Dhana (5 coss).—Two hundred houses of Paliwals; pool and wells; ridge two to three hundred feet high, cultivation between the ridges.
Chincha (7 do.).—Small hamlet; Sara, half a coss east; ridge, low thal, cultivation.
Jasrana (2 do.).—Thirty houses of Paliwals, as before; Kita to the right half a coss.
Unda (1 do.).—Fifty houses of Paliwals and Jain Rajputs; wells and pools; country as before [342].
Sangar (2 do.).—Sixty houses; only fifteen inhabited, the rest fled to Sind during the famine of 1813; Charans. Grand thal commences.
Sangar-ka-talao (½ do.).—Water remains generally eight months in the talao or pool, sometimes the whole year.
| Bhikarae (1½ do.) Kharel (4 do.) |
{ | Between is the thal or boundary of Jaisalmer and Jodhpur. Bhikarae has one hundred and twenty houses of Paliwals; wells and pools at both places. |
Rajarel (1 do.).—Seventy houses; most deserted since famine.
Gonga (4 do.).—Hamlet of twenty huts; thal, or small wells and pools; to this the ridge and thal intermingle.
Sheo (2 do.).—Capital of the district.
Nimla (4 do.).—Forty houses; deserted.
Bhadka (2 do.).—Four hundred houses; deserted. This is “the third year of famine!”
Kapulri (3 do.).—Thirty huts, deserted; wells.
Jalepa (3 do.).—Twenty huts; deserted.
Nagar (Gurha) (20 do.).—This is a large town on the west bank of the Luni River, of four to five hundred houses, but many deserted since the famine, which has almost depopulated this region. In 1813 the inhabitants were flying as far as the Ganges, and selling themselves and offspring into slavery to save life.
Barmer (6 do.).—A town of twelve hundred houses.
Guru (2 do.).—West side of the Luni; town of seven hundred houses; the chief is styled Rana, and of the Chauhan tribe.
Bata (3 do.).—West side of river.
| Patarna (1 do.) Gadla (1 do.) |
} | West side of river. |
Ranas (3 do.).—East side of river.
Charani (2 do.).—Seventy houses; east side.
Chitalwana (2 do.).—Town of three hundred houses; east side of river; belonging to a Chauhan chief, styled Rana. Sanchor seven coss to the south.
Ratra (2 coss).—East side of river; deserted.
Hotiganw (2 do.).—South side of river; temple to Phulmukheswar Mahadeo.
| Dhuta (2 do.) Tapi (2 do.) |
{ | North side. On the west side the thal is very heavy; east side is plain; both sides well cultivated. |
Lalpura (2 do.).—West side.
Surpura (1 do.).—Crossed river.
Sanloti (2 do.).—Eighty houses, east side of river.
Butera (2 do.).—East side; relation of the Rana resides here.
Narke (4 do.).—South side river; Bhils and Sonigiras.
Karoi (4 do.).—Sahariyas [343].
Pitlana (2 do.).—Large village; Kolis and Pitals.
Dharanidhar (3 do.).—Seven or eight hundred houses, nearly deserted, belonging to Suigam.
Bah (4 do.).—Capital of Rana Narayan Rao, Chauhan prince of Virawah.
Luna (5 do.).—One hundred houses.
Sui (7 do.).—Residence of Chauhan chief.
Panchbhadra (3 do.).—Balotra fair on the 11th Magh—continues ten days. Balotra has four to five hundred houses in the tract called Siwanchi; the ridge unites with Jalor and Siwana. Panchbhadra has two hundred houses, almost all deserted since the famine. Here is the celebrated Agar, or salt-lake, yielding considerable revenue to the government.
Gopti (2 coss).—Forty houses; deserted; one coss north of this the deep thal commences.
Patod (4 do.).—A considerable commercial mart; four hundred houses; cotton produced in great quantities.
Sivai (4 do.).—Two hundred houses, almost deserted.
