Fig. 16. Chaetomium sp., perithecium and spore.
Fig. 17. Sporormia sp., ascus and spores.
Fig. 18. Sporormiella ovina, pseudothecium.
Fig. 19. S. intermedia, pseudothecium.
Fig. 20. S. intermedia, immature bitunicate ascus and mature ascus with outer
layer ruptured.
Fig. 21. Ascospores of, from left, S. ovina, S. intermedia (with
gelatinous sheath characteristic of the genus), S. lageniformis, S. vexans,
S. bipartis and S. minima.
| 13(12) |
|
|||
| - | Spores longer than 90µm. | 14 | ||
| 14(13) | Spores 90-118 × 15-20µm. Asci tapering gradually from the broadest part near the apex to a 'stipe'. | |||
| Sporormiella ovina (figs 18, 21) | ||||
| - | Spores 91-114 × (14)18-21µm. Asci cylindrical, abruptly contracted below to a short 'stipe'. | |||
| Sporormiella borealis | ||||
| 15(12) | Spores mostly less than 35µm long. | 16 | ||
| - | Spores mostly between 35-60µm long. | 19 | ||
| 16(15) | Spores less than 25µm long. | 17 | ||
| - | Spores 25-35(38)µm long. | 18 | ||
| 17(16) | Spores (15)17-24(26) × 5-7µm, end cells broadly conical. Ascospores uniseriate. Asci 120-135µm long. Pseudothecia 250-300µm diam. | |||
| Sporormiella pulchella | ||||
| - | Spores 16-22 × 4.5-5.5µm, end cells subovate. Ascospores biseriate. Asci 95-125µm long. Pseudothecia 300-350µm diam. | |||
| Sporormiella nigropurpurea | ||||
| 18(16) | Spores 30-38.5 × 5.5-6.5µm. Asci clavate, tapering gradually below to a 'stipe'. | |||
| Sporormiella leporina | ||||
| - | Spores 27-36(38) × 4-6(8)µm, tending to break in two at the middle septum. Asci cylindrical, abruptly contracted below. | |||
| Sporormiella minima (fig. 21) | ||||
| 19(15) | Spores with end cells rounded. Asci cylindrical, abruptly contracted below. | 20 | ||
| - | Spores with end cells tapered and slightly conical. Asci clavate, tapering gradually to a long stalk. | 21 | ||
| 20(19) | Spores 45-65 × 8-11.5µm. | |||
| Sporormiella intermedia (figs 19-21) | ||||
| - |
|
|||
| 21(19) | Spores 45-60 × 11.5-14µm, germ slits parallel with long axis. | |||
| Sporormiella grandispora | ||||
| - | Spores 35-45(48) × 7-9(10)µm. | |||
| Sporormiella lageniformis (fig. 21) | ||||
| 22(11) |
|
|||
| - | Spores more than 5-celled. | 23 | ||
| 23(22) | Spores 7- or 8-celled. | 24 | ||
| - |
|
|||
| 24(23) | Spores 7-celled. | 25 | ||
| - | Spores 8-celled. | 26 | ||
| 25(24) | Spores 40-55 × 7-9µm, readily disarticulating, the end cells longer than wide, the rest shorter than wide. | |||
| Sporormiella vexans (fig. 21) | ||||
| - | Spores 70-80 × 16-18µm, end cells rounded. | |||
| Sporormiella heptamera | ||||
| 26(24) | Spores mostly longer than 45µm. | 27 | ||
| - | Spores less than 50µm long, not disarticulating at the central septum. | 28 | ||
| 27(26) | Spores 45-60 × 5-7.5µm, disarticulating at the central septum, all cells the same width. | |||
| Sporormiella bipartis (fig. 21) | ||||
| - | Spores 50-59 × 10-12µm, not disarticulating, 3rd cell down wider than the others. | |||
| Sporormiella corynespora | ||||
| 28(26) | Spores (33)37-40(49) × 7-9µm, cylindrical. Asci abruptly contracted below. | |||
| Sporormiella pascua | ||||
| - | Spores 40-48 × 7-8µm, fusiform cylindrical. Asci gradually tapered below. | |||
| Sporormiella octomera | ||||
| 29(6) | Spores obviously 2-celled at maturity. | 30 | ||
