Abagha Plain, ii. 401

Abaran (Kasagh) river, i. 136, 242, 316

Abas, king of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 352, 390, 407

Abastuman, Russian watering place, i. 48, 53–55, 432

Abazbek, posting station, i. 84

Abbas, Shah of Persia, transports a colony of Armenians to Ispahan and carries off slabs from Edgmiatsin, i. 262, 264 note 5.
Comes into possession of Van, ii. 78.
Reputed to have taken Kars, i. 396

Abdul Miseh, grave of a supposed king of this name, ii. 133

Abdurrahman Gazi, valley and pass into Tekman from Erzerum, ii. 202

Abgar, king of Edessa, who is said to have corresponded with Christ, i. 278,
is claimed by the Armenians as one of their own royal line, ibid.
Receives St. Thaddeus and with his people embraces the Christian faith, ibid. and 277 note 2.
Under his successors his people lapse into polytheism, 278.
The authenticity of the story of Abgar is examined by Professor Carrière, who shows that Moses of Khorene used an Armenian version of this legend which began to form about A.D. 250, ibid. note 2

Abich, Hermann, i. 78, 79, 166, 177, 182, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 195, 199, 388, 394, 437, 445. ii. 376, 383, 386; i. 93, 174, 340, 374, 375, 381, 383, 385, 386, 416, 434, 435, 442, ii. 43, 46, 47, 76, 229, 363, 385, 401, notes

Abkhasia, i. 42;
its Bagratid king, i. 356

Abul, Mt., i. 92–95, 104, 105, 119, 441

Abul, village of, i. 92, 93

Abul-Samsar volcanic system, i. 95, 441

Abulsevar (Chawir, Aplesphares), chief of the Beni-Cheddad family, q.v.; styled by Byzantine annalists and Armenian writers prince of Dvin, i. 365; 362, 363, 365 note 1

Abulsevar, prince of Ani, i. 365

Abu-Said, Mongol king of Persia, his edict at Ani, i. 377

Achote, Monseigneur, Superior of the Monastery of Mugni, i. 141

Adamanli, a division of the Hasananli Kurds, ii. 21, 26

Adeljivas (Lake Van), town of, ii. 326–330, 403.
Mileage to Akhlat, ii. 325 note.
Earthquake there, 47 note 1; 341.
Rise in the level of Lake Van there, 52.
Cuneiform inscriptions there, 75

Adrianople treaty of, i. 36, 125; 397. ii. 204.
Exodus of Armenian population from Erzerum province as a result of, ii. 206

Afrikean, M. Karapet, improvement in wine accomplished by, i. 226

Afshin, Arab Governor of Azerbaijan, i. 341–343, 352

Agathangelus Treatise, our earliest authority for the reign of Tiridates and the events connected with the conversion of the Armenians as a nation to Christianity, i. 291 note.
Von Gutschmid has succeeded in discriminating between the various sources from which the treatise has been built up, ibid., 295 note 1

Aghdznik, ancient Armenian province, ii. 429; i. 309 note 1

Aghri Dagh, name given by the Mussulman peoples to Ararat as well as to the Ararat system, i. 148, 197, 409, 414 (Fig. 101), 415, 419 (Fig. 106), 420 (Fig. 107), 423, 435, 436. ii. 10 (Fig. 112), 384 seq.
Frontier between the Russian and Turkish empires, i. 435. ii. 384.
And see Shatin Dagh

Aghzi Achik, pass over the heights south of Erzerum, ii. 202

Agriculture finds in Armenia extremely favourable conditions, due to the climate and the nature of the soil—a mixture of lavas and lacustrine deposits, i. 87, 105, 442. ii. 255, 345, 404, 405–406.
Character of and seasons in various districts, i. 56, 57, 73, 75, 94, 105, 106;
among the Dukhobortsy, 107; 118, 121, 123;
on the plain of Alexandropol, 131; 133;
in the valley of the Araxes, 142, 202, 203, 229, 316, 318, 444; 321, 326, 410, 411; 443;
in Alashkert and basin of Upper Murad, ii. 3, 15, 19, 277;
in basin of Lake Van, 82, 315;
in plain of Mush, 167, 172, 318;
in plain of Khinis, 188, 256, 258;
in Bulanik, 344–345;
among the Circassians, 331, 353; 359;
in plain of Kharput, 391.
Backwardness in Russian Armenia, i. 56, 139,
and causes, i. 225, 461;
in Turkish Armenia, ii. 21, 164, 218, 219, 259,
and causes, ch. xxiv. passim.
Estimate of the levels at which cereals will flourish in Armenia, i. 107 note

Agrikar Dagh, peak of the Gori Mokri in Northern Armenia, i. 87, 434

Ahmed, Arab Emir, cherishes pretensions to the district of Taron (Mush), i. 343,
and defeats Sembat I., ibid.

Aiana, Greek Monastery of, ii. 238

Aiger Göl, on the southern slopes of Sipan, ii. 339

Ainalu Dagh, Kars district, i. 394

Ainsworth, Mr. W. F., ii. 162, 176 note

Aintab, Mesopotamia, massacre there, ii. 427

Ajara, Mts. and district of, i. 41, 42, 62, 437, 442

Ajars, The, i. 42, 432

Akantz, town on N.E. coast of Lake Van, ii. 26.
Pop., ibid.
Mileage from Karakilisa, 12

Akhalkalaki, town in Northern Armenia (Govt. of Tiflis), visited and described, i. 86 seq., 66 note, 72, 85, 438, 455.
Pop., 86.
Brave defence of by the Turks against the Russians in 1828, 89;
schools in, see under Education

Akhalkalaki, plain of, i. 87 and note.
Character of the soil, 442

Akhalkalaki (Toporovan) river, i. 76, 78, 87, 88, 92

Akhaltsykh, town in Northern Armenia, visited and described, i. 58–61 and 64–71.
History, i. 66–67;
was captured and partly razed by the Russians in 1828, 67;
the Mussulman pop. emigrated into Turkey and the town received large bodies of Armenian immigrants, ibid.;
reasons given by inhabitants for the decline in prosperity, 68;
pop. in 1833, 67;
in 1886 and 1891, 65 and note 2;
description of the modern town, 68;
of the old town, 69;
of the Jewish quarter, 70;
schools in, see under Education.
Mileage to Akhalkalaki, 72

Akhaltsykh river, i. 57, 73

Akhaltsykh-Imeritian Mts., i. 430, 431, 433, 434, 438, 441

Akhashen, valley of, i. 74

Akhashen, village of, i. 75

Akhavank (Iskele), residence on the mainland of the Katholikos of Akhtamar, ii. 126

Akhbaba Dagh, peak of the northern border heights of Erzerum, ii. 203, 227

Akhbaba Dagh, Lake Chaldir, i. 438

Akh Bulakh Dagh, peak of Aghri Dagh, i. 420

Akh Dagh (Tekman Dagh, Kozli Dagh), name applied to the northern border heights of the plain of Khinis, ii. 189.
View of from the south, 186 (Fig. 159);
from the Palandöken Pass, 249;
from village of Demian, 277;
from summit of Khamur, 351;
from Bingöl Dagh, 372.
Appearance of from Tekman, 249,
from the plain of Khinis, 256–258,
from the Kartevin Dagh, 269.
Structure and composition of, 389, 402

