- Acre, Siege of, by Bonaparte,
- i.
294-302.
- Alexander, Czar of Russia
- ii. succeeds to the throne, 55;
- Convention with Great Britain, June, 1801, 57;
- coolness toward Bonaparte, 69, and
note;
- joint action with Bonaparte in German indemnities,
84;
- conditions required before guaranteeing status of Malta,
92;
- attitude upon the execution of the Duc d'Enghien,
129, 177;
- joins Third Coalition, 177;
- defeated at Austerlitz, 182;
- commercial policy, 200;
- campaign of Eylau and Friedland, 273;
- Treaty of Tilsit, 274,
310;
- meeting at Erfurt, 293;
- war with Sweden, 293;
- joint letter with Napoleon to king of Great Britain,
294;
- attitude toward the Continental System, 303,
324, 329;
- peace with Sweden, 316;
- uneasiness at extension of French empire,
324;
- dissatisfaction at the annexation of Oldenburg,
330;
- disagreement with Napoleon concerning the Continental System,
344, 401;
- understanding reached with Great Britain and Sweden,
347;
- peace with Turkey, 350;
- attacked by Napoleon, 351.
- Antwerp, commercial isolation of,
- i.
in 1780, 9;
- naval importance of,
15;
- development under Napoleon as a naval arsenal,
377.
-
Armed Neutrality, of 1800,
- ii.
signature and affirmations of, 36;
- dissolution of, 57.
- Austria,
- i.
natural ally of Great Britain,
12;
- quarrel with Holland about the Scheldt,
17;
- war with Turkey, 1788,
19;
- successes,
24;
- peace with Turkey,
25;
- joins in Declaration of Pilnitz,
28;
- war with France,
29;
- driven from Netherlands, 1792, 31;
- jealousy of Prussia,
80;
- holds Italian duchies,
84;
- successes in 1793,
93;
- mistakes,
94;
- reverses,
103,
168;
- forced to retire across the Rhine in 1794,
169,
171;
- strengthens alliance with Great Britain,
172;
- successes of 1795,
181-183;
- campaign in Italy, 1795,
195-198;
- reverses in Italy, 1796,
209-212,
216,
217,
233;
- signs preliminaries of Leoben,
234;
- Treaty of Campo Formio, Austrian gains and losses,
250;
- dissatisfaction at French occupation of Rome,
279;
- tumult in Vienna,
280;
- alliance with Naples and Russia, 1798,
282;
- ii.
renewal of war with France, 3;
- successes in Switzerland and Italy, 4-8;
- defeat at battle of Zurich, 1799,
9;
- refusal to treat with Bonaparte, 16;
- disastrous campaigns of 1800 in Germany and Italy,
19-24;
- negotiations with Great Britain and France,
25;
- armistice with France, 25,
35;
- renewal of hostilities and defeat of Hohenlinden,
38;
- Peace of Lunéville, 39;
- loss of power by German indemnities, 84;
- joins Third Coalition, 177-179;
- disastrous campaign of Austerlitz, 181;
- Peace of Presburg, 182;
- accedes to the Continental System, 1807,
278;
- preparations to renew the war, 297;
- war with France in 1809,
314-316;
- Peace of Vienna and renewed exclusion of British goods,
316.
- Barham, Lord, First Lord of Admiralty,
- ii, 168;
- masterly action of, before Trafalgar, 169,
174.
- Battles, land,
- Aboukir, i.
322;
- Arcola, i.
233;
- Austerlitz, ii.
182;
- Badajos,ii.
349;
- Castiglione, i.
233;
- Ciudad Rodrigo, ii.
348;
- Eckmuhl, ii.
315;
- Essling, ii.
316;
- Eylau, ii.
273;
- Fleurus, i.
168;
- Friedland, ii.
274;
- Jena, ii.
270;
- Jemappes, i.
31;
- Lodi, i.
210;
- Loano, i.
198;
- Marengo, ii.
23;
- Pyramids, i.
277;
- Rivoli, i.
233,
243;
- Talavera, ii.
315;
- Valmy, i.
30;
- Wagram, ii.
316;
- Wattignies, i.
103.
- Battles, sea,
- Algesiras, ii.
63-66;
- Camperdown, i.
378;
- Copenhagen, ii.
47-51;
- First of June, i.
126-155;
- Hotham and Martin, i.
190-194;
- Île Groix, i.
177;
- Nile, i.
261-277;
- St. Vincent, i.
221-229;
- Trafalgar, ii.
185-195.
- Bettesworth, captain, British navy,
- ii.
fortunate meeting with combined fleets in June, 1805,
163, 167.
- Bonaparte (see also
Napoleon),
- i. interest in the East,
14;
- influence upon course of events,
183;
- appointed to command Army of Italy,
203;
- successful campaign of 1796,
207-211;
- designs upon Corsica,
213;
- opinion of the effect of British Mediterranean fleet upon his
operations,
217;
- critical position in Italy, May, 1796-Feb. 1797,
233;
- fall of Mantua,
233;
- advances into Carinthia,
234;
- signs preliminaries of Leoben,
234;
- offence at action of the Council of Five Hundred,
244;
- sends Augereau to support coup d'état,
244;
- deep projects for maritime and Oriental expansion,
246-249;
- signs Treaty of Campo Formio,
250;
- opinion of danger to France from British Sea Power,
251;
- return to Paris and command of Army of England,
252;
- Egyptian expedition organized,
253;
- sails from Toulon,
256;
- captures Malta, and sails thence for Egypt,
257;
- lands at Alexandria,
260;
- orders concerning the disposition of the fleet,
261-263;
- criticism of Nelson's conduct,
275;
- conquest of Lower Egypt,
277;
- objects in Egyptian undertaking,
288;
- Syrian expedition,
290;
- siege of Acre,
299;
- retreat into Egypt,
302;
- criticisms upon Sir Sidney Smith,
303;
- defeats Turks at Aboukir,
322;
- return to France,
324;
- criticism upon his Oriental projects,
324-328;
- attempts to send relief to Egypt and Malta,
329-331;
- views as to condition of French in Egypt,
332;
- views as to relative importance of Brest and Antwerp,
377;
- ii. policy as first consul, 15,
20;
- campaign of Marengo, 22;
- negotiations with Austria and Great Britain, 1800,
25, 34, 35,
38-40;
- overtures to the Czar, 29,
32, 37;
- to Prussia, 28, 31;
- efforts to form a coalition against Great Britain,
25-37;
- Mediterranean projects, 1800-1801, 59-68;
- anxiety for maritime peace, 70;
- sends expedition to Haïti, 78;
- president of Cisalpine republic, 80;
- first consul for life, 83;
- aggressions in 1802, 84-90;
- insults to Great Britain, 93-96;
- projects against Great Britain, 1803,
100;
- preparations to invade England, 102,
105, 111-117;
- invasion of Hanover and Naples, 109-111;
- first combinations to invade England, 124;
- becomes emperor, May, 1804,
130. See also Napoleon.
- Boulogne,
- ii.
point of concentration for Bonaparte's flotilla for invasion of England,
113;
- preparations at, 114;
- strategic value of, 116;
- appearance in 1814,
182.
- Brest,
- i. character and surroundings of the port,
304,
305,
342-344;
- methods of watching observed by Howe and Bridport,
345,
346,
364-367;
- St. Vincent's methods,
368-376;
- paralysis as a port of equipment,
376;
- Napoleon's preference for Antwerp,
377.
- Bridport, Lord, British admiral,
- i. succeeds Howe in command of Channel fleet,
165;
- action of Île Groix,
177;
- escape of the French fleet from Brest, 1799,
305;
- method of watching Brest,
345,
346;
- French expedition against Ireland,
360-367;
- anecdote of,
368;
- relieved in command by St. Vincent,
368.
- Brueys, French admiral,
- i. commands French division in Adriatic,
252,
255;
- designs upon Malta in 1798,
255;
- appointed to command fleet in Egyptian expedition,
253;
- negligent conduct of,
262,
263;
- inadequate preparations for defence,
264-266;
- Battle of the Nile,
266-272;
- killed,
271.
- Bruix, French admiral,
- i. escape from Brest with twenty-five ships-of-the-line, in 1799,
305;
- enters Mediterranean,
307;
- action in Mediterranean,
312-315;
- re-enters Atlantic accompanied by sixteen Spanish ships,
315;
- reaches Brest,
316;
- comments on this cruise,
318;
- ii.
instructions of Bonaparte to, in 1800,
60-63;
- connection with invasion flotilla, and death,
130.
- Calder, British admiral,
- ii.
ordered to command a detached squadron, 168;
- action with combined fleets, 171;
- court-martial upon, 174.