Serara (1 do.).—Sixty houses. To Patod the tract is termed Siwanchi; from thence Indhavati, from the ancient lords of the Indha tribe.
| Bungara (3 do.) Solankitala (4 do.) Pongali (5 do.) |
{ | Bungara has seventy houses, Solankitala four hundred, and Pongali sixty. Throughout sand-hills. This tract is called Thalecha, and the Rathors who inhabit it, Thalecha Rathors. There are many of the Jat or Jāt tribe as cultivators. Pongali a Charan community. |
Bakri (5 do.).—One hundred houses; inhabited by Charans.
Dholsar (4 do.).—Sixty houses, inhabited by Paliwal Brahmans.
Pokaran (4 do.).—From Bakri commences the Pokaran district; all flat, and though sandy, no thal or hills.
Udhania (6 coss).—Fifty houses; a pool the south side.
Lahti (7 do.).—Three hundred houses; Paliwal Brahmans.
| Sodhakur (2 do.) Channda (4 do.) |
{ | Sodhakur has thirty houses and Chandan fifty; Paliwals. Dry thal at the latter; water obtained by digging in its bed. |
Bhojka (3 do.).—One coss to the left is the direct road to Basanki, seven coss from Chandan.
Basanki-talao (5 do.).—One hundred houses; Paliwals.
Moklet (1½ do.).—Twelve houses; Pokharna Brahmans.
Jaisalmer (4 do.).—From Pokaran to Udhania, the road is over a low ridge of rocks; thence to Lahti is a well-cultivated plain, the ridge being on the left. A small thal intervenes at Sodhakur, thence to Chandan, plain. From Chandan to Basanki the road again traverses the low ridge, increasing in height, and with occasional cultivation, to Jaisalmer [344].
| Nai-ki-basti (4 do.) Gajner (5 do.) Gurha (5 do.) Bitnok (5 do.) Girajsar (8 do.) Narai (4 do.) |
} | Sandy plains; water at all these villages. From Girajsar, the Jaisalmer frontier, the thal, or sand-hills commence, and continue moderate to Bikampur. |
| Bikampur (9 do.) Mohangarh (16 do.) |
{ | Bikampur to Mohangarh, thal or desert all the way, having considerable sand-hills and jungle. |
Nachna (16 do.).—thal, or sand-hills throughout this space.
Narai (9 do.).—A Brahman village.
Nohar-ki-Garhi (24 do.).—Deep thal or desert; the frontier garrison of Sind; the garhi, or castle, held by Haji Khan.
Murid Kot (24 coss).—thal, high sand-hills.
Garhi Ikhtyar Khan-ki (18 do.)—The best portion of this through the Kachhi, or flats of the valley. Garhi on the Indus.
Total 147 coss, equal to 220½ miles, the coss being about a mile and a half each; 200 English miles of horizontal distance to be protracted [345].
1. From par, ‘beyond,’ and kar or khar, synonymous with Luni, the ‘salt-river.’ We have several Khari Nadis, or salt-rivulets, in Rajputana, though only one Luni. The sea is frequently called the Luna-pani, ‘the salt-water,’ or Khara-pani, metamorphosed into Kala-pani, or ‘the black water,’ which is by no means insignificant. [The proposed etymology of Pārkar is impossible, and Khārā, ‘saline,’ has no connexion with Kālā, ‘black.’]
2. [An account of the travels of Withington or Whithington is given in Purchas his Pilgrimes, ed. 1625, i. 483. Mr. W. Foster, who is engaged on a new edition, describes the story as interesting, but muddled in history and geography.]
3. [Briggs’ trans. i. 69, but compare Elliot-Dowson iv. 180.]
5. [Dharanīdhar, the Kūrma or tortoise, ‘supporter of the earth,’ the second incarnation of Vishnu. At Dhema in Tharād a fair is held in honour of Dharanīdharji (BG, v. 300, 342).]
6. One of my journals mentions that a branch of the Luni passes by Sui, the capital of Virawah, where it is four hundred and twelve paces in breadth: an error, I imagine. [Sūigām is on the E. shore of the Rann, and the Lūni does not pass by it or by Virawāh.]