| - | Spores 1-celled, or appearing 1-celled at maturity. (Those of Podospora, Schizothecium etc. are 2-celled in early stages of their development, but only one cell matures to become pigmented; the other remains hyaline, often collapses, and may be difficult to see). | 47 | ||
| 30(29) | Spores 23-28 × 13-17µm, upper cell dark, 15-19µm, with close, blunt spines giving the impression of a pitted spore surface, with apical germ pore, the lower cell hyaline, 6-8.5µm, smoky-brown. Asci unitunicate, 4-spored. Perithecia 400µm diam. | |||
| Apiosordaria verruculosa (fig. 24) | ||||
| - | Both cells of spore similar in shape, size and colour. | 31 | ||
| 31(30) | Asci unitunicate. Spores with a 'gelatinous' appendage at each end. Perithecial neck with setae. | 32 | ||
| - | Asci bitunicate. Spores without gelatinous appendages, although a sheath may be present. | 33 | ||
| 32(31) | Spores 38-48 × 11-14µm, appendages longitudinally fibrillate. | |||
| Zygospermella striata | ||||
| - | Spores 46-68 × 11-17µm, appendages hollow, not fibrillate. | |||
| Zygospermella insignis (fig. 25) | ||||
| 33(31) | Spores with each end truncated by a germ pore. Pseudothecia with dark bristles at neck. | |||
| (Trichodelitschia) 34 | ||||
| - | Spores with rounded ends and germ slits along the sides. Pseudothecial neck smooth or hairy, but without setae. | |||
| (Delitschia, fig. 26) 36 | ||||
| 34(33) |
|
|||
| - | Spores smaller. | 35 | ||
| 35(34) | Spores 20-27.5 × 8-11µm. | |||
| Trichodelitschia bisporula (figs 22, 23) | ||||
| - |
|
|||
| 36(33) | Asci ca 256-spored. Spores 14-15 × 6-8µm. | |||
| Delitschia myriaspora | ||||
| - | Asci 8-spored. | 37 | ||
| 37(36) | Spores less than 20µm long. | 38 | ||
| - | Spores more than 20µm long. | 41 | ||
| 38(37) |
|
|||
| - | Spores 10-20µm long. | 39 | ||
| 39(38) |
|
|||
| - | Spores longer. | 40 | ||
| 40(39) | Spores 14-18 × 6-10µm, uniseriate. Asci 70-90 × 7-16µm. | |||
| Delitschia niesslii | ||||
| - | Spores (16)18-20(22.5) × 6-7.5µm, biseriate. Asci 80-145 × 20-25µm. | |||
| Delitschia consociata (fig. 26) | ||||
| 41(37) | Spores mostly wider than 20µm. | 42 | ||
| - | Spores mostly less than 20µm wide. | 43 | ||
| 42(41) |
|
|||
| - | Spores 50-70 × 25-33µm. | |||
| Delitschia winteri (fig. 26) | ||||
| 43(41) | Spores 20-25 × 4.5-6µm, the cells slightly tapered and almost completely separated. Pseudothecia hairless, globose, ca 200µm diam. | |
| Delitschia leptospora (fig. 26) | ||
| - | Spores longer and wider. | 44 |
| 44(43) | Spores transversely septate. | 45 |
| - | Spores obliquely septate, deeply constricted at the septum, 35-50 × 15-18µm. | |
| Delitschia didyma | ||
| 45(44) | Pseudothecia hairy. Spores 37-50 × 17-20µm, not deeply constricted at the septum. | |
| Delitschia chaetomioides | ||
| - | Pseudothecia smooth. | 46 |
| 46(45) | Spores biseriate, 45-55 × 13-16µm, one cell usually larger than the other, deeply constricted at the septum and readily separating. | |
| Delitschia canina | ||
| - | Spores uniseriate, 40-55 × 16-21µm, both cells equal. | |
| Delitschia patagonica | ||
Fig. 22. Trichodelitschia bisporula, pseudothecium.
Fig. 23. T. bisporula, expanded ascus broken through the outer wall, with
spores.
Fig. 24. Apiosordaria verruculosa, ascospores.
Fig. 25. Zygospermella insignis, ascus and ascospore.