Akh Dagh, Akhmangan region, i. 445

Akh Deve (White Camel Hill), Kars-Kagyzman district, i. 412

Akher Göl Su (plain of Khinis), source of the, ii. 257

Akhja Kala, Tartar village on southern slopes of Alagöz, i. 320

Akhlat, is the name of a district on the north-western shore of Lake Van, which includes:
1st, the ancient city of Akhlat, now known as Kharaba or Takht-i-Suleyman, situated in a ravine some distance from the shore; 2nd, the Ottoman fortress of Akhlat (Kala) on the shore; 3rd, the modern township in the quarter of Erkizan, ii. 284.
Pop. of entire district, ibid.
Characteristics of the site, ibid.
Erkizan described, 285;
the Kala described, 287–289;
the ancient city described, 291–292.
The mausolea or kumbets described and their dates ascertained, 285–293.
The ancient cemetery, 290.
History of Akhlat, 294–297; i. 355, 360, 366.
Mileage to Adeljivas, ii. 325 note.
Plan, ii. 296

Akhtamar, Lake Van, island and monastery of, described, ii. 129–135;
architecture of the church, 132, and date, 131

Akhtamar, Katholikos of, his jurisdiction and status, ii. 135, and cp. i. 276;
visited at Akhavank, ii. 127–129, 135–136

Akhurean river, see Arpa Chai

Akhury (Arguri, Acorhi, Akuri, Agguri, Arkuri), ancient Armenian settlement on Ararat, destroyed by the catastrophe of 1840, i. 183 seq.;
is said by the Armenians to have been built on the site of Noah’s vineyard, 183;
their attempt to connect it with the Armenian for “he has planted the vine” has probably led to a corruption of the name, ibid. note 4.
May it not be the Adduri of the Assyrian inscription of Shalmaneser II.? ibid.
A willow tree there was said to have sprung from a plank of the Ark, 183,
and the church to have been built on the site of Noah’s altar, erected on his departure from the Ark, ibid.
The date of the church, 184.
Pop. according to Dubois and Wagner, 183, 184 note 1.
There was also at A. a square fortress built of clay, 184;
and a summer palace for the Persian Sirdars of Erivan, ibid.
Account of the catastrophe of 1840, 185–187;
investigations undertaken by the Russian Govt., 187.
Divergent conclusions of Wagner and Abich as to character of convulsion, 188.
What remains of the ancient settlement at the present time, 192, 193.
The old cemetery with the graves of seven brothers said to have been killed by a single snake, 193

Akhury, chasm of, Ararat. Entrance to the chasm, i. 184;
Kurdish village at the mouth of the chasm, 192;
excursion up the ravine, 193;
the peculiar formation of a side valley, ibid.;
which probably owes its distinctive features to the action of ice, 194;
arrival at St. Jacob’s Well and the sacred rose bush, ibid.,
elevation of the site, 195.
The boulders covering the bottom of the ravine are worn by the action of ice and water, 195.
According to Abich the long ridges which appear in his illustration were composed of dirty glacier ice, covered with stone and débris, 195;
but we did not see any ice in the trough of the chasm, 196,
though we admired a lake of glacier water, ibid.

Akhury, New, settlement of Tartars on Ararat, i. 193;
pop., ibid.

Akhviran Pass into the Khinis Plain, ii. 249, 252, 373

Akhviran, village of, ii. 278

Ak Köpri, crag of near Van, ii. 111, 112 note 1

Ak Köpri, river, ii. 112

Ak-kul (Gubudgokh) Mt., west of Akhtamar, ii. 137

Akrag, Armenian village on the Murad near Shakhberat, ii. 351

Akstafa river, tributary to the Kur, ii. 39, 40, 437

Akstafa station, i. 39, 226

Ala Dagh Mts. (Nepat, Niphates), ii. 10, 12, 22, 401.
Seen from Lake Van, 31, 121;
from Kartevin Dagh, 269.
Strabo says that the Tigris rises in these mountains, ii. 41.
Viewed from Tutakh, 265.
A seat of the Thonraki (Thonraketzi), i. 285

Ala Dagh, Chaldiran district, i. 413 note

Ala Göl, i. 434

Alagöz, extinct volcano and natural barrier between Northern Armenia and the valley of the Araxes about Erivan, i. 119, 124, 147, 438, 444; 135, 148, 149, 152, 205, 228, 325, 326, 330, 331, 367, 419, 442.
Seen from summit of Abul, i. 95;
from plain of Alexandropol, 122 (Fig. 23), 127, 134;
from the east, 136 (Fig. 28);
from Erivan, 208 (Fig. 41);
from Ararat, 138;
from the plains on the west, 327 (Fig. 68).
Journey along the southern slopes, i. 316 seq.

Alagöz, hamlet of near Gumgum, ii. 358

Alaja (Tsaghkotz) river at Ani, i. 368, 369

Alaja Dagh, i. 330, 368, 399

Ala-Kilisa, village of Armenian-speaking Greeks, i. 122

Alander, Col., Governor of Akhaltsykh, i. 60, 61, 64, 65, 66

Alarodians, name by which the inhabitants of Urardhu were known to Herodotus, ii. 67 and note 4;
were joined with the Matienians, etc., in 18th satrapy of the Persian empire, 68

Alashkert, plain of, i. 148, ii. 2 seq. and Fig. 108, 384, 389, 400, 401, 404.
Elevation of, ii. 3

Alexander I., Emperor of Russia, extends great privileges to the Protestant emigrants from Würtemberg on their arrival in Georgia, i. 97.
Encourages Protestant missionary enterprise, 99.
His humane and liberal policy towards the Dukhobortsy, 103

Alexander Severus, Roman Emperor, i. 287

Alexandropol (Gümri), Russian fortress town on the Arpa Chai visited and described, i. 124–132, 330, 443, 445, 453, 455, 462, 467. ii. 46 note.
Visited by Emperor Nicholas I. in 1836, i. 125.
History and description of city, 124–125, 127–129;
pop., 124 and note 1;
is almost exclusively inhabited by Armenians, 124;
who have inherited the love of building of their forefathers, 127;
but their churches and other buildings are pretentious and commonplace, 128.
Greek chapel of St. George with Byzantine picture of St. George and the Dragon, 129.
Schools in, see under Education

Alexandropol, plain of, i. 122, 131, 133, 134, 442. ii. 404

Ali Bey, chief of Karapapakhs at Karakilisa (Alashkert), ii. 6, 255

Ali Bey, chief of Sipkanli Kurds, ii. 267, 268

Ali Gedik, village near Charbahur on the Murad, ii. 352

Ali-Kuchak, village on Alagöz, i. 137

Ali Mur, hamlet of Kizilbash Kurds, district of Shushar, ii. 252

Alkhes, village of the district of Elmali Dere, ii. 262, 263, 399

Allah Akbar Dagh, Soghanlu range, i. 441

Allen, Mr., American missionary at Van, ii. 92

Allen, T. G., and Sachtleben, W. L. Their ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Alp Arslan, Seljuk sultan, captures Tiflis, i. 337,
and Ani, 353, 363,
and Melazkert, ii. 275

Altai Mts., their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 424, 425

Altun, plain of, Upper Araxes, ii. 379, 398

Alur, village, Van district, ii. 122

Amasia, Turkish settlement on the Arpa Chai, i. 122

Amat, Armenian village, district of Alashkert, ii. 2

American Missions, see Missions

Amisus, ruins of (near Samsun), i. 4

Anak, Parthian of the blood royal, murderer of the Parthian King of Armenia, Chosroes, and father of St. Gregory, i. 288.
View of Von Gutschmid, ibid. note 2