- Catharine, Empress of Russia,
- i. influence upon Joseph II., Emperor of Germany,
11;
- relations with Austria and France, 1784,
16,
17;
- naval undertakings, 1788,
20;
- attitude toward French Revolution,
82,
243;
ii. 233;
- ii.
death, 243.
- Chauvelin, French ambassador to Great Britain,
- i. disputes with British ministry,
32-34;
- dismissed from Great Britain,
34.
- Collingwood, British admiral,
- i. remarks of,
70,
71,
75,
309 (note);
- attention to health of crew,
71;
- distinguished share in battle of Cape St. Vincent,
227;
- ii.
blockade off Rochefort, 118;
- ordered to West Indies with eight ships in 1805,
155, 157;
- blockade of Cadiz, 157,
159, 167, 175,
180;
- surmise as to Napoleon's intentions, 156;
- brilliant conduct at Trafalgar, 191;
- succeeds to command after Nelson's death,
195.
- Commerce, warfare against,
- ii.
chaps. xvii. and xviii.
- Commerce-destroying,
- i. by scattered cruisers,
179,
326-328,
335-338;
ii. 199-218, 221-228.
- Cornwallis, British admiral,
- i. action with superior French fleet,
177;
- tenacity in maintaining Brest blockade,
373,
376;
ii. 98, 118, 119,
123,
128, 148, 153;
- orders to detach squadron under Calder to meet Villeneuve,
168;
- joined by Calder and Nelson, 174;
- mistake in dividing his force, 176.
- Corsica,
- i. acquired by France in 1769,
88;
- relations to France and to Great Britain,
88;
- revolt against the Convention,
88;
- French expelled by British,
187;
- union with Great Britain proclaimed,
188;
- difficulties of government by Great Britain,
188,
189;
- value of the island,
179,
186;
- Bonaparte's measures to recover,
213,
216;
- evacuated by the British,
216;
- contributes a detachment to Egyptian Expedition,
254,
257.
- Davout, French marshal,
- ii.
battle of Eckmuhl, 314;
- charged with maintenance of Continental System,
317;
- command in Prussia and Hanse towns, 319;
- injunctions of Napoleon to, 337, note.
- Decrees, French,
- of Fraternity, Nov. 19, 1792,
i. 31,
ii. 361;
- extending French system, Dec. 15, 1792,
i. 32,
ii. 367;
- ii.
affecting neutral carriers, 231, 234,
242-246;
- confiscating ships carrying goods of British origin, January, 1798,
249,
250, 254-259;
- Napoleon's Berlin, 271-273,
281;
- Milan, 290;
- Bayonne and Rambouillet, 291,
292;
- general seizure of goods of British origin, August, 1810,
324;
- public burning of British manufactures, Oct. 19, 1810,
327.
- De Galles, Morard, French admiral,
- i. commands Brest fleet in 1793,
61-63;
- conduct in the mutiny of that year,
62;
- opinions as to the efficiency of the seamen,
61;
- commands naval part of Irish Expedition, 1796,
350-360.
- Denmark,
- i. hostility to Sweden,
21;
- invades Sweden, 1788,
21;
- stopped by Great Britain and Prussia,
22,
25;
- seeks the commercial advantages of neutrality in French Revolution,
83;
- loss of West India colonies,
121;
- ii.
quarrel with Great Britain about rights of convoy, 26;
- Bonaparte tries to conciliate, 30;
- joins Armed Neutrality of 1800,
36;
- British expedition against, 41-47;
- battle of Copenhagen, 47-51;
- armistice with Great Britain, 51, and
convention, 58;
- Napoleon's designs against, 276;
- second British expedition and bombardment of Copenhagen,
277;
- shares in Continental System, 301;
- privateering by Danish seamen, 313;
- deprived of Norway, 350.
- De Rions, D'Albert, French commodore,
- i. mobbed by the populace of Toulon,
41-44;
- commands Brest fleet in mutiny of 1790,
45;
- leaves the navy and emigrates,
46;
- Suffren's high opinion of,
46.
- Devins, Austrian general,
- i. inefficiency of, in 1795 in Italy,
195-198.
- Directory,
- i. established as French executive government,
175,
176;
- arrogance toward foreign states,
240,
242;
- ii.
disasters and incompetency of, 1-14;
- overthrown by Bonaparte, 15;
- identity of spirit with Napoleon, 258,
354, 396, 398.
- Dumouriez, French general,
- i. wins battles of Valmy and Jemappes,
30,
31,
89;
- defeated at Neerwinden and driven from Holland and Netherlands,
89;
- treason of,
89.
- Egypt,
- i. nominal dependence upon Turkey under the Mamelukes,
85;
- genesis of Bonaparte's expedition to,
246-249;
- conquest of, by the French,
260,
277,
288-290;
- Bonaparte's purpose in the enterprise,
288;
- loss of, by the French,
330-334;
- Kleber's opinion of the value of,
331;
- tenure dependent upon control of the sea,
331,
332, ii.
60-63;
- ii.
restored to Turkey, 72;
- condition under Turkish rule, 94,
150;
- Nelson's apprehensions for, 124-127;
- his search for the French fleet in Alexandria, 1805,
144.
- Elba, island of,
- i. seized by British, though a possession of Tuscany,
213;
- evacuated,
220;
- ii.
transferred to France at Peace of Amiens, 82.
- Elliott, Sir Gilbert,
- i. British Viceroy of Corsica,
187,
188,
213;
- quoted,
188,
217,
218;
- returns to England,
230.
- Flotilla,
- ii.
for invasion of England, numbers and character of, 111-116;
- estimate of, as a fighting force by British naval officers and
Napoleon, 120-122;
- ultimate fate of, 182.
- Fox, British statesman,
- ii.
opinion as to "free ships, free goods," 261;
- minister of foreign affairs, 1806,
269;
- modification of Rule of 1756 by Order in Council of May, 1806,
270;
- death, 270;
- praise of French soldiery, 365;
- disparagement of Pitt, 387.
- France,
- i. results of war of 1778 to,
3,
4;
- condition of, in 1789,
6;
- policy of, as to Sweden, Poland, and Turkey,
13;
- interest in the Levant and the Baltic,
14,
22;
- interest in Netherlands,
15, and Holland,
16-18;
- alliance with Holland, 1785,
18;
- increasing internal disorder,
18,
24;
- meeting of States General,
25;
- outline of events in the Revolution to Feb. 1, 1793,
28-33;
- declares war against Austria,
29, and against
Great Britain and Holland,
34;
- condition of the navy in 1793,
and causes thereof,
35-68;
- comparative strength of British and French fleets,
75,
110;
- acquisition and status of Corsica,
88;
- internal conflicts in 1793,
89-92;
- disasters on eastern frontiers,
93;
- energy shown by the government,
93-96;
- disasters retrieved in 1793,
103;
- internal rebellions quelled,
104,
105;
- condition and importance of West India Islands,
111,
114,
115;
- contest over West India Islands,
115-119;
- scarcity of provisions, 1793,
122;
- convoy of provisions ordered from America,
122;
- internal events, 1794,
166-168;
- military successes in 1794,
168-171;
- conquest of Belgium and Holland,
170;
- peace with Prussia, Holland, and Spain,
172;
- reaction of 1795,
173,
174;
- internal disorders,
175,
176;
- great fleets withdrawn from the sea, and policy of
commerce-destroying adopted,
179,
201;
- military weakness in 1795,
180-183;
- loses Corsica, 1794,
187;
- successes in Italy, 1795-1796,
198,
209-211,
233,
234;
- regains Corsica,
216;
- brings Austria to peace,
234,
250;
- arrogance toward foreign governments,
240-243;
- reactionary disorders,
243;
- coup d'état of Sept. 3, 1797,
244;
- danger from Great Britain,
251;
- sends expedition to Egypt,
253;
- capture of Malta by,
257;
- naval defeat at the Nile,
263-277;
- subjugation of Egypt by,
277,
289;
- aggressions upon Holland and Switzerland,
278;
- offence given to Naples, Austria, and Russia,
280-282;
- reverses in the Mediterranean, 1798,
287;
- expectations from conquest of Egypt,
288;
- reverses in Europe, 1799,
323,
- loss of Malta and Egypt,
328-334;
- maritime impotence of,
335-338,
- expeditions against Ireland,
346-380;
- ii.