Fig. 26. Ascospores of, from left, Delitschia winteri, D. consociata and
D. leptospora.
| 47(29) | Spores with colourless 'gelatinous' secondary appendages (caudae, fig. 28) at one or both ends (not always easy to see; mounting in Indian ink is useful, and essential for some). A hyaline (empty) cell, the primary appendage (fig. 28), may also be present. | 48 |
| - | Spores without caudae, although a colourless gelatinous sheath may be present. Primary appendages present or absent. | 88 |
| 48(47) | Perithecia often hairy or tomentose when young. Immature spores long, wavy cylindrical, with a row of globules, and more likely to be seen than mature spores (fig. 29). Secondary appendages thin, simple, up to 60 × 3µm. Mature spores with a dark cell 14-25 × 7-13µm and pedicel (primary appendage) 25-50 × 3-6µm. | |
| (Cercophora) 49 | ||
| - | Perithecia often with scales or setae at the neck or tomentose. Caudae, simple or compound. Immature spores clavate or ellipsoid, not long, wavy cylindrical. Mature spores readily observed. | 51 |
| 49(48) | Immature spores 45-70 × 4-6µm. | 50 |
| - | Immature spores smaller, 38-52 × 3-3.5µm. Mature spores with upper (dark) cell 14-18 × 7-9µm; hyaline pedicel 27-36 × 3-3.5µm. | |
| Cercophora silvatica | ||
| 50(49) | Perithecia with white or grey tomentum. Young spores 45-65 × 4.5-6µm. Mature spores with upper cell 17-25 × 8.5-13µm and pedicel 30-50µm long. | |
| Cercophora coprophila (fig. 29) | ||
| - | Perithecia with flexuose brown hairs and, at the neck, tufts of agglutinated, swollen, obtuse hairs. Young Spores 52-68 × 4-5µm. Mature spores with upper cell 15-25 × 9-11µm and pedicel 35-45µm long. | |
| Cercophora mirabilis | ||
| 51(48) | Primary appendage absent. | |
| (Arnium, fig. 28) 52 | ||
| - | Primary appendage present. | 60 |
| 52(51) | Asci (64-)128-spored. Spores 18-26 × (10)12-15µm. Perithecial neck sometimes with rigid, brown, septate hairs up to 330µm. | |
| Arnium leporinum | ||
| - | Asci 4- or 8-spored. | 53 |
| 53(52) | Asci 4-spored. | 54 |
| - | Asci 8-spored. | 55 |
| 54(53) | Spores ellipsoid, sometimes inequilaterally flattened, 44-54 × 22-30µm, with 1 apical germ pore, caudae not swelling in water. Perithecium usually with lateral tufts of agglutinated hairs up to 550µm long. | |
| Arnium arizonense | ||
| - | Spores evenly ellipsoid-fusiform, 31-55 × 18-25µm, with germ pore at each end, caudae covering germ pores, 35-60 × 7-11µm, but rupturing and swelling to up to 130 × 50µm, and becoming diffuse and irregular. Perithecial neck covered with rigid hairs up to 190 × 2.5µm. | |
| Arnium hirtum | ||
| 55(53) | Perithecial neck distinctly setose with rigid hairs. | 56 |
| - | Perithecial neck without setae. | 57 |
| 56(55) | Spores evenly ellipsoid-fusiform, 31-55 × 18-25µm, with germ pore at each end, caudae covering germ pores, 35-60 × 7-11µm, but rupturing and swelling up to 130 × 50µm, and becoming diffuse and irregular. Perithecial neck covered with rigid hairs up to 190 × 2.5µm. | |
| Arnium hirtum | ||
| - | Spores slightly inequilateral, 35-43 × 17-23µm, caudae 50-75 × 5-8µm, not covering germ pores. Perithecial neck with brown hairs up to 250µm long. | |
| Arnium cervinum | ||
| 57(55) | Perithecia covered with a dense tomentum of septate flexuous hairs. Spores mostly longer than 45µm. Only occasionally fimicolous. | 58 |
| - | Perithecia without a tomentum. Spores up to 45µm. | 59 |
| 58(57) | Spores (40)45-54 × 25-35µm, uniseriate. Tomentum pale or grayish. | |
| Arnium olerum | ||
| - | Spores 47-70 x 20-30µm, biseriate above. Tomentum olivaceous brown. | |
| Arnium tomentosum | ||
| 59(57) | Spores somewhat inequilateral, rounded below, pointed above, 31-40 × 18-24µm, caudae 50-120 × 6-10µm, with 1 apical germ pore not covered by cauda. | |