7. Pursa, the standard measure of the desert, is here from six to seven feet, or the average height of a man, to the tip of his finger, the hand being raised vertically over the head. It is derived from purush, ‘man.’
8. [Pital is another name for the Kalbi farming caste, Kalbi being apparently the local form of the name Kanbi or Kunbi (Census Report, Mārwār, 1891, ii. 343). The caste does not appear in the 1911 Census Report of Rājputāna.]
9. [Arabic zunnār, probably Greek ζωνάριον The Hindi janeo is Skt. yajnopavīta, the investiture of youths with the sacred thread, and later the thread itself.]
10. [For a full account of the Kolis see BG, ix. Part i. 237 ff.]
12. [That is to say, from Bahāwalpur on the N. to Baliāri on the N. shore of the Rann of Cutch, a distance, as the crow flies, of some 380 miles.]
13. [The original is condensed. “The lands of the Rāthor, who rules nine districts, are for the most part all sand; they have little or no water. The wells in some places are so deep that the water is drawn with the help of oxen. When water is to be drawn, those who set the animals to work beat a drum as a warning that the pot is at the mouth of the well, and they are about to draw water” (Manucci ii. 432).]
14. [About 15 miles N. of Umarkot. See Elliot-Dowson i. 532.]
15. [The name Dhāt has disappeared from modern maps, and is not to be found in the IGI.]
17. Ferishta [iv. 411], Abu-l Fazl [Āīn, ii. 337, 340 ff.].
18. [A better version runs:
“The Panwār the greatest on earth, and the world belongs to the Panwārs. Their early seats were Ujjain, Dhār, and Mount Ābū” (Census Report, Mārwār, 1891, ii. 29).]
19. [St. Martin fixes the capital of the Sogdoi at Alor or Aror, but Cunningham would place it higher up stream, about midway between Alor and Uchh, at the village of Sirwahi (McCrindle, Alexander, 354).]
20. To convince the reader I do not build upon nominal resemblance, when localities do not bear me out, he is requested to call to mind, that we have elsewhere assigned to the Yadus of the Panjab the honour of furnishing the well-known king named Porus; although the Puar, the usual pronunciation of Pramar, would afford a more ready solution. [This is doubtful (Smith, EHI, 40 note).]
21. Colonel Briggs, in his translation [iv. 406], writes it Hully Sa, and in this very place remarks on the “mutilation of Hindu names by the early Mahomedan writers, which are frequently not to be recognized”; or, we might have learned that the adjunct Sa to Hully (qu. Heri), the son of Sehris, was the badge of his tribe, Soda. The Roy-sahy, or Rae-sa of Abulfazil, means ‘Prince Sa’ or ‘Prince of the Sodas.’ Of the same family was Dahir, whose capital, in A.H. 99, was (says Abu-l fazil) “Alore or Debeil,” in which this historian makes a geographical mistake: Alore or Arore being the capital of Upper Sinde, and Debeil (correctly Dewul, the temple), or Tatta, the capital of Lower Sinde. In all probability Dahir held both. We have already dilated, in the Annals of Mewar, on a foreign prince named “Dahir Despati,” or the sovereign prince, Dahir, being amongst her defenders, on the first Mooslem invasion, which we conjectured must have been that of Mahomed Kasim, after he had subdued Sinde. Bappa, the lord of Cheetore, was nephew of Raja Maun Mori, shewing a double motive in the exiled son of Dahir to support Cheetore against his own enemy Kasim. The Moris and Sodas were alike branches of the Pramar (see Vol. I. p. 111). It is also worth while to draw attention to the remark elsewhere made (p. 286) on the stir made by Hejauje of Khorasan (who sent Kasim to Sinde) amongst the Hindu princes of Zabulist’han: dislocated facts, all demonstrating one of great importance, namely, the wide dominion of the Rajpoot race, previous to the appearance of Mahomed. Oriental literature sustained a loss which can scarcely be repaired, by the destruction of the valuable MSS. amassed by Colonel Briggs, during many years, for the purpose of a general history of the early transactions of the Mahomedans. [This note has been reprinted as it stands in the original text. Many statements must be received with caution. See Elliot-Dowson i. 120 ff.]
