Rustav, posting station, i. 74

Rzewuski, Col., i. 400

Sach, village in the Güzel Dere near Bitlis, ii. 143;
spring near, 45

Sachtleben, W. L., see Allen, T. G.

Safar, monastery of, Akhaltsykh district, visited and described, i. 61–64, 73

Saffarids, The, petty Mussulman dynasty in Fars and Seistan, i. 340

Safi, Shah, of Persia, takes Erivan, i. 211

Sahak the Great, see Isaac the Great

St. Jacob’s Well, Mt. Ararat, i. 194, 195

St. Jacob’s monastery, i. 184

Saint Martin, J. A., ii. 54, 55

Sajids, Mussulman family ruling in Azerbaijan during the decline of the Caliphate, i. 352, see Afshin, Yusuf

Sakulaperdi Dagh, Northern Armenia, i. 431, 432, 438, 441

Salt deposits, in Armenia, Persia and Turkey, i. 428

Salvarty Dagh, Karabagh border, i. 434

Samsar Dagh, Northern Armenia, i. 95, 434, see Abul-Samsar

Samsar River, tributary of Toporovan River, i. 87

Samsun, town and bay of, i. 3, 4

Samuel of Ani, Armenian historian, i. 352–366, 370 note, 373, 382, 407 note

Sanatruk, son of Abgar, kine of Edessa, i. 277 note 2, 278

Sanasar, son of Sennacherib, ii. 429, 430 note 1

Sanasarean, Mr., ii. 96, 214

Sanislo Mts., Northern Armenia, i. 433, 438, 443

San Stefano, Treaty of, ii. 205

Sapor Su, stream, Lake Van, ii. 45 note, 142

Sapunji, Kurdish hamlet, Alagöz district, i. 326

Sardarabad, town in the valley of the Araxes, i. 444

Sardar Bulakh, well and valley, Mt. Ararat, i. 160–167, 180–182; 158, 199

Sarduris I., Vannic king, ii. 59–60, 71 note 3, 72, 108

Sarduris II., Vannic king, ii. 61, 71 note 3, 73–74, 110 note

Sarduris III., Vannic king, ii. 28, 76

Sargis, Armenian noble who supported the Emperor Michael’s claim to the Armenian kingdom of Ani, i. 361, 362

Sarichichek Dagh, Asia Minor, ii. 386

Sarik, Kurdish hamlet, Lake Van, ii. 137

Sarikamish, Russian frontier station, Kars-Erzerum, i. 401, 411, ii. 73, 199

Sasanian dynasty, their rise, i. 286–288;
intervention in Armenian affairs, 289, 293, 303–306; 302 note 2, 311, ii. 77

Sasun, district of, south of Mush, ii. 157, 158, 429–432;
massacre in, 157, 237, 431;
a seat of the Thonraki, i. 285

Sayce, Prof. A. H., i. 197, ii. 56 note 4

Schulz, F. E. ii. 55; 28, 108, 120 note

Sebeos, Armenian historian, i. 264 note 5

Seda, inscriptions at Ani, i. 382

Seghurt or Teghurt, village on Nimrud, ii. 299

Seidlitz, M. de, i. 448

Seif-ed-Daula, Hamdanid, i. 353

Selim I., Ottoman Sultan, his policy towards the Kurds, ii. 421

Selim II., Ottoman Sultan, restorations at Akhlat, ii. 288

Seljuk Turks, their early incursions and subsequent supremacy in Armenia, i. 356–365; 34, 395, 454, ii. 77, 223, 275, 295; 285

Sembat, Bagratid family, sparapet, i. 338, 339

Sembat I., Bagratid dynasty, i. 341–347

Sembat II., Bagratid dynasty, i. 354, 364, 370, 373; 323 note

Sembat, John, Bagratid dynasty. See John Sembat

Sembat, reputed founder of the Thonraki sect, i. 285

Sembat, Mamikonean, ii. 179

Semenoff, ——, his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Semo-Karthli, Georgian province of, i. 62–64