Anania of Shirak, i. 312, note 1

Anastasius, Roman Emperor, ii. 222

Anguil Su (Enghil Su) or Khoshab, river flowing into Lake Van, ii. 122

Anguil, village, ii. 123

Ani, Armenian mediæval town and fortress on the Arpa Chai (Akhurean), now in ruins and uninhabited, visited and described, i. 329, 334, 354–392, 268, 269;
history of, 354–366; 345, 350.
Description of the various buildings and fortifications, 369–390;
distinctive features of the architecture of the Ani buildings, 390;
appeal to the Russian Government for their preservation, 391;
date of the Cathedral, 354, 355.
Mr. Marr’s excavations at Ani, 377–378.
Plan, 309

Ani, the modern Kemakh, ancient Armenian fortress on the W. Euphrates, i. 294;
fane of Aramazd at this place destroyed by St. Gregory and King Tiridates, ibid.

Anti-Taurus Mts., their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 424;
probable representatives of the A-T. elevation in Armenia, ii. 386

Aplesphares, see Abulsevar

Aplgharib, Pahlavuni family at Ani, i. 382, 383

Apughamir, Pahlavuni family, son of Vahram, i. 382, 383 note 3, 385

Arabion Castellum on the Gt. Zab, i. 277 note 2, 279

Arabkir, massacre at, ii. 412

Arakelotz Vank, plain of Mush, ii. 166

Arakh Su, Mush plain, ii. 166

Aralykh, Russian military post at the foot of Ararat, i. 154–155;
climate of, 202

Aramzalu, village of, district of Erivan, i. 154

Ararat, Mt. (Masis of the Armenians, Aghri Dagh of the Tartars), first view of from the southern slopes of Alagöz, i. 137.
It does not appear that there was an independent local tradition of the Flood, 197;
but the identification of Ararat with the mountain upon which the Ark rested may have been made by Jewish prisoners of war, ibid.
The Ararat of Scripture is the Assyrian Urardhu, ibid. and ii. 57—a geographical designation which appears to have travelled north during the course of time; the historical Urardhu or Ararat is the province around Mt. Ararat, well known as Ararat to Agathangelus and other early Armenian writers, i. 197.
Supposed vestiges of the Flood, 157.
The district has been covered within comparatively recent geological times by a lake, 317, ii. 404
The fabric of Ararat is built up by Great and Little Ararat, i. 197;
though due to eruptive volcanic action, no eruption is known to have occurred during historical period, 197, 188.
View of from the plains about Erivan, 149, 198.
Orography, 148–153, 156, 197.
Vegetation abundant on parts of the mountain, 160;
also partridges, ibid.;
but the fabric is entirely devoid of trees, the only wood being a covert of low birch, 161.
Ascent of, 167–178;
start made from the encampment at Sardar Bulakh, 167.
Three structural divisions to be distinguished in that part of the mountain between Aralykh and the summit, 170.
The great snowfield has a minimum depth of 2000 feet, 171.
The south-eastern summit attained, 176.
Temperature of the air a few feet below the summit, 177 note.
Descent to encampment of Sardar Bulakh, 179.
Best season and starting point for the ascent, 37, 199.
List of successful ascents, ibid.
View of Ararat from the summit of Sipan, ii. 336, 337

Ararat, Chasm of Akhury, see under Akhury

Ararat, Monastery of St. Jacob, i. 184

Ararat, Little, i. 149, 150, 160–168 and Fig. 33, 197, 199, 436

Araxes river (Aras, Egri Chai), sources of on the Bingöl Dagh, ii. 374 and Fig. 194;
its course through Armenia, ii. 379, 251, 190, 192 seq., i. 138, 146, 154, 201, 317 seq., 416, 436, 444, ii. 406, and see Bingöl Su

Araxes, plain of the (district of Ararat), i. 130, 137, 138, 146, 154, 201, 206, 317 seq. 444.
Elevation, 146.
Tradition that it was the seat of Paradise, 318

Archelaus, Bishop of Karkhar, author of a disputation with Mani, was probably bishop of a see not far from Van, i. 279 and note 3.
Adoptionist theory, 281

Ardabil, town in Persia, i. 366, 387, 435 note

Ardahan, town and district in Northern Armenia, i. 443; 66 note 1, 430, 431, 432, 437, 438, 439

Ardahan river, see Kur

Ardasa, town of, ii. 243

Ardashir, first Sasanian King of Persia, i. 286;
the supporter of the fire-worshippers, 287;
is harassed by Chosroes, Arsakid King of Armenia, 288,
whose death he encompasses, ibid.

Ardavan, Arsakid King of Persia, i. 286

Ardos, Mt., Lake Van, ii. 123, 126, 135, 137, 279

Arenjik, Kurdish village on the slope of Kolibaba, ii. 348

Arghana, town in Mesopotamia, ii. 388, 396

Argistis I., Vannic King, ii. 61, 73

Argistis II., Vannic King, ii. 75.
Inscription of, at Hargin, ii. 29

Arjish, ruins of (Lake Van) some miles south-west of Akantz, ii. 26 seq.
The site to be distinguished from an earlier Arjish, 27 seq. and 71.
Deserted by its inhabitants owing to rise in level of the lake, 30.
Was known to Marco Polo as one of the greatest cities of Armenia, 29

Armavir, ruins of, i. 318, 319, ii. 61, 71, 73–74, 76

Armenak, son or grandson of Hayk, progenitor of the Armenians, i. 318

Armenia, natural boundaries of, i. 428–35, ii. 231 note 1, 235–236, 244, 386–390, 394.
Its connection with the system of the great Asiatic tablelands, i. 421–428.
Geology of, i. 428, ii. 402–404, and passim in the narrative of the journeys.
Characteristics of, i. 52, 86, 428, 429, 436–439, 449, ii. 235–236, 244, 382, 400, 405–407.
It is naturally divided into two parts by the Ararat system—a north-easterly and a south-westerly, i. 409, 435–436, ii. 384.
Limits and characteristics of north-easterly or Russian Armenia, i. 436–445;
area, 445;
Pop. 451.
Do. of south-westerly or Turkish or Tauric Armenia, ii. 386–394, 397–406;
area, 407;
pop., 412–414.
Communications with Armenia, i. 7, 39, 431, 432, 433 note, 437, ii. 89, 148, 203, 205, 225, 239, 240 note, 382, 388, 390, 396.
Routes and communications in Armenia passim in the narrative of the journeys and i. 146, ii. 393

Armenia, history of, seems to fall naturally into four periods,
(I.) the pre-Armenian period, with an obscure interval preceding the rise of the Arsakid dynasty, i. 285–286, ii. 70 and 53–76;
(II.) the Arsakid period, with an interval preceding the evolution of the petty Armenian dynasties of the Middle Ages, i. 286–312;
(III.) the Armenian Kingdom of the Middle Ages, i. 335–364, 391, and
(IV.) a long sleep, dating from the overthrow of that kingdom by hordes of Seljuk Turks towards the close of the 11th century to the advent of the modern epoch, i. 364–367.
Impressive part played in the history of these countries by the Roman Empire of the East, i. 34.
Scanty knowledge of Armenia displayed by Greek and Roman writers, ii. 40
Local Mussulman dynasties have flourished in most of the great Armenian centres, notably Akhlat, q.v. and i. 366.
Mussulman art is well represented by the ruins of the Ulu Jami at Van, ii. 106, and by the mausolea at Akhlat, q.v.
Modern history of, i. 446, 458; 66, 67, 89, 96 seq., 124, 125, 210, 232 seq., 393, 396–399; ii. 78, 148, 149, 204, 205, 223, and see Armenian Movement