conquest of Naples, 2;
- reverses in Europe, 1799,
3-11, 407;
- internal disorders, 1799,
11-15; Bonaparte first consul, 15;
- successful campaign of 1800,
19-24;
- maritime and colonial exhaustion, 1800,
25, 35;
- peace of Lunéville with Austria, 39;
- fruitless attempts to control Mediterranean,
59-68;
- preliminaries of peace with Great Britain, 71-73;
- exhaustion of national spirit of aggression,
74;
- aggressions of Bonaparte, 1801-1803, 76-97;
- cession of Louisiana by Spain, 77;
- Peace of Amiens with Great Britain, 81;
- renewal of war, 98;
- Louisiana ceded to United States, 104;
- maritime and financial weakness, 106-108;
- occupation of Hanover and heel of Italy,
109-111;
- preparations for invasion of England,
111-117;
- exactions from Spain, 133;
- Trafalgar campaign, 140-181;
- its chances of success discussed, 182-184;
- necessity of invading England, 184;
- campaign of 1805 and battle of Austerlitz,
181;
- naval defeat of Trafalgar, 187-195;
- far-reaching consequences of this battle,
196;
- succeeded by the Continental System, 197-200;
- maritime impotence of, 202;
- activity of privateers, 207-210;
- characteristics of privateering, in Europe,
208, in Atlantic, 210, in West Indies,
212, in East Indies, 215-218;
- destruction of French commerce, 218-220,
375;
- bitterness against Great Britain and maritime neutrals,
230;
- anger against United States, 239;
- measures directed against neutral carriers,
242-248, 250-254;
- results of these measures, 254-258;
- quasi war with the United States, 258;
- true commercial policy of, 262-265,
280, 354;
- commercial measures of Napoleon, 265;
- Berlin Decree, 271;
- campaign against Russia, 273;
- Peace of Tilsit, 274;
- invasion of Portugal, 277;
- Milan Decree, 290;
- war in Spain, 292;
- war with Austria, 1809,
314;
- excessive prices in, 322;
- internal distress of, 333-337,
340-342, 349;
- want of credit, 339,
343;
- disputes with Russia, 344;
- invasion of Russia, 351;
- analysis of commercial measures of Napoleon,
351-357;
- temper and aims of leaders in French Revolution,
359-363, 367,
384, also 74;
- decrees of November 19, 361,
and December 15, 367;
- effect of the maritime war upon French industry,
395;
- identity of spirit in the Republic, the Directory, and in Napoleon,
396-399;
- the struggle with Great Britain one of endurance,
406;
- similarity of characteristics in the external action of France
from 1793-1812, 407-411;
- continued vitality of the movement due to Bonaparte,
407, 408.
- Ganteaume, French admiral,
- i. report of condition of French naval officers and
seamen, 1801, 65;
- injuries received by squadron under his command,
67;
- commerce-destroying cruise in 1795,
202;
- brings Bonaparte back from Egypt to France,
323;
- escape from Brest in 1801,
376, ii.
61;
- failure to relieve Egypt, 62;
- maritime prefect at Toulon, 1803, 125;
- command of Brest fleet, 1804, and instructions from Napoleon,
131, 147;
- modified instructions, 149;
- unable to escape from Brest, 153;
- awaits Villeneuve outside the Goulet, 154.
- Genoa, coasting trade with Southern France, i.
195,
200, ii.
7;
- i. French intrigues in,
201,
213;
- preparations in, for Egyptian Expedition,
254,
257;
- organized as Republic of Liguria by Bonaparte,
278, 279;
- ii.
Admiral Bruix reinforces, 313, 5,
6;
- Masséna besieged in, 20-23;
- made a military division of France,
69, note,
85;
- annexed to France, 177;
- effect of this measure upon Austria, 177.
- Gravina, Spanish admiral,
- ii.
commands the allied rear at the battle of Trafalgar, 187,
188, 194.
- Great Britain,
- i. importance of her action against France,
1;
- results to, of War of 1778,
3,
8;
- recovery of prosperity under second Pitt,
5;
- importance to, of public confidence in Pitt,
6;
- attitude toward Russia, 1770-1790, and interest in the Levant
and Baltic, 10-17,
20-23,
25,
27;
- relations to Holland and the Netherlands,
15-17,
19,
21,
32;
- relations to Turkey,
12,
22-24;
- alliance with Prussia and Holland,
19,
21,
22,
25;
- refuses to interfere in French Revolution, 1791,
29;
- change of feeling in,
30;
- recalls her ambassador from Paris,
32;
- dismisses French ambassador,
34;
- war declared against, by France,
34;
- influence of, 1793-1815,
68;
- condition of navy in 1793,
69-75;
- policy of, in war of French Revolution,
81;
- takes possession of Toulon,
92;
- unpreparedness of, in 1793,
96;
- military and naval policy,
97-103;
- evacuates Toulon,
105;
- effect produced by, in Peninsular War,
106 (note);
- importance of West Indies to,
109-111;
- mistaken action in Haïti,
111-113,
116;
- reduces the Lesser Antilles,
115;
- reverses and loss of Guadaloupe,
116-119;
- sufferings of West India trade,
120;
- takes Trinidad,
120;
- and other West India colonies,
121;
- takes part in Continental War as ally of Holland,
93;
- withdraws from Holland,
169,
170;
- injury to, from French conquest of Holland,
170;
- war with Holland and capture of Dutch colonies,
170;
- new treaties with Austria and Russia,
172;
- interests and policy in Mediterranean,
185,
186;
- political union of Corsica with,
188;
- abandons Corsica,
215;
- impolicy of evacuating Mediterranean,
217,
218;
- depression of, in 1797,
229;
- effect of battle of Cape St. Vincent,
231;
- security due to sea power,
236;
- negotiations for peace, 1796,
240; in 1797,
245;
- naval successes of 1797,
255;
- resolve again to dispute control of Mediterranean,
256;
- joins Second Coalition,
282;
- frustrates Bonaparte's Oriental projects,
324;
- dependence upon sea power,
327;
- policy of, for protection of commerce,
337,
ii. 203-205;
- ii.
expedition against Holland, 1799, 8-10;
- prosperity of, in 1800,
17-19, 227-231;
- collision with northern states about neutral rights,
26-37, 260-262;
- Baltic Expedition of 1801,
41-57;
- conventions with Baltic powers, 57,
58, 261;
- influence of sea power, 69,
74;
- peace with France, 71-75,
81;
- remonstrance with Bonaparte upon his intervention in Switzerland,
88-90;
- strained relations with France, 90-97;
- renewal of war, 98;
- unanimity of British people, 99;
- policy of renewing the war, 105-108;
- measures for resisting invasion, 117-122;
- quarrel with Spain, 1804,
133-139;
- naval dispositions, 1805,
148;
- insight of naval authorities, 157-159,
166;
- effect upon the fortunes of Napoleon, 184,
196-201;
- control of sea by, 218;
- losses by capture, 221-227;
- dependence upon neutral carrier, 229-231;
- restrictions upon neutral trade, 233-239,
240-242;
- Jay's treaty with, 237;
- prosperity of trade, 249-254;
- general policy as to neutral trade, 262,
266-268;
- seizures of American ships, 1805,
269;
- blockade of coast of Europe, 269;
- Order in Council of January, 1807,
275;
- expedition against Denmark, 1807,
276;
- Orders in Council of November, 1807,
283-290;
- landing in Portugal, 292;
- supports Spanish revolt, 294;
- operations in Peninsula, 296,
315, 318, 343,
348, also i. 106-108;
- seizure of Heligoland, 302;
- conditions of trade, 1806-1812, 304-306,
329-333,
340-342, 354, 373,
377-382;
- License System, 308-313;
- Order in Council of April, 1809,
313;
- credit of, 339;
- internal condition, 340;
- influence in Baltic, 346;
- policy and rightfulness of the Orders in Council,
351-357;
- influence upon the French Revolution and Empire,
chap. xix.
- Haïti, French colony,
- i. early revolutionary disorders in,
47-49,
111;
- British operations in,
111-113,
116;
- rule of Toussaint L'Ouverture,
113;
- base of privateering,
120;
- ii.
Bonaparte's expedition against, 78;
- its reverses, 94;
- dependence upon American continent, 103;
- loss of, to France, 103.
- Hamburg,
- i. commercial importance of, during French
Revolutionary wars,
253, ii.
28, 108-110, 250,
251, 299, 301,
378;
- ii.
Cuxhaven occupied by Prussian troops, 36;
- occupied by Danish troops, 54;
- Napoleon's grudge against, 279;
- imperial troops quartered on, 319;
- confiscations of colonial produce, 324,
325;
- annexed to French empire, 330.
- Hanover,
- i. commercial importance to Great Britain,
253, ii.
110, 266;
- ii.
Prussian designs upon, 35, 110;
- occupied by Prussian troops, 54;
- evacuated, 68;
- occupied by Bonaparte, 109;
- offered by Bonaparte to Prussia, 179.
- Hoche, French general,
- i. commanding army of Sambre and Meuse,
240,
377;
- anxiety about reactionary movements in France,
244;
- pacification of La Vendée,
347;
- commands expedition against Ireland,
347-360;
- interest in a second expedition, and death,
378.
- Holland,
- i. weakness of, in 1781,
7;
- fall of barrier towns and quarrel about the Scheldt,
7,
9, 16-18;
- relations to Great Britain and France, 1783-1793,
17-19;
- relations to Russia,
16,
20;
- occupied by Prussian troops, 1787,
19;
- defensive alliance with Great Britain and Prussia, 1788,
21, ii.
363, 384, 393;
- the Scheldt opened, i.
31, ii.
362;
- France declares war against, 1793, i.
34;
- condition of navy,
78;
- course of, in French Revolution,
83;
- colonies of,
83;
- invasion of, by Dumouriez, 1793,
89;
- invasion and conquest by Pichegru, 1795,
169;
- fall of stadtholder, and republic proclaimed,
170;
- war with Great Britain and loss of colonies,
170, ii.
375, 394 (see also West Indies,
pp. 109-121);
- treaty of offensive and defensive alliance with France, i.
172;
- centralized constitution imposed by France,
278;
- contemplated invasion of Ireland from,
378;
- naval defeat at Camperdown,
378;
- ii.
compelled to war against Great Britain by Bonaparte in 1803,
111;
- share in Bonaparte's projected invasion of England,
119, 131, 133,
147,
164, 165;
- base of commerce-destroying, 207,
216;
- demands upon the United States to resist seizure of belligerent
property, 247;
- confiscation of goods of British origin ordered by Bonaparte,
1803, 265;
- confiscations of American ships by Bonaparte,
292, 320, 321;
- Louis Bonaparte crowned king, 299;
- withstands Napoleon's Continental System,
300, 305, 318, 320;
- continuous blockade by British navy, 313;
- Louis abdicates and Holland is annexed to French Empire,
321;
- commercial ruin of, 1811, 336.
- Hood, Lord, British admiral,
- i. commands Mediterranean fleet,
96;
- receives surrender of Toulon,
92;
- forced to evacuate the port,
105;
- retires to Hyères Bay,
106;
- conquest of Corsica,
187;
- merit of,
207;
- returns to England,
189;
- succeeded by Jervis,
194,
203;
- tactical dispositions at St. Kitt's, in 1782,
compared to those of Brueys in Aboukir Bay,
265.
- Hotham, British admiral,
- i. commands in Mediterranean, 1795,
190-194;
- sluggishness of,
192,
199-202,
207.
- Howe, Earl, British admiral,
- i. commands Channel fleet,
96;
- military character and naval policy of,
101;
- naval campaign of 1794 and battle of June 1,
125-160;
- admirable tactics of,
135,
149,
160;
- strategic error of,
156-159;
- retires from active service,
164;
- opinion concerning Battle of the Nile,
273;
- conduct of Brest blockade and Channel service,
162,
338-346.
- Ionian islands (Corfu and others),
- i. possessions of Venice in 1793, and subsequent transfers,
86,
235;
- Bonaparte's desire for,
247-249
(and note);
- transferred to France by treaty of Campo Formio,
250,
251;
- indicated by Bonaparte as station for French fleet,
262;
- taken from France by Russo-Turkish fleet,
286, ii.
10;
- ii.
constituted Republic of Seven Islands by peace of 1801, 71;
- transferred to France by Treaty of Tilsit,
274.
- Ireland,
- i. French expedition against, 1796,
346-361;
in 1798,
378-380;
- ii.
Bonaparte's designs against, 124,
131;
- British anxiety about, 156,
160, 171,
386; also, i. 306.
- Italy,
- i. lack of political unity in,
81,
84,
185;
- interest of Great Britain in,
185,
186;
- campaign of 1795 in,
195-198;
- part of the British fleet in the campaign,
199-201;
- Bonaparte's campaign of 1796 in,
208-211,
233-236;
- ii.
French reverses in 1799, 3-10;
- campaign of Marengo, 20-23;
- Bonaparte's designs in, in 1800,
59, 80, 85,
86;
- occupation of Naples, 1803,
109, 112, 124;
- Napoleon crowned king of, 153;
- commercial orders of Napoleon, 325,
326.
- Jay, John,
- ii.
United States envoy to Great Britain, 237;
- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation negotiated by,
237-239;
- anger of French government, 239,
240, 244.
- Jervis, British admiral. See
St. Vincent.
- Joseph II., Emperor of Germany,
- i. succeeds Maria Theresa, 1780,
7;
- raises the question of the Scheldt,
9,
17,
18;
- attempts to exchange the Netherlands for Bavaria,
18;
- declares war against Turkey,
19;
- dies, 1790,
25.
- Jourdan, French general,
- i. commands army of Sambre and Meuse, 1794,
168;
- wins battle of Fleurus,
168;
- pursuit of Austrians,
169;
- operations of, 1795,
180-182;
- disasters in 1796,
213,
216;
- ii.
command in Germany in 1799, 3;
- defeated at Stokach, 3;
- resigns command, 4.
- Keith, British admiral,
- i. commands naval division watching Cadiz,
286;
- unexpected appearance of French fleet under Bruix, 1799,
307;
- recalled to Gibraltar,
310;
- sails in pursuit of Bruix,
312;
- left in command of fleet by St. Vincent,
312;
- further pursuit of French fleet,
312-316;
- returns to Torbay,
316;
- returns to Mediterranean as commander-in-chief,
316,
329;
- conduct of pursuit examined,
320,
321;
- letter to Kleber,
333;
- ii.
operations against French in Egypt, 1801,
60, 62;
- commands squadron in the Downs, 1803-1805, 120,
148;
- report of captures in Mediterranean, 219.
- Kleber, French general,
- i. left by Bonaparte in command in Egypt,
331;
- opinion as to dependence of Egypt upon the navy,
331;
- Convention of El Arish,
332;
- letter from Admiral Keith,
333;
- assassinated,
334.
- Leopold, Emperor of Germany,
- i. succeeds Joseph II.,
25;
- makes peace with Turkey,
26;
- joins Prussia in Declaration of Pilnitz,
28.
- Levant, the,
- i. advance of Russia in,
10-12;
- commercial and political importance of,
11;
- interest of France in,
12,
14;
- interest of Great Britain in,
23;
- interest of Bonaparte in,
247-253, ii.
95.
- License System,
- ii.
of Great Britain, 307-313;
- of Napoleon, 307,
326,
327,
329.
- Linois, French admiral,
- ii.
repels British fleet at battle of Algesiras, 63-66;
- deceived by a body of East India ships, 214,
215.
- Louis XVI., King of France,
- i. interferes between Austria and Holland,
17,
18;
- brought from Versailles to Paris by the mob,
25;
- flight from Paris and capture of, 1791,
28;
- scenes of June 20 and August 10, 1792,
30;
- suspended,
30;
- and deposed,
31;
- tried and executed,
32;
- interest in the navy,
50,
67.
- Louisiana,
- ii.
cession by Spain to France, 67, 77;
- apprehensions of Great Britain, 77;
- anger of the United States people, 103;
- sold to the United States by Bonaparte,
104.
- Malta, Island of,
- i. belongs to Knights of St. John in 1793,
87;
- its dependence upon the fleet,
87;
- importance of,
87,
247;
- Bonaparte's designs upon,
255;
- seized by Bonaparte,
257;
- Nelson's opinion of,
258;
- interest of the Czar, Paul I., in,
281,
282, ii.
32-34, 53;
- blockaded by British and Portuguese squadron, and summoned to
surrender by Sir James Saumarez, i.
285;
- isolation of,
285,
329;
- surrendered to British,
330;
- ii.
stipulations of the preliminaries of peace in 1801, 72;
- provisions of the Treaty of Amiens, 81;
- disputes between England and France concerning,
91-98;
- Orders in Council of 1807,
286, 287;
- commercial importance, 1807-1812, 305.
- Mann, British admiral,
- i. joins Mediterranean fleet,
194;
- detached to blockade Richery in Cadiz,
202;
- ordered to rejoin by Jervis,
213;
- mistaken action of,
214,
215.
- Marmont, French marshal,
- i. opinion concerning Sir Sidney Smith,
295 (note);
- ii.
commands corps in Holland for invasion of England, 117,
120, 131, 165;
quoted, i.
259 (note),
ii.
102, 335.
- Martin, French admiral,
- i. commands Toulon fleet in actions with British in 1795,
189-194.
- Masséna, French marshal,
- ii.
commander-in-chief in Switzerland and Germany, 1799, 3-5;
- wins battle of Zurich, 9;
- sent by Bonaparte to Italy, 15;
- operations in Italy, 1800,
21;
- besieged in Genoa, 22;
- reverses in Portugal, 342,
348.
- Missiessy, French admiral,
- ii.
commands Rochefort division, 132;
- escapes to the West Indies, 142,
144;
- returns thence to Rochefort, 152,
166;
- Napoleon's further purposes for, 165.