Senekerim, King of Van, i. 257, 359, ii. 77–78; i. 356 note 4.
His tomb in the monastery of Yedi Kilisa (Van) desecrated, ii. 115, i. 237.
See also Artsruni, The

Sepuh Mt. (Kohanam Dagh), i. 348 note

Serchemeh Chai, constituent of W. Euphrates, i. 431;
confluence with the Kara Su, ii. 228

Serdica in Illyria, i. 300

Sert, town of, ii. 148, 396

Sevan, Lake (Lake of Gegham or Geghark; Lychnitis; Gökcheh Deniz), ii. 43–44; 42; i. 445; 40, 147, 148, 152, 163, 181, 174, 196, 203, 205, 208, 248, 350, 449, 453, 462.
Fluctuations in level, ii. 48–51.
Cuneiform inscriptions, 73, 74

Sevan, Island and monastery of, ii. 49, i. 350

Seymour, H. D., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Shabin Karahisar, see Karahisar

Shagriar, village of, valley of the Araxes, i. 321

Shahapivan, Council of, i. 284

Shahanshah, title, i. 336 note;
and proper name, 375, 376

Shahbagh, village, near Van, ii. 112

Shah Dagh, Lake Sevan, i. 433, 434

Shaitan Dagh, Kighi, ii. 389, 392

Shakhberat, village on the Murad, ii. 346, 348;
mileage to Charbahur, 353 note

Shamiram Su or river of Semiramis (Van), ii. 60 and note 4. 73, 120 note, 122 and note 2

Shamyl, leader of the resistance to Russia on the part of the mountaineers of Caucasus, ii. 6

Shapur I., Sasanian king of Persia, i. 289

Shapur II., i. 302 note 2, 305, 309, ii. 77

Sharian Su, tributary to the Murad, ii. 12

Shatakh, district of, ii. 61, 135, 397

Shatin Dagh, name given to the more westerly portion of the Ararat system. See Aghri Dagh

Shebu, village of, Sipan district, ii. 342

Sheikh Alan, village of, Mush plain, ii. 175

Sheikhjik Dagh, Shushar-Kighi district, ii. 251, 374, 375

Sheikhjik Dagh, northern border heights, of Erzerum, ii. 203, 227, 245

Sheikh Ora, broken-down crater on the southern shore of Lake Van, ii. 48, 52, 301

Sheikh Yakub, village near Gop, ii. 343, 344

Shekan, hamlet on the Aras, ii. 379

Shemakha, town of, i. 449

Shemzinar, district of, ii. 89

Sherefeddin Su, affluent to the Bingöl Su (Charbahur), ii. 360

Sherif Bey, last native ruling prince at Bitlis, ii. 149;
taken prisoner by Reshid Pasha, ibid.

Shiel, J., ii. 121, 151, 404, notes

Shirak, district of, i. 124 note 2, 337, 341, 343, 345, 356, 360, 361, 442 note 1, 459

Shirvan, district of, i. 233 note 2

Shishmanean, Mgr., Bishop of Erzerum, ii. 213

Shishtapa, elevation of, i. 430, 434

Shishtapas, The, Turkish and Armenian villages on the Arpa Chai, i. 118–122, 439

Shuragel, i. 124 and note 2

Shusha, capital of Karabagh, i. 449.
The Basle Mission there, 98–101

Shushan, mother of Vahram Pahlavuni, i. 382

Shushantz, village and monastery, Lake Van, ii. 113

Shushar, district of, ii. 252, 380, 398

Sieger, Dr. R., ii. 47 note, 48

Sikava, village on the plain of Mush, ii. 183, 353

Simon, Saint, the apostle, i. 277

Sipan Dagh, extinct volcano on the northern shore of Lake Van; ascent of, ii. 330–339;
elevation ascertained, 336, 339.
View of the mountain from the plain on the north, ii. 18, 19 (Fig. 116);
from the neighbourhood of Van, 53 (Fig. 123);
from Artemid, ii., Frontispiece.
A landmark, i. 420, ii. 13, 15, 31, 181, 252, 269, 300, 321, 351, 372.
Limited extension of lava flows, 278, 403; 38.
Possible connection with the other great volcanoes, 388.
Plan of summit region, 336