Armenian alphabet, i. 312 note

Armenian Church, history of, i. 276–314, and cp. 264.
Ripsimian legend, 256–261.
Differences with the Greek and with the Roman Churches, 313–314 and note 1, 352, 363.
Contemporary importance of the A.C., 231
Hierarchy and Government of the Church:
The katholikos at Edgmiatsin the supreme head, i. 231, 276 (and see 298–300).
Elective character of his office, 231, 233 note 2.
The synod at Edgmiatsin, its antiquity and functions, 234, 235, 218, 220;
revived by the Russian Govt. and provided with a Russian procurator, 234.
The Tsar appoints its members, 235.
Fetters placed upon the katholikos by the Russian Govt., 235.
The Regulating Statute or Polojenye, 233–236.
The twelve bishops at Edgmiatsin, 253.
The bishops, monks (vardapets) and parish priests, 274, 275, and 233 note 2.
The A.C. represents a compromise between opposite principles in the organisation of Christianity, 276 and 307.
Power of the laity, 276; ii. 213.
The patriarch of Constantinople, ii. Appendix I.;
his relations to the katholikos, i. 276.
Regulation of the Armenian Church in Turkey, ii. Appendix I.
Need of reforms in the A.C., i. 469, ii. 93.
Reforming spirit of the present régime at Edgmiatsin, i. 274

Armenian architecture, i. 63, 131, 262–272, 323, 369–390, 407, ii. 34, 101–102 (the log churches of Van), 106, 107, 114, 115, 131–133, 155, 179, 188, 233, 271.
Love of building among the Armenians at all periods, i. 127, 265, 344.
Their architecture exhibits capacities of the first order, i. 391.
Characteristics of the style, i. 390.
The conical dome, i. 63.
Function of the niche, i. 269.
Possible traces of Assyrian influences, ii. 65, 132.
Their churches exhibit the coupled pier, wand-like pillar and pointed arch at least as early as the commencement of the 11th century, i. 372.
Influence upon them of Mussulman art, i. 391;
their influence upon Mussulman art, ii. 294.
Instance of conveying stone from a great distance, ii. 131 note 2

Armenian language, its harshness to the ear, i. 450, ii. 33, 236

Armenian music, i. 250, 254, 255

Armenian Movement, i. 239–242; ii. 83–87, 157–159, 408, 420–423, 428–429, 432.
The talk about a modern Armenian Kingdom examined, i. 468, ii. 435

Armenian Constitution (in Turkey), ii. 436, and Appendix I.

Armenian law, i. 367

Armenians, The, their capacities and character, i. 255, 314, 391, 465–468.
Fidelity of Armenian women under trying circumstances, ii. 92.
The assistance the A.’s have rendered to the Russian advance, i. 233.
Their disillusionment, ibid.
Will they ultimately enter the Russian Orthodox Church? i. 463.
Their position in Turkey, see under Armenian Movement references to vol. ii.
Ethnology of the Armenians, ii. 67, 390.
They have probably received at various epochs an admixture of Semitic blood, ii. 70, i. 237, 299, 305, ii. 77, 99

Armutli, village near the Araxes, i. 440, 443

Aron-Magistros, General of the Empress Zoe, i. 373

Arpa Chai (Akhurean), i. 119, 121, 442; 122, 131, 327, 328, 363, 367, 368, 376, 377, 381, 386, 389, 453;
confluence with the Araxes, 319

Arpa Göl, i. 439

Arshak, King of the Arsakid dynasty, i. 304, 305, 307, 309

Arshakavan, a city of refuge founded by Arshak, i. 308

Arsissa, Areesa, name by which Lake Van was known to Ptolemy, ii. 27, 42.
See also Van, Lake

Artaxata, ancient Armenian city in the district of Ararat, i. 201; 258, 259, 271, 287 note 3, 288, 293, 294, 304, 305

Artemid (Atramit, Artamit), a village on Lake Van, ii. 119–121; 36, 42, 135.
Researches at made by Schulz, ii. 120 note 1

Arter, Islet of, Lake Van, ii. 135

Artsruni, The, ancient Armenian family of princely rank claiming descent from a king of Assyria, i. 336, ii. 429.
Their vast possessions in Vaspurakan (Van) during the decline of the caliphate, i. 336.
Their territory overrun and their prince captured by the Arab armies, 338.
Their attitude towards the Bagratuni family, raised to royal rank under Ashot, i. 342, 343, 345, 346.
Their prince, Gagik, obtains a royal crown from the Arab governor of Azerbaijan, 345, and allies himself with the Mussulmans against the Bagratids, 346.
But the alliance is broken, 348, and better relations with the Bagratids ensue, 349.
Gagik is crowned by order of the caliph, ibid.
Divergence of policy towards him on the part of the governor of Azerbaijan and of the caliph, 349.
His territories overrun by the former, 350.
Visited by John Katholikos, ibid.
The Artsruni furnish one of the three kinglets of Armenia under Ashot III., 354.
Their country experiences the first shocks of the Seljuk invasions, 356, 357, 359, and their king, Senekerim, bargains away his kingdom to the Byzantine emperor, Basil II., in return for a retreat in the Greek Empire, 357.
Extent of the ceded dominions, ibid.
Significance of the event, 359, ii. 77–78

Artsruni, Thomas, historian, i. 340 note 1; ii. 131 note 2

Artsruni, ——, his ascent of Little Ararat, i. 199

Artvin, town and valley of, i. 430, 443

Artze (Artsn, Arzen, Erzen), unfortified town in the vicinity of Erzerum, ii. 223;
may have been called Artze of Rum to distinguish it from an Artze in Southern Kurdistan, ibid. note 6.
Sacked by the Seljuks in 1049, i. 358

Arzanene (Arrhene), a country comprised in the present vilayet of Diarbekr, ii. 41

Arzasku, site unknown, capital of Arame, king of Urardhu, ii. 59

Arzen, see Artze

Arzian Dagh, Northern Armenia, i. 441

Asbeleff, M., i. 54

Ashakh Dagh, Ararat system, ii. 384

Ashkala, Mohammedan village on the banks of the Euphrates, ii. 226, 228

Ashkala Plain, special features of, ii. 228–229

Ashkhen, queen of Armenia, i. 261

Ashot I., king of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 339 seq.

Ashot II., king of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 347 seq.

Ashot III., king of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 353 seq.;
his tomb at Khosha Vank, 389, 390

Ashot IV., king of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 355 seq.