- Montagu, British admiral,
- i. commands division under Lord Howe, May and June, 1794,
125,
126,
156-161.
- Moreau, French general,
- i. commands in Holland, 1795,
180;
- advance into Germany, 1796,
216;
- command in Italy, 1799,
313,
- ii.
and retreat before Suwarrow, 5-8;
- appointed by Bonaparte to command in Germany,
15;
- successful campaign of 1800, 21-24;
- wins battle of Hohenlinden, 38;
- arrest upon charge of royalist conspiracy,
129.
- Naples, see Two Sicilies.
- Napoleon (see also
Bonaparte),
- ii.
Emperor of the French, 130;
- plans for invading England modified by the death of Admiral
Latouche Tréville, 130;
- second combination, 131;
- his dealings with Spain, 1803-1804, 133-139;
- failure to realize maritime conditions, 141;
- instructions to Admirals Villeneuve and Missiessy,
142;
- final combination, 146-150;
- surmises as to British movements, 153-158,
162, 166, 170;
- crowned King of Italy, 153;
- suspicious of Austria, 1805, 176-179;
- campaign of Austerlitz, 181;
- constant embarrassment from the closure of the sea by the
British navy, 184;
- anger against Admiral Villeneuve, 185;
- effect of Trafalgar upon policy, 197,
223, 351;
- miscalculation in his attempt to crush British commerce,
201;
- vigor displayed in the attempt, 202;
- measures at outbreak of war, 1803, 265;
- Jena campaign, 270;
- Berlin Decree, 271-273;
- campaign against Russia, 1807, 274;
- Treaty of Tilsit, 274;
- projects against Portugal and Denmark, 276;
- enforcement of his Continental System, 277-279,
310, 396;
- additional vigor in Berlin Decree, 281;
- character of the commercial warfare, 289;
- Milan Decree, 290;
- usurpation in Spain, 291;
- meeting with the Czar at Erfurt, 293;
- joint letter to George III., 294;
- campaign in Spain, 1808, 295;
- anger with Holland, 299;
- war with Austria, 1809, 314-316;
- exactions from Sweden, 316,
322;
- increased severity of warfare on commerce,
317-328;
- Holland annexed to the Empire, 321;
- annexation of Oldenburg and the Hanse towns,
330;
- license system, 332;
- failing resources, 336;
- military treasure, 337;
- condition of credit, 338-340;
- sufferings in France, 1811, 340-343,
349;
- altercations with Russia, 344-346;
- preparations for war, 347;
- invades Russia, 351;
- essential error of his Continental System,
351-355, 401,
402;
- concentration of purpose, 366;
- his services to the Revolution, 388,
400, 407;
- Continental System inherited from Directory,
396, 399;
- greatness of his power, 408;
- effect upon it of the British sea-power,
409;
- prolongation of the Revolution due to his genius,
411.
- Navy, British,
- i. condition in 1793,
69-72;
- mutinies in,
72,
73,
232,
236-239;
- condition of material,
73-75;
- force compared with French navy, 1793,
75;
- in 1801, ii.
73;
- tardy mobilization in 1793, i.
96,
97;
- preponderance of,
110,
287,
290,
291,
324,
325,
328-338;
- inefficient action in the Atlantic, i.
162,
338,
339;
- ii.
deficient strength in 1803, 122-124,
128, 148, 184;
- effect on the French Revolution, 395,
405, 406;
- increase under Pitt, 404,
- and under his successors, 405.
- Navy, Dutch,
- i. numbers and importance,
78;
- inaction of,
171;
- defeat at Camperdown,
255,
378.
- Navy, French,
- i. deterioration after 1789,
35-41;
- disorders in,
41-50,
60-63;
- legislation by National Assemblies,
51-59;
- effects of legislation,
59,
60,
122;
- condition of officers and seamen,
64-66,
189,
193,
201;
- condition of material,
66-68,
163,
179,
253,
338 (note);
- force compared with British, 1793,
75;
- in 1801, ii.
73;
- inferiority in Mediterranean, 1798-1801, i.
287,
290,
291,
324,
325,
328-334;
ii. 25, 59-63;
- inferiority and operations in Atlantic, i.
335-338;
- ii.
peace essential to restore, 69, 81, 107, 184.
- Navy, Spanish,
- i. numbers of,
75;
- inefficiency of,
76-78,
81,
213, 222,
231;
- defeat at Cape St. Vincent,
221-228.
- Nelson, British Admiral,
- i. significance of his services in the Baltic and the Levant,
14,
22;
- services in Corsica,
187;
- early actions in the Mediterranean,
191-194;
- services on Italian coast,
194-201,
208-212;
- professional characteristics,
196,
205,
274, ii.
43-45, 52, 55,
139, 156,
162, 163, 172;
- takes possession of Elba, i.
213;
- brilliant conduct at battle of Cape St. Vincent,
226-228;
- wounded in expedition against Teneriffe, and returns to
England, 1797,
249;
- rejoins fleet off Cadiz, April, 1798,
256;
- sent to watch armaments in Toulon, May, 1798,
256;
- pursuit of French fleet to Egypt,
258-261;
- battle of the Nile,
266-272;
- wounded,
272;
- merits of, in this battle,
273-277;
- sends word to India,
283;
- goes to Naples,
284;
- blockades Malta,
285;
- distrust of Russia,
286, ii.
126;
- relations with Sir Sidney Smith, i.
297;
- incident of Bruix's incursion into the Mediterranean,
308-321;
- return to England, 1800,
330, ii.
37;
- views as to the French in Egypt, i.
331;
- reasons for refusing chief command in Baltic to,
373, ii.
42;
- ii.
responsibility for action of Naples in 1798, 1;
- detailed as second in command of the Baltic expedition,
37;
- his letter to Parker on the political and military situation,
43-47;
- battle of Copenhagen, 48-51;
- negotiates an armistice with Denmark, 51;
- merit of his conduct, 52;
- left in chief command and takes fleet to Revel,
56;
- rebuked by the Czar, 57;
- appointed to Mediterranean command on renewal of war in
1803, 98;
- difficulties and perplexities, 123-129;
- opinion as to the dispositions of Spain in 1804,
139;
- goes to Egypt in search of French at Villeneuve's first
sailing, 144;
- return off Toulon, 150;
- Villeneuve's second sailing, 151;
- pursues to West Indies, 152,
159-161;
- insight of, 156,
162;
- return to Europe, 163,
167, 169, 174;
- joins Brest fleet, 174, and returns to England,
175;
- joins fleet off Cadiz, 181,
186;
- battle of Trafalgar, 187;
- death, 192.
- Nielly, French rear-admiral,
- i. mentioned,
123,
126,
135,
155,
157.
- Notables, Assembly of,
- i. in France, 1787,
7,
19;
- meeting of, in 1788,
24.
- Orders in Council, British, June 8,1793,
- ii.
arresting vessels carrying provisions to France, 233;
- Nov. 6, 1793, seizing vessels laden with
produce from enemy's colonies, 234;
- partial revocation of this, Jan. 8,
1794, 237;
- further relaxation, January, 1798, 242;
- Fox's, of May 16, 1806, establishing
constructive blockade of hostile coasts, 269;
- Jan. 7, 1807, forbidding neutral trade
between hostile ports, 275;
- Nov. 7, 1807, establishing constructive
blockade of all ports whence British flag was excluded,
283-290;
- April 26, 1809, modifying those of Nov., 1807,
313;
- final revocation of Orders of 1807 and 1809,
351;
- analysis of their policy, 351-355.
- Paoli, Corsican leader,
- i. relations with Great Britain and France,
88;
- promotes union of island to Great Britain,
187;
- subsequent discontent,
188.
- Parker, Sir Hyde, British admiral,
- i. command of Brest Blockade,
373;
- ii.
of expedition to Baltic, 42-56;
- relieved of command, 56;
- Nelson's censure of, 56.
- Paul I., Czar of Russia,
- i. succeeds to the throne,
243;
- becomes hostile to French Republic,
281;
- interest in Malta,
281, ii.
32;
- alliance with Austria, i.
282;
- sends squadron to Mediterranean,
286;
- ii.
Russian army enters Italy, 5;
- successes in Italy and reverses in Switzerland,
5-9;
- dissatisfaction with his allies, 11,
26;
- Bonaparte's advances to, 29-33;
- hostile measures toward Great Britain, 33;
- formation of Armed Neutrality, 36;
- sends ambassador to Bonaparte, 38;
- importance to the northern league, 46;
- murdered, 51.
- Peace, Treaties of,
- Amiens, 1802, ii.
81
- (see also preliminaries, 71),
- Basle, 1795, i.
172;
- Campo Formio, 1797, i.
250;
- Lunéville, 1801, ii.
39, 40;
- Presburg, 1805, ii.
