- a Sanskrit, 52;
- -a in fem., 392;
- in pl., 394
- abbot, 156
- ablaut, see apophony
- abstract terms, 429
- accent, see stress and tone
- accusative, name, 20
- actors, 276
- adaptation of suffixes, 386 f.
- adjective flexion, 129;
- concord, 348 f.
- African languages, see Bantu
- agglutination, 54, 58, 76, 376;
- agglutination theory, 367 ff., 375 ff.
- agreement, see concord
- ambiguities, 319, 341 ff.
- America, race mixtures, 203 ff.
- American English, 260
- American Indian languages, 57, 181, 187, 229, 233, 256, 334, 425, 427, 430
- analogy, 70, 93 f., 129 f., 162 f., 289
- analytic languages, 36, 334 ff., 422 ff.
- anatomical causes of change, 255
- aphesis, 273
- apophony, 46, 53, 91 ff., 311
- aposiopesis, 273
- appreciation of languages, 29 ff., 57 f., 60, 62, 319 ff.;
- formula, 324
- archaic forms, 294
- Armenian, 195 f.
- article, 378
- Aryan, name, 63 f.;
- languages, passim
- as, root, 49
- Ascoli, 192 ff.
- assimilation, 109, 168 f., 264 f., 280
- auxiliary words, 358
- babe, 157
- bacco, 171
- back-formations, 173, 178
- Balkan tongues, agreements, 215
- Bantu, 239, 352 ff., 365
- -bar, suffix, 377
- Basque, 210, 427
- Baudouin de Courtenay, 327
- Bavarian wo-st bist, 281
- Beach-la-Mar, 216 ff.
- bead, 175
- bhu, root, 49
- bilinguism, 147 ff.
- biographical or biological science of language, 8
- blending, 132, 281 f., 311, 312 f., 390
- Bloomfield, 390
- boon, 175
- Bopp, 47 ff., 56 n.
- borrowing of words, 208
- bound, 176
- bow-wow theory, 413
- boys, 146
- Bredsdorff, 43 n., 70
- Bridges, 286
- Bröndal, 200
- Brugmann, 92 f.;
- on gender, 391
- bube, 157
- buncombe, 409
- cacuminals, 196
- Caribbean, 237 ff.
- Carlyle, 145
- case-system, English, 268 ff.;
- in old languages, 337 ff.;
- importance, 341
- catch, 400
- ch becomes f, 168
- changes, causes of, 255 ff.
- child, 103 ff.;
- sounds, 105;
- understanding, 113;
- classification of things, 114 f.;
- vocabulary, 124;
- grammar, 128 ff.;
- sentences, 133;
- echoism, 135;
- why learns so well, 140;
- influence of other children, 147;
- word-invention, 151 ff.;
- influence of, 161 ff.;
- indirect influence, 178;
- new languages, 180 ff.
- Chinese, 36, 54, 57, 286, 369 ff.
- Chinook, 228 ff.
- classification of languages, 35 f., 54, 76 ff.
- classifying instinct, 388
- clicks, 415, 419
- climate, 256
- clippings, see stump-words
- coalescence of words, 174, 376 ff.
- Cœurdoux, 33
- Collitz, 45 n., 257, 381
- concord, verbal, 335;
- nominal, 348;
- in Bantu, 352 ff.
- concrete words, 429
- Condillac, 27
- confusion of words, 122, 172
- congeneric groups, 389 f.
- conjugation, see verb
- consciousness, 130;
- threshold of, 138
- consonant-shift, 43 ff., 195, 197, 204, 256, 258 f.
- contamination, see blending
- convergent changes, 284 f.
- copula, 48 f.
- correctness, latitude of, 282 ff.
- creation of new words, 151 ff.
- Creole, 226 ff.
- cuckoo, 406
- cultural loan-words, 209
- curry favour, 173
- curtailing of words, 108, 169 f., 328 f.
- Curtius, 83, 94
- -d in loved, 51, 381
- Darwin, 414
- dead languages, 67
- decay, 55, 59, 62, 77, 319 ff.