| Arnium caballinum | ||
| - | Spores equilateral, 36-44 × 20-23µm, caudae 50-80 × 6-8µm, covering germ pores. | |
| Arnium mendax | ||
| 60(51) | Perithecia with scales at the neck, composed of inflated and agglutinated cells (fig. 27, S. conicum). | |
| (Schizothecium) 61 | ||
| - | Perithecia setose or hairy at the neck, but not with inflated cells, or neck black but almost hairless. | |
| (Podospora) 70 | ||
| 61(60) | Asci 4-spored. | 62 | ||
| - | Asci 8-spored. | 63 | ||
| 62(61) | Spores 11-14.5 × 6.5-9µm. | |||
| Schizothecium nanum (fig. 28) | ||||
| - |
|
|||
| 63(61) | Spores more than 30µm long. | 64 | ||
| - | Spores less than 30µm long. | 65 | ||
| 64(63) | Perithecia crowned with a fascicle of long agglutinated hairs at the neck, up to 335µm long. Spores 31-40 × 15-25µm, biseriate. | |||
| Schizothecium aloides | ||||
| - | Perithecia with shorter, less remarkable tufts. Spores 30-45 × 19-24µm, ± uniseriate. | |||
| Schizothecium glutinans | ||||
| 65(63) | Perithecial neck with rigid setae, as well as agglutinated hairs (which may be greatly reduced). Asci 140-210 × 19-25µm, broadest at the markedly rounded apex. Spores 18-23 × 11-14µm. | |||
| Schizothecium pilosum | ||||
| - | Perithecial neck without rigid setae. Asci broadest in the middle. | 66 | ||
| 66(65) | Spores mostly over 23µm long. | 67 | ||
| - | Spores up to 23µm long. | 69 | ||
| 67(66) | Spores 22-25(27) × 11-13µm. Scales at neck distinct. | |||
| Schizothecium hispidulum | ||||
| - | Spores wider, 12-19µm | 68 | ||
| 68(67) | Perithecia 0.5-1mm high, scales at neck usually well developed. Spores (23)26-30 × 12-17µm. | |||
| Schizothecium conicum (fig. 27) | ||||
| - | Perithecia 1-2mm diam., subpyriform, neck velvety with indistinct scales. Spores 24-28 × 15-19µm. | |||
| Schizothecium squamulosum | ||||
| 69(66) | Spores 17-23 × 8.5-13.5µm, primary appendage slender cylindrical, 6-8 × 2µm. Perithecia 0.25-0.7mm high, sometimes with poorly developed scales. | |||
| Schizothecium vesticola (fig. 28) | ||||
| - | Spores 11-14 × 6-8µm, primary appendage short, 2µm long, almost triangular. Perithecia 0.3-0.45mm high, with short agglutinated hairs. | |||
| Schizothecium cervinum | ||||
| 70(60) |
|
|||
| - | Asci with more than 4 spores. | 71 | ||
Fig. 27. Perithecia, from left, of Podospora appendiculata,
Schizothecium conicum, P. excentrica and P. decipiens, with detail of
hairs.
Fig. 28. Ascospores of, from left, Podospora excentrica, P.
appendiculata, S. vesticola, S. nanum, P. decipiens, 'P.
dagobertii' and Arnium sp.
Fig. 29. Cercophora coprophila, immature (l) and mature (r) ascospores.
| 71(70) | Asci 8-spored. | 72 | ||
| - | Asci with more than 8 spores. | 82 | ||
| 72(71) | Spores more than 45µm long. | 73 | ||
| - | Spores less than 45µm long. | 74 | ||
| 73(72) | Spores 48-60 × 27-31µm, caudae apparently striate. Perithecia superficial, covered with rigid, nonagglutinated hairs up to 120µm. | |||
| Podospora fimiseda | ||||
| - | Spores 50-68 × 22-32µm, caudae apparently segmented, with an intestine-like appearance. Perithecia immersed to superficial, with a long neck, tomentose with long flexuous hairs when young, more or less glabrous when mature. | |||
| Podospora intestinacea | ||||
| 74(72) | Perithecia superficial, ovoid to globose, covered with short (up to 100µm), sparse, radiating, hyaline tipped, hairs. Spores 24-31 × 11-15µm, with simple caudae. | |||
| Podospora appendiculata (figs 27, 28) | ||||
| - | Perithecia with base immersed in substrate, pyriform, without such hairs. | 75 | ||
| 75(74) | Perithecial neck with short tubercular hairs, up to 20µm long. Spores 32-42 × 17-22µm, with a long but withering primary appendage. Caudae in two rings, one inserted near the base of the primary appendage, the other at the spore apex. The individual filaments may be free, but often clump together to form an apparently broad appendage. | |||