182;
- Vienna, 1809, ii.
316. Preliminaries of Leoben, 1797, i.
234;
of London, 1801, ii.
71.
- Pellew, British admiral,
- i. commanding frigate off Brest,
351-354;
- action with the "Droits de l'Homme,"
357;
- commands blockading force off Ferrol, ii.
118;
- ii.
opinion of the invasion flotilla, 120,
- and of the condition of British navy, 123;
- able measures for protection of trade in India,
217.
- Perceval, British statesman,
- ii.
statement as to the object of the Orders in Council of November, 1807,
290, note.
- Pilnitz, declaration of,
- i. by Austria and Prussia,
28;
- effect upon the French people,
29.
- Pitt, British statesman,
- i. prime minister of Great Britain,
5;
- power in the nation,
6;
- opposition to Russian advance in the East,
20-24;
- attitude toward the French Revolution,
29,
32-34, ii.
358-367, 382;
- treats with France, 1796 and 1797, i.
240,
245;
- ii.
resigns office, 1801, 70;
- supports preliminaries of peace negotiated by Addington
ministry, 72;
- statement of object of British government in the war,
74, 75, 383-385;
- speech upon renewal of war in 1803,
99;
- attack upon St. Vincent's administration of the navy,
123;
- returns to office, and forms Third Coalition,
177, 267;
- policy in seizing enemy's colonies defended,
217, 252, 386,
393-395;
- modifies Rule of 1756 and originates commercial war policy of
Great Britain, 242,
263;
- speech on the Armed Neutrality of 1800, 260;
- measures to restrain American trade with hostile colonies,
267, 354;
- death, 269;
- prosperity of Great Britain under his war administration,
380-382, 394,
also 17-19;
- comparison between himself and his father,
387-391;
- general war policy of, 391-405;
- growth of navy under, 404;
- success practically attained at his death,
405;
- his policy adopted by his successors, 405;
- accurate forecast of course of French Revolution,
411.
- Portugal, Navy of,
- i. in 1793,
78;
- traditional alliance with Great Britain,
84;
- co-operation with British navy,
162,
285;
- French designs against,
219
(and note);
- Bonaparte's designs upon, ii.
59, 67, 276,
296;
- treaty with France, 77,
81;
- Lisbon occupied by Junot's corps, 277;
- flight of the Court to Brazil, 277;
- ports closed to British trade, 277;
- British land and expel Junot, 292;
- Wellesley lands in 1809, 315;
- British operations in, 318,
348;
- Masséna invades, 326;
- but forced to retreat, 342,
348.
- Privateering,
- II. French, number of privateers captured, 1793-1800,
206;
- their activity, 207;
- privateering in the Channel and North Sea,
207-210;
- in the Atlantic, 210-211;
- in the West Indies, 211-214;
- in the East Indies, 214-218.
- Prussia,
- i. death of Frederic the Great, 1786,
19;
- interference in Holland, 1787,
19;
- defensive alliance with Great Britain and Holland, 1788,
21,
22,
King joins in Declaration of Pilnitz,
28;
- takes arms against France,
30;
- jealousy of Austria,
80,
94;
- advance into France,
93;
- retreat from France,
103;
- inaction in 1794, 103,
171;
- makes peace with France, 1795,
172;
- guarantee of North German Neutrality,
172;
- refusal to join Second Coalition,
282;
- ii.
rigorous neutrality after 1795, 28;
- ambitions of, 31;
- hostile attitude toward Great Britain in 1800,
34;
- joins Armed Neutrality, 36;
- opportunism of, 40;
- closes the German rivers against British trade,
54;
- subsequent coolness toward Bonaparte, 68;
- rebuff from Bonaparte, 69, note;
- favored by Bonaparte in apportioning German indemnities,
84;
- Bonaparte's pressure upon, 95;
- annoyance at Bonaparte's occupation of Hanover,
110;
- indignation at murder of the Duc d'Enghien,
177;
- Hanover offered to, by Bonaparte, upon conditions,
179;
- commercial advantages through neutrality,
251;
- war with France, and defeat of Jena, 270;
- tyranny of Napoleon over, 301,
311, 319, 322,
324, 325;
- share in "neutralizing" traffic, 309.
- Richery, French admiral,
- i. commerce-destroying expedition,
202,
214;
- shares in expedition against Ireland,
214,
348-353.
- Rule of 1756,
- ii.
conceded by Russia and the Baltic States, 57,
58, 261, 262;
- statement of, 234-236;
- seizure of American vessels under, 236-239;
- modifications of, by British government, 237,
242, 262, 263,
269;
- evasion of, by American vessels, 253,
266-269;
- extension of, by Orders in Council of January, 1807,
275;
- tendency and importance of, 353-355,
- arguments for and against, 356, also
235, 236.
- Russia,
- i. relations with Austria, 1780-1790,
9,
11,
16,
17,
19,
24,
25;
- advance of, since 1713,
10;
- relations to Great Britain in 1770,
11,
12, and in 1785,
13,
22,
23;
- relations with France in 1785,
17;
- war with Turkey, 1787,
19;
- attempt to send fleet from Baltic to Mediterranean,
20;
- war with Sweden, 1788,
21;
- successes on Black Sea,
24-27;
- peace with Turkey and Sweden,
27;
- unfriendly attitude toward French Revolution,
34,
82, ii.
233;
- partition of Poland, i.
82;
- defensive alliance with Great Britain, 1795,
172;
- death of Catharine and accession of Paul I.,
243;
- difficulties with France, 1798,
281;
- joins Second Coalition,
282;
- conjointly with Turkey sends fleet against the Ionian
Islands, 286;
- ii.
Russian army enters Italy, 5;
- battles of the Trebia, 6, and of Novi,
8, won from the French, 1799;
- Russian army marches into Switzerland, 9,
- and retires into Bavaria, 11;
- reduction of the Ionian Islands, 10;
- abandons the Coalition, 11,
19;
- dissatisfaction of the Czar, 26;
- interest in peace with England, 28,
29, 289, 293,
306, 329;
- measures of Paul I. against Great Britain,
32-34;
- Armed Neutrality renewed, 36,
260;
- admiration of Paul for Bonaparte, 32,
38;
- assassination of Paul and accession of Alexander,
51, 56;
- convention with Great Britain, 1801, 57,
261;
- attitude concerning Malta, 92;
- breach with France caused by murder of Duc d'Enghien,
177;
- mission to Great Britain and formation of Third Coalition,
177;
- effect of Russia upon the struggle between Great Britain and
Napoleon, 200, 401,
409;
- war with France, 1807, 273;
- conventions of Tilsit between Russia and France,
274, 276, 278
310, 329,
405;
- war declared against Great Britain, 278,
305;
- conventions of Erfurt with Napoleon, 293;
- war with Sweden, 1808, 293;
- joint letter of Czar and Napoleon to George III.,
294;
- enforcement of the Continental System, 301,
303, 306, 329,
336, 406;
- peace with Sweden, 1809, 316;
- causes leading to war with France in 1812, 325,
330, 336, 344-346,
397,
401;
- alliance with Great Britain and Sweden, 347,
350;
- peace with Turkey, 350;
- Napoleon's invasion, 351.
- Sardinia, Island of,
- i. gives name to Italian Kingdom,
87;
- ii.
strategic importance of, 87, 128.
- Sardinia, Kingdom of,
- i. at war with France in 1793,
34;
- extent of,
84, 87;
- operations of, in 1793, and 1794,
93,
171;
- in 1795,
195-198;
- defeats by Bonaparte, 1796,
209;
- concludes separate peace with France,
209;
- cedes islands of Sardinia and San Pietro to France,
246,
248;
- ii.
Piedmont annexed to France and the Court retires to island of Sardinia,
2;
- interest of the Czars in, 69, note;
- British intercession for, 97.
- Saumarez, British admiral,
- i. commands a ship at Battle of Cape St. Vincent,
233;
- commands "Orion" at the Battle of the Nile,
265;
- criticism of Nelson's plan,
273;
- sails for Gibraltar with the prizes,
284;
- summons French garrison at Malta,
285;
- commands inshore squadron off Brest,
375;
- ii.
commands fleet at Battle of Algesiras, 63-66;
- commendations of by St. Vincent and Nelson,
65, 66;
- commands Baltic fleet, 1808-1812, 294,
297, 313;
- eminent services of, 346,
347 (note).
- Scheldt, River,
- i. question of the,
9,
16,
18;
- importance of,
10, 20;
- opened to commerce by the French,
31.
- Schérer, French general,
- i. wins battle of Loano,
198;
- relieved by Bonaparte,
203;
- ii.
inefficiency in 1799, in Italy, 3-5.
