamos de, silver mine of, 303
- Caucasus, mud volcanoes of the, 93, 95
- Cavern-roofs, falling in of, causing landslips, 129
- Caves, in general, 133
- their various forms, 133
- natural tunnels, 133, 134
- dimensions of caves, 135
- discovery of caves, 135
- the various rocks in which they occur, 136
- marine caves, 142
- volcanic caves, 146
- cave rivers, 149
- cave vegetation, 156
- subterranean animals, 159
- caves as places of refuge, 169
- hermit caves and rock-temples, 178
- subterranean places of worship, 181
- ice-caves and wind-holes, 192
- rock-tombs and catacombs, 202
- caves with bones of extinct animals, 213
- subterranean relics of prehistoric man, 221
- troglodytes, or cave-dwellers, 231
- cave of St. Peter’s Mount, near Maestricht, 470
- Celsius, his observations of the rise of the land in Sweden, 35
- Cemeteries, rock-hewn, of Egypt, 204, 205
- Cenis, Mont, railway tunnel through, 238-240
- machines for boring the, 238, 239
- mode of proceeding, 238-240
- Cervus megaceros, the, of Ireland, 28
- Ceylon, rock-temples of, 184
- Chalcedony, 497
- Chaldæa, silver mines of, 298
- Chalk group, star fish of the, 18
- Charlemagne, imperial mantle of, 478
- Cheshire, salt mines of, 431
- Chili, number of active volcanoes of, 61
- great earthquake of, in 1835, 79
- earthquakes of, generally, 100
- effects of the earthquake sea-wave after the shock, 108
- silver mines of, 313, 314
- copper mines of, 326
- lead mines of, 367
- China-clay, or kaolin, how formed, 460
- mode of treating it, 460
- export of, from Cornwall and Devonshire, 461
- ‘Chinaman’s Hole,’ gold diggings at, 292
- Chinese, their use of springs of carburetted hydrogen, 90, 91
- at the Australian gold diggings, 291
- their discovery of gold near Mount Ararat, 291
- Choke-damp, or black-damp, 278
- destruction caused by, 281
- Choquier, bones of extinct animals found in the cavern of, 214
- Christians, tombs of the early, near Rome, 207, 208
- Chrome, uses of, 385
- discovery of, 386
- whence obtained, 386
- Chrysoberyl, or oriental chrysolite, 491
- Chuquibamba, height of the volcano of, 54
- Cinnabar, uses of, in early ages, 370
- Cirknitz Lake, the Proteus first discovered in the, 164, 165
- Clara, Boveda de Santa, at Almaden, 372
- Cleveland district, iron manufacture of the, 354
- Clausthal, length of the argentiferous veins of, 247
- great adit levels of the mines of, 270
- Clodius, Roman prætor, defeated by Spartacus at Vesuvius, 82
- Coal and coal mines, 245, 246
- age of, 390
- plants of the Carboniferous age, 391
- extent of the coal seams, 395
- vast time required for the formation of the coal-fields, 395
- the probable mode of formation, 396
- derangements and dislocation of coal beds, 397, 398
- separation of a coal-field into small areas by dykes or faults, 399
- bituminous and non-bituminous coals, 401
- chief coal-producing countries of the world, 402
- the coal-fields of Great Britain, 402-422
- the hewers and their work, 415, 418
- other workmen, below and above the pit, 416, 417
- early knowledge of coal, 419
- its use prohibited by Edward I. in London, 419
- the trade in coal in the middle of the seventeenth century, 420
- increase in the demand and supply, 420
- the question of the duration of our coal-fields, 420
- coal-fields of foreign countries, 422-425
- Coal-hewers of the North of England, 414
- at work, 415
- how they are paid, 416
- Coalbrookdale, iron manufacture in, 349
- Coal-cutting machines, 415
- Cobalt, name of, 384
- uses of, and whence obtained, 384
- Coca, stimulating properties of, 311
- Cochin China, rock-temples of, 184
- Coins, the oldest known gold, 287
- Collieries, casualties in, 245
- drainage of the water in, 272
- Colossochelys Atlas, gigantic proportions of the, 24
- Columbia, mud volcanoes of, 93
- Columbia, British, gold-fields of, 293
- Consolidated Mines in Cornwall, amount of sinking in the, 251
- Conto, Monte, landslip of the, 127
- Copal-tree, resin at the foot of the, 451
- Copiapo, in Chili, discovery of silver at, 248
- Copper, name and antiquity of, 315
- how found, 315
- its uses and compounds, 315
- mines of Cornwall, 316, 317
- ores and process of smelting, 320, 321
- mines of Sweden, Germany, and Russia, 322-326
- those of America, 326-329
- and of Australia, 329
- history of some of our copper mines, 329
- lodes of Cornwall, 337
- Copperopolis, copper mines of, 328
- Coquimbo, copper mines of, 326
- Corals, primeval, 16
- Corneale, Cave of, colossal stalagmites of the, 140
- Cornwall, mines of, 316
- tin mines of, 336
- persons employed in them, 343
- zinc produced in, 382
- China-clay of, 460, 461
- Corsica, marine caves of, 145
- Cort, Mr., his improvements in iron manufacture, 350
- Corundum, 489
- Cosiguina, phenomena of an eruption of, 65, 67
- destruction caused by the eruption of 1835, 67
- Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, burns a diamond, 479
- Cotopaxi, shape of, 53
- enormous stones hurled by an eruption of, 66
- phenomena of the eruption of 1803, 69
- noises heard 109 miles off during an eruption of, 104
- Cretaceous period, fossils of the, 19, 22, 23
- causes of landslips in the, 129
- Crete, labyrinth of, 174, 175
- consecrated caves and grottoes to Zeus in, 187
- Crimea, mud volcanoes of the, 93
- Crinnis Copper Mine, Old, abandoned but reworked, 329, 330
- Crinoids, or sea-lilies, fossil, 17
- Crœsus, his enormous wealth, 286
- Crookes, Mr., his discovery of thallium, 388
- Crowe, Mr., of Hammerfest, forms a copper-mining company in Norway, 324
- Crustaceans of the Silurian seas, 11, 12
- Cuba, copper mines of, 329
- Cumana, destruction of the town of, by an earthquake, 102
- sounds accompanying the shocks, 103
- Cuthbert, St., his cave on the Coast of Northumberland, 180
- account of him, 180
- ‘beads of St. Cuthbert,’ 180
- Curtis, Thomas, his difficult work in the Huel Wherry tin mine, 339, 340
- Cyclops, troglodytic caverns of the, at the base of Mount Etna, 232
- Cyrus, enormous treasures accumulated by, 286
- Cyprus, ancient silver mines of, 298
- Cyzicus, the oldest known specimen of a gold coin of, 287
- Dahra, French atrocities at the caves of the, 176
- Dalecarlia, iron ores of, 360
- Dalmatia, dollinas and jamas of, 130
- subterranean water-courses of, 150
- Dalton-le-Dale, drainage of the coal-mine of, 272
- Dambool, rock-temple of, 184
- Dammara australis, masses of resin at the base of the trunk of the, 451
- Dana, Professor, his views respecting volcanoes, 79
- Dannemora, iron-works of, 360
- Dantzig, amber found near, 449
- Darien, platinum discovered at, 382
- Darius Hystaspis, his enormous wealth, 286
- Davy, Sir Humphry, his safety-lamp, 280
- his discovery of aluminium and magnesium, 387
- and of sodium, 388
- Delgada, Punta, in the Island of San Miguel, 147
- Delphi, subterranean hollow under the tripod of the priestess of, 187
- Demidoff, Prince, his copper mines, 326
- his iron mountain in the Oural, 357, 358
- Denbighshire, lead mines of, 366
- Derbyshire, lead mines of, 366
- Denmark, enormous antiquity of the peat mosses of, 221
- remnants of a former vegetation and articles of human workmanship found in the mosses of, 222
- the ‘shell-mounds’ of, 222
- Depressions, subterranean, 34, 36
- submarine forests in various places, 36
- evidences of depression, 36, 37
- probable causes of, 38
- Derbyshire spar, 469
- Devon Great Consols Mines, success of the copper mines of, 330
- Devonian period, fishes of the, 13
- Devonshire, tin mines of, 336
- miners and wages of, 343
- china-clay of, 460, 461
- Diablerets, falls of the, 121
- escape of a peasant from his living tomb in the, 122
- causes of the phenomenon, 123
- Diamond, the, 477
- diamond-cutting, 478
- rose diamonds and brilliants, 479
- destroyed by heat, 479
- stones of India and Brazil, 480
- the Russian diamond, and the Pitt or Regent diamond, 485
- that of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, 485
- the Koh-i-Noor, 486
- diamonds and diamond-dust used for industrial purposes, 489
- Dinornis, size of the, 28
- Professor Owen’s resuscitation of the, 217
- Dinotherium, size and characteristics of the, 23
- Diodorus Siculus, his account of the tin trade of Britain, 333
- Divining rod, the, 248
- Dolcoath tin mine, 337
- Dolores, mine of, 303
- Domingos, San, in Portugal, Roman mines of, 448
- now worked by the Baron of Pommorão, 448
- account of the works, 448
- Donati, Vitaliano, his account of the fall of a mountain near Sallenches, 122
- Doncaster, gigantic fungus in a tunnel near, 158
- Donegal, bursting of bogs in, 131
- Droitwich, salt-works of, 432
- Drontheim, or Tronyem, city of, 324