Sipikor Dagh, ii. 386

Sir-er-syrchaly Dagh, i. 434

Sis, capital of Cilicia, i. 264 note 5; 240, 276

Siunik, ancient province of, i. 279, 373 note 2; 342

Sivoloboff, ——, his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Smith, Eli, i. 70, 98, 101, 434, ii. 206, notes

Soghanlu Dagh, volcanic system, i. 394, 431, 432, 438, 441, 442.
Forest there, i. 125, ii. 405

Somkethian Mts., i. 95, 433

Spasky-Avtonomoff, K., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Strzygowski, J., i. 33, 250, 254, 266, notes

Stuart, R., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Subotan, village of, near Kars, i. 331

Suflis, town on the Akhaltsykh Chai, i. 57

Suleyman I., Ottoman Sultan, ii. 78;
founder of the kala of Akhlat, 288, 296

Suleyman Pasha, ii. 353, 356, 357

Sülük Lake, Vardzia district, i. 79

Sumelas, Greek monastery near Jevizlik, ii. 239; i. 30;
mileage and intermediate stages to Baiburt, ii. 240 and note

Suram, Pass of, i. 40, 42

Surb, village and bay, on Lake Van, ii. 141, 279, 301

Surb Astvatsatsin, monastery near Bitlis, ii. 154

Surb Daniel, monastery near Lake Bulama, ii. 345

Surb Geghard, monastery, Erivan district, i. 201, 388

Surb Karapet (Glak Vank, Innaknean Vank, Changalli), monastery above Mush plain, visited and described, ii. 176–180; i. 241, 358, ii. 12.
Distances from Mush and Erzerum, ii. 174.
Communications with Palu, 392

Surb Karapet, monastery on the Upper Murad near Diadin, i. 296 note 2; 272

Surb Khach, monastery near Van, ii. 113

Surb Lusavorich, monastery, Erzinjan district, i. 348 note

Surb Yakob (Gubudgokh), monastery above Lake Van, ii. 137

Surmeneh, village, Lazistan district, i. 11.

Tabizkhuro, Lake, i. 87 note, 95

Tabriz, capital of Azerbaijan, a diocese of the Armenian Church, i. 233 note 2, 231.
Tabriz-Trebizond trade route, i. 32, ii. 8, 205, 440.
Marble of Tabriz, i. 262.
Elevation, i. 440

Tadvan, village of, Lake Van, ii. 314–316; 142, 160, 402

Taginaura Dagh, Northern Armenia, i. 430

Tahirids, The, petty dynasty in Khorasan, i. 340

Takht-i-Suleyman (Solomon’s throne), quarter of Akhlat, q.v., ii. 284

Takjaltu Dagh, Ararat system, i. 317, 319, 327, 415, ii. 385

Takjaltu, hill forming part of the Ararat fabric, i. 151, 158, 159, 161

Talin, village on the slopes of Alagöz, i. 322–325.
Ruins in the vicinity, 324.
Site of Bagaran? ibid.

Talori or Talvorik, village in Sasun, ii. 158

Talysh, Armenian village, Alagöz district, i. 320, 324

Tana, river, tributary of the Kur, i. 269

Tandurek Dagh, see Tendurek Dagh

Tapa Dolak, village in plain of Alexandropol, i. 133

Tarasoff, Col., Governor of Akhalkalaki, i. 90, 96, 106

Tarnaieff, leader of a storming party before Erzerum (1877), i. 465

Taron, ancient Armenian province in Tauric Armenia embracing the territory of the modern Mush, i. 295, 306, 338, 343, 348, ii. 173; i. 241

Tartars, The, i. 448, 454, 455;
their numbers in Armenia, 451.
Visited, i. 57, 193, 202, 203, 316, 319, 325, 326;
at Erivan, 209, 211, 213, 214, 222–225.
Sack of Ani by the Tartars under Jenghiz Khan, i. 366