Ashtarak, a township near Erivan, i. 139, 140, 141, 142

Asia, structural features of, i. ch. xxi. and map

Asoghik, Armenian historian, i. 382, 390

Aspinja, Mohammedan village on the Upper Kur, i. 74, 75;
discontent of the inhabitants, ibid.; 66 note 1

Astishat (District of Mush), place famous for its temples in pagan times, i. 295.
The temples destroyed by St. Gregory, ibid., who erects the first Christian church in Armenia upon the site, 296.
Site of Astishat identified with that of the present cloister of Surb Karapet, 296 note 2

Astrakhan, diocese of the Armenian Church, i. 233 note 2;
emigration of Armenians to, 367

Astvatsadur, katholikos, i. 262, 264 note 5, 268

Atabegs, governors of Upper Georgia, i. 62;
they became independent kings of Georgia, and were suppressed at a late date by the Ottoman Turks, ibid.

Atanon village, near Lake Van, ii. 123

Aternerseh, Bagratid prince of Georgia, i. 341, 343, 344, 345

Athenogenes, Christian Saint, whose bones were obtained as holy relics by St. Gregory, i. 295 and note 3

Athenogenes, son of Yusik and father of Nerses the Great, i. 303, 306

Aurelian, Roman Emperor, i. 281, 289 note 2

Avdi, village between Karakilisa and Tutakh, ii. 13

Avrin Dagh, Persian frontier, ii. 386

Ayubids, dynasty of Kurdish extraction in Mesopotamia, descendants of Saladin, ii. 211, 295

Azat, village in district of Kars, i. 409

Azerbaijan, frontier province of Persia on the side of Armenia.
Nature of the frontier, i. 428, 440.
Geology of, ii. 389.
Governed by semi-independent Arab governors during the decline of the caliphate, whose relations with the kinglets of Armenia occupy a prominent place in Armenian mediæval history, i. 341 seq.
See Afshin, Yusuf.
Exodus of the Armenian inhabitants upon its evacuation by the Russian armies in 1828, ii. 206.
Its Armenian pop. at the present day, ii. 428.
A diocese of the Armenian Church, i. 233 note 2

Baba, Cape, Black Sea, i. 2

Bafra, port on the Black Sea, i. 4

Bagaran, in the province of Ararat, i. 296, 324;
the capital of Ashot I., 340, 350

Bagdad, village, Kutais district, i. 48, 49

Baghdasareantz, Sembat, member of the Society of Evangelical preachers in Shusha, i. 98, 102, 104

Baghmesheh, Bay of, Lake Van, ii. 138

Bagrat-Magistros, governor-general of the eastern provinces, i. 373

Bagratuni or Bagratids, ancient Armenian family of princely rank giving kings to Armenia as well as to Georgia during the Middle Ages, i. 337.
See Armenia, History of, III.
Their Jewish origin, 337.
Their hereditary seats, ibid.

Baiburt, town in the valley of the Chorokh, i. 432, ii. 233, 244, 382

Baiburt, plain of, ii. 402

Baïndir, Karapapakh settlement on the Murad near Tutakh, ii. 267

Baker, G. P., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Baku, on the Caspian, i. 226, 449;
Govt. of, i. 447, 449

Balakhor Valley, ii. 234

Baliki or Beleke, tribe in Kurdistan, ii. 430

Balük, Lake, district of Ararat, ii. 7, 384, 385, 386

Baralet, village, district of Shubaret, i. 86

Bartholomew, Saint, i. 277, 279

Bash Abaran, Armenian village, Alagöz district, i. 137

Bashit Dagh, Taurus range, ii. 388

Basil II., Byzantine emperor, intervenes in Armenian affairs, i. 360 and makes an armed peregrination of the country, ibid.
Again marches into the territories of the Armenian kinglets, ibid. and 361.
Inherits the principality of Akhaltsykh, 360, and is named heir to the dominions of the king of Armenia, 361.
Takes over the dominions of the Artsruni family, 357.
His forward policy in Armenia, 361.
Dies before its completion, ibid.

Basil, Saint, of Cæsarea, i. 307, 310; 275

Bashkala, Jews at, ii. 80 note

Bashkent, village of, ii. 185

Bashkent, plain of, ii. 185 and note

Baskan, village, Bingöl district, ii. 182, 360

Basle, Evangelical Mission, see Missions

Bastok, Kurdish village, Bingöl district, ii. 379

Batum, i. 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 226, 236, 430, 432, 455

Bayaz Tuzla, village, Bingöl district, ii. 260

Bayazid, town near Ararat, i. 37, 160, 321, 435;
Kurds and Karapapakhs in the district, ii. 11, 14 note, 416.
Pop. of the sanjak, 413

Bayindar Bey, tomb at Akhlat, ii. 293, 294;
probably a chieftain of the Turkoman horde of the White Sheep, 296

Behagel, von, companion of Parrot, i. 184, 185, 321, notes

Bejano (Kestano), village on plain of Akhalkalaki, i. 87 note 1

Bejeshkean, Father Minas, i. 32 note 1, 33, 367 note 1

Beka, atabeg, i. 63

Bekant, village of, i. 437

Belck, Dr., i. 197–272, ii. 28, 44, 51, 56 seq.; i. 183, ii. 47, 121, 122, notes

Bendimahi Chai, Lake Van, ii. 38, 44, 50

Beni-Cheddad, Mussulman family belonging to the Kurdish clan of Rewadi, establish a dynasty in Karabagh during the decline of the caliphate, i. 362, 364, 365 note 1, 382.
Become possessed of the Armenian capital, Ani, in A.D. 1072, i. 365.
Lords of Ani until towards the close of the 12th century, ibid., and 366, 371 note 1.
See Abulsevar, Fathlun, Manuchar

Berkri, town near Lake Van, i. 358, ii. 29 note 4

Berlin, Congress and Treaty of, i. 238, 241, ii. 205, 409 note, 410–411

Besh Parmak Mts., Lake Van, ii. 23

Bessarabia, a diocese of the Armenian Church, i. 233 note 2

Bessarion, Cardinal, his account of Trebizond, i. 19

Beth Lapat, Synod of, at which the old Christian church of Persia adopted the Nestorian confession, i. 313

Biaina, territory of which Dhuspas (Van) was the capital, ii. 57

Bilejan Dagh, ii. 257, 258, 269, 309, 311, 333, 343, 347, 351, 372, 397, 401

Bingöl Dagh (mountain of the thousand tarns) or Bingöl Koch (caldron of the thousand tarns), parent mountain of the Araxes and of the principal tributaries of the Euphrates, ii. 182;
seen from the highlands above the village of Kulli, 190;
from the Palandöken Pass, 247;
from Tekman, 247, 251, 252, 253;
from Khinis, 254, 255, 257;
from Kartevin Dagh, 269;
from Sipan, 333, 337;
from Nimrud, 311;
from Khamur, 351.
Description of the mountain, 363–377, 389.
Ascent of, 363;
altitude, 364, 366, 367;
names given to the three principal elevations, 364, 365, that of Demir-Kala being slightly the highest, 182.
View from the summit, 372–374.
Traces of ice action on the Bingöl Dagh, 369, 370.
Flora, 361, 362, 369.
Our discovery of a cuneiform inscription, 373.
Inspiring surroundings, 361.
Plans, 366, 378

Bingöl Plateau, ii. 122, 182 185, 188, 189, 374, 398, 399.
The stupendous cliffs by which it breaks away on the south, ii. 182, 358, 359, 360 (Fig. 192), 361, 371

Bingöl Su, name given to several rivers in Central Armenia, notably
1. the Upper Araxes, ii. 190, 191,
2. a considerable tributary of the Murad or Eastern Euphrates flowing through the plain of Khinis and effecting the confluence in Bulanik, ii. 253, 257;
the confluence visited, 346; 373, and
3. a second tributary to the Murad, coming in near Charbahur, ii. 182, 183, 354, 358, 360, 362