- declension, see case-system
- Delbrück, 93, 96
- dialect, study of, 68;
- spoken by children, 147
- Diez, 85
- differentiations, 176, 272
- diminutives, 180, 402
- ding-dong theory, 415
- divergent changes, 288
- doublets, 272
- Dravidian influence on Indian, 196
- drunken speech, 279
- dump, 313
- e original in Aryan, 52, 91
- ease theory, 261 ff.
- echoism, 135;
- cf. echo-words
- echo-words, 313, 398 ff.
- economizing of effort, see ease-theory
- effort in speaking, 261 ff., 324 ff.
- eglino, 281
- emotion, influence on sound, 276
- -en in plural, 385
- ending, see flexion, suffix
- English, Grimm’s appreciation, 62;
- foreign influence, 202, 210, 212 ff.;
- rapid change, 261;
- case-system, 268 ff.;
- future tense, 274;
- vowel-shift, 243, 284;
- word-order, 344 f.;
- genitive, 350
- entangling, 422
- equidistant changes, 284
- -er in plural, 386
- estimation of languages, see appreciation
- Etruscan, 195
- etymology, sound laws, 295;
- principles, 305 ff.;
- object of, 316;
- etymology of rag, 300;
- of sun, say, see, 306;
- of krieg, 307;
- of grog, ganz, 308;
- of hope, 309;
- of nut, stumm, 311;
- of mais, maar, men, 315;
- of moon, daughter, mother, 318
- euphemism, 245 ff.
- euphony, 278
- exceptions to sound-laws, 296 ff.
- exertion in speaking, 261 ff., 324 ff.
- expressive sounds preserved, 288
- extension of sound laws, 290;
- of suffixes, 386 ff.
- extra-lingual influences, 278
- f for th, 167;
- in enough, etc., 168;
- in Spanish, 193
- fable in Proto-Aryan, 81
- fain, 176
- fashion in language, 291
- father, 117
- Feist, 194 ff.
- feminine, 391 ff.;
- in -i, 394, 402;
- cf. woman
- Finnic, 197 f., 207
- flexion, 35, 54 f., 58 f., 76 ff., 79;
- origin of, 377 ff.
- foreign languages, mistakes in noting down, 116 f.;
- influence of, 191 ff.
- forgetfulness, 176
- forms, number of, 332, 337;
- origin of, 49, 58, 377 ff.
- French influence on English, 202, 209, 214;
- pronouns and verbs, 422 f.
- frequency, influence on phonetic development, 267
- -ful, suffix, 376
- Gabelentz, 98, 369
- ganz, 308
- gape, 288
- gender, 346 f., 391 ff.
- general and specific terms, 274, 429 f.
- genitive, name, 20;
- group, 351;
- s in, 382, 383 n.
- geographical distribution of languages, 187;
- influence on change, 256
- German language, appreciation of, 29, 31, 60;
- sound-shift, 43 ff., 195 f., 283;
- forms, 341 ff.;
- word-order, 344
- Germanic, see Gothonic
- gibberish, 149 f.
- girls, 146
- gleam, gloom, 401
- glottogonic theories abandoned, 96
- Gothonic (Germanic, Teutonic), 42;
- sound-shift, see consonant-shift
- gradation, see apophony
- grammar, children’s, 128 ff.;
- foreign influence, 213;
- of primitive languages, 421
- grammatical elements, origin, 48, 58, 61
- Greek linguistic speculation, 19 f.;
- vowels, 91;
- personal pronouns, 286 n.;
- Modern Greek, 301
- Grimm, 37, 40 ff., 60 ff.
- Grimm’s Law, 43 f.;
- see consonant-shift
- grog, 308
- group genitive, 129, 351;
- groups of words with similar meaning, 389
- h for f in Spanish, 193;
- for s, etc., 263
- habaidedeima, 322, 329, 331 f.
- Hale, 181 ff.
- haplology, 281, 329
- harmony of vowels, 280
- Hebrew, 21
- Hegel, 72 f.
- Hempl, 201 ff.
- Herder, 27 f.