Taurus Mts., their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 423, 424, ii. 419, 387–407

Tashkesen, village of, Tekman, ii. 249

Tavernier, J. B., i. 211, 256, 262, 367, ii. 149, notes

Tawkoteli Dagh, Abul-Samsar system, i. 433, 438, 441

Taylor, Consul J. G., i. 459, ii. 14, 79; i. 406, ii. 390, 416, 421, notes

Tazaken, village of, Northern Armenia, i. 119

Teghtap Su, tributary of Bingöl Su (Khinis), ii. 256

Teghurt or Seghurt, village on Nimrud, ii. 299

Tekke, village near Gümüshkhaneh, ii. 243

Tekman, district of, ii. 247–251; 190–193, 200, 202, 398

Tekman Dagh, see Akh Dagh

Telfer, Commander J. B., i. 107, 201, 264, 268, 388, notes

Temran, village of, ii. 392

Tendurek Dagh, solfatara, Bayazid district, ii. 401; 385, 388

Tergukasoff, General, i. 465 and note

Terjan, district of, ii. 376, 386, 416; i. 294, 348

Ter-Mikelean, Dr. A., i. 256, 271, 273; 277, 291, 301, 313, 314, notes

Ter-Mosesean, Dr. Mesrop, librarian at Edgmiatsin, i. 249, 250

Texier, C., i. 23, 33, ii. 210; i. 368, 390, ii. 212, notes

Thaddeus, Saint, said to have been sent by Christ to King Abgar of Edessa, and intimately associated with the earliest Christianity in Armenia, i. 277–299; 239, ii. 293.
His relics preserved at Edgmiatsin, i. 269

Thamar, queen of Georgia, i. 338, 366; 55, 80, 83

Thekla, Saint, i. 264

Theodosius I., Roman emperor, i. 293

Theodosius II., Roman emperor, ii. 221

Thonraki (Thonraketzi), Armenian heretics, i. 285

Tian-shan Mts., Central Asia, their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 424, 426

Tiflis, capital of Georgia, Armenian convent there, i. 253.
Pop., 449.
Glances at the history of, 337, 343, 365.
Communications with Armenia, 39–40, 73 (Borjom gorge), 89, 133, 226, 433, 437

Tiflis, Govt. of, its pop., i. 447, 449, 451.
German colonies there, 97 and cp. 410

Tigranes, Arsakid king of Armenia introduces Jews into Armenia, i. 299 note 3, 305, ii. 77

Tigranocerta, disputed site of, 319 note 2

Tigris River, accounts of by Strabo and Pliny, ii. 40–42.
Course between Diarbekr and Jezireh-ibn-Omar, 395, 396

Tikma, Little, village of German colonists, Kars district, i. 400, 410

Til, statue of Nanea at, destroyed by St. Gregory, i. 294

Timur, or Tamerlan, reputed to have captured Kars, i. 396,
and Van, ii. 76, 78.
His wassail on the Bingöl Dagh, ii. 365.
His method of warfare against the Georgians, i. 81

Tiran, Arsakid king of Armenia, i. 303–304

Tirdat, Armenian architect, restores S. Sophia at Constantinople, i. 373 note 4

Tiridates, Arsakid king of Armenia, restored by the Romans, founder of Christianity in Armenia as a State religion, i. 289–301; 264

Tirkavank, village of, Mush plain, ii. 166

Titgir, village of, Erzerum district, ii. 209 note 1

Toghrul, Seljuk sultan, i. 357, 358, 363

Toghrul Ben Kilijarslan, ii. 223

Top Dagh, fortified hill near Erzerum, ii. 201

Toporovan, Lake, Northern Armenia, i. 87, 95

Toporovan River. See Akhalkalaki River

Toprak Kala, low limestone hills north of Van, ii. 62;
excavations there in 1879 and 1880, and again in 1898, 63.
Site of the City of Rusas or New Van, 64.
The site visited, 113; 80