- Dudley, Lord, establishes iron-works near Stourbridge, 349
- Dufan, in Arabia, sulphur of the, 446
- Dukinfield colliery, depth of, 247
- Dunfermline, monastery of, obtains a licence to dig coals, 419
- Durham, coal-fields of, 403, 407
- Dyeing, use of tin in the processes of, 335
- Earthquakes, preceding volcanic eruptions, 65
- volcanoes considered as the safety-valves of, 78, 79
- but sometimes accompany volcanic eruption, 79
- extent of misery caused by, 97-99
- the horrors of, increased by man, 99
- the progress of civilisation retarded by earthquakes, 99, 100
- regions to which they are confined, 100
- duration of the shocks, 101
- indications of a coming earthquake, 102
- sounds accompanying earthquakes, 103
- sounds unaccompanied by movement of the earth, 104
- vertical or undulatory motion of shocks, 104
- extent and force of the seismic wave motion, 105, 106
- movements of the sea in earthquakes, 106, 107, 117
- extent of the wave motion, 109
- changes caused by earthquakes in the configuration of the soil, 109, 110
- causes of earthquakes, 111
- probable depth of the focus, 111, 112
- opinions of Sir C. Lyell and Mr. Poulett Scrope, 112
- effects of an earthquake on man and animals, 112, 113
- account of the great earthquake of Lisbon, 114
- Egg, Isle of, atrocities of the Macleods in the cave of the, 171
- Egypt, rock-temples of, 184
- tombs of the kings in Thebes, 202-204
- compared to an iron furnace, 347
- quarries of, 474, 475
- Ehrenberg, his discovery of the animated dust of the Harmattan, 156
- Eifel, volcanic district of the, 58
- carbonic acid gas springs of the, 88
- crateriform hollows, or maare, in the, 131
- Eileithyia, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
- Eimeo, hole in the island of, 133
- tradition respecting this hole, 133
- Elba, iron industry of, 362
- Elephanta, rock-temples of, 183
- Elevations of the land produced by earthquakes, 111
- Elfdal, porphyry of, 467
- Ellora, rock-temples of, 183
- Emerald, or beryl, 491, 492
- Emery, whence obtained, 463
- Emmanuel, St., church of, in Abyssinia, 187
- Ems, hot springs of, 43
- Enamel, materials used for, 335
- Encrinites lily, called ‘St. Cuthbert’s beads,’ 181
- Encrinus liliiformis, fossil, 17, 18
- Engihoul, human remains in the cavern of, 226
- Dr. Schmerling’s explorations, 226
- Sir C. Lyell’s, 227
- Engis, human bones discovered in the cavern of, 226
- Engines, stationary, used in mines, 263
- England, subsidence of the land on the west and east coasts of, 36, 37
- effects of a violent earthquake in, 100
- shocks felt in, at various times, 100, 101
- effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
- the extinct hyena of, found in caves, 214
- ossiferous caves in, 227
- flint implements found in, 231
- main causes of the prosperity of, 245
- copper mines of, 316
- manufacture of iron in, 349
- lead mines of, 365, 366
- zinc produced in, 381, 382
- vast deposits of coal of, 402, 403
- and their convenient distribution, 403
- extent of the Great Central Coal-field, 406
- quarries of, 464
- Eozoon canadense, the only fossil found in the Laurentian rocks, 10
- its extreme antiquity, 10
- Epomeo, volcano of, its long periods of rest, 58
- Erasinos, in Greece, antiquity of the spring of, 44
- Ernst August Stollen, in the Harz, 271
- Erzberg, or iron mountain, in Styria, 358
- works at, and produce of, 359
- Esquimaux, their iron implements, 347
- EstrellaEstrella do Sul, or Star of the South, diamond, 487
- Etna, Mount, M. Houel’s exploration of the crater of, 55
- streams of lava in the eruption of 1669, 70
- numbers of parasitic cones on the flanks of, 71
- rate of progress of the lava-stream of 1699, 72
- retention of heat in the lava-stream of 1832, 73
- the Fossa della Palomba on, 147
- ice-caves of, 198
- troglodytic caverns of the Cyclops at the base of, 232
- Euripides, his triumph, 476
- Europe, volcanoes of, 61
- Eurypterids, of the Silurian seas, 12
- Fahlun, horses used in the copper mines of, 262
- narrow escape in the mine, 264
- copper-mine of, 322
- ore of the mine, 323
- the preserved body found in, 323
- Ferdinand, Archduke, his visit to the Cave of Magdalena, 166
- Fez, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
- Fingal’s Cave, Sir W. Scott’s description of, 143
- Fino, Don Andrea del, narrative of, in an earthquake, 99
- Fire, its eternal strife with water, 1, 2
- the subterranean forces, 7
- Fire-damp, or carburetted hydrogen, 278
- fatal explosions caused by, 281
- Fish disgorged by volcanoes from caverns, 69
- blind cavern, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 168
- of the Upper Silurian group, 13
- destruction of vast numbers of, by volcanic eruption, 15, 16
- Flintshire, lead mines of, 366
- Flores, Padre, his silver mine of ‘La Bolsa de Dios Padre,’ 304
- Florins, or fiorini, origin of, 287
- Fontaine-sans-fond, the, near Sable, 149
- Footprints of former ages, preservation of, 28, 29
- Forests, submarine, in various places, 36
- Fossils, chronological importance of, to the geologist, 5, 6, 8
- extinction of species, 9, 10, 14
- those of the oldest and later periods, 10-29
- Fountains, artificial, principle on which they are constructed, 42
- of lava, 71, 72
- of marine caverns, 146
- Foxdale lead mine, in the Isle of Man, 366
- Frais Puits, phenomenon of the, 150
- France, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
- tin mines of, 336
- consumption of coal in, 423
- Frauenmauer Mountain in Upper Styria, ice-cave of the, 196, 197
- Fredonia, town of, lit by springs of carburetted hydrogen, 90
- Freiberg, drainage of the mines of, 270
- French, their atrocities in the Cave of Longara, 170
- their cruelty in Algeria, 176
- Frio, Serro do, diamonds of the, 480
- Fuegians, ‘shell mounds’ of the, 222
- Fumaroles or steam-jets of volcanoes, 63
- those of Jorullo of 1759 seen in 1803, 74
- Fungi, subterranean, 157
- Scopoli’s description of, 157
- gigantic one at Doncaster, 158
- the artificial mushroom-beds near Paris, 158
- Furnaces, reverberatory, 321
- Gallicia, salt mines of, 436
- Ganoid fishes of the Upper Silurian group, 13
- Garnet, the, 494
- Garnock river bursts into a colliery, 276
- Gas-springs, 88
- Gellivara, in Swedish Lapland, mounds of magnetic iron-ore at, 360
- Gems, superstitious power of, 477
- Geological revolutions, influence of, on the earth-rind, 1
- tabular geological profile, 3
- periods of geological formations, 5
- the same mineral substances in the oldest and newest formations, 5
- guidance of the geologist in ascertaining the periods of the formations, 5
- a continuous development to more highly organised species, 6
- Georges, St., ice-cave of, 192
- entrance to the glacière of, 201
- Georg Stollen, great adit levels of the, in the Harz, 270
- Germain, St., artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
- Germany, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
- copper mines of, 325
- lead mines of North Germany, 365
- coal-fields of, 422
- consumption of coal in, 423
- quarries of, 464
- Gibraltar, Rock of, monkeys of the, 24
- Girgenti, town and trade of, 442
- the sulphur mines of, 442
- Glass, stained, colours of, how formed, 335
- Glenmalure, lead mines of, 366
- Glyptodon, size and characteristics of the, 25
- Goaves, or old workings in coal mines, fire-damp in, 279
- Goeppert, Professor, his observations on the extinct amber-tree, 451
- Goethe, his remarks on the great Lisbon earthquake, 119
- Goffin, Hubert, his heroism, 275
- Gold, antiquity of man’s knowledge of, 285
- the story of the Golden Fleece, 285
- statues of gold in ancient temples, 285
- quantities of gold possessed by ancient monarchs, 286
- earliest use of the metal, 287
- auriferous land of the Iberian peninsula, 288
- California and Australia, 288, 289
- British Columbia and other places, 293
- localities in which gold is deposited, 293, 294
- Goldau, Vale of, devastated by a landslip, 123
- destruction of the village of, 124
- Golden Fleece, story of the, 285
- Golubinas, or pigeon-holes, in Dalmatia and Carniola, 130
- Goniatites of the Carboniferous period, 18
- Good Hope, Cape of, upheaval of the land at the, 34
- Goroblagodat, Kuschwa, platinum of, 382
- Gortyna, in Crete, labyrinth of, 174, 175
- Gosforth Colliery, 409
- Gothard, Mount St., proposed tunnel through, 241
- Gower, bone-cave of, 228
- Grâce-Dieu, glacière of, 192
- stalagmites of ice in the, 193, 194
- Graham’s Island, volcanic formation of, 59
- Granada, New, extent of the wave-motion of an earthquake at, 105
- Granada, in Spain, destruction of the Moors of, 173
- Graphite. See Plumbago.