- Sébastiani, French colonel,
- ii.
mission to the Levant and report, 93;
- Bonaparte's object in publishing, 94,
106;
- exasperation in Great Britain, 94;
- effect upon British policy, 96,
97.
- Smith, Sir Sidney, British naval captain,
- i. reputation and character of,
294,
295;
- mission to the Mediterranean, 1799,
296;
- annoyance of St. Vincent and Nelson,
297;
- supports the besieged garrison at Acre,
298-302;
- conduct on this occasion considered,
302-304;
- accompanies Turkish Expedition against Egypt,
321;
- countenances Convention of El Arish in disregard of his orders,
331-334.
- Spain,
- i. results of war of 1778 to,
3,
4;
- defensive alliance with Russia and Austria, 1789,
25;
- Nootka Sound trouble with Great Britain,
44,
45;
- condition of navy, 1793,
75-78,
82,
229, 231;
- France declares war against, 79;
- strategic position and inefficient administration of,
80;
- fleet enters Toulon with Hood,
92;
- war in Pyrenees, 1793,
104;
- evacuation of Toulon,
105;
- loss of Trinidad,
120;
- disasters on French frontier, 1794,
171;
- peace of Basle with France, 1795,
172;
- changed relations with Great Britain,
213;
- defensive and offensive alliance with France,
214;
- naval co-operation with France,
214-216,
348;
- naval defeat off Cape St. Vincent,
219-229;
- share in Admiral Bruix's Expedition,
307-316;
- internal weakness of, in 1799,
311;
- ii.
Bonaparte's use of, to further his continental policy, 59,
62, 67;
- naval defeat near Cadiz, 1801, 64;
- cession of Louisiana to France, 77;
- Peace of Amiens with Great Britain, 81;
- renewal of war with Great Britain, 1804, 133;
- subserviency to Bonaparte's control, 134-136;
- subsidies paid to France, 133,
138;
- renewed alliance with France, 140;
- share in Trafalgar campaign, 151,
154, 162-180;
- naval defeat off Cape Finisterre, 169-171;
- naval defeat at Trafalgar, 187-195;
- revolt against Napoleon, 195,
292, 401;
- weakness of colonial administration, 79,
213;
- Napoleon's usurpation, 291;
- Great Britain assumes Spanish cause, 294;
- Napoleon's campaign in, 1808, 295,
298, 315;
- Wellesley in, 315, 348,
349;
- drain of Spanish war upon Napoleon, 317,
318, 319, 342,
343, 348, 397,
401, 402.
- St. André, Jean Bon, French representative and commissioner,
- i. opinions on naval efficiency,
37,
58,
66.
- States General,
- i. meeting of the, in France, May, 1789,
24,
25.
- Strategy, naval,
- i. strategic position of Spain, i.
80-82;
- of Portugal,
84;
- particular importance of Mediterranean islands,
85,
247,
248;
- importance of Malta,
87,
258,
319, ii.
92;
- Maddalena Bay in Sardinia,
88, ii.
128, 143;
- Corsica, i.
88,
186;
- general dispositions of British fleet, 1793,
96;
- its tardy mobilization,
97,
100;
- necessity to Great Britain of forcing French fleets to sea,
97-100;
- Lord Howe's strategic dispositions,
101-103,
125,
162-166,
338,
339;
- strategic value of Toulon,
105;
- analogy between British operations in Peninsula and Napoleon's
intended invasion of England,
106-108;
- strategic conditions in West Indies,
109-115;
- mistakes of the British in West Indies,
116-120;
- criticism of naval campaign of May, 1794,
155-160;
- faulty dispositions of the Channel fleet, 1793-1800,
165,
361-366;
- policy of an inferior navy deduced from Napoleon's practice,
179,
180,
304,
305;
- strategic influence of the British Mediterranean fleet,
185,
195-197,
207,
216-218,
233,
254,
255,
277,
280,
282,
287,
290-292,
324,
325,
328-334, ii.
25, 59-68, 123-125,
129, 159;
- Hotham's campaign of 1795 criticised,
198-201;
- French commerce-destroying policy,
201-203,
335-337,
ii.
203-210, 221-227;
- effects of the Battle of the Nile,
277,
282-284,
287, 291,
325;
- strategic importance of Acre,
293,
298,
299, 324;
- strategic significance of Bruix's incursion into the
Mediterranean, 304,
318;
- St. Vincent's strategic action at this time,
309-312,
314,
318-321;
- contrast between his point of view and that of Lord Keith,
313,
320, 321;
- coincidence of his views with Nelson's, 319,
321;
- Nelson's action,
310;
- discussion of Bruix's conduct,
316-318;
- of the British admirals',
318-321;
- policy of evasion entailed by French naval weakness,
335;
- strategic problem before Great Britain in the Revolutionary
wars, 338;
- its true solution,
339-342;
- strategic interest of Ushant,
344;
- the winds as strategic factors,
344;
- faulty dispositions of the Channel fleet, 1793-1800,
345;
- analysis of the effects upon Irish expedition, 1796,
360-366;
- changes made by St. Vincent in 1800,
368-371,
374,
375;
- their efficacy,
375,
376,
ii. 60-66, 106,
118-121,
126, 153, 166,
183;
- Napoleon's estimate of Antwerp, i.
377;
- Nelson in the Baltic, ii.
43-47, 51-53;
- Napoleon's object in concentrating at Cadiz, 63;
- strategic significance of battle of Algesiras,
64-66;
- defensive and offensive gain to Great Britain in forcing war,
1803, 106-108;
- Napoleon's combinations for invasion of England,
111-117, 124,
131-133, 140-142,
145-150;
- British measures for thwarting them, 118-122,
126, 148;
- Nelson's strategy, 127,
142-144, 150-152,
156, 159-163,
167, 172, 174,
186, 187;
- various surmises and measures of Napoleon during the Trafalgar
campaign, 153-159, 162,
165, 170, 173,
178, 181;
- generally accurate strategy of the British authorities,
157-159, 166,
176, 183;
- masterly combination of Lord Barham, 168-170,
184;
- mistake of Admiral Calder, 171,
174;
- mistake of Cornwallis, 176;
- analysis of the strategic chances in the Trafalgar campaign,
182-185;
- character of Villeneuve's error, 196;
- strategic effect of the campaign upon the remainder of the
war, 197;
- general naval strategy of the British, 1793-1812,
392-411.
- St. Vincent, Earl,
British admiral (Jervis),
- i. expedition to West Indies,
115;
- assumes command of Mediterranean fleet,
203;
- perfection of fleet under,
206;
- professional character,
203-206;
- blockade of Toulon,
212;
- seizes Elba with a squadron,
213;
- ordered to evacuate Corsica,
215;
- retires to Gibraltar,
216; firmness of,
217;
- ordered to rendezvous at Lisbon,
219;
- disasters to fleet,
219;
- meeting with Spanish fleet,
221;
- battle of Cape St. Vincent,
222-228;
- merit of,
228;
- created Earl St. Vincent,
229;
- establishes blockade of Cadiz,
232;
- incident of mutiny,
236 (note);
- sends Nelson to Teneriffe,
249;
- sends Nelson into the Mediterranean, May, 1798,
256-258;
- residence at Gibraltar,
285;
- seizes Minorca,
287;
- relations with Sir Sidney Smith,
294-297;
- conduct during Bruix's incursion into the Mediterranean,
306-321;
- health fails,
312;
- returns to England,
321;
- commands Channel fleet,
368;
- methods of watching Brest,
368-375;
- becomes First Lord of the Admiralty,
375,
ii.
42;
- merit of his strategic dispositions, i.
375,
376, ii.
126, 183.
- ii.
encomium upon Nelson, 53;
- upon Saumarez, 65;
- his naval dispositions in second war, 119-122,
126;
- his inopportune economy, 122,
124, 127, 128,
166;
- leaves office, 129;
- Suwarrow, Russian marshal,
- i. storming of Ismail,
26;
- commands corps sent to support Austrians in Italy,
282,
284, ii.
5;
- ii.
commander-in-chief of allied forces, 5;
- victorious campaign in Italy, 5-8;
- disastrous march into Switzerland, 9;
- declines further co-operation with Austrians,
10.
- Sweden,
- i. loss of Baltic provinces to Russia,
10;
- hostility to Russia,
17;
- troops enter Russia, 1788,
21;
- supported by Great Britain and Prussia,
21,
25;
- interest of western powers in,
22;
- subsidized by Turkey,
24;
- peace with Russia, 1790,
27;
- even balance of naval strength in Baltic,
27;
- unfriendly to French Revolution in 1793,
34;
- seeks the commercial advantages of neutrality,
83, ii.
233;
- loss of West India islands, 1801, i.