Tortan, Erzinjan district, temple at destroyed by St. Gregory, i. 294; 348 note

Tortum, Lake and district of, i. 456, ii. 417, 433

Tournefort, P. de, i. 33, 182, 185; 183, 256, 318, ii. 205, notes

Tozer, Rev. H. F., i. 33; ii. 283, 327, 392, notes

Trebizond (Trapezus), ancient Greek city and flourishing town on the Black Sea, visited and described, i. 7–36.
Glance at the history of the Grand-Comneni or emperors of Trebizond, 34–36.
Pop., 32 note.
Trade, 32, and cp. under Tabriz.
Tabriz-Trebizond trade route, 361, 378, 431, ii. 236, 272–273.
Armenian inhabitants, 427.
Plans, 13, 30

Trialethian Mts., i. 87, 89, 433, 434, 438, 442, 443

Tripoli, town on Black Sea coast, i. 18

Troitskoy, Russian village on Lake Madatapa, i. 118

Tsaghkotz (Alaja Chai), Ani, i. 368, 377, 379 note

Tsaghkotzadzor, Valley of the Flower-garden, Ani, i. 368, 381, 382; 355

Tsinis, village of, near Akhaltsykh, i. 73

Tuman, Lake, i. 87

Tunus, quarter of Akhlat, ii. 284

Turkomanchai, Treaty of, i. 125.
Exodus of Armenian population from the frontier districts of Persia as a result of, i. 454, ii. 206; i. 233

Tutakh, town on the Murad, ii. 14, 266.
Mileage to Melazkert, 264 note.
Do. to Karakilisa and Akantz, 12

Uch Kilisa, see Edgmiatsin and Surb Karapet (Diadin)

Uran Gazi, Circassian settlement on the slopes of Sipan, ii. 330–331, 340–341.
Mileage to Gop, 341 note

Urardhu or Urarthu, name by which the country of the Vannic kings was known to their Assyrian contemporaries, ii. 57.
Tendency of the term to travel north, i. 197.
The Ararat of Scripture, ibid.
Urardhians = Alarodians of Herodotus, ii. 67

Uravel River, tributary to the Kur, i. 73

Urmi Lake, Azerbaijan, ii. 40, 42–43;
fluctuations in level, 48, 49, 52;
analysis of water, 469.
How known in the Assyrian inscriptions, 58.
Elevation and area, 43

Urut, village of, Northern Armenia, i. 443

Ussher, J., i. 405, ii. 121, 134, notes

Vagharshapat, afterwards Edgmiatsin, royal residence during Arsakid period, i. 257–262; 286–314.
Sacked by Shapur, 305, 264 note 5, 266, 272, 382.
Site near the present monastery, 242

Vagharshapat River, see Kasagh River

Vagharshapat, Synod of, i. 313 and note

Vahan Mamikonean, i. 264 note 5, 265

Vahan Kamsarakan, tomb at Surb Karapet, ii. 179

Vahan the Wolf, tomb at Surb Karapet, ii. 179

Vahram, Pahlavuni, i. 361, 362, 382.
Builds monastery of Marmashen, 132, 355.
Builds at Ani, 382

Van (Dhuspas, Turuspa, Buana, Iban), fortress and town of gardens on the eastern shore of Lake Van, visited and described, ii. 36, 37, 38, 39, 53, 76–113.
Pop., 79;
of the Govt. excluding Hakkiari, 412, 424.
History, 54–76, 77, 78, 116, 117, and see Vaspurakan.
Communications, 11, 89, 397 note 1.
Education, see under Education.
Plan, 81,
view of, 53

Van, Lake (Thospitis, Arsene, Arethusa, Areesa or Arsissa), ii. 39–53.
Fluctuations in level, 47–53.
Analyses of water, 468.
How known in the Assyrian inscriptions, 58.
Elevation, 43, 394.
Area, 39.
Character of the scenery about its shores, 31–36, 116, 279, 281, 282, 300, 325, 327, 338

Vanand, Province (Kars), i. 396

Vanik Cape, Lake Van, ii. 141

Varag, Mt., ii. 36, 38, 39, 64, 111, 113 (Fig. 135), 282, 401.
Cloister on, see Yedi Kilisa

Vardzia, troglodyte city of remote antiquity, i. 80,
believed to have been the favourite residence of Queen Thamar of Georgia, visited and described, i. 80–84

Varzahan, ancient Armenian village in the plain of the Chorokh, ii. 233,
with ruins of three fine buildings, ibid.