- Grasshopper, wing of, of the Carboniferous period, 15
- Greece, subterranean water-courses of, 150
- consecrated caves and grottoes of, 187
- Greenhouses kept warm by water from Artesian wells, 50
- Greenland, evidence of subsidence of the land at, 37
- Grenelle, heat of the Artesian well of, at various depths, 32, 49
- Grenier, Mount, landslip of, 127
- Grosmont, iron manufacture of, 355
- Guacharo, the Cueva del, 160, 161
- Guacharo, a troglodytic bird, 160, 161
- wholesale slaughter of, by the Indians, 161, 162
- where found, 160, 162
- Gualgayoc, the ventanillas of, 133
- Gualgayoc, Cerro de San Fernando de, silver mines of, 309, 311
- Guanaxuato, subterranean noises heard at, without earthquake, 104
- Guanaxuato, rise of the town of, 302
- Guatemala, volcanoes near the town of, 61
- Guadiana, engulfment of the river, 150
- Gunpowder, amount of, used in blasting in mines, 260
- Gwennap, copper mines of, 317
- Gypsum, origin of, 4
- Haggar Silsilis, in Egypt, quarries of, 475
- Haiti, upheaval of the land at, 34
- Hann, Professor, a coal-hewer in early life, 419
- Hanover, iron manufacture of, 357
- Harmattan, animated dust of the, 156
- Hartlepool, export of coal from, 413
- Hartley Colliery, accident in the, 253
- Harz Mountains, subterranean flora of the, 158
- ice-caves of the, 197
- great adit levels of the mines in the, 270
- Haussmann, Professor, his visit to the Norwegian copper mine of Röraas, 324
- Hawaii, effect of the eruption of Mauna Loa in 1840, 76
- effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 109
- Heat, subterranean, 31
- zone of invariable temperature, 31, 32
- increasing temperature at a greater depth, 32
- rate of increase, 32
- proof everywhere of a subterranean source of heat, 32
- Heaton, accident at the colliery of, 273
- Herculaneum, destruction of the town of, 81-85
- the mud-stream which caused the destruction, 85
- discovery of the buried town, 86
- Hermits, caves of, 178
- Hermits, numbers of, in rock-caves and huts in the East, 179
- Herodotus, his mention of the Cassiterides, 333
- Hetton Colliery, ventilation of the, 278
- Hiera, volcanic island of, 60
- Hilda, St., colliery and galleries of, 410
- Himmelfürst, in Saxony, silver-fields of, 299
- Hindostan, coal-fields of, 424
- Hoffmann, G. F., his description of the subterranean flora of the Harz Mountains, 158
- Holland, earthquakes felt in, 101
- effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
- Homer, tin ornaments mentioned by, 332
- Honduras, coal-fields of, 424
- Horses used in mines, 262
- Hot-springs in the frozen lands as well as in the tropics, 33
- as a vent of subterranean heat, 33
- Houel, M., his dangerous exploration of the crater of Mount Etna, 55
- Howitt, William, his description of shipping coal on the Tyne, 412
- Huancayo, the Franciscan monk of, 313
- Huatulco, fountains of marine caverns in, 146
- Huel Wherry, rise and fall of the tin-mine of, 339
- Humboldt, M., his visit to the volcano of Rucu-Pinchincha, 55
- his treatise on subterranean fungi, 158
- Huancavelica, quicksilver mine of, 378
- Hungary, ice-caves of, 197
- Hutton, Dr., a coal-hewer in early life, 419
- Hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of springs, 40, 41
- Hyena, remains of, found in caves, 213,214
- Ibarra, supposed causes of a fever at, 70
- Iberian peninsula, auriferous land of, 288
- Ice, effect of the meeting of a lava-stream with, 74
- Ice-caves and their phenomena, 193-201
- Iceland, volcanic formation of, 4
- Iceland, geysirs of, 45-48
- Bunsen’s theory of the causes of the geysirs of, 47, 48
- volcanoes of, 61
- mud-volcanoes of, 93
- ice-caves of, 198
- Ichthyosaurus communis, characteristics and size of the, 20, 21
- Idria, fungi of the mines of, 158
- quicksilver mines of, 373-378
- Iktis, island of, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, 333
- Iguanodon, size and characteristics of the, 22
- Ilezk, rock-salt deposit of, 438
- Illinois, coal-fields of, 424
- India, mud-volcanoes of, 93
- Indiana, coal-fields of, 424
- Indies, West, earthquakes of, 100, 101
- Insects enclosed in amber, 452-455
- Ipsamboul, rock-temple of, 184
- Warburton’s description of it, 184-186
- Ireland, effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
- coal-fields of, 404
- why they are so little worked, 404
- Iron, its value, 345
- its wide diffusion, 345
- meteoric iron, 347
- ancient knowledge of, 347
- extension of its uses in modern times, 348
- British iron production, 348
- smelting, 349
- the hot blast, 353
- the Cleveland district and the trade of Middlesborough, 364
- amount and value of the British iron trade, 355
- other statistics of the trade, 356
- production of foreign countries, 357-363
- Irtysch, copper and coal near the, 326
- Isalco, formation of the volcano of, 59
- in a constant state of eruption, 62
- Iscalonga, in Basilicata, cave-dwellings of, 234
- Iserlohn, in Westphalia, discovery of a cavern at, 135
- Ispica, Val d’, cave-dwellings in the, 232
- Istria, subterranean water-courses of, 150
- Italy, mud-volcanoes of, 93
- earthquakes of, 100
- effects of the earthquake of 1755 in, 118
- maare, or crateriform hollows, of, 132
- cave-dwellings of Southern, 234
- iron industry of, 362
- Iwogasima, or Sulphur Island, of Japan, 444
- Japan, sulphur of, 444
- Java, number of active volcanoes of, 61
- the ‘Valley of Death,’ or Poison Valley, of, 89
- mud-volcanoes of, 93
- maare, or crateriform hollows, of, 132
- sulphur of, 445, 446
- Jesuits, their intrigues during the earthquake at Lisbon, 116
- Jet, formation of, 429
- found at Whitby, 429
- manufacture of jet ornaments, 430
- John the Evangelist, St., his cave in the Isle of Patmos, 188
- the cave converted into a chapel, 188
- Jorullo, formation of the volcano of, 58
- length of time the heat was retained in the lava-stream of 1759, 74
- Judd, Dr., his dangerous visit to the crater of Kilauea, 56
- Jura Mountains, cauldron-shaped depressions in the, 130
- Kab, El, in Upper Egypt, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
- Kamtschatka, energy of the volcanoes of, 61
- earthquakes in, in 1737, 79
- Kan, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
- Kanara, rock-temples of, 181-183
- Kaolin, or china-clay, how formed, and where, 460-462
- Karli, rock-temples of, 183
- Kea, Mount, tranquillity of the eruption of, in 1843, 76
- Kentucky, coal-fields of, 424
- Kertsch, mud-volcanoes near, 93
- Kilauea, the lava lakes of, 64
- length of the lava-stream in the eruption of 1840, 70
- amount of lava thrown out by the eruption of 1840, 76
- Killingworth Colliery, 410
- Kingston, in Jamaica, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 107
- Kinsale, effect of an earthquake sea-wave in the harbour of, 118
- Kirghise hordes, their salt-works, 438
- Kirkdale, Dr. Buckland’s account of the ossiferous cave of, 214, 215
- Klaproth, his discovery of uranium, 385
- works at Joachimsthal, 385
- his discovery of rutile, or titanium, 386
- Klîutschewskaja Skopa, eruption of the volcano of, 79
- Koh-i-Noor, or Mountain of Light, diamond and its history, 486
- Kohl, uses of, 383
- Kongsberg, in Norway, silver mines of, 299
- Kopperberg, iron manufacture of, 360
- Kötlingia, effects of the eruption of, in 1758, 69
- Kremnitz, discovery of the gold mines of, 248
- Krisuvick, in Iceland, solfatara of, 444
- Kupferschiefer, or copper-slate, of Thuringia, fossils of the, 15
- Labuan, coal-fields of, 424
- Lacustrine dwellings of Switzerland, 315
- discovery of the, 223
- ancient iron weapons found in the, 347
- Laibach, Upper, river traversing the caves of, 150
- Lalibala, rock-churches of, 186
- town of, and country round, 187
- Landslips, effects of earthquakes in producing, 110
- that of Putley, in Hertfordshire, 110
- igneous and aqueous causes of landslips, 121
- cases of landslips, 121-128
- caused by the falling in of cavern-roofs, 129
- Lanuto volcano, lake formed in the extinct crater of the, 57
- Lapis lazuli, 494
- Lapland, auriferous veins in, 293
- Laureacum, on the Danube, Roman iron manufactures at, 358
- Laurentian rocks, 2, 3
- their thickness, 2
- the only fossil found in the, 10
- Laurium, ancient silver mines of, 298
- amount of lead in the scoriæ of the ancient silver mines of, 367
- Lava, formation of fiery streams of, during volcanic eruptions, 70
- phenomena attending the flow of a lava-stream, 72
- effect of the meeting of a lava-stream with the sea, 73
- and with ice, 74
- vast dimensions of lava-streams, 74-76
- waste of desolation of lava-fields, 77
- progress of lava-streams, 77
- Laxey lead mine, in the Isle of Man, 366
- Lead, mine of, in Cardiganshire, section of a, 252
- its property and uses, 364
- its antiquity, 364
- the mines of, in Europe, 365
- production of, in foreign countries, 366-368
- preparation of the ores, 368
- Pattinson’s process, 368
- Leadhills, in Lanarkshire, lead mines of, 366
- Lebadeia, in Bœotia, cave of Trophonios near, 187
- Lepidodendron elegans, 392
- Leptodirus Hochenwartii, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163
- Levant, Cornish copper mine of, 319
- Levels, in mining, 251
- extent of the works in some cases, 251
- drainage by adit levels, 269, 270
- Lias, fossils of the, 19
- Liège, depth of the coal mines of, 247
- accident in a colliery at, 263
- Life, organic, progress of, on earth, 28, 29
- everywhere present on the earth, 156
- Lignite, or wood-coal, 401
- Lima, frequency of earthquakes at, 105
- displacement of stones of obelisks by earthquake shocks, 105
- effects of the earthquake sea-wave of 1746, 108
- indifference of the inhabitants of, to earthquakes, 113
- Limestone, magnesian, or Permian group, animal remains of the, 15
- Limestone caves, 136
- causes of their excavation, 136
- stalactites and stalagmites, 139, 140
- origin and slow formation of limestone, 141
- Lisbon, great earthquake of, 114
- effect of the shock, 114
- fire and thieves in the city, 115, 116
- total loss of life from all causes, 116
- effects of this earthquake in various parts of the world, 117-119
- Little Bounds, copper mine of, 319
- Livres, St., ice-caves of, 192
- lower glacière of, 193
- upper glacière of, 195
- ice-streams of the upper glacière, 195, 196
- Lizards, oldest known fossils of, 14, 15
- the enormous species of the Mesozoic ocean, 20, 21
- Llandegui, slate quarries of, 469, 470
- Locke, his remark respecting iron, 345
- Lomond, Loch, sea-shells found on the banks of, 34
- effects of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
- London shaken by the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, 118
- subterranean wonders of, 237, 238
- Long, Major, his report on the copper mines of Lake Superior, 328
- Longara, Cave of, massacre by the French in the, 170
- Lorca, sulphur mine of, 444
- Lowerz, destruction of the village of, by a landslip, 124
- Luganure, lead mines of, 366
- Luna, Pope, waterspout of, 146
- Lycopolis, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
- Maare, or crateriform hollows, of the Eifel, 131
- Macaluba, mud volcano of, 94
- known to the ancients, 94
- Madana, in Santa Cruz, height of the volcano of, 54
- Madeira, volcanic formation of, 4
- Madfuneh, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
- Magdalena Grotto, or ‘Black Grotto,’ Protei of the, 165, 166
- visit of the Archduke Ferdinand to the, 166
- Magnesium, discovery and uses of, 387
- Magnetic mountain in Russia, 367
- Maina, marble of, 467
- Malacca, tinstone of, 335
- Malaga, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
- Malmesbury, section of the coal-field south of, 398
- Malta, troglodytes of, 234
- Malwah, rock-temples of, 184
- Mammalia, geological period of its prominence in life, 23
- Mammoth, or primitive elephant, size and characteristics of the, 26
- Professor Owen’s skeleton of the, 217
- Gray’s Inn Lane an ancient hunting-ground for, 231
- Mammoth Cave, in Kentucky, vast dimensions of the, 135, 138
- Professor Silliman on the, 139
- clusters of bats in the, 159
- animals of the, 167
- Man, Isle of, lead mines of, 366
- Man, prehistoric, subterranean relics of, in Denmark, 221
- in Switzerland, 223
- age of human relics in caves, 225
- Manchester Coal-field, 403
- Manganese, ores of, 386
- Mansfeldt, in Prussia, silver and copper mines of, 325
- Marble of Derbyshire and Devonshire, 465
- that of Carrara, 4, 465
- that of Pentelikon and Parian, 466
- Rosso antico and Verde antico, 467
- Marennes, upheaval of the chalk cliffs at, 36
- Marpena, Mount, in Paros, marble of, 466
- Marquette, American town of, its iron industry, 362
- Marshall, James, his discovery of gold in California, 288
- Marsupites ornatus, fossil, 18
- Martinique, Island of, destructive earthquake in the, 101
- Maryland, copper mines of, 328
- Masaya, volcanoes of, constant eruption of the, 63
- Massachusetts, copper mines of, 328
- Master-borers in the North of England, 250
- their charges per fathom, 250
- Mastodon, where the fossils of, are mostly found, 27
- size and characteristics of the, 27
- Matlock, thermal springs of, 43
- Mauna Loa, in Hawaii, shape of the volcano of, 53, 54
- Dr. Judd’s visit to, 56
- growth of ferns on, 63
- the lava-lakes of, 64
- length of the lava-stream of an eruption of, 70
- parasitic cones of, 71
- volume of the lava-stream of 1840, 75
- Maunch Chunk (or Bear Mountain), in Pennsylvania, enormous coal-field of, 425
- Mauritius, fountains of marine caverns in, 146
- Mediterranean Sea, upheaval of the land on the shores of the, 34
- marine caverns of the coasts of the, 144
- Medellin, the proprietor of the mine of Dolores, 303
- Meerfeld, crateriform hollow and lake of, 132
- Megatherium, size and characteristics of the, 24, 25
- Melidoni, cave of, Turkish massacre in the, 175
- Mequinez, effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
- Mercado, Cerro del, of Mexico, 363
- Mercury, its properties and uses, 370, 371
- known to the Greeks and Romans, 370
- mines of Almaden, 371
- those of Idria, 373
- diseases to which the miners are liable, 373
- mines of America, 378
- Metallic veins, how generally found in mines, 246
- how ores collected or precipitated in, 247
- Metamorphic rocks, origin of, 4, 5
- Meteoric iron, 347
- Mettler, Bläsi, story of the escape of him and his wife, 124
- Mettler, Sebastian Meinhardt, his escape from destruction, 125
- Meuse, ossiferous caverns of the valley of the, 226
- Mexico, silver mines of, 300-308
- Michael’s Mount, St., in Cornwall, 333
- Middlesborough, its rapid rise, 354
- its iron manufacture, 355
- Miguel, Island of, the Punta Delgada of the, 147
- Milagros, his silver mine in San Luis de Potosi, 308
- Miller, Hugh, his account of a coal forest, 393
- Milo, Island of, mud volcanoes of, 98
- sulphur caves of the island of, 446
- Mina Grande, lead mine of, 367
- Minardo, Monte, near Bronte, volcanic formation of, 67
- Mines, in general, 244
- labours and perils of the miner, 244, 245
- casualties in mines, 245
- life in a mine, 245, 246
- length and depth of mines, 247
- discoveries of lodes, 248
- the divining-rod, 248
- boring, 249
- divisions in coal mines, 255
- long-wall working, 257
- general view of mining operations, 257
- tools employed in Cornwall, 258
- mode of blasting, 258
- heroism of miners, 259, 274
- mode of loosening hard stones, 260, 261
- tramways underground, and the conveyance of minerals, 261, 262
- methods of descending, 263-266
- man-engines for ascending or descending, 267
- timbering and draining, 268-272
- inundation, or drowning of mines, 273
- evolution of foul gases, 276, 277
- ventilation, 277
- choke-damp, fire-damp, and blowers, 278, 279
- the safety-lamp, 280
- burning mines, 283
- habits of the Mexican miners, 302
- Minnesota mine, copper of, 327, 328
- enormous nugget of copper found near, 328
- Miocene period, animals of the, 23
- Mirrors of silver among the Romans, 298
- substance used for making, 335
- Mississippi, ancient mounds in the valley of the, 224
- Missouri, ‘iron-mountains’ of, 362
- Moa, the great extinct bird of New Zealand, 216, 217
- Moeris, Lake, hermits near the, 179
- Molinos of the silver mines of Mexico, 306
- Molybdenum, discovery and uses of, 387
- Monarchs, vast treasures of, in ancient times, 286
- Monkeys, fossil, of South America, characteristics of the, 24
- small species of, on the Rock of Gibraltar, 24
- Monk Wearmouth Colliery, 408
- Montaño, Francisco, his descent into the crater of Popocatepetl, 446
- Monte, Real del, silver mines of, 304
- Monte Video, upheaval of the land at, 34
- Montgomeryshire, lead mines of, 366
- Montmartre, gypsum and alabaster of, 468
- Montrouge, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
- Moors of Granada, destruction of, by Philip II. of Spain, 173
- Moran, silver mines of, 304
- Morocco, earthquakes of, 100
- effects of the earthquake of 1755 at, 118
- Morran, in Algeria, Artesian well in the desert of, 51
- Mososaurus, size and characteristics of the, 23
- Moulin de la Roche, artificial mushroom-beds at, 158
- Mountain Ash, in South Wales, coal workings of the New Navigation Pit at, 406
- Mud-streams caused by volcanic eruptions, 69
- destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii by, 85
- those of Obu, 95
- Mud-volcanoes, 93-96
- in various places, 93-95
- origin of, 95, 96
- Murchison, Sir Roderick, his surmises respecting gold in Australia, 289
- Mürtschenstock, tunnel in the, 134
- Mushrooms, subterraneansubterranean, 157
- the artificial mushroom-beds near Paris, 158
- Musk-ox, food of the, 26
- Mylodon, size and characteristics of the, 24, 25
- Professor Owen’s skeleton of the, 217
- Naples, earthquake in, in 1857, 98
- Nassau, iron manufacture of, 357
- Nativity, grotto of the, at Bethlehem, 188
- NauheimNauheim, carbonic acid gas spring of, 88
- Naxos, consecrated caves to Dionysos in, 187
- Naxos, emery of the island of, 463
- Neilson, Mr., his discovery of the hot blast for iron furnaces, 353
- Nemi, Lake of, the crateriform hollow forming the, 132
- Nent Force Level, great drain of, 270
- Nertschinsk, in Transbaikalia, copper mines of, 326
- Nettuno, Antro di, in Sardinia, 144
- Nettuno, Grotta di, in Sicily, 145
- Neusalzwerk, temperature of the well of, at various depths, 32
- Nevada, state of silver mines of the, 314
- Newcastle, coal-fields of, 407
- their extent, 408
- the various seams of coal, 408
- human activity of the coal-fields, 411, 412
- appearance of the town, 413
- first licence to dig coals given to the town, 419
- Newfoundland, gradual upheaval of the land of, 36
- fountains of marine caverns in, 146
- Niagara, carburetted hydrogen evolved near the falls of, 93
- Nicaragua, Lake of, volcanoes near the, 61
- Nicaragua, mud-volcanoes of, 93
- Nicholas, St., rock-chapel of, in Crete, 189
- Nickel, name of, 384
- uses of, and whence obtained, 384
- Nicolas d’Aliermont, St., aquiferous layers or beds of stone at, 40
- Noises, subterranean, accompanying earthquakes, 103
- Normandy, traces of depression of the land on the coast of, 37
- Norr Lake, emptied by a landslip, 130
- Northumberland, coal-fields of, 403
- Northwich, salt mines of, 431
- Norway, copper mines of, 324
- Noss, islet of, its marine caves, 142
- Notornis, Professor Owen’s reconstruction of the, 217
- Nuovo, Monte, in the Bay of Baiæ, volcanic formation of the, 67
- Oberstein, rock-chapel of, 190
- legend of the chapel, 190, 191
- Obregon works the silver mine of Guanaxuato, 301, 302
- his title and urbanity of character, 302
- Obu, eruption of the, 95
- Oche, Dent d’, landslip of the, 127
- Oesterby, iron-works of, 360
- Ohio, ancient mounds in the valley of the, 224
- ‘Oil harvest’ of Caripe, 161
- Olm, or Proteus, discovery of the, 164, 165
- various places in which it has been found, 166
- description of the animal, 165-167
- Olonne, Island of, upheaval of the land round the, 36
- Onyx, the, 497
- Ontanagon district, in America, ancient copper mines, 327
- Oolite rocks, their thickness, 2
- Oolitic period, fossils of the, 19, 22
- Opal, precious, 495
- mines of, in Hungary, 495
- Ophir, seat of, 287
- Ores, how generally found in mines, 246
- how they have been collected or precipitated, 247
- ‘Orkneyman’s Harbour, The,’ the marine cavern so called, 143
- Oroomiah, Lake, in Persia, salt of the hills and plains of, 437
- Orthoceratites of the primitive seas, 18
- Oscillatory movements of the earth, 34-37
- Otero, a shopkeeper, joins in working the mine of Guanaxuato, 302
- Owen, Professor, his memoir and skeleton of the great Moa of New Zealand, 217
- Owls, cave-haunting, 160
- Pachuca, silver mines of, 304
- Pachyderms, remains of large extinct, 26, 27
- Palæotheriums, size and characteristics of, 23
- Palæopteryx, Professor Owen’s reconstruction of the, 217
- Palladium, discovery and uses of, 388
- Palestine, Southern, hermits in, 179
- Palomba, Fossa della, on Etna, 147
- Papalardo, Baron, his efforts to divert the lava-stream from Catania, 72, 73
- Parian marble, or Lychnites, 466
- Paris, artificial mushroom-beds near, 168
- catacombs of, 210, 211
- old cemeteries of, 211
- plaster of, 468
- Parsees, their worship of fire, 91
- their legend of the devil, 91
- their occupation and abandonment of Baku, 92
- Pasco, Cerro di, silver mines of, 309
- Pasco, mining town of, 310
- Patmos, cave and church of St. John the Evangelist, 188
- Paul, St., of Thebes, the first hermit, his cave, 178
- Pausilippo, Grotto of, 241
- Paviland, ossiferous caves of, 215
- Peak, in the Island of Timor, blown up and replaced by a cavity, 68
- Pecopteris adiantoides, 391
- Peniscola, fountains of marine caverns in, 146
- Pennsylvania, copper mines of, 328
- coal-fields of, 425
- petroleum springs of, 427
- Pentacrinus briareus, fossil, 17, 18
- Pentelikon, or Mount Penteles, marble of, 466
- Pepandajan, in Java, the volcanic cone of, blown to pieces, 67
- Percy, Dr. John, his discovery of aluminium-bronze, 387
- Perdix, Bartholomew, his manufacture of alum, 458
- Permian period, fishes of the, 13
- Peroxide of tin, or tinstone, 335
- Perticara di Talamella in Italy, sulphur mines of, 444
- Peru, active volcanoes of, 61
- earthquakes of, 100
- indifference of man in, to earthquakes, 113
- silver mines of, 300
- iron furnaces of, 353
- Peter’s Mount, St., near Maestricht, quarries of, 470
- visit of Faujas de Saint-Fond, 472
- Petroleum, formation of, 426
- old springs of, in Europe, 426, 427
- production of the springs of America, 427
- Petrospongidæ, or stone sponges, 17
- Pfeiffer, Ida, her visit to the diamond mines of Borneo, 480
- Pharaohs, rock-tombs of the, in Thebes, 202-204
- Philip II. of Spain, his destruction of the Moors of Granada, 173
- Philip, Port, town of, 290
- Philotheus, St., his cave on Mount Penteles, 466
- Phœnicians, their tin-trade, 333
- their traffic in and uses of lead, 364
- Pietra Mala, burning springs of, 90
- Pigeons, cave-haunting, 160
- Pilot Knob ‘iron mountain,‘ 362
- Pines, black, of Trinidad, 429
- Pitt, or Regent, diamond, 485
- Pittasphalte, formation of, 426
- Piuka Jama, cave of, 154, 155
- the River Poik flowing below the, 154
- Piz Mountain, destructive effects of a landslip of the, 127
- Planina, river traversing the Cave of, 150
- explored by Adolph Schmidl, 151
- abundance of Protei in the, 166
- Platinum, discovery of, 382
- where obtained, 382
- its qualities, 383
- Playfair, his observations as to the rise of the land in Sweden, 35
- Plesiosaurus, size and characteristics of the, 21
- Pleurotomaria carinata, fossils of, 15
- Pliny the Elder, death of, as described by his nephew, 82-84
- Pliocene period, animals of the, 24
- Plumbago, graphite, or black lead, former trade in, in Cumberland, 462
- the mine exhausted, 462
- places where found at present, 462
- Plürs, town of, buried by a landslip, 127
- Polistena, effects of an earthquake at, 98
- Poik River, engulfment and re-appearance of the, 150
- a subterranean canoe voyage on the, 151-154
- the river flowing beneath the Piuka Jama, 154
- Pombal, Marquis of, his conduct in the great earthquake of Lisbon, 116, 117
- Pompeii, destruction of the town of, 81-85
- the mud-stream which effected the destruction, 85
- present state of the Roman town of, 87
- Pontus, hermits in, 179
- Popocatepetl, depth of the crater of, 54
- Montaño’s visit to the crater of, 446
- Porphyry of Elfdal, 467
- Portugal earthquakes of, 100
- Potosi, San Luis de, silver mines of, 303, 309
- Precious stones, 477
- Proteus anguinus, discovery of the, 164, 165
- description of the animal, 165-167
- its abundance in the Cave of Planina, 166
- different caverns in which it has been found, 166
- Prussia, iron manufacture of, 357
- production of zinc in, 381
- salt-works of, 438
- Pterichthys Milleri of the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, 13, 14
- Pterodactyli, size and characteristics of the, 21
- Pterygotus acuminatus, 12
- Pulvermaar of Grillenfeld, lake or maare of, 132
- Puzzuoli, solfatara of, 444
- Quarries, celebrated, 464
- those of France, 464
- those of England and Germany, 464
- of Carrara and the Pentelikon, 465, 466
- porphyry, 467, 468
- alabaster and plaster of Paris, 468
- slate, 469
- of St. Peter’s Mount, near Maestricht, 470
- of Egypt, 474
- Quicksilver. See Mercury.
- Quito, active volcanoes of, 61
- tradition respecting them, 67
- earthquakes of, 100
- Radoboy, sulphur mines of, 444
- Rain-prints of former ages, preservation of, 29
- Rammelsberg, in the Hartz—silver mines of the, 299
- discovery of the lode of the, 248
- burning hard mineral stone in, 260, 261
- copper found in, 325
- Rat, blind cavern, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, 167
- Rathlin, island of, massacre by the English under Sir John Norris in the, 172
- Ravinazzo Mountain, landslip of the, 127
- Red-lead, how made, 365
- Redruth, copper mines of, 317
- Regla, Conde de la. See Terreros.
- Reptiles, oldest known fossils of, 14, 15
- enormous marine fossil reptiles of the Mesozoic ocean, 20
- footprints of reptiles of the Cambrian formation, 20
- Rhodium, discovery and uses of, 388
- Rhosdale, iron manufacture of, 355
- Riobamba, destruction of the town of, 78, 79
- destroyed by an earthquake, 104
- remarkable displacement of objects during the shocks, 104
- silence during the shocks, 104
- Ripple-marks of former ages, preservation of, 28, 29
- Rivers, cave, 149-151
- explorations of Adolph Schmidl in the Cave of Planina, 151
- Rochelle, La, upheaval of the land at, 36
- Rock-tombs and catacombs, 202
- Rock-crystal, 498
- the grotto of the Galenstock, 499
- Roebuck, Dr. John, his improvements in iron manufacture, 350
- Romanus, the monk, feeds St. Benedict in his cave, 180
- Rome, wealth of, after the third Punic war and in the time of the Cæsars, 286, 298
- Ronciglione, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, 57
- Roquefort cheese, 198
- Röraas Mountains, copper mines of, in Norway, 324
- Rosa, Sierra de Santa, 301
- Rosalia, St., rock-church of, in Sicily, 188, 189
- story of, and of the discovery of her bones, 188, 189
- Rossberg, or Rufi, landslip of the, 123
- causes of the catastrophe, 124
- Rossi, Monte, height and area of, 71
- Rossi, Cavaliere de, his researches in the catacombs of Rome, 210
- Rosso antico, 467
- Roth, natural ice-cave of, 198
- Röthen, villages of Upper and Lower, destroyed by a landslip, 124
- Royale, Isle, ancient copper mines of, 327
- Ruby, the oriental, 489
- in the crown of England, 490
- Rucu-Pinchincha, Humboldt’s view down the volcano of, 55
- Russia, copper mines of, 326
- iron manufacture of, 357, 358
- salt-works of, 437, 438
- amber ornaments of, 457
- the Imperial diamond of, 485
- Rutile, or Titanium, discovery and uses of, 386, 387
- Saarbrück, oldest known reptiles found in the coal-field of, 14
- other wonders of the coal-field of, 15
- vast time required for the formation of the coal-fields of the, 397
- Sable, in Anjou, the Fontaine-sans-fond near, 149
- Sabrina, island of, volcanic formation of the, 59
- Sacrée Madame, near Charleroi, depth of the colliery of, 247
- mode of ventilation in the mine of, 277 note
- Sacro, Monte, marble mountain of, 465
- Safety-cages, used in descending mines, 264, 265
- Safety-lamp, Davy’s, 280
- Sahara, wells of the inhabitants of the, 48, 50
- future importance of Artesian wells to, 51
- Salamis, fleet which gained the battle of, 298
- Salcedo, silver mine of, 311
- tragical end of its proprietor, Don José Salcedo, 312
- Sallee, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, 118
- Sallenches, fall of a mountain near, 122
- Salt, geological position of, 431
- the mines of Northwich, 431
- those of Droitwich and Stoke, 432
- that of Wieliczka, 433-436
- in other places, 436-439
- method of preparing it, 439
- origin of rock-salt, 440
- Salza, manufacture of salt at, 439
- Salzburg, salt mines of, 436
- San Francisco, its rapid rise, 289
- Santorin, submarine volcano of, 60, 61
- Sapphire, red, 489
- Sardinia, cave-dwellers of, 234
- the dwellings of the Sarde shepherds of the present day, 234
- lead mines of, 366
- Saviour’s, Our, tomb at Jerusalem, church built over the, 188
- Saxony, tin mines of, 336
- SchaflochSchafloch, ice-cave of, 194, 195
- Schmerling, Dr., his investigations respecting the antiquity of man, 226
- Schemnitz, fungi of the mines of, 158
- discovery of the rich mines of, 248
- produce of silver in the mines of, 300
- Schmidl, Adolph, his explorations of the subterranean river Poik and Cave of Planina, 151
- Schneeberg, large block of silver found at, 299
- use made of the burning vapours, 283
- bismuth of, 383
- Scilano, village of, buried by a landslip, 127
- Scilla, Prince of, his death, 107, 108
- Scopoli, his description of subterranean fungi, 157
- Scoriæ, length of time the liquid fire is retained in the interior of a lava-stream, 73
- Scotland, lead mines of, 366
- Scott, Sir Walter, his visit to ‘The Orkneyman’s Harbour,’ 143
- and to Fingal’s Cave, 143
- Scrope, Mr. Poulett, his description of the Volcano of Stromboli, 62
- Sea-shells found on the Andes and Alps, 34, 37
- and in other places at present removed from the sea, 34
- Sea, movements of the, in earthquakes, 106, 107
- extent of the wave-motion, 105, 106
- cases of the destructive effects of the earthquake waves, 107-109, 117-119
- Segeberg, deposit of salt at, 439
- Senegal, deposits of the Arca senilis on the banks of the river inland, 34
- Sequoia, gigantic trees of the, 28
- Seven Pagodas, rock-temples near Madras so called, 184
- Seville, effects of the earthquakes of 1755 at, 118
- Shelas, cave of, Colonel St. Arnaud’s massacre in the, 176