| Podospora decipiens (figs 27, 28) | ||||
| - | Perithecial hairs longer. Caudae single or 4 at each end. | 76 | ||
| 76(75) | Spores with 4 caudae at each end. | 77 | ||
| - | Spores with a single cauda at each end. | 78 | ||
| 77(76) |
|
|||
| - |
|
|||
| 78(76) | Spores less than 30 × 15µm. | 79 | ||
| - | Spores larger than 30 × 15µm. | 80 | ||
| 79(78) | Spores 21-28 × 11-14µm, primary appendage 12-14 × 4µm. Perithecia 0.3-0.5mm diam., neck setose with rigid cylindrical hairs. Asci 200-250 × 22-26µm, broadest in the middle. | |
| Podospora ellisiana | ||
| - | Spores 18-23 × 11-14µm, primary appendage 4-8 × 3µm. Perithecia 0.2-0.3mm diam., neck setose with rigid hairs. Asci 140-210 × 19-25µm, broadest at the markedly rounded apex. | |
| Schizothecium pilosum | ||
| 80(78) | Perithecia ca O.9-1.4mm high × 0.6-0.7(0.85)mm diam., neck not hairy. Spores (29)36-45 × (17.5)22-27µm, caudae ephemeral and difficult to see, even in Indian ink. | |
| Podospora pyriformis | ||
| - | Perithecial neck with tufts of rigid hairs. | 81 |
| 81(80) | Perithecia 0.38-0.53mm high × 0.21-0.38mm diam., ± immersed, with hairs at the neck up to 335µm long, grouped in rigid fascicles. Spores slightly flattened on one side, 30-37 × 18-24µm, caudae invisible in water. | |
| Podospora excentrica (figs 27, 28) | ||
| - | Perithecia ca 0.8-1.4mm high × 0.4-0.7mm diam., semi-immersed, hairy all over, flexuous below, rigid and pointed at the neck up to 170µm. Spores 33-45 × 22-27µm. | |
| Podospora perplexens | ||
| 82(71) | Asci 16-32-spored. Perithecial neck with short tubercular hairs. Spores 25-36 × 15-24µm. Caudae in two rings, one inserted at the base of the primary appendage, the other at the spore apex; individual filaments may be separate or clumped to appear as a broad single appendage (cf. P. decipiens). | |
| Podospora pleiospora | ||
| - | Asci with more than 32 spores. | 83 |
| 83(82) | Perithecia with tufts of rigid hairs at neck. Asci with more than 64 spores. | 84 |
| - | Perithecia without tufts of rigid hairs. Asci 64-spored. | 87 |
| 84(83) | Spores 14-17 × 9-11µm. Asci 256-spored. Perithecia ca 500µm diam., immersed, except for the neck, which has tapered tufts of hairs up to 300µm. | |
| Podospora curvicolla | ||
| - | Spores larger. Perithecia semi-immersed. | 85 |
| 85(84) | Spores (18)20-26 × 12-16µm, caudae of 2-several filaments covered with granules. Asci 512-spored. Perithecia up to 1mm high × 0.95mm diam., neck with rigid but non-agglutinated hairs up to 130µm long. | |||
| Podospora granulostriata | ||||
| - | Caudae simple, without granular appearance. Asci 128-spored. Perithecia not larger than 750µm high × 500µm diam., with rigid, non-agglutinated hairs up to 190µm long at neck. | 86 | ||
| 86(85) |
|
|||
| - |
|
|||
| (See discussion in Lundqvist (1972) on these last three names) | ||||
| 87(83) | Spores 24-34 × 14-19µm, caudae in two rings, one inserted at the base of the primary appendage, the other at the spore apex; individual filaments may be separate or clumped to appear as a broad single appendage (cf. P. decipiens/P. pleiospora). Perithecia ca 0.6-1.1mm high × 0.4-0.5mm diam., covered with flexuous hairs or rarely smooth. | |||
| Podospora myriaspora | ||||
| - | Spores 15-20 × 10-15µm, caudae small, simple and evanescent. Perithecia 0.4-0.5mm high, covered with long flexuous hairs. | |||
| Podospora collapsa | ||||
| 88(47) | Spores with primary appendage. | 89 | ||
| - | Spores without primary appendage. | 93 | ||
| 89(88) | Spores with primary appendage directed towards base of ascus. | 90 | ||
| - | Spores with primary appendage directed towards apex of ascus. | |||
| (Anopodium) 91 | ||||