Chadwick, Rev. John White, Marblehead, Massachusetts, October 19, 1840—December 11, 1904, Brooklyn, New York. After two years of study at the Bridgewater Normal School, and a shorter period at Phillips Exeter Academy, he entered the Harvard Divinity School, from which he graduated in 1864. He received the degree of A.M. 1888. In December, 1864, he was ordained minister of the Second Unitarian Church, Brooklyn, where he remained until his death. He was an influential preacher and a prolific author in both prose and verse, his principal publications being a Book of Poems, 1876, Nazareth Town, 1883 (poems), the two being later combined and republished in 1888 with the earlier title; The Bible Today, 1879: Old and New Unitarian Belief, 1894; and first-rate biographies of Theodore Parker, 1901, and William Ellery Channing, 1903. After his death a small volume was published entitled Later Poems, 1905, and his printed sermons have been collected in 14 volumes. As a young man he became a close friend of W. C. Gannett, q.v., and F. L. Hosmer, q.v., both of whom were also born in 1840, though not his classmates in the Divinity School, and his hymns are expressions of a theological outlook similar to theirs, notably in his endeavor to give a religious interpretation to the then disputed doctrine of evolution. Although several of his hymns are of exceptionally fine quality, he often wrote in haste, lacking the patience with which his two friends sought for the precise word to convey their meaning, but he often abbreviated or re-wrote his verses at the request of hymn-book editors, or willingly accepted their proposed alterations. The result is that some of his hymns now appear in forms which depart considerably from their original texts. His secular poems, mostly the utterances of a nature lover, are often the too hastily written verse of a minor poet.

His Book of Poems, 1888, and Later Poems, 1905, include all his hymns, three of which had little use, viz:

1. A gentle tumult in the earth, (Easter) 1876

2. Everlasting Holy One, (Invocation) 1875

3. O God, we come not as of old, (Worship) 1874

His best known hymn was written for the Visitation Day exercises at the Harvard Divinity School, 1864,

4. Eternal Ruler of the ceaseless round,

It has been widely used in Great Britain and in this country. Other hymns by him have had considerable use, as follows:

5. Another year of setting suns, (New Year’s) 1873

This was written in ten stanzas beginning

“That this shall be a better year,”

but in Hymns of the Spirit, 1937, only stas. 5, 6, 7, and 10 are given, beginning as above.

6. It singeth low in every heart, (Commemoration) 1876

Written for the 25^th anniversary of the dedication of his church in Brooklyn, and widely used.

7. Now sing we a song of the harvest, (Thanksgiving Day) 1871

8. O Love Divine, of all that is, (A song of Trust) 1865

9. O Thou, whose perfect goodness crowns, (Anniversary Hymn)

Written in 1889 for the 25^th anniversary of his ordination.

10. Thou glorious God, before whose face, (Anniversary Hymn)

Undated.

11. Thou whose spirit dwells in all, (Easter)

Written in 1890.

12. Thy seamless robe conceals Thee not, (Jesus)

Written in 1876. Included in The New Hymn and Tune Book, 1914, but not in later publications.

13. What has drawn us thus apart, (Unity of Spirit)

Written in 1891.

Several of the above hymns, as printed in current hymn-books, consist of selected stanzas, or have been slightly altered from their original forms, in most cases by Gannett and Hosmer, for inclusion in their collection Unity Hymns and Chorals, 1880, 1911. Two others included in Hymns of the Spirit, 1937, were not written as hymns but have been quarried out of verses in Later Poems, by permission of the author’s widow, viz:

14. Spirit of God, in thunder speak, (Summons to Duty)

This arrangement combines stanzas 13 and 16 in the poem entitled “A Missionary Chant”, used as the first two stanzas of the hymn, with stanzas 8 and 9 of the poem to “William Cullen Bryant” as the third and fourth stanzas of the hymn, both poems being found in Later Poems, 1905.

15. Thou mighty God, who didst of old, (Communion of Saints)

This is arranged from the same sources. Stanzas 1 and 2 are the first two stanzas in “William Cullen Bryant,” the last three stanzas are stanzas 11, 7, and 8 in “A Missionary Chant,” considerably altered. These arrangements were made by H. W. Foote, with the coöperation of F. L. Hosmer and W. C. Gannett, for inclusion in The New Hymn and Tune Book, 1914.

Of the hymns listed above Hymns of the Spirit, 1937 includes Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, and 15.

J. 216, 1619 Revised by H.W.F.

Chapman, Mrs. (No information available).