22. Of the latter stock he gives us a list of seventeen princes. Gladwin’s translation of Ayeen Akberi, vol. ii. p. 122. [This has been replaced by that of Jarrett, Āīn, ii. 343 ff.]
23. See Briggs’ Ferishta, vol. iv. pp. 411 and 422.
25. The four races called Agnikula (of which the Pramar was the most numerous), at every step of ancient Hindu history are seen displacing the dynasty of Yadu. Here the struggle between them is corroborated by the two best Muhammadan historians, both borrowing from the same source, the more ancient histories, few of which have reached us. It must be borne in mind that the Sodhas, the Umars, the Sumras, were Pramars (vulg. Puar); while the Sammas were Yadus, for whose origin see Annals of Jaisalmer, p. #1185# above.
26. [This is very doubtful. See Yule, Hobson-Jobson, 2nd ed. 447.]
27. [Sora is supposed to represent the Chola Kingdom in S. India (McCrindle, Ptolemy, 64 f.).]
28. Of these, the author was so fortunate as to obtain one of Menander and three of Apollodotus, whose existence had heretofore been questioned: the first of the latter from the wreck of Suryapura, the capital of the Surasenakas of Manu [Laws, ii. 19, vii. 193] and Arrian; another from the ancient Avanti, or Ujjain, whose monarch, according to Justin, held a correspondence with Augustus; and the third, in company with a whole jar of Hindu-Scythic and Bactrian medals, at Agra, which was dug up several years since in excavating the site of the more ancient city. This, I have elsewhere surmised, might have been the abode of Aggrames, Agra-gram-eswar, the “lord of the city of Agra,” mentioned by Arrian as the most potent monarch in the north of India, who, after the death of Porus, was ready to oppose the further progress of Alexander. Let us hope that the Panjab may yet afford us another peep into the past. For an account of these medals, see Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. i. p. 313. [Aggrames, King of the Gangaridae and Prasii, also known as Xandrames, probably the Hindu Chandra, belonged to the Nanda dynasty (Smith, EHI, 40; McCrindle, Ancient India in Classical Literature, 43).]
29. Captain, now Colonel, Pottinger, in his interesting work on Sind and Baluchistan, in extracting from the Persian work Mu’jamu-l Waridat, calls the ancient capital of Sind, Ulaor, and mentions the overthrow of the dynasty of ‘Sahir’ (the Siharas of Abu-l Fazl), whose ancestors had governed Sind for two thousand years.
30. [The present population is 4924.]
31. [In Shikārpur, Sind, near the frontier of Bahāwalpur.]
32. [By another story, Abdu-n-nabi Khān, brother of Ghulām Nabi Khān, prince of Sind, assassinated his too successful general, Mīr Bijar, in A.D. 1781 (IGI, xxii. 399).]
33. The memoir adds: Fateh Ali was succeeded by his brother, the present Ghulam Ali, and he by his son, Karam Ali. The general correctness of this outline is proved by a very interesting work (which has only fallen into my hands in time to make this note), entitled Narrative of a Visit to the Court of Sinde, by Dr. Burnes. Bijar Khan was minister to the Kalhora rulers of Sind, whose cruelties at length gave the government to the family of the minister. As it is scarcely to be supposed that Raja Bijai Singh would furnish assassins to the Kalhora, who could have little difficulty in finding them in Sind, the insult which caused the fate of Bijar may have proceeded from his master, though he may have been made the scapegoat. It is much to be regretted that the author of the Visit to Sinde did not accompany the Amirs to Sehwan (of which I shall venture an account obtained nearly twenty years ago). With the above memoir and map (by his brother, Lieut. Burnes) of the Rann, a new light has been thrown on the history and geography of this most interesting and important portion of India. It is to be desired that to a gentleman so well prepared may be entrusted the examination of this still little-known region. I had long entertained the hope of passing through the desert, by Jaisalmer to Uchh, and thence, sailing down to Mansura, visiting Aror, Sehwan, Sammanagari, and Bamanwasa. The rupture with Sind in 1820 gave me great expectations of accomplishing this object, and I drew up and transmitted to Lord Hastings a plan of marching a force through the desert, and planting the cross on the insular capital of the Sogdoi; but peace was the order of the day. I was then in communication with Mir Sohrab, governor of Upper Sind, who, I have little doubt, would have come over to our views.