- hereditary aptness for a language, 75, 141
- Hermann, 48
- Hervas, 22
- Herzog, 164 f.
- hide, 121
- Hirt, 192, 203 f., 382 f.
- historical point of view, 32, 42
- homophones, 285 f.
- -hood, suffix, 376
- hope, 309
- humanization of language, 327 f.
- Humboldt, 55 ff.
- hypercorrect forms, 294
- I, the pronoun, 123 f.
- i denoting small, feminine, near, 402
- idioms, 139
- imitation, 291 ff.;
- of sounds, 398, 413 f.
- imperative, 403
- incorporation, 58, 79, 425
- Indian grammarians, 20;
- cacuminals, 196;
- cf. American Indian, Sanskrit
- indirect ways of obtaining expressions, 438
- indissoluble expressions of several ideas, 334, 422 ff., 428 ff.
- Indo-European (Indo-Germanic), see Aryan
- indolence, see ease-theory
- inflexion, see flexion
- interjections, 414
- interrogative sentences, 137;
- particles, 358
- invention of words, 151 ff.
- irregularities in old languages, 338 f., 379, 425
- isolating languages, 36, 76, 366 ff.
- Japanese, 243
- jaw-breakers, 280
- jaw-measurements, 104
- Jenisch, 29 ff.
- Johannson, 341 ff.
- Jones, William, 33
- [ju·], 290 f.
- Karlgren, 372 f.
- Keltic languages, 38, 39, 53;
- substratum, 192 ff.
- Kuhn, 371
- kw becomes p, 168
- languages, rise of new, 180 ff.
- language-teaching, 145
- lapses, 279
- Latin, study of, 22 f.;
- influence, 209, 215;
- forms, 334, 338 f., 343;
- word-order, 350
- latitude of correctness, 282
- law as applied to sound-changes, 297
- leaps in phonetic development, 167;
- in meanings, 175
- Leibniz, 22
- lengthening, emotional, 277, 403;
- of words, 330
- Lenz, 204
- Lepsius, 370
- Leskien, 93
- life as applied to language, 7
- lingua geral, 234
- linguistics, position of, 64 f., 73, 86, 97
- little, 407
- little language, 103, 106, 144, 147
- living languages, study of, 97
- loan-words, sound-substitution, 207;
- general theory, 208;
- culture, 209;
- classes, 211;
- with symbolic sounds, 409
- loss of sounds, 108, 168, 328 f.
- love-songs, 433 f.
- Luxemburg, bilinguism in, 148
- -ly, suffix, 377
- m in adversative conjunctions, 314 ff.;
- case-ending, 382
- ma, maar, 314 f.
- Madvig, 84, 433
- magis, mais, 314 f.
- makeshift languages, 232 ff.
- mamma, 154 ff.
- man and woman, 142, 237 ff.
- Mauritius Creole, 226 ff.
- meaning, delimitation of, 118 f.;
- words of opposite meaning, 120;
- words with several meanings, 121;
- shifting of meaning, 174;
- cf. semantic changes
- meaningless gibberish, 149 f.;
- singing, 436
- Meillet, 55, 198 f.
- memory, children’s, 143
- men, 315
- mental states, words for, 401
- Meringer, 162 f., 280, 291
- metanalysis, 173
- metaphors, 431
- metathesis, 108, 281
- Meyer-Benfey, 256
- milk, 158
- Misteli, 79
- misunderstandings, 282, 286 f., 319
- mixed languages, 191 ff.
- modern languages, study of, 68;
- compared with ancient, 322 ff.
- Möller, H., 139, 308, 382
- mon, 358
- monosyllabic languages, 36, 367 ff.
- month, 318
- moods, 380
- moon, 318
- mother, 155, 318
- mother-tongue, 146
- movement, words denoting, 399
- mountains, linguistic changes in, 256 f.
- mouth-filling words, 403
- Müller, Friedrich, 79, 338
- Müller, Max, 88 ff., 414
- Murray, 269
- mutation, 37, 46
- mutilation of lips, 256;
- of words, 266
- my, 384 f.
- -n in mine, 384 f.
- names of relations, 118;
- proper, 439
- nasalis sonans, 92, 317 f.
- national psychology, 258
- negation, 136;
- redundant, 352
- neo-grammarians, see young-grammarians
- new languages, 180 ff.
- Noiré, 415
- nominal forms, 337 ff.;
- concord, 348 ff.
- number in verbs, 335;
- in pronouns, 347;
- in nouns, 129, 349, 355, 385, 394 f.
- numerals, 119;
- borrowed, 211;
- in succession, 281;
- distinct for various classes, 430
- nursery language, 179
- nut, 311
- o original in Aryan, 52, 91
- old languages compared with modern, 322 ff.
- on, 287
- oncle, 271 n.
- onomatopœia, 150, 313, 398 ff.
- opposite meaning, 120
- order of words, see word-order
- organism, language as an, 7, 65
- organs of speech, used for other purposes, 278;
- development, 416, 436
- orient, 175
- origin of language, 26 ff., 61, 412 ff.;
- of grammatical elements, 367 ff.
- Osthoff, 93
- ox, oxen, 385
- palatal law, 90 f.
- Panini, 20
- pap, 158
- papa, 154 ff.
- parenthesizing, 350 f.
- passive, Scandinavian, 50, 377;
- Latin, 50, 381
- patter, 407
- Paul, 94 f., 162
- periods of rapid change, 259
- personal forms in verbs, 53, 335, 383
- pet-names, 108, 169
- philology, 64 f., 97
- phonetic laws, see sound changes, sound laws
- Pidgin-English, 221 ff.
- pittance, 408
- Plato, 19, 396
- playfulness, 148, 298 f., 432 ff.
- plumbum, plummet, plunge, 313 f.
- plural, see number
- poetry, 300, 431 f.
- polysynthetic, 423, 425
- pooh-pooh theory, 414
- pope, 156
- popular etymology, 122
- portmanteau words, 313
- possessive pronouns, 384 f.
- prepositions, 137 f.;
- borrowed, 211
- prescriptive grammar, 24
- preterit, weak, 51, 381
- primitive languages, 417 ff.
- progressive tendency, 319 ff.
- pronouns, 123;
- borrowed, 212;
- possessive, 384;
- French, 422
- proper names, 436
- prosiopesis, 273
- Proto-Aryan, 80 f., 90 f.
- punning phrases, 300
- pupil, 157
- puppet, 157
- Pușcariu, 205
- question, 137;
- word-order and auxiliaries, 357 ff.
- quick, 407
- r in Latin passive, 381;
- sound of r weakened, 244;
- r- and n- stems, 339, 390
- race and language, 75;
- race-mixture, 201 ff.
- rapidity of change, 259
- Rapp, 68 ff.
- Rask, 36 ff., 43, 46
- rational, everything originally r., 316
- reaction against change, 293
- reconstruction, 80 ff., 317
- reduplication, 109, 169
- relationship between languages, 38, 53;
- terms of, 117, 154 ff.
- right, 180
- roll, 374, 408
- Romanic languages, 202, 205 f., 234 ff., 260;
- future, 378
- root-determinatives, 311
- roots, 52, 367 ff., 373 ff.
- Rousseau, 26
- s in passive, 50, 377, 381;
- case-ending, 213, 381 ff.;
- in English plural, 214;
- in Russian and Spanish, 266;
- Latin disappears, 362
- Sandfeld, 215
- Sanskrit, 33, 67;
- vowels, 52, 90 f.;
- consonants, 90 f., 196;
- drama, 241 f.
- savages, languages of, 417, 426 ff.
- saving of effort, of space, of time, 264
- Scandinavian influence on English, 212, 214;
- passive, 50, 377;
- article, 378
- Scherer, 96
- Schlegel, A. W., 36
- Schlegel, F., 34 f.
- Schleicher, 71 ff.
- Schuchardt, 191, 213, 219, 267
- scorn, words expressive of, 401
- Scotch, 193 n.
- screaming, 103
- secondary echoism, 406
- secret languages, 149 f.
- secretion, 384 ff.
- semantic changes, 174 f., 274 ff.
- Semitic, 36, 52
- sentences, 133;
- the earliest, 439 ff.;
- sentence stress, 272
- separative linguistics, 67
- seqw-, 306 f.
- sex, 146, 237 ff.;
- cf. gender
- shifters, 123
- shortening, 328 f.;
- cf. stump-words
- signification, how apprehended, 113 ff.;
- cf. semantic changes
- significative sounds preserved, 267 f., 271, 287
- similarities cause confusion, 120 f.
- simplification, 332 ff.
- singing, 420, 432 ff.
- slang, 247, 299 f.
- small, words for, 402
- smile, 278
- so, 250
- Société de Linguistique, 96, 412
- son, E., 120, 286
- songs, primitive, 420, 432 ff.
- sound changes, passim;
- see especially 161 ff., 191 ff., 242 ff., 255 ff.
- sound laws, 93;
- in children, 106 f.;
- extension and metamorphosis, 290;
- destructive, 289;
- spreading, 291;
- in the science of etymology, 295 ff.
- sound-shift, Gothonic, see consonant-shift
- special terms in primitive speech, 429 ff.
- speed of utterance, 258
- spelling pronunciations, 294
- splitting, see differentiation
- Spoonerism, 280
- stable and unstable sounds, 199 f.
- Steinthal, 79, 87
- strengthening of sounds, 404 f.
- stress, Aryan, 93;
- Gothonic, 195;
- nature and influence of, 271 ff.
- stumm, 311
- stump-words, 108, 169 f.
- substantive, see nominal and flexion
- substratum theory, 191 ff.
- subtraction, 173
- suffixes, origin, 376 f.;
- extension, 386 f.;
- tainting, 388
- suggestiveness, 408;
- cf. symbolism
- suppletivwesen, 426
- Sweet, 97, 161, 264
- syllables, number of, 330
- symbolism, 396 ff.
- syntax, 66, 95;
- foreign influence, 214;
- blends, 282;
- simplification, 340
- synthetic languages, 36, 334 ff., 421 f.
- ta, 159
- tabu, 239 ff., 431
- tainting of suffixes, 388
- tata, 158
- -teer, suffix, 388
- Telugu, 301
- tempo, 258
- Teutonic, see Gothonic
- th becomes f, v, 167
- they for he or she, 347
- this and that, 403
- Thomson, 90 n., 267, 427
- threshold, under the, 138
- ti, 358 f.
- time, a child’s conception of, 120
- tone, 111;
- in Chinese, 369, 370;
- in Danish dialect, 371;
- in primitive languages, 419
- Tooke, Horne, 49
- translation-loans, 215
- translators introduce foreign words, 210
- tripos, 115
- twins having separate language, 185 f.
- u, French, 192 ff.;
- English, 290 f.
- umlaut, 37
- understanding, a baby’s, 113 f.
- units of language, 422
- value, influence on phonetic development, 266 ff.
- verb, substantive, 48;
- flexional forms, 130;
- simplification, 332 ff.;
- concord, 335
- verbal character of roots, 374 f.
- Verner, 93;
- Verner’s Law, 195, 197 f.
- vocabulary, extent of, 124 ff.;
- in primitive speech, 429
- voicing of consonants, in Gothonic and English, 198;
- symbolic, 405
- vowel-harmony, 280
- vowels, number of Aryan, 44, 52, 91
- vulgar speech, 261, 299
- wars, influence on language, 260
- weak preterit, 51, 381
- weakening of words, 266
- Wessely, 197
- Wheeler, 293
- Whitney, 88, 323, 367
- Windisch, 208
- women as language teachers, 142;
- women’s language, 237 ff.
- word, what constitutes one, 125, 422 f.
- word-division, 132, 173 f.
- word-formation, 131;
- cf. invention, suffixes
- word-order, 344 ff., 355 ff.;
- in Chinese, 369 ff.
- worthless words or sounds, 266 ff.
- Wundt, 98, 258
- yesterday, 120
- yo-he-ho theory, 415
- you for I, 124
- young-grammarians, 93
- Zulu, see Bantu