121;
- ii.
joins Armed Neutrality of 1800, 36;
- embargo of merchant ships by Great Britain,
53;
- convention with Great Britain, 58,
266;
- quarrel with France and joins Third Coalition, 177;
- Napoleon's exactions from, 231,
317, 322, 345;
- summoned by France and Russia to close ports against Great
Britain, 274;
- hostilities with Russia, 1800, 293;
- British relations with, 1808-1812, 294,
296, 297, 305,
317;
- cedes Finland and makes peace with Russia,
316;
- formal war with Great Britain, 346.
- Switzerland,
- i. disturbances in, 1797,
278;
- France intervenes by force and changes constitution,
279;
- French operations in, 1799, ii.
3-9;
- strategic importance in Bonaparte's campaign of 1800,
20, 22;
- independence guaranteed at Lunéville, 40;
- Bonaparte's intervention in, 1802, 86-88;
- action of British ministry thereupon, 88-90;
- effect upon course of events, 90-93;
- enforcement by Napoleon of his commercial war measures,
324-326.
- Tactics, Naval,
- i. French and British on May 28,
1794, 127-129;
- on May 29,
129-134;
- June 1,
136-147;
- merits of Howe's,
135,
150,
160;
- analysis of the results of the battle of June 1,
with deductions,
149-155;
- Sir John Jervis at battle of Cape St. Vincent,
224,
225;
- Nelson's tactical move on that occasion,
226-228;
- dispositions of the French admiral in Aboukir Bay,
263,
264;
- contrasted with Hood's at St. Kitts in 1782,
265;
- Nelson's tactics at the Nile, concentration on enemy's
van, 266;
- arrival of the British reserve, and concentration on
centre, 270;
- analysis of Nelson's claim to credit,
273-277;
- tactical dispositions before Brest of Bridport,
351,
366,
and of St. Vincent,
371;
- ii.
tactical anecdotes of Nelson, 39, 45;
- tactical surroundings at Copenhagen, 1801, 44;
- Nelson's dispositions in consequence, 47,
48;
- his tactics at Trafalgar, 188;
- analysis of them, 189;
- the result, 192-194.
- Trafalgar, battle of,
- ii.
decisive effect upon the course of the war, 196-198.
- Treaty, Holland and France, 1795,
- offensive and defensive alliance, i.
172,
ii. 133;
- Jay's, of commerce and navigation, between Great Britain and
- United States, 1794, ii.
237-239;
- San Ildefouso, offensive and defensive between France and Spain,
- 1796, i.
213,
ii.
133,
- and renewed in 1805, ii.
140;
- Tilsit, between France and Russia, 1807, ii.
274;
- conventions, of El Arish between Turkey and French
commander-in-chief in Egypt, 1799, i.
332-334;
- of Great Britain and Russia concerning neutral navigation, 1801,
- ii.
57, 261.
- See also "Peace" and
"Armed Neutrality."
- Troubridge, British captain,
- i. Nelson's praise of,
75;
- leads the fleet at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent,
224,
227;
- misfortune at the Battle of the Nile,
269;
- bombardment of Alexandria,
297;
- services at Naples,
308.
- Turkey, Empire of,
- i. encroachments of Russia upon,
10;
- natural ally of France,
12,
22;
- treaty of Kainardji, 1774,
13;
- declares war against Russia, 1787,
19;
- war with Austria,
19;
- relations to Great Britain in 1790,
23;
- military reverses,
24,
26;
- peace with Austria and Russia,
25,
27;
- disorganized condition in 1793,
85;
- territorial limits,
85;
- Bonaparte's estimate of strength of,
248;
- effect of battle of the Nile upon,
277;
- war declared against France,
278;
- Russo-Turkish fleet enters Mediterranean,
286;
- troops sent to Acre,
301;
- unfortunate landing in Aboukir Bay,
322;
- convention for the evacuation of Egypt,
332;
- ii.
capture of the Ionian Islands, 10;
- peace with France, 77;
- misrule in Egypt, 150;
- hostilities with Great Britain, 278.
- Two Sicilies,
The,
- i. navy of, in 1793,
78;
- attitude toward French Revolution,
84;
- effect of Bonaparte's victories upon, 1796,
211;
- abandons the Coalition,
211;
- strategic importance of,
218;
- dissatisfaction at French advance in Italy,
279;
- defensive alliance with Austria,
282;
- Nelson's arrival in Naples,
285;
- ii.
premature hostilities with France, 1;
- the Court flies to Palermo, 2;
- Naples occupied by French troops, 2;
- French forced to evacuate the Kingdom, 6;
- French division occupies the heel of Italy after Marengo,
59;
- evacuates after Peace of Amiens 71;
- reoccupation after renewal of war in 1803,
109;
- part played in Napoleon's combinations, 110,
124, 185;
- Joseph Bonaparte, King of, 278.
- United States,
- difficulties with France, 1793-1797, i.
241,
ii 242-248;
- ii.
cession of Louisiana by Spain to France, 78;
- jealousy of political interference on the American continent by
European nations, 103;
- uneasiness at cession of Louisiana, 104;
- buys Louisiana of France, 105;
- sufferings from privateers in the West Indies, 1805,
213;
- importance of American carrying trade, 231;
- growth of merchant shipping, 232;
- injuries under Rule of 1756, 233-237;
- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Great Britain, 1794,
237-239;
- difficulties with France arising thence, 239;
- relations with Great Britain, 1794-1804, 241;
- French aggressions upon American shipping,
242-246;
- demands of Spain and Holland, 247;
- course of trade with Europe, 1793-1804, 253,
254, 354;
- hostilities with France, 1798-1800, 258;
- trade with belligerent colonies, 266-268,
353;
- British seizures of American ships, 1804,
269;
- commercial treaty of 1806 with Great Britain rejected by
Senate, 275;
- effect upon American trade of British Order of January, 1807,
276;
- Embargo Act of December, 1807, 282,
succeeded by Non-Intercourse Act, 1809, 283;
- importance of American market to Great Britain,
291;
- losses by Napoleon's decrees of Bayonne and Rambouillet,
292;
- American ships in Dutch ports confiscated by Napoleon,
320, 321;
- expiration of Non-Intercourse Act, and proviso succeeding it,
331;
- American trade in Baltic, 1809-1812, 345,
and note;
- declaration of war against Great Britain,
351.
- Van Stabel, French rear-admiral,
- i. escape of, from Lord Howe,
66;
- protects large convoy from America,
123;
- brings it safely to Brest,
161.
- "Vengeur, " French ship-of-the-line,
- i. desperate action with the British ship "Brunswick,"
140-143;
- sinks,
144.
- Venice, Republic of,
- i. deprived of possessions on Italian mainland,
also Istria and Dalmatia, 235;
- insurrection against French, 246;
- conduct of Bonaparte toward, 247-249;
- annihilation of, 250.
- Villaret-Joyeuse, French admiral,
- i. letters of,
56;
- position before Revolution,
57;
- sails in command of Brest fleet,
124;
- meeting with British fleet,
126;
- manœuvres of, May 28 and 29, 1794,
126-134;
- conduct in battle of June 1,
136-139,
144-147;
- strategy of,
159,
160;
- anecdote,
160 (note);
- winter cruise of, January, 1795,
163,
164;
- action with Lord Bridport,
177-178;
- appointed to command fleet in Irish Expedition, 1796,
349;
- views as to the expedition,
349;
- detached from it at Hoche's request,
350.
- Villeneuve, French admiral,
- i. sent with a division from Toulon to Brest,
220;
- commands the rear division at battle of the Nile,
271;
- conduct of,
272;
- ii.
appointed to command the Toulon squadron in 1804, 130;
- Napoleon's instructions to, 142,
149, 164;
- first sortie from Toulon, 143;
- return to port, 144;
- second sailing and arrival in West Indies,
151;
- inaction there, 161,
and return to Europe, 162;
- meeting with Calder's fleet, 169,
171;
- anchors in Vigo Bay and thence goes to Ferrol,
173;
- sails from Ferrol for Brest, 179,
but bears up for Cadiz, 180;
- Napoleon's charges against, 185;
- battle of Trafalgar, 187-195;
- criticism of, 196.
- Wellesley, British general,
- ii.
landing in Portugal, 1808, and victory of Vimiero, 292;
- landing in Lisbon, 1809, beginning of Peninsular command, and
operations in Portugal, 315;
- lines of Torres Vedras, 318;
- capture of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, 348,
349.
- West Indies, commercial importance of,
- in the French Revolution, i.
109,
110;
- character of military control required,
110-112, ii.
252;
- military importance of Lesser Antilles, i.
114,
117,
119;
- military and naval operations in,
115-121;
- ii.
French Expedition to, 1801, ii. 78,
94, 103;
- Nelson's estimate of, 160;
- American trade with, 232,
236-238, 245, 253,
266-269;
- importance to British commercial system, 252,
and note, 393.