- ‘Shell-mounds’ of Denmark, 222
- those of the Fuegians, 222
- Shetland, marine caves of, 142
- Shields inlaid with silver in Homer’s time, 298
- Siberia, auriferous land of, 288
- lead mines of, 367
- emeralds of, 491
- Sicanians, cave-dwellings of the ancient, 232
- Sicily, earthquakes of, 100
- marine grottoes of, 145
- sulphur mines of, 441
- Sickingen, Count, his experiments with platinum, 382
- Sidi Rascheed, in Algeria, Artesian well of, 51
- Sigillaria oculata, 392
- Silurian period, crustacea of the, 10-12
- brachiopods of the, 12, 13
- fishes of the, 13
- Silver, discoveries of lodes of, 248
- antiquity of the discovery of, 297
- most ancient silver mines, 298
- European silver-fields, 299, 300
- mines of Mexico and Peru, 300-314
- mode of crushing and decomposing the ores, 306-307
- law of Peru respecting the silver mines, 311
- mines of Chili and Nevada, 313, 314
- Singapore, antimony of, 383
- Siphnos, ancient silver mines of, 298
- Siphon, principle of a, 44 note
- Siphonia costata, fossil, 16
- Sioa, constant state of eruption of the volcano of, 63
- Sivatherium giganteum, size and characteristics of, 27, 28
- Skaptar Jökul, in Iceland, lava-stream of the eruption of, in 1783, 70
- Skerries, water-spouts or fountains of the, 146
- Slate quarries of North Wales, 469
- Smeaton, John, his improvements in iron manufacture, 350
- Sodium, discovery and uses of, 388
- Solway Moss, appearance and area of the, 130
- Sommatino, conflagration of the solfatera of, 443
- Somme, flint implements of the Valley of the, 230, 231
- Spain, gold coins of the Visigoths of, 287
- auriferous land of, 288
- ancient silver mines of, 298
- tin mines of, 336
- iron industry of, 361
- lead mines of, 365
- coal-fields of, 423
- cupriferous pyrites of, 447
- Spartacus, revolt of, 82
- his defeat of Clodius at Vesuvius, 82
- Speerenberg, deposit of salt at, 439
- Sphenopteris affinis, 391
- Spider, eyeless, of the Cave of Adelsberg, 163
- Spinel, the, 490
- Spirifer princeps, 12
- Spiriferidæ, 13
- Sponges, fossil, of the primitive seas, 16
- Springs, always warmer than the air in the locality where they gush forth, 32
- hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of, 40-42
- temperature of the water of, 43
- geological phenomena favouring the production of thermal springs, 43
- mineral particles in springs, 43, 44
- intermittent springs, 44
- geysirs of Iceland, 45-48
- Artesian wells, 48-52
- carbonic acid gas springs, 88-90
- of carburetted hydrogen, 90-93
- Staffordshire, burning mines of, 283
- Stag, Professor Owen’s skeleton of the primeval, 217
- Stalactites and stalagmites, formation of, 139, 140
- their varieties of form and slow formation, 140
- Dr. Schmidl’s ‘Stalactital Paradise,’ 152
- in the Cave of Guacharo, 162
- of the Cave of Melidoni, 176
- in the Norwegian copper mine of Röraas, 325
- Stalita tænaria, the eyeless cavern spider, 163, 164
- Stamping-mill in the silver mines of Mexico, 306
- Star fish, of the Chalk group, 18
- Stassfurt, mines of, 438
- Steam, important part played by, in volcanic phenomena, 41
- Steam-jets, or fumaroles, of volcanoes, 63
- those of the eruption of Jorullo in 1759, seen in 1803, 74
- Stephenson, George, a coal-trapper in life, 419
- Stikeen, gold-fields of, 293
- Stockton-on-Tees, export of coal from, 413
- Stoke, in Worcestershire, salt mines of, 432
- Stone implements of Denmark, 222
- of the Brixham caverns, 227
- of the Valley of the Somme, 230
- Stromboli, diameter of the crater of, 54
- constant activity of the volcano of, 62
- Mr. Poulett Scrope’s description of it, 62
- Stromeyer, his discovery of cadmium, 386
- Strontian, in Argyleshire, lead mines of, 366
- Styria, iron of, 358
- Subiaco, St. Benedict’s Cave near, 180
- Suffioni of the Florentine lagoons, 460
- Sulphur of the mines of Sicily, 441
- exports of, 443
- conflagration of a sulphur mine, 443
- mines of Ternel and Lorca, 444
- combinations of sulphur with metals, 447
- Sumatra, deposits of tinstone in, 335
- Sunderland, export of coal from, 413
- Superior, Lake, copper scattered near the shore of, 325, 327
- ancient copper mines near, 327
- Surtshellir, in Iceland, formation of the, 148
- Sutherland, gold-fields of, 293
- Swallows, cave-haunting, 160
- Swansea, copper-works of, 320, 321
- Sweden, effect of the great earthquake of 1755 in, 118
- mode of descending mines in, 264
- copper mines of, 322
- Swifts, cave-haunting, 160
- Switzerland, subterranean relics of prehistoric man in, 223
- ancient iron implements found in, 347
- Swoszwice, sulphur mines of, 444
- Syene, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
- Syracuse, catacombs of, 210
- city of, 475
- the Latomiæ of, 475
- Syria, earthquakes of, in the reign of Tiberius, 97, 100
- Syout, in Upper Egypt, rock-hewn cemeteries of, 205
- Tagilsk, Nishne, platinum of, 382
- Taman, mud-volcanoes of the peninsula of, 93, 95
- Tamelhat, in Algeria, Artesian well at, 51
- Tangiers, effects of an earthquake sea-wave in, 118
- Tap cinders of the iron puddling furnaces, 355
- Tasmania, coal-fields of, 424
- Tauretunum, Roman town of, destroyed by a landslip, 127
- Tees, importance of the river, 407
- Teir, Djebel, height of the volcano of, 54
- Temboro, cone of the volcano of, blown to pieces, 67
- Temenitz, engulfment and reappearance of the river, 150
- Temples, rock, of India, 181
- Teneriffe, Peak of, shape of the, 53
- ice-caves of, 198
- solfatara of the, 445
- Tenger, Gunong, in Java, diameter of the crater of the volcano of, 54
- Terebratulæ of the Silurian seas, 13
- Ternel, sulphur mine of, 444
- Terni, Æolian caverns of, 198
- Terranuova, effects of an earthquake at, 98
- Terreros, Don Pedro, his silver mine of La Regla, 304
- Tertiary period, mammalia of the, 23
- Thallium, discovery and uses of, 388
- Thaur, Mount, Mahomet’s refuge in a cave of, 169
- Thebes, hermits in the desert of, 179
- the royal tombs of, 202-204
- Themud, rock city of the, 236
- legendary tale respecting the, 236
- Thomson, Dr., his cave explorations in New Zealand, 218-220
- Tin, antiquity of the knowledge of, 332
- mentioned in the Bible, 332
- Phœnician trade in, 333
- uses and importance of, 334
- the two ores of tin, 335
- lodes of Cornwall, 337
- number of mines in Devon and Cornwall at work, 338
- smelting of tin, 342
- number and wages of the miners, 343
- nature of the miner’s work, 343
- Tin-foil, 334
- Tino, island of, Rosso antico, 467
- Titanium, or rutile, discovery and uses of, 386, 387
- Titus, the Emperor, his benevolence to the survivors of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 85
- Tjerimai, Gunong, in Java, extinct volcano of, 55
- Tlalpujahua, silver mine of, 305
- Toeplitz, hot springs of, 43
- Tofua, constant activity of the volcano of, 63
- lake formed in the crater of the extinct volcano of, 57
- Tolfa, manufacture of alum at, 458
- Tombs, rock-hewn, 202
- Topaz, the, 493
- Töplitz, effect of the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 on the mineral waters of, 118
- Torgatten, in Norway, natural tunnel of the grotto of, 134
- Trajan, the Emperor, in an earthquake at Antioch, 97
- Transbaikalia, iron of, 357
- Transgariep country, cannibal caverns of the, 234
- Transylvania, iron of, 358
- Travers, Val de, asphalte mine of the, 428
- Trebich Cave, near Trieste, 134
- Tresavean Copper Mine, wealth of, 329
- Treviso, three villages of, buried by a landslip of the Piz Mountain, 127
- Triassic rocks, their thickness, 2
- Trilobites, 10, 11
- eye of, magnified, 11
- gradually vanish in the Carboniferous period, 14
- Trinidad, mud volcanoes of, 93, 94
- Trinidad, the great Pitch Lake of, 428