Vaspurakan, ancient Armenian province of which Van was the capital. The seat of the Artsruni dynasty during the Middle Ages, i. 337–364, ii. 117 note 1

Vavuk Mt. and Pass, i. 430, ii. 234, 235, 240, 243, 402

Verthanes, katholikos, eldest son of St. Gregory, i. 303

Vladikars, colony of Russian sectaries, Molokans, near Kars, i. 410

Vostan, district of gardens about the spurs of Mt. Ardos, Lake Van, ii. 123–126; i. 357

Wagner, Dr. M., i. 184, 187, 188, 193; ii. 44, 121, 203, 209, notes

Wilbraham, R., i. 210, 235, 367, 406, notes

Williams General F., of Kars, i. 393, 397–399

Wünsch, Prof., ii. 53 note

Xenophon, opposed by a body of Chaldæan (=Khaldian) mercenaries at the passage of the Bohtan branch of the Tigris, ii. 69.
His interesting account in the Cyropædeia of the contemporary relations of the Armenians with the remnant of the Khaldians, 68–70.
Site of his camp near Trebizond, i. 31.
Extent of his feat, 285

Xerxes, trilingual tablet of at Van, ii. 66, 106; 55

Yaralmish, Circassian village near Melazkert, ii. 277

Yedi Kilisa (Varag), monastery on the slopes of Mt. Varag, ii. 113–115; i. 237, 240, 359

Yeni Keui, village of, plain of Khinis, ii. 256

Yezdegerd II. of Persia, persecutes the Armenians, i. 312

Yezidis, so-called devil-worshippers, ii. 187, 430

Yungali, village of, Bulanik, ii. 346

Yusik, grandson of St. Gregory and katholikos in the reign of Tiran, i. 303, 304

Yusuf, governor of Azerbaijan, i. 343–352

Yusuf Bey, chief of the Sipkanli at Köshk, ii. 16, 17

Yusuf Pasha, chief of all Sipkanli Kurds, ii. 268

Zab the Great (Stranga), i. 277 note 2, 279 note 3, ii. 69, 148, 388, 395, 397

Zado, hamlet near Tutakh, ii. 12

Zagros Range, i. 423, ii. 385, 397 note 2, 419

Zakare or Zakarea, name of certain Georgian rulers of Ani, i. 370 note 3, 375, 376, 377, 388

Zalka Plateau, Northern Armenia, i. 433

Zanga River (Hrazdan), tributary to the Araxes, i. 208, 211, 212, 215, 216, 229, 357, ii. 44, 49

Zaremba, missionary from Basle, i. 98–100

Zaza, language of the Kizilbashes, ii. 393

Zeda Tmogvi, ruined fortress near Vardzia, i. 80

Zeidikan, Alashkert, village and pass of, ii. 266

Zeitun, mountainous district in Asia Minor inhabited by Armenians, ii. 427

Zemzem Dagh, hills near Van, ii. 111

Zenobius of Glak, Armenian writer, ii. 178

Zernak (Kala-i-Zerin, Zernishan), Ruins of an ancient city near Akantz, ii. 25 and note 2

Ziaret, village of, Mush plain, ii. 176

Zigag, village and Promontory, Lake Van, ii. 279, 284

Zigana Dagh, ii. 241

Zigana Pass, ii. 236, 242

Zigana, villages, ii. 242

Zikar Pass (Zikarski Perival), i. 51, 55, 430, 437

Zirket, village of, Mush plain, ii. 164

Zirnek Dagh, Khamur heights, ii. 258, 347, 403

Zoe, Byzantine empress, i. 373

Zokh, town in Kurdistan, ii. 396, 430 note 1