An anti-slavery hymn beginning

O God of freedom! Hear us pray,

is attributed to “Mrs. Chapman” in Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853.

H.W.F.

Cheney, Mrs. Ednah D. (Dow) Boston, Massachusetts, June 27, 1824—November 19, 1904, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. She married Seth Wells Cheney. She was the author of several books, including The Life and Letters of Louisa May Alcott. She wrote a hymn on “the larger prayer,” beginning

At first I prayed for Light,

in 4 stanzas of 10 lines each, printed in the Riverside Record and reprinted in the Boston Gazette, February 4, 1882. Enough lines have been taken from this hymn to make a much shorter one in 5 stanzas of four lines each, C.M. for inclusion in Unitarian hymn-books. It has also been considerably rewritten, but since this revised form is not marked as “altered” it is probable that the changes were made by the author or at least with her permission. It is included in Hymns of the Spirit, 1937.

H.W.F.

Church, Edward Alonzo, Boston, Massachusetts, —— 1844—January 29, 1929, Roxbury, Massachusetts. He was a business man who wrote in 1904, for the laying of the cornerstone of a new edifice for the Church of the Disciples (Unitarian), Boston, of which he was a member, a hymn beginning,

The next year, for the final service in the old edifice which the congregation was leaving, he wrote one beginning,

Both hymns were included in The New Hymn and Tune Book, 1914, and the first is also in Hymns of the Spirit, 1937.

H.W.F.

Clapp, Eliza Thayer, 1811-1888. She was a resident of Dorchester, Massachusetts. She was author of Words in a Sunday School, of Studies in Religion, New York, 1845, and of later essays on religion and of poems posthumously collected in a volume entitled Essays, Letters and Poems, privately printed in Boston, 1888. At the request of her friend R. W. Emerson she contributed three hymns and two poems to The Dial, 1841. From one of the hymns in 9 stanzas of 4 lines, published in The Dial, July, 1841, and entitled “The future is better than the past,” is taken the hymn beginning

All before us is the way, (Onward with confidence)

included in Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853, where it was erroneously attributed to Emerson, an error which was repeated in several other collections which included it.

J. 234 H.W.F.

Clarke, Rev. James Freeman, D.D., Hanover, New Hampshire, April 4, 1810—June 8, 1888, Boston, Massachusetts. He was named for his step-grandfather, Rev. James Freeman, q.v. He graduated from Harvard College in 1829 and from the Harvard Divinity School in 1833. He served as minister of the Unitarian Church in Louisville, Kentucky, from 1833 to 1840. In 1841 he returned to Boston where he gathered a group of persons interested in the more radical social and religious reforms of the day into a church which he named the Church of the Disciples (Unitarian) of which he remained minister until his death. He became one of the most distinguished ministers of his period in Boston, greatly beloved and admired for his courage as well as his piety, his wisdom as well as his wit. He was the author of several books (and many short printed articles) the best known of which were his Orthodoxy: its Truths and Errors, and Ten Great Religions. The latter is an amplification of lectures on Comparative Religion which he gave at the Harvard Divinity School as early as 1854, and again for several years in the eighteen-seventies, the earliest course in this field of study to be given in any American theological school. In 1844 he published a Service Book for use by his congregation, which included a small selection of hymns, among them Sarah Flower Adams’ Nearer my, God, to Thee, which had appeared in England only three years earlier and was now introduced for the first time to an American congregation, whence it quickly passed into numerous other collections. In 1852 a revised and enlarged edition of the Service Book was published entitled the Disciples Hymn Book, which included five hymns by the compiler. A few of his poems are included in Putnam’s Singers and Songs of the Liberal Faith, and the following hymns by him have come into some use.

1. Brother, hast thou wandered far? (The Prodigal)

First printed in the Service Book, 1844. It appeared in abbreviated form as

Hast thou wasted all the powers?

(beginning with the second stanza) in Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853; in Beecher’s Plymouth Collection, 1855, and in other American and British books.

2. Dear Friend, whose presence in the house, (Jesus at Cana)

Dated 1855. A tender poem rather than a hymn, included in the British Lyra Sacra Americana.