- Tripolite, its composition and uses, 463
- Troglodytes, or dwellers in caves, 232
- Trophonios, Cave of, 187
- visitors to the cave for information, 188
- Trou-aux-Moutons, vast ice-cave of the Rothhorn, 194, 195
- Tschudi, silver ornaments of the, 298
- Tuileries, principle on which the grand fountain of the, is supplied, 42
- Tungstate of soda, uses of, 385
- Tungsten, discovery of, 384
- Tunnels, natural, 113, 34
- Turks, their atrocities in modern warfare, 176
- their use of amber in pipes, 456
- Turquoise, the, 493
- Turrilites tuberculatus, 19
- Tuscany, suffioni of the lagoons of, 460
- Tyne, importance of the river, 407
- shipping coal on the banks of the, 411, 412
- Tynemouth Priory, view from the, 414
- Ubes, St., nearly destroyed by an earthquake sea-wave, 117
- United States of America, copper mines of, 328, 329
- Upheavals, subterranean, 34
- taking place at the present day, 34
- slow elevation of the land in Sweden, 35
- and in other places, 35, 36
- marks chiselled on the Swedish rocks, 37
- probable causes of, 38
- Upsala, iron manufacture of, 360
- the old city of, and the burial-places of Odin, Thor, and Freya, 360
- Ural, or Oural, Mountains, the iron of the, 357
- Uranium, discovery and uses of, 385
- Valenciana, Conde de, his silver mine and fortune, 302, 304
- Valenciennes, depth of the coal mines of, 247
- Valentinus, Basilius, his mention of antimony, 383
- Valdivia, extent of wave-motion of an earthquake at, 105, 106
- Valparaiso, upheaval of the land at, 34
- Valparaiso, copper mines of, 326
- Vaucluse, celebrated fountain of, 149
- Vegetation, subterranean, 157
- Velleja, Roman town of, buried by a landslip, 127
- Venetian gold coins, 287
- Ventriculites, fossil, 16
- Verde antico, 467
- Vesuvius, its long period of rest, and resumption of its activity, 58
- the lava-stream of the eruption of 1822, 70
- lava-fountains of the eruption of 1794, 72
- advance of a lava-stream into the sea near Torre del Greco, 73
- vast dimensions of the lava-stream of, 75
- state of the volcano previous to the eruption of 79 A.C., 81
- first indication of the catastrophe, 82
- account of Pliny the Younger, 85
- Veta madre, silver mine of, 247, 301
- Victoria, colony of, 290
- Villaroel Don José, his silver mine of the Cerro di Potosi, 309
- Vincent, Island of, volcanic eruption on the, 66
- disappearance of a mountain at, 68
- Virgil, tomb of, 242
- belief in his incantations, 242
- Visigoths of Spain, their gold coins, 287
- Vivarrais, carbonic acid gas springs of the, 88
- Vivian’s copper-works at Swansea, 321
- Volcanoes, heat required for the production of the lava of, 33
- extent of the action of, 33
- important part played by steam in volcanic phenomena, 41
- extinct and active volcanoes, 53
- their shapes and heights, 53, 54
- their craters, 54
- desolation near them, 54
- dimensions and depths of various craters, 54
- dangers of crater explorations, 55, 56
- lakes in the craters of extinct volcanoes, 57
- line of demarcation between active and extinct volcanoes, 58
- volcanoes still constantly forming, 58
- submarine volcanoes, 59
- formation of volcanic islands, 59
- number of known volcanoes, 60
- unequal distribution of, 61
- in a constant state of activity, 61, 62
- steam-jets, or fumaroles, 63, 74
- phenomena of volcanic eruption, 65
- stones and ashes thrown out, 66
- explosion of cones, 67
- disastrous effects of showers of sand, pumice, and lapilli, 68
- mud-streams formed, 69
- torrents formed by melted snow, 69
- formation of fiery streams of liquid lava, 70
- parasitic cones of eruption, 70
- wooded volcanic craters, 71
- phenomena attending the flow of a lava-stream, 72, 73
- effect of the meeting of lava and the sea, 73
- and of lava and ice, 74
- vast dimensions of lava-streams, 75, 76
- waste of desolation in lava-fields, 77
- considered as safety-valves, 78, 79
- probable causes of, 79, 80
- destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii, 81-87
- mud-volcanoes, 93-96
- formation of volcanic caves, 146-148
- Volterra, alabaster of, 468
- Vultur, Mount, beauty of the forest scenery around the extinct craters of, 57
- Wales, auriferous veins found in, 293
- lead mines of, 366
- time required for the formation of the coal-fields of South, 397
- their superficial extent, 405
- the coal-fields of North, 403
- total number of pits in the South, 406
- slate quarries of North, 469
- New South, copper mines of, 329
- coal-fields of, 424
- Walker colliery, on the Tyne, disaster in, prevented, 282
- Wallsend colliery, drowned, 273
- attempt made to work a part of it, 278
- Wanlockhead, lead mines at, 366
- Warburton, his description of the rock-temple of Ipsamboul, 184-186
- his visit to the tombs of the Pharaohs at Thebes, 202-204
- Wash, evidences of subsidence of the land on the shores of the, 37
- Washoe silver mine, 314
- Water, its eternal strife with fire, 1, 2
- the waters of the Cambrian or Silurian ocean, 11
- filtered and made pure by the earth, 40
- temperature of the water of springs, 43
- subterranean distribution of the waters, 39
- hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of springs, 40, 41
- Bunsen’s theory of the Geysirs, 47
- geological phenomena favouring the production of thermal springs, 43
- geysirs of Iceland, 45-48
- Artesian wells, 48-52
- effect of the meeting of a lava-stream and the sea, 73
- movements of the sea in earthquakes, 107
- action of water in limestone caves, 138, 139
- and in forming marine caves, 142
- Water-spouts of caverns in the Skerries, 146
- in mines, 269
- modes of draining, 269
- Waterfall, a subterranean, 153
- Watt, James, his invention and its importance in iron manufacture, 351
- Wear, importance of the river, 407
- Wermland, iron manufacture of, 360
- Westphalia, coal-fields of, 405
- Wheal Cock, copper mine of, 319
- Wheal, Edward, Cornish copper mine of, 319
- Wheal Vor, rise and fall of the tin mine of, 339
- Whitehaven coal-basin, extent of the, 407
- excavations under the sea at the, 410
- White-lead manufacture of the Brohl, 89
- White-lead, how made, 365
- Wicklow, lead mines of, 366
- Wielitzka, salt mines of, 262, 433-435
- method of descending the, 263
- accident in the, 435
- Wiesbaden, hot springs of, 43
- Wind-grottoes, 198-200
- Wirksworth, ossiferous caves of, 215, 216
- Wissokaja Gora, the magnetic mountain of, 357
- Wolfram, discovery of, 384
- Wollaston, his discovery of palladium, 388
- Wood, Colonel, his discovery of a bone-cave at Gower, 228
- Workington Colliery, drowned, 274
- Worship, subterranean places of, 181-183
- Worsley, in Lancashire, subterranean canals in, 263
- Yeermalik, massacre by Genghis Khan in the cave of, 172, 173
- visit to the cave, 173
- as a natural ice-cave, 197
- York, New, copper mines of, 328
- Yorkshire, lead mines of, 366
- Zacatecas, silver mine of, 302
- Zealand, New, effects of the earthquake of 1855 in upraising land, 111
- maare, or crateriform hollows of, 132
- the Apteryx australis of, 216
- the gigantic Moa of, 216, 217
- Professor Owen’s memoir and skeleton of the bird, 217
- ossiferous caves of the country, 218
- gold-fields of, 293
- vegetation of, similar to that of the coal-fields, 395
- coal-fields of, 424
- Zellerfeld, great adit levels of the mines of, 270
- Zepeda, Don Barnebé de, his discovery of the silver vein of Catorce, 303
- Zeus, Olympian, Phidias’ ivory and gold statue of, 286
- Zinc, not known to the ancients, 380
- production of, 380, 381
- the chief zinc-producing countries, 381, 382
- Zircon, the, 492
- Zoroaster, religion of, restored by the Sassanides of Persia, 92
- Zwickau, in Saxony, burning mine at, 283