Birmalek, Tartar settlement, Alagöz district, i. 325, 326

Bitanu or Bitani in the Assyrian inscriptions may be Biaina, ii. 57, and ibid. note 4

Bitlis, town on the borders of Armenia and Kurdistan, visited and described, ii. 145–157; 51.
Elevation above sea level, 147.
Solidity of the buildings, ibid.
Importance of the situation, 148.
History, 148–151.
Greek coins found in the vicinity, 150.
Pop., 151, 413.
Industries, 151.
The tunnel of Semiramis in the neighbourhood, 156 and Fig. 148.
Political unrest at Bitlis, 85, 157–159, 318, 431.
Plan, 147.
View of, 145

Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus, Euxine) and southern seaboard, i. 1–36, 37, 38, 41–43, 432, ii. 225, 236, 237–240, 382.
Closed to European commerce by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century, i. 36.
Its free navigation secured by the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829, ibid.
Commencement of steam navigation in 1836, ibid.

Blagodarnoe, Molokan village, district of Kars, i. 403.

Bogdanovka, a Russian settlement on the plain of Akhalkalaki, i. 105; ii 86, 115, 118

Bohtan Su, tributary of the Tigris, ii. 395; 57 note 4

Bor, Armenian village near Bitlis, ii. 143

Bor, Pass of, ii. 143

Borchala, Valley of the, i. 40 note

Borchali, Ouezde, i. 430, 453

Boré, Eugène, i. 348, ii. 153; i. 281, 367 notes

Borjom, Gorge of, i. 39, 430, 443

Boyajean, Armenian revolutionary, ii. 431

Boyajean, Consul, ii. 413

Boz Tepe (Mt. Mithros), i. 9, 12, 13, 32, ii. 238

Brant, Consul James, ii. 44, 79, 151, 173, 182, 206, 440; i. 406, ii. 121, 165, 187, 190, 195, 197, 283, 287, 313, 339, notes

Brosset, M. F., i. 63, 64, 65, 71, 370–380, 382–385, 387–390, 407; 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 132, 183, 266, 270, 271, 272, 338, 354, 366, notes

Bryce, Rt. Hon. J., his ascent of Mt. Ararat, i. 166, 197, 199.
His description of the valley of the Araxes, 146

Buga Tepe (Kars district), i. 394

Bugutu, Crag of, Alagöz, i. 321, 325

Bulama, Lake, see Gop, Lake

Bulanik, district of, ii. 344, 394, 404, 345, 351, 401, 424, 425

Burnu Bulakh, Kurdish village near Köshk, ii. 18

Butyka, Dr., ii. 49

Buwayhids, Turkish dynasty, i. 353

Buyuk Chai (Erishat), Lake Van, ii. 24

Caffa, port on the Black Sea, i. 36

Canning, Stratford, British ambassador, his correspondence with Consul Brant, ii. 440

Canterbury, Archbishop of, i. 102;
his Mission to the Assyrian Christians, ibid.

Carrière, Prof., i. 278 note

Caucasus Mts., connection of the range with the structural system of Asia, i. 425.
Joined by the Meschic Mts. to the Armenian border chain, 425, 433; 40, 70.
Viewed from the Zikar Pass, 52;
from the summit of Abul, 95;
from Ararat, 198.
Height of the snow-line on, 198 note 2

Chabakchur, plain of, ii. 387, 392

Chaghelik, Kurdish hamlet, Bingöl district, ii. 360

Chakhar Dagh, i. 436

Chalcedon, Council of, i. 312, 313, 348

Chaldæans, name under which the Chaldians, or remnant of the subjects of the old Vannic kings inhabiting the northern peripheral mountains of Armenia, are sometimes alluded to by classical authors, ii. 68, 69

Chaldæans, name sometimes given to the Assyrian Christians inhabiting the recesses of Kurdistan, ii. 69, 70.
Their supposed origin, ibid.
Relations of the English Church with them, i. 102.
Their incidence in Armenia, 451. ii. 80 note

Chaldees, ii. 70 and note 1

Chaldia, see Khaldians

Chaldians, see Khaldians

Chaldir Mts. (Northern Armenia), i. 105, 119, 121, 123, 438, 441

Chaldir, Lake of, i. 439, 443.
How formed, ii. 404

Chaldiran, district in central Armenia, i. 435, ii. 421

Chamar Dagh, i. 431

Chambers, Rev. W. N. and Mrs., American missionaries in Erzerum, ii. 217, 256

Chamchean, Father M. (Chamich), i. 339 note

Changalli, name sometimes given to the cloister of Surb Karapet (Mush district), q.v.

Changly, village, i. 416 note

Chantre, M. and Mme., i. 167, 195 note 1, 199, 434 note

Charbahur, Circassian village near the slopes of the Khamur heights, ii. 353

Charbahur Tepe, Circassian village, ii. 354

Chardaklu Dagh, Tauric Armenia, ii. 386

Chardin, J., i. 209, 211, 256 note, 262, 267

Charshembeh, town in the delta of the Iris, i. 4

Chat, Kurdish village, Alashkert district, ii. 1

Chaurma village, Tekman district, ii. 249

Chavarchan (Ardaz), ancient canton, i. 277 note 2

Chawir, see Abulsevar

Chembek Dagh, Taurus Range, ii. 389

Cheremetieff, General, his reclamations in the valley of the Araxes, i. 226

Chermaly, Armenian village and posting station (Kars-Kagyzman), i. 412

Chernomorsk, Govt. of, i. 447

Chesney, F. R., expeditions of, ii. 440

Chevelik, village, ii. 392

Chevermeh, Armenian village, Khinis district, ii. 256

Chibukh-Naryn-Bashi Dagh, i. 441

Chonchal, lake, i. 105, 106

Chonchal, river, i. 105

Chorzene, name by which district of Kars was known to Strabo, i. 395

Chorokh river, i. 41, 62, 337, 358, 430, 431, 436, 437, 442, 453, ii. 68 note 3, 203, 232, 386–387, 402, 406

Chorsa, see Kars

Chosroes, Arsakid king of Armenia, i. 286–288

Chosroes the Little, Arsakid king of Armenia, i. 301 note, 302

Chunak, pseudo-katholikos, i. 309, 310

Cilicia, mountainous district of Asia Minor. After the Seljuk conquest of Armenia some Armenian emigrants founded a kingdom in these mountains, i. 367,
which endured for almost 300 years, ibid.
These colonists resisted the spiritual guidance of the Roman popes, ibid.;
but as friends of the Crusaders they were at length overwhelmed by the Turks, ibid.
Their descendants still maintain themselves in the district, ibid., and ii. 427.
Status of the katholikos of Sis, i. 276

Circassians, immigrants into Turkish Armenia, ii. 340, 341.
List of their villages, 340.
Characteristics, ii. 331, 332, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359

Clayton, Major, British Consul at Van, ii. 62, 313, 388

Cole, Mr. R. M., American missionary at Bitlis, ii. 154

Comneni, distinguished Greek family, perhaps of Italian origin, i. 35;
called to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, ibid.;
their tragic overthrow, ibid.;
furnish a line of emperors of the Black Sea coasts, ibid.
See Grand-Comneni

Constantine the Great, Byzantine Emperor, i. 293 note 1, 300

Constantine V., Byzantine Emperor, ii. 222

Constantine VII., Porphyrogenitus, Byzantine Emperor, i. 336 note, 352, ii. 223

Constantine X., Monomachus, Byzantine Emperor, i. 353, 362, 363

Constantine XI., Dukas, Byzantine Emperor, i. 373

Constantinople, Council of, i. 312 note

Constantinople, Armenian Patriarchate of, ii. 450 seq.