3. Father, to us Thy children humbly kneeling (Aspiration)

About 1833, after arrival in Louisville, Clarke wrote a poem entitled “Hymn and Prayer” beginning Infinite Spirit, who art round us ever, which was published in The Dial for January, 1841. Five stanzas beginning

Unseen, yet not unfelt!—if any thought

were taken from this form of the poem for inclusion in Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853, but already Clarke had taken from his poem, and largely rewritten, three stanzas to make the hymn beginning as above. In this later form it was included in his Service Book, 1844, in Longfellow and Johnson’s Book of Hymns, 1846, in the Disciples Hymn Book, 1852, and in many later collections down to the present day.

4. For all thy gifts we bless Thee, Lord

Written for a Unitarian Convention in New York City, held on October 22, 1845, and included in Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853.

5. Hast thou wasted all the powers,

Included in Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853.

6. To him who children blessed (Christening)

7. To Thee, O God in heaven (Christening)

Both of these tender and beautiful hymns for a christening appeared in the Service Book, 1844, and have passed into a good many other collections, although hymns are now seldom sung at such a service.

Of the above no. 3 was included in Longfellow and Johnson’s Book of Hymns, 1846, attributed to Clarke, and nos. 1, 5 and 6 were included as Anonymous. In their Hymns of the Spirit, 1864, these hymns were correctly attributed to Clarke. He was the author of a limited quantity of pleasing religious verse acceptable to his many friends rather than a hymn writer of distinction, his best ones being nos. 3, 5 and 6. The New Hymn and Tune Book, 1914, includes nos. 3 and 6; The Pilgrim Hymnal, 1935, includes nos. 3 and 5; Hymns of the Spirit, 1937, has only no. 3.

J. 235, 1556 Re-written, H.W.F.

Collyer, Rev. Robert, D.D., Keighly, Yorkshire, England, December 8, 1823—November 30, 1912, New York, New York. His education in childhood was very limited, and in early manhood he became a blacksmith, which had been his father’s trade. He joined the Methodist Church in 1847 and three years later sailed for America, settling at Shoemakertown, Pennsylvania, where he was both a blacksmith and a preacher. Having become acquainted with Dr. W. H. Furness, q.v., of Philadelphia, he accepted Unitarian beliefs and left the Methodist Church. His great intellectual abilities and natural gifts as a preacher brought him an invitation in 1859 to go to Chicago to take charge of the newly organized Unity Church in that city, which he served until 1879, when he accepted a call to the Church of the Messiah (Unitarian), New York. He was a widely popular lecturer and author of many published sermons, other articles, and a few occasional verses. The church of which he was minister was destroyed by the great Chicago fire of 1870 but was soon rebuilt. For the dedication of the new building in December 3, 1873, he wrote his one fine hymn beginning,

With thankful hearts, O God, we come,

which altered to

Unto thy temple, Lord, we come,

has had wide use in Unitarian hymn books and is included in the New Hymn and Tune Book, 1914, and in Hymns of the Spirit, 1937.

J. 1623 H.W.F.

Clute, Rev. Oscar, Bethlehem, New York, March 11, 1837—January 27, 1902, Sawtelle, California. He took the degree of M.S. at Michigan State College, and then studied at Meadville Theological School, 1867-1868. In the latter year he was ordained as minister of the Unitarian Church at Vineland, New Jersey, where he remained for five years. He served churches in Keokuk, Iowa, 1875-1878; Iowa City, 1878-1888; and Pomona, California, 1888-1889. From 1889 to 1893 he was president of Michigan State Agricultural College, and president of Florida Agricultural College from 1893 to 1897, when he moved to California.

He wrote a hymn beginning,

which is included in The New Hymn and Tune Book, 1914, in Hymns of the Spirit, 1937, and in The Hymnal (Presbyterian), 1935, the Handbook to which describes it as “a rhapsody of gratitude for the love of God.”

J. 1682 H.W.F.

Dana, Charles Anderson, Hinsdale, New Hampshire, August 8, 1819—October 17, 1897, Glen Cove, Long Island, New York. He was one of the leaders in the Brook Farm Association, 1842; then became a journalist and man of letters; on the staff of the New York Tribune, 1847-1862; Assistant Secretary of War, 1863-1864; editor of the New York Sun, 1868.

The hymn beginning

Work, and thou shalt bless the day (Joy in Labor)

which Hedge and Huntington included in their Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853, and attributed to “C. A. Dana” was probably written while he was engaged in the Brook Farm experiment.

H.W.F.