34. [The chief connexion of the Sodhas with Cutch is through the marriage of their daughters with leading Jāreja and Musalmān families. Their women are of great natural ability, but ambitious and intriguing, not scrupling to make away with their husbands in order that their sons may obtain the estate (BG, v. 67).]
36. Nayyad is the noviciate, literally new (naya), or original converts, I suppose. [In other parts of India they are known as Naumuslim.]
37. Dagra is very common in Rajputana for a ‘path-way’; but the substitute here used for rassa, a rope, I am not acquainted with. [For a large collection of similar taboo names for persons, animals, and things see Sir J. Frazer, The Golden Bough, “Taboo and Perils of the Soul,” 318 ff.]
38. [The name cannot be traced in recent Census Reports.]
39. [Salvadora oleoides or persica (Watt, Econ. Dict. vi. Part ii. 447 ff.).]
40. [In Cutch they claim to be Rāthors from Multān, and are said to have been driven by the Muhammadans from the Panjāb into Cutch. In Gujarāt they are Vaishnavas, and are particular about their food and drink, but in Sind they are more lax (BG, v. 54 ff., ix. Part i. 122; Burton, Sindh, 314).]
41. [They are numerous in S.W. Panjāb, where Rose (Glossary, ii. 16 ff.) gives a full account of them.]
42. [On their connexion with the Bhatti Rājputs see Crooke, Tribes and Castes N.W.P. and Oudh, ii. 37; Russell, Tribes and Castes Central Provinces, i. 380; BG, v. 37 f.]
43. [About 45 miles S. of Umarkot.]
44. [These desert Brāhmans, whose laxity of custom is notorious, have no connexion with other orthodox Brāhmans, and are probably priests or medicine-men who now claim that rank.]
45. [Census Report, Bombay, 1911, i. 298.]
46. Abu-l Fazl, in describing the province of Bajaur, inhabited by the Yusufzais, says: “The whole of the tract [Swāt] of hill and plain is the domain of the Yūsufzai clan. In the time of Mīrza Ulugh Beg of Kābul, they migrated from Kābul to this territory and wrested it from the Sultāns who affected to be descendants of Alexander Bicornutus” (Āīn, ii. 392 f.). Mr. Elphinstone inquired in vain for this offspring of Alexander the Great.
47. [These derivations are impossible; the name is possibly connected with that of the Savara tribe.]
48. [Nawakot and Mitti in the interior of Thar-Pārkar; Baliāri on the shore of the Great Rann.]
49. [The Rājar are recorded as a section of the Saman, an aboriginal tribe in Sind (Census Report, Bombay, 1911, i. 233).]
50. [See Elliot-Dowson i. 489.]
51. [The true reading is Nohmardi (Āīn, ii. 337).]
52. [Cf. Hindi lokri or lokhri.]
53. [Max Müller derived Baloch from Skt. mlechchha, ‘a barbarian,’ but this is doubtful.]
54. [Zott is the Arabic form of Jat or Jāt (Sykes, Hist. of Persia, ii. 79).]
55. [The ascription of Bhatti origin to the Mers is obviously intended to correspond with the assertion that they are a branch of the Mīna or Maina tribe (Elliot-Dowson i. 523 f.).]