Conybeare, Mr. F. C., i. 280, 281, 283, 407; 277, 279, 284, 285, 301, 312 notes

Cossacks, i. 158 seq., 401–403

Crimea, emigration of Armenians to, i. 367

Cuinet, Vital, ii. 25; 26, 79, 139, 152, notes

Cuneiform inscriptions, their widespread occurrence in Armenia, ii. 53, 56, 61.
Difficulties attending their decipherment, 54–56.
The ancient civilisation which they disclose, 56–76.
The inscriptions on the rock of Van, 108–110.
Inscription of Choban or Meher Kapusi near Van, 112 and Fig. 134.
Inscription at Akhtamar, 133;
do. at Melazkert, 275 note 2;
on the Bingöl Dagh, 373, 73;
at Palu, 392

Cyprus Convention, ii. 409

Dadian Dagh, ii. 386

Daghestan, i. 447

Dalmatian, Armenian equivalent for Latin, i. 300 note 2

Daly Dagh, peak of the Gori Mokri, i. 434

Damadean, notorious Armenian revolutionary, ii. 157–159; 172; 431

Daniel, Syrian philosopher, i. 312 note 1

Daniel the Syrian, katholikos, i. 299 note 1

Daniel, monk of Tigranocerta, i. 388

Daniel Vardapet, of Varag, ii. 113

Darachichak, summer resort near Erivan, i. 139, 143, 445

David II., king of Georgia, i. 365

David, Prince of Akhaltsykh country, i. 355, 360

David, Prince of Van, i. 356

Dedeveren, Kurd village, Khinis plain, ii. 256

Deir, town in valley of the Great Zab, i. 277 note 2

Deïrmen Dere, valley of the ancient Pyxitis river in the Pontic region near Trebizond, ii. 238; i. 8, 9, 22

Delijan, posting station, Northern Armenia, i. 40

Demian, Pass of, ii. 277

Demian, village of Hasananli Kurds above the plain of Melazkert, ii. 277, 342.
Mileage to Melazkert and Akhlat, 277 note

Demir Kala, see Bingöl Dagh

Dersim, The, country and administrative division belonging to western Armenia, ii. 388, 389, 390, 393.
Pop., 413, 416.
Its Kizilbash inhabitants, 418

Deveh Boyun, Camel’s Neck, volcanic ridge dividing the plains of Pasin and Erzerum, ii. 194, 196, 227.
Strategical importance to Erzerum, 201, 245;
fortifications on the ridge, ibid.

Dhuspas, ancient name for city of Van, q.v.

Diadin, town on the Upper Murad, i. 272, 297 note. ii. 406

Diarbekr, city on the lowlands of Mesopotamia, i. 359 et passim;
device of double-headed eagle there, ii. 211 note 3;
communications with Kharput and Erzerum, 388, 396;
with Bitlis, 148

Dignuk, village on the Murad near Melazkert, ii. 276, 265

Dimitri, king of Georgia and lord of Ani, i. 365

Diocletian, Roman Emperor, i. 256, 293, 295 note 3, 300

Dittrich, Protestant missionary, i. 98, 99

Diyadin, Armenian village, Bingöl district, ii. 182

Dochus Punar, radial volcanic mountain system in Northern Armenia, i. 73, 94, 438, 440, 441, 443

Dodan, Armenian village, Bingöl district, ii. 182, 358, 360; 180 note 2

Dodan Chai, see Bingöl Su

Dombat, village of Kizilbash Kurds on Upper Murad, ii. 10, 12

Dosp, see Van

Dubois de Montpéreux, i. 62, 64, 71, 75–84, 183, 185, 203, 216–218, 264, 267, 269, 318, 319, 327; 66, 67, 201, 230, 261, notes

Dukhobortsy or Dukhoborians, Russian sectaries settled in Armenia, i. 96, 102–104.
Their settlements visited, i. 105–111.
Character of their religion, 103, 111–112.
Feud arises among their communities, 112–113.
A considerable party resolve to defy the Government, 113, 114.
Govt. retaliates with savage cruelty, 114–116.
Large numbers emigrate to British territory, first to Cyprus and then to Canada, 116.
Reflections, 116, 117, 120.
See also 456, 457

Dümlü Dagh, source of the Western Euphrates, i. 431, ii. 209 and note 2, 406

Duzyurt, Kurdish village, Tekman district, ii. 249, 381

Dvin (Tovin), ancient Armenian city in Ararat district, i. 201 note 1;
the seat of the katholikos transferred to, i. 264 note 5, 265;
its importance in the Middle Ages, 338, 342, 346, 364, 365, 382

Dvin, Council of, i. 284, 301 note 1

“Eagle of Vaspurakan,” newspaper founded by the Katholikos Mekertich Khrimean, i. 240

Ebeling, Herr, his ascent of Little Ararat, i. 199

Edessa (Urfa), town in Mesopotamia, i. 277 note 2, 279, 306

Edgmiatsin (Vagharshapat, q.v.), Armenian monastery and town in the district of Ararat, visited and described, i. 228–276, 453.
Sometimes called by Armenian writers Nor-Kaghak; origin of this name, 287 note 3.
Known as Uch Kilisa in Mussulman times, 256.
Tradition that the cathedrals and chapels occupy a site of great sanctity in pagan times, ibid. note 2.
Ripsimian legend attributes the origin of the cathedral to a direct mandate of Jesus Christ, 256–261.
The legend examined, 311.
Academy, see under Education.
Plan, 244.

Education, (I.) Russian provinces. The Russian State schools and the Armenian Church schools: their status and regulation, i. 218–220, 273, ii. 97.
The two systems contrasted, i. 220–222.
The Armenian system culminates in the Academy at Edgmiatsin, 272–274.
Several Russian State schools visited and described: at Akhaltsykh, i. 68;
at Akhalkalaki, i. 90;
at Alexandropol, i. 129;
at Erivan, i. 221–224;
at Kars, i. 408;
in villages, i. 203, 316, 332.
The Russian solution of the religious difficulty, 223–224. Armenian schools: at Akhaltsykh, i. 68;
at Akhalkalaki, i. 90;
at Alexandropol, i. 129;
at Erivan, 221;
at Kars, i. 408;
in villages, i. 140, 203, 325.
The teachers are as a rule laymen.

(II.) Turkish provinces. The Turkish State schools and the Armenian Church schools: their status and regulation, ii. 96, 97, 99, 100, 215.
Much greater latitude allowed in Turkey to the Armenian schools, 97;
but Russian methods are creeping in, ibid. and 100.
The two systems contrasted, 101.
The Armenian teachers are laymen and belong as a rule to a high class in society, 97. Turkish State schools visited and described: at Van, ii. 100–101;
at Bitlis, ii. 152 and note 1;
at Mush the school is in abeyance, ii. 170;
at Khinis, ii. 186;
at Erzerum, ii. 217. Armenian schools: at Van, ii. 96–99,
and private schools, ibid.;
at Bitlis, ii. 152;
at Mush the schools are closed;
at Erzerum, 216–217,
and Sanasarean School, 213–216, 97.
In villages they are for the most part closed, cp. ii. 165.
Rigorous Turkish censorship over foreign literature, ii. 95, 180. American Mission schools, culminate in Armenia College at Kharput, ii. 391.
Visited in various centres ii. 94–95, 154, 217, 256. Armenian Catholic schools, ii. 153, 217

Efremovka, Russian settlement and posting-station in northern Armenia, i. 118, 119

Egin, town on W. Euphrates, i. 449, ii. 386, 390

Eleazar, katholikos, i. 262, 263, 270

Elizabetpol (Gandzak), i. 364, 365

Elizabetpol, Govt. of, i. 447, 449; 97, 103 note, 113, 114, 115, 447, 449, 455

Elliot, Capt., British Consul at Van, ii. 304, 314

Elmali Dere or Vale of Apple Trees, district between Khinis and Tutakh, ii. 263, 399

Elmali Dere, Lake Van, ii. 142

Emlekli Dagh, Gori Mokri, i. 434

Enghil Su, Lake Van, see Anguil Su

Enzakh, Armenian hamlet, Lake Van, ii. 137

Ephesus, Council of, i. 312 note, 314 note

Ephraim, katholikos, i. 264 note 5

Erazgavors, town in Shirak, residence of Sembat I., i. 341, 345

Erimenas, Vannic king, known only from an inscription on a shield found at Toprak Kala, ii. 66, 75

Erishat River (Irshat), Lake Van, ii. 24, 44

Erivan, the town of gardens, visited and described, i. 142, 143–146, 153, 206–227, 229, 427, ii. 404.
Derivation of the name and history, i. 209–210, 446.
Industries, 226.
Material prosperity of the Armenian inhabitants, 225, 467;
yet there does not exist a single bookseller’s shop, 225.
Pop. of the town, 209;
of the province, 447, 451.
Schools, see under Education.
View of from the north, Fig. 42, p. 208

Erkizan, quarter of Akhlat, ii. 45, 284

Erovant, Armenian Arsakid king, 1st cent., i. 209

Ertev, village, Pasin district, ii. 193

Ervandakert, ancient Armenian fortress on the Arpa Chai, i. 319, 324

Ervandashat, ancient Armenian city on the Arpa Chai, i. 319, 324

Erzen, see Artze

Erzerum (Karin, Karnoy Kaghak, Theodosiopolis), fortress and capital in Turkish Armenia, visited and described, ii. 198–224, 244, 245.
Derivation of the name, 223.
History, 221–224, 204–205.
Climate, 208 and cp. i. 107 note, 427.
Trade, ii. 205–207, i. 32;
pop. of the town, ii. 206–207, and cp. i. 67, 128;
of the province, ii. 413.
Schools, see under Education.
View of from the south, Fig. 164, p. 207,
from the north, Fig. 165, p. 208.
Mileage to Khinis, 174 note;
to Trebizond, 225, 240.
Route to Rizeh, 382, i. 431,
and to Olti, ibid.
Suggestions for railway communication, ii. 206, 382

Erzerum, plain of, area and elevation, ii. 209.
Connection with other Armenian plains, i. 146, ii. 401

Erzinjan, ancient Armenian town and Turkish military station on the Western Euphrates, i. 348 note, 431, 432, ii. 204, 227, 228, 234, 386, 390, 404, 413, 418.
Statue of the goddess Anahid at E. destroyed by St. Gregory, i. 294

Eugenius, Saint, of Trebizond, i. 36

Euphrates, Western (Kara Su, Frat), its sources in the Dümlü Dagh, i. 431, ii. 209, 401;
fed by the Central Tableland, ii. 398;
its course through Armenia, i. 146, ii. 201, 203, 222, 227, 228 and note, 230, 404, 406;
its valley apportioned to the Roman Empire, i. 306

Euphrates, Eastern (Murad), its sources and principal affluents, ii. 406; 373, 398;
course through Armenia, i. 420, ii. 2, 9, 10, 12–15, 264–273, 277, 342, 343, 346–355; 183, 175, 177;
the ancient Arsanias, ii. 41.
Tiridates and his people baptized on the banks of, i. 296

Eusebius, Bishop of Nicomedia, i. 300

Eyerli Dagh, Erzerum, ii. 202, 245, 381, 398

Eyub Pasha, Kurd Hamidiyeh, ii. 5

Eznik, i. 301 note 1

Ezra, katholikos, i. 270

Fadéeff, General, Governor of Kars, i. 399, 400, 403, 417

Fallmerayer, J. P., historian of Trebizond, i. 33, 34, 19

Fars (Shiraz, Persepolis), i. 286, 287, 340 note 5

Fath Ali, Shah of Persia, i. 217

Fathlun I., Beni-Cheddad, i. 365

Fathlun II., i. 365

Faustus of Byzantium, i. 291 note 1, 303, 311

Feodoroff, companion of Parrot, i. 198 note 1

Fergusson, J., History of Architecture, i. 263, 368, 372 note

Fethulla Bey, chieftain of Hasananli Kurds, ii. 276

Finlay, G., History of Trebizond, i. 33, 34

Flora and fauna. The flora in Armenia is as a rule composed of the species familiar to the traveller in Europe, ii. 246, 248; 208, 253, 256, 265, 268, 269, 303.
It is perhaps most remarkable on the sandy slopes of Ararat, i. 190, 191,
as also on the higher seams, i. 181.
The great mountain masses appear to have their distinctive flowers, ii. 362, and see Bingöl, Nimrud, Sipan.
Wealth and variety of the flora in the regions bordering Armenia on the side of the Black Sea, i. 18, 51, 432, ii. 236, 239, 241, 242, 382

Of big game there is little, ii. 302, 304, 339;
but partridges are found in abundance on the mountains, i. 161, 181;
and the plain of Alashkert is a nursery of wild fowl, ii. 3, 9.
Wild geese are frequent on the rivers, ii. 346,
and pelicans on some of the lakes, 323, 344.
The Nimrud crater is a nursery for all kinds of butterflies, ii. 303.
Remarkable about Lake Van are the rollers (coracias garrulus), ii. 280.
Lizards dart among the rocks, i. 74

Forests, scarcity of in Armenia and causes, ii. 405

Fraser, Miss, member of the American Mission in Van, ii. 92

Frat river, see Euphrates, Western

Frese, General, Governor of Erivan, i. 143, 226, 246, 248, 253

Freshfield, Mr. D. W., i. 198 note

Gagik, Kinglet of Van (Artsruni) and rival of King Sembat I., Bagratid dynasty, i. 345, 346, 348, 349, 350.
Builds the church at Akhtamar, ii. 131 note 2

Gagik I., Shahanshah, King of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 354–355, 360, 373, 382, 383

Gagik II., King of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 362

Galerius, Roman Emperor, i. 300

Galicia, emigration of Armenians to, i. 367

Gandzak, see Elizabetpol

Ganibuk, village, Khamur district, ii. 348

Garchigan, district and caza, Lake Van, ii. 138, 139

Gargalik, village of Sipkanli Kurds on the Murad, ii. 267

Garni, ruined town, village and river, district of Ararat, i. 201, 264

Garni Chai, Mush, ii. 166, 170, 175

Garuts, see Kars