Dwight, Rev. John Sullivan, Boston, Massachusetts, May 13, 1812—September 5, 1893. He graduated from Harvard College and from the Harvard Divinity School, and entered the Unitarian ministry, but after six years turned to literary pursuits, and was for nearly 50 years editor of the Journal of Music. A meditative poem by him in seven stanzas, entitled “True Rest,” beginning

Sweet is the pleasure,

is included in the Supplement in Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853, but it is not a hymn and his only connection with hymnody was his part in re-writing the hymn beginning

God bless our native land!

by his friend, C. T. Brooks, q.v. In most versions of this much altered hymn the second stanza is in the form given it by Dwight.

J. 1560, 1631 H.W.F.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, LL.D., Boston, Massachusetts, May 25, 1803—April 27, 1882, Concord, Massachusetts. He was the son of Rev. William Emerson, q.v., minister of the First Church of Boston (Unitarian) who, though not himself a hymn writer, published in 1808 the excellent small collection entitled A Collection of Psalms and Hymns (5).

R. W. Emerson graduated from Harvard College in 1821 and after further study in the Harvard Divinity School took his A.M. in 1827. He was ordained in 1829 as minister of the Second Church of Boston (Unitarian). He served the church for three years but resigned in 1832, feeling that his pastoral work was inadequate and that he was not in accord with his parishioners’ views about the Communion Service. A volume of his sermons, selected and edited by A. C. McGiffert, Jr., was published in 1938 under the title The Young Emerson Speaks. Although he preached occasionally for several years thereafter he never held another pastorate, but retired to Concord and devoted himself to lecturing and authorship. As an essayist and poet he rose to great and lasting distinction. He published Orations, Lectures, and Addresses, 1844; Poems, 1846; Representative Men, 1850; English Traits, 1856; and a succession of later volumes. His Collected Works were published after his death, in 12 volumes. Perhaps his most famous essay was his epoch-making Divinity School Address, delivered in 1838. In 1833 he wrote his hymn

We love the venerable house (The house of God)

for the ordination of his successor, Rev. Chandler Robbins, q.v., in the Second Church, though it is more a commemorative poem than an ordination hymn. It was included in Longfellow and Johnson’s Hymns of the Spirit, 1864; in Martineau’s Hymns of Praise and Prayer, printed in England in 1873; and in later Unitarian and other hymn books down to the present day. Four stanzas selected from this poem, beginning with the second,

Here holy thoughts a light have shed,

were included in Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853, though without the author’s name, and the same collection erroneously attributed to Emerson a hymn beginning,

All before us is the way,

the author of which was Eliza T. Clapp, q.v., an error which was repeated in various other collections.

Part of Emerson’s poem entitled The Problem, beginning

Out of the heart of nature rolled (The Everlasting Word)

originally printed in the Dial, July, 1840, and then in his Poems, 1846, was also included in Hymns of the Spirit, 1864, and in Martineau’s Hymns, but has since dropped out of use.

Another poem of two stanzas beginning

Not gold, but only men can make

was attributed to Emerson in the later book called Hymns of the Spirit, 1937, probably mistakenly. These verses are listed as Emerson’s in Granger’s Index to Poetry and Recitations, under A Nation’s Strength, and Granger states that they are to be found in a publication of The Penn Publishing Company of Philadelphia. They are not to be found, however, in the Centenary Edition of Emerson’s Poems nor in Hubbell’s Concordance to the poems of Emerson (N. Y., Wilson, 1932). It is therefore doubtful whether the attribution to Emerson is well-founded.

J. 329 Revised by H.W.F.

Everett, William, Watertown, Massachusetts, October 10, 1839—February 16, 1910, Quincy, Massachusetts. Son of Hon. Edward Everett. He graduated from Harvard College in 1859; took the B.A. degree at Cambridge University, England, in 1863; and the degrees of A.M. and LL. B. at Harvard in 1865. He received the honorary degree of Litt.D. from Williams College in 1889 and the degree of LL.D. from the same college in 1893 and from Dartmouth in 1901. After graduation from the Harvard Law School he did not enter the legal profession but served the College as tutor and then Assistant Professor of Latin for several years. In 1872 the Boston Association of Ministers licensed him as a lay preacher and thereafter he spoke frequently in Unitarian pulpits in New England, but he was never ordained as a settled minister. He served Adams Academy in Quincy, Massachusetts as headmaster from 1877 to 1907, with an interruption of two years when in 1893 he was elected a member of the House of Representatives in Washington. In 1866 The Christian Register printed his hymn beginning

Deal gently with us, Lord,

and three years later he wrote “for the Unitarian Festival at the Music Hall [Boston], May 27, 1869” a hymn beginning

Almighty Father, Thou didst frame

These hymns, and four others by him, are included in Putnam’s Singers and Songs, Etc.

J. 1634 H.W.F.

Fernald, Woodbury Melcher, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, March 21, 1813—December 10, 1873, Boston, Massachusetts. He entered the Universalist ministry in 1835 and served churches of that denomination in Newburyport and Chicopee, Massachusetts, and elsewhere, for a few years. He then became a Unitarian, without entering the ministry of that denomination, and eventually joined the Swedenborgian Church of the New Jerusalem in Boston. He did some travelling on behalf of this body, as far west as Wisconsin, in intervals of employment at the Custom House and, later, at the Post Office in Boston. He was author of books and essays, most of them expositions of Swedenborgian doctrine, and of a small amount of occasional verse, published in the periodicals of the day but never collected in a printed volume. In his private collection of his poems are a few hymns, only two of which appear to have had any public use. One beginning

Great Source of being, truth and love,

was written for the ordination of Rev. Thomas C. Adam as pastor of the West Universalist Society in Boston, March 12, 1845. The other,

When Israel, humbled of the Lord,

a protest against slavery published in the Boston Journal, in July, 1861, was included, in part and considerably re-written, in The Soldier’s Companion: Dedicated to the Defenders of their Country in the Field, by their Friends at Home. This was published as the Army Number of the Monthly Journal, Boston, October, 1861, vol. II, no. 10, a small Unitarian collection of hymns and devotional readings. In this collection the hymn begins,

When Israel’s foes, a numerous host,

and is attributed to “Rev. W. M. Fernald,” though it is not included in this form in the author’s private collection of his verse. None of his hymns appear to have had any further use.

H.W.F.

Flint, Rev. James, D.D. Reading, Massachusetts, December 10, 1779—March 4, 1855. He graduated from Harvard College in 1802, and was ordained an orthodox Congregational minister at East Bridgewater in 1806, where he soon adopted more liberal beliefs, and carried most of his congregation with him. In 1821 he accepted a call to the East Church (Unitarian) Salem, Massachusetts, where he served until his death. In 1843 he published A Collection of Hymns for the Christian Church and Home, to replace the earlier collection (1788) by Rev. William Bentley, q.v., for use in the East Church. Flint’s Collection included several hymns by himself. One of them, “On leaving an old house of worship,” beginning

Here to the high and holy One

was included in Lunt’s Christian Psalter, 1841, as was a second, written in 1840 for the 200^th anniversary of the incorporation of the town of Quincy, Massachusetts, beginning,

This second hymn has been included in a number of later hymnbooks, among them The New Hymn and Tune Book, 1914, and Hymns of the Spirit, 1937.

J. 379 H.W.F.

Follen, Mrs. Eliza Lee (Cabot), Boston, Massachusetts, August 15, 1787—January 26, 1860, Brookline, Massachusetts. In 1828 she married Dr. Charles Follen, a German scholar who had sought freedom in this country and who was then teaching German Literature and Ecclesiastical History at Harvard. Later he was minister of the Unitarian Church (now called the Follen Church Society) at East Lexington, Massachusetts. Mrs. Follen both before and after her marriage contributed verse and prose articles to various periodicals and published a number of small books, including Hymns for Children, Boston, 1825; Poems, 1839, and, while she was in England in 1854, another small volume for children, entitled The Lark and the Linnet. These books contain some translations from the German and the versions of a few Psalms.

Her best known hymns are

1. How sweet to be allowed to pray, (Resignation)

This first appeared in The Christian Disciple, September 1818, then in her Poems, 1839, entitled “Thy will be done.”

2. How sweet upon this sacred day (Sunday)

In The Christian Disciple, September, 1828, and in Poems, entitled “Sabbath Day.”

3. Lord deliver, thou canst save, (Prayer for the Slave)

In Songs of the Free, 1836; in Adams and Chapin’s (Universalist) Hymns for Christian Devotion, Boston, 1845; in Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853; and in other collections, but not included in her Poems.

4. God, thou art good, each perfumed flower, (God In Nature)

This first appeared in Hymns for Children, Boston, 1825, beginning with a defective line (7s instead of 8s)

(a) God is good! each perfumed flower

and altered as above in her Poems and in The Lark and the Linnet.

This hymn underwent further transformations in England. In Emily Taylor’s Sabbath Recreations, 1826, it was included as an original piece never before printed, and signed “E.L.C.”, the initials of Mrs. Follen’s maiden name. Possibly she sent a ms. copy to Miss Taylor before it appeared in Boston. In J. R. Beard’s British Unitarian Collection of Hymns, 1837, it appears as

(b) Yes, God is good! each perfumed flower,

J. H. Gurney, the Anglican hymn writer and editor, included it in his Lutterworth Collection of Hymns for Public Worship, 1838, but, while retaining Mrs. Follen’s opening stanza, rewrote about half of the remaining four stanzas, and in his later Marylebone Collection, 1851, rewrote it further, beginning it

(c) Yes, God is Good.—in earth and sky,

and in a note appended to the Index of first lines he wrote that he had found the hymn “in a small American volume —— well conceived, but very imperfectly executed,” and that because of “successive alterations—the writer has not scrupled to put his name to it, J.H.G.” In these altered forms the hymn had considerable use in England (For further details see Julian, Dictionary, 1298).

5. Will God, who made the earth and sea, (Child’s Prayer)

In Poems, 1839. In Dr. Allan’s (English) Children’s Worship it is erroneously attributed to “H. Bateman.”

The only one of Mrs. Follen’s hymns in present use is 4c, in The Isles of Shoals Hymn Book, 1908, but several of her poems are included in Putnam’s Singers and Songs of the Liberal Faith.

J. 380, 1298 H.W.F.

Foote, Rev. Henry Wilder (I), Salem, Massachusetts, June 2, 1838—May 29, 1889, Boston, Massachusetts. Educated at Harvard, A.B. 1858; A.M. 1861; graduated at the Harvard Divinity School, 1861. He was minister of King’s Chapel (Unitarian), Boston, from 1861 until his death, and his book, The Annals of King’s Chapel (vol. I, 1882, vol. II, 1896, completed by others) gives an authoritative account of the religious controversies in Colonial Boston. At the time of his death he had in preparation a hymnbook to replace the Collection of Psalms and Hymns which his predecessor, Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, q.v., had published in 1830. His hymnbook was completed by his widow, his sister Mrs. Mary W. Tileston, (q.v.) and his brother Arthur Foote, and was published in 1891 as Hymns of the Church Universal. It was notable for its scholarly catholicity and helped to introduce to American congregations the then popular English hymn tunes of the “cathedral school” by Barnby, Dykes, Stainer, Sullivan and others. The book included the hymn which Mr. Foote had written for the Visitation Day (graduation exercises) at the Divinity School in 1861,

O Thou with whom in sweet content

This hymn has also been included in Hymns for Church and Home, 1896, in The New Hymn and Tune Book, 1914, and in Hymns of the Spirit, 1937.

J. 1604 H.W.F.

Foote, Rev. Henry Wilder (II), D.D., Litt.D., Boston, Massachusetts, February 2, 1875—still living. Son of the above; educated at Harvard, A.B. 1897; A.M. 1900; S.T.B. 1902. He entered the Unitarian ministry and has served churches in New Orleans, Louisiana; Ann Arbor, Michigan; Belmont, Massachusetts and Charlottesville, Virginia. From 1914-1924 he was an assistant professor at the Harvard Divinity School where he gave a course on the history of Christian hymnody. He was secretary of the committee which edited The New Hymn and Tune Book, published in 1914 by the American Unitarian Association, and was chairman of the committee which edited Hymns of the Spirit, published in 1937 by the Beacon Press (to be distinguished from the earlier Hymns of the Spirit by S. Johnson and S. Longfellow, 1864). This later book includes one hymn by Dr. Foote beginning,

Thou whose love brought us to birth,

Dr. Foote also edited the words in The Concord Anthem Book, 1924, and in The Second Concord Anthem Book, 1936, for which Professor Archibald T. Davison selected and edited the music. He is the author of several books and articles on the cultural or religious aspects of American colonial history, one of which, Three Centuries of American Hymnody, 1940, covers the period from the publication of the Bay Psalm Book in 1640 to the late nineteen-thirties.

Freeman, James, D.D., Charlestown, Massachusetts, April 22, 1759—November 14, 1835, Boston, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard College in 1777. In March, 1776, Rev. Henry Caner, rector of King’s Chapel, Boston, left with the British troops when they evacuated the town, accompanied by many of his leading parishioners. The remaining members of the church in September, 1782, engaged James Freeman as a lay “Reader” to conduct worship. The prayers for the King and royal family of England had been dropped and Freemen soon began to omit references to the Trinity, expecting soon to be dismissed as Reader. Instead the congregation voted to revise the liturgy in accordance with his beliefs and in 1785 published the first edition of the “Book of Common Prayer according to the Use of King’s Chapel.” This action led Bishop Seabury, after his arrival in America, to refuse ordination to Freeman, whereupon the congregation ordained him according to Congregational usage. Freeman thus became “the first avowed preacher of Unitarianism in the United States.” He remained active pastor of the Chapel until 1826. He edited a Collection of Psalms and Hymns for public worship, published in 1799. It included 155 psalms “selected chiefly from Tate and Brady,” followed by 90 hymns, and remained in use in the Chapel until the publication in 1830 of the much better Collection edited by his successor, Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, q.v. Freeman wrote one hymn

Lord of the worlds below (The Seasons)

which first appeared in his Collection, from which it passed to a number of later ones. It is an adaptation for congregational use of Thomson’s “Hymn on the Seasons.” See Putnam, Singers and Songs of the Liberal Faith.

J. 389 Revised by H.W.F.

Frothingham, Rev. Nathaniel Langdon, D.D., Boston, July 23, 1793—April 4, 1870, Boston. He graduated from Harvard in 1811, and after a brief period of further study and as tutor in the College, he entered the Unitarian ministry and in 1815 was settled as minister of the First Church in Boston, where he served until 1850, when ill-health and approaching blindness caused his resignation. He was one of the most distinguished Boston ministers of his period, and the author of a good deal of verse, published in his Metrical Pieces, Translated and Original, 1855, and in a second volume with the same title in 1870. In 1828 he wrote his finest hymn,

1. O God, whose presence glows in all

for the ordination of his friend, W. P. Lunt, q.v., as minister of the Second Unitarian Congregational Church, New York, on June 19, of that year.

In 1835 he wrote

2. We meditate the day

for the installation of Mr. Lunt as Co-pastor with Rev. Peter Whitney of the First Church at Quincy, Massachusetts, and in 1839 he wrote

3. O Lord of life and truth and grace,

for the ordination of Henry Whitney Bellows in New York.

His later hymns were

4. O Saviour, whose immortal word,

“Written for the Dedication of the Church of the Saviour, Boston, November 16, 1847.”;

5. Remember me, the Saviour said, (Communion Service)

6. The Lord gave the word,

’Twas the word of his truth.

7. The patriarch’s dove, on weary wing,

8. They passed away from sight, (Death and Burial)

9. When I am weak, I’m strong (Spiritual Strength)

Of these hymns the first two were included in Lunt’s Christian Psalter, 1841; nos. 1, 2, 6 and 7 were included in Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ (1853); and all but no. 8 are included in the author’s Metrical Pieces, 1855. No. 5 had considerable use in the 19^th century, but no. 1 alone survives in 20^th century Unitarian collections.

J. 400, 1564 Revised H.W.F.

Frothingham, Rev. Octavius Brooks, son of Rev. Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham, D.D., q.v., Boston, November 26, 1822—November 27, 1895, Boston. He graduated from Harvard College in 1843, and in 1846 from the Harvard Divinity School, where, for the graduating exercises of his class, he wrote his fine, and only, hymn,

Thou Lord of Hosts, whose guiding hand, (Soldiers of the Cross)

which was included in the Book of Hymns prepared by his classmates, Samuel Longfellow and Samuel Johnson, published later in the same year. He served as minister of the (Unitarian) North Church, Salem, Massachusetts from 1847 to 1855, and became minister of the Third Congregational Church in New York City, resigning in 1879. He was a bold, outspoken, eloquent speaker, and the author of many printed discourses and of several important biographies.

J. 400, 1638 H.W.F.

Furness, Rev. William Henry, D.D., Boston, Massachusetts, April 20, 1802—January 30, 1896, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Harvard College in 1820 and from the Harvard Divinity School in 1823, and was given the degree of Doctor of Divinity by Harvard in 1847. In 1825 he was ordained minister of the First Unitarian Church in Philadelphia where he served for 50 years before becoming pastor emeritus, his connection with the church covering a period of 71 years. He was an accomplished scholar, and attained distinction as a preacher, an author and a worker in social reforms. His publications include Notes on the Gospels, 1836; Jesus and his Biographers, 1838; The History of Jesus, 1850; a Manual of Domestic Worship, 1840, in which his earlier hymns were printed; a translation of Schiller’s Song of the Bell; and other translations from the German. His collected Verses, Translations and Hymns appeared in 1886. The following hymns by him have had considerable use.

1. Father in heaven, to Thee my heart,

Appeared in The Christian Disciple, 1822. It was printed in this form in several collections, including the Unitarian Hymn and Tune Book, 1868. In Longfellow and Johnson’s Book of Hymns, 1846, it reads

Father in heaven, to whom our hearts

and was reprinted in this form in their Hymns of the Spirit, 1864, and in Martineau’s Hymns of Praise and Prayer, 1873.

This hymn has sometimes been attributed to “H. Ware,” in error.

2. Feeble, helpless, how shall I,

Included on the Cheshire Christian Hymns, 1844, and in later 19^th century Unitarian publications; also in the British Lyra Sacra Americana, 1868, and Thring’s Collection, 1882.

3. Have mercy, O Father,

Contributed to Martineau’s Hymns of Praise and Prayer, 1873.

4. Here in a world of doubt, (Psalm XLII)

Contributed to the New York Lutheran Coll., 1834, and included in the author’s Manual of Domestic Worship, 1840 and in Martineau’s Hymns, 1873.

5. Here in the broken bread,

Included in the Appendix to the Philadelphia Unitarian Collection, 1828; in Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853; and in a few later collections, among them The Hymn and Tune Book, 1868.

6. Holy Father, Gracious art Thou,

Contributed to Martineau’s Hymns, 1873.

7. I feel within a want,

Included in the Cheshire Christian Hymns, 1844; in Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853; and in a few other collections.

8. In the morning I will praise (pray)

In the author’s Manual of Domestic Worship, 1840, this hymn began

In the morning I will raise

and was thus included in Martineau’s Hymns, 1873, but in Longfellow and Johnson’s Book of Hymns, 1846, and later American collections the first stanza is dropped and the hymn begins

In the morning I will pray

9. O for a prophet’s fire,

Included in the Appendix to the Philadelphia Unitarian Collection, 1828, and in the Cheshire Christian Hymns, 1844.

10. Richly, O richly have I been,

Written in 1823 and included in the author’s Manual of Domestic Worship, 1840. In Longfellow and Johnson’s Book of Hymns, 1846, and in their Hymns of the Spirit, 1864, it is altered to begin

O richly, Father, have I been

In Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853, and most later Unitarian and other collections, the opening stanza is dropped and it begins with the second stanza,

Unworthy to be called Thy son,

11. She is not dead, but sleepeth

Included in the author’s Verses, Translations and Hymns, 1886.

12. Slowly by Thy [God’s] hand unfurled

Written in 1825 and included in the author’s Manual of Domestic Worship, 1840. In Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, 1853, the first line was changed to read,

Slowly by God’s hand unfurled,

and was thus printed in the Unitarian Hymn and Tune Book, 1868. In Martineau’s Hymns, 1873, and in most later American Unitarian collections, the original reading has been retained.

13. That God is Love, unchanging Love,

Written in 1892 and included in Hymns for Church and Home, 1896, and in The Isles of Shoals Hymn Book, 1908.

14. Thou only Living, only True,

An ordination hymn, dated 1868, included in Martineau’s Hymns, 1873.

15. Thou who dost all things give

Written in 1869. Included in the author’s Verses, Translations and Hymns, 1886; in The Pilgrim Hymnal, 1904; and in Horder’s Treasury of American Sacred Song, 1896.

16. To the High and Holy One,

This is printed in full in Lyra Sacra Americana, 1868. In Longfellow and Johnson’s Hymns of the Spirit, 1864, the first stanza is dropped and it begins with the 2^nd stanza,

To the truth that makes us free,

17. What is the world that it should share,

Printed in the Christian Disciple, 1822, and in Martineau’s Hymns, 1873. It begins with the second stanza of a hymn of which the opening line reads,

Here in Thy temple, Lord, we bow,

In Lyra Sacra Americana it is altered to read

Oh, is there aught on earth to share

18. What is this that stirs within?

Printed in the author’s Manual of Domestic Worship, 1840; in the Cheshire Christian Hymns, 1844, in Hedge and Huntington’s Hymns for the Church of Christ, and in a good many other American collections.

Dr. Furness’s hymns, though creditable religious verse of the period and widely esteemed because of the author’s distinction, nowhere attain a very high level of poetic beauty, and almost all of them have passed out of use. Only nos. 8, 10, and 12 were included in the Unitarian New Hymn and Tune Book, 1914, and only no. 12 survives in Hymns of the Spirit, 1937.

J. 402, 1638 Revised by H.W.F.