56. [In the Panjāb Mor is the name of a Jāt sept which worship the peacock (mor) because it is said to have saved their ancestor from a snake (Rose, Glossary, iii. 129). There was a settlement of this tribe at Sārangpur on the Kāli Sind River (ASR, ii. 228).]
57. [Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, 2nd ed. (1842) i. 22 ff. For a full account of the Abbāsi Dāūdputras of Bahāwalpur see the State Gazetteer by Malik Muhammad Din (1908), i. 47 ff.47 ff..]
58. [The succession runs: Bahāwal Khān II. (A.D. 1772-1809); Sādik Muhammad Khān (1809-25); Muhammad Bahāwal Khān III. (1825-52); Sādik Muhammad Khān II. (1853-58); Muhammad Bahāwal Khān IV. (1858-66); Sādik Muhammad Khān III., a minor, installed in 1879.]
59. This memorandum was written, I think, in 1811 or 1812.
60. My friend Dr. Joseph Duncan (attached to the Residency when I was Political Agent at Udaipur) was attacked by the narua in a very aggravated form. It fixed itself in the ankle-joint, and being broken in the attempt to extricate it, was attended by all the evil results I have described, ending in lameness, and generally impaired health, which obliged him to visit the Cape for recovery, where I saw him on my way home eighteen months after, but he had even then not altogether recovered from the lameness. [Guinea-worm (Dracontiasis), a disease due to the Filaria medinensis or Dracunculus, known in Persia as rīshtah, infests the Persian Gulf and many parts of India. See Curzon, Persia, ii. 234; Fryer, New Account of East India and Persia, ed. 1912, i. 175; Sleeman, Rambles, 76; Asiatic Researches, vi. 58 ff.; EB, 11th ed. xix. 361. The disease from which Job suffered (Job ii. 7) is generally believed to be elephantiasis (A. B. Davidson, The Book of Job, 13).]
61. [Since this was written Rājputāna has suffered from terrible famines in 1868-69, 1877-78, 1891-92, and 1899-1900, besides several seasons of scarcity.]
62. [These camel corps have been placed at the service of the Indian Government, and have done excellent service in several recent campaigns.]
63. [The wild ass (Equus hemionus) seems to have almost entirely disappeared in Jaisalmer. It is seldom seen in Mārwār, and no specimen has appeared in Bīkaner for many years (Erskine iii. A. 7, 50, 311; Blanford, Mammalia of India, 470 f.). Herodotus (vii. 86) says that the Indian chariots in the army of Xerxes were drawn by horses or wild asses.]
64. [Nīlgāē, Boselaphus tragocamelus, is not a deer, but belongs to the order Bovidae (Blanford, 517 ff.).]
65. [The fruits or small red berries of the pilu (Salvadora persica) have a strong aromatic smell and a pungent taste, like mustard or garden cress, while the shoots and leaves are eaten as a salad (Watt, Econ. Dict. vi. Part ii. 449; Burnes, Travels into Bokhara, iii. 122).]
66. Chittram, the name applied to these flats of hard soil (which Mr. Elphinstone happily describes, by saying that it rings under the horses’ hoofs in marching over it), is literally ‘the picture,’ from the circumstance of such spots almost constantly presenting the mirage, here termed chittram. How far the soil, so deeply impregnated with alkaline matter, may tend to heighten, if not to cause this, we have elsewhere noted in a general account of this optical phenomenon in various parts of northern India.
67. [Sarkanda, Saccharum sara or arundinaceum; dhāman, Pennisetum cenchroides; dūb, Cynodon dactylon; gokhru, Tribulus lancigenosus; bharūt, Cenchrus catharticus.]
68. [The tomato, introduced in modern times into India, generally called wilāyati baingan, ‘the foreign egg-plant.’]
69. [Many of the places named in this Itinerary are merely temporary halting-places in the desert, which do not appear in modern maps. Hence, in several cases, the transliteration is conjectural, and depends on the method of the Author in the case of well-known localities. A series of similar routes is given by Lieut. A. H. E. Boileau, Narrative of a Tour through Rajwara in 1835 (Calcutta, 1837), p. 192 ff.]
70. There are two routes from Mulana to Sehwan. The Dhati went the longest on account of water. The other is by Sakrand, as follows:
| Coss. | Coss. | ||||
| Palri | 5 | Sakrand | 3 | ┐ | [A] |
| Padshah-ki-basti | 6 | Nala | 0-½ | │ | This |
| Udani | 5 | Makrand | 4 | │ | appears |
| Mitrao | 10 | Koka-ki-basti | 6 | │ | very |
| Mir-ki-khoi | 6 | The Sind | 10 | │ | circuitous. |
| Supari | 5 | Sehwan | 0-½ | ┘ | |
| Kambhar-ka-nala | 9 |
A. Town high road from Upper to Lower Sind.
71. Sehwan is erected on an elevation within a few hundred yards of the river, having many clumps of trees, especially to the south. The houses are built of clay, often three stories high, with wooden pillars supporting the floors. To the north of the town are the remains of a very ancient and extensive fortress, sixty of its bastions being still visible; and in the centre the vestiges of a palace still known as Raja Bhartrihari-ka-Mahall, who is said to have reigned here when driven from Ujjain by his brother Vikramaditya. Although centuries have flown since the Hindus had any power in these regions, their traditions have remained. They relate that Vikrama, the eldest son of Gandharap Sen, was so devoted to his wife, that he neglected the affairs of government, which made his brother expostulate with him. This coming to his wife’s ears, she insisted on the banishment of Vikrama. Soon after a celebrated ascetic reached his court, and presented to Bhartrihari the Amarphul, or ‘fruit of immortality,’ the reward of years of austere devotion at the shrine of Mahadeo. Bhartrihari gave it to his wife, who bestowed it on an elephant-driver, her paramour; he to a common prostitute, his mistress; who expecting to be highly rewarded for it, carried it to the raja. Incensed at such a decided proof of infidelity, Bhartrihari, presenting himself before his queen, asked for the prize—she had lost it. Having produced it, she was so overwhelmed with shame that she rushed from his presence, and precipitating herself from the walls of the palace, was dashed to pieces. Raja Bhartrihari consoled himself with another wife, Rani Pingula, to whose charms he in like manner became enslaved; but experience had taught him suspicion. Having one day gone a-hunting, his huntsman shot a deer, whose doe coming to the spot, for a short time contemplated the body, then threw herself on his antlers and died. The Shikari, or huntsman, who had fallen asleep, was killed by a huge snake. His wife came to seek him, supposing him still asleep, but at length seeing he was dead, she collected leaves, dried reeds, and twigs, and having made a pyre, placed the body under it; after the usual perambulations she set fire to, and perished with it. The raja, who witnessed these proceedings, went home and conversed with Pingulani on these extraordinary Satis, especially the Shikari’s, which he called unparalleled. Pingulani disputed the point, and said it was the sacrifice of passion, not of love; had it been the latter, grief would have required no pyre. Some time after, having again gone a-hunting, Bhartrihari recalled this conversation, and having slain a deer, he dipped his clothes in the blood, and sent them by a confidential messenger to report his death in combat with a tiger. Pingulani heard the details; she wept not, neither did she speak, but prostrating herself before the sun, ceased to exist. The pyre was raised, and her remains were consuming outside the city as the raja returned from his excursion. Hastening to the spot of lamentation, and learning the fatal issue of his artifice, he threw off the trappings of sovereignty, put on the pilgrim’s garb, and abandoned Ujjain to Vikrama. The only word which he uttered, as he wandered to and fro, was the name of his faithful Pingulani! “Hae Pingula! Hae Pingula!” The royal pilgrim at length fixed his abode at Sehwan; but although they point out the ruins of a palace still known even to the Islamite as the Am-khass of Raja Bhartrihari, it is admitted that the fortress is of more ancient date. There is a mandir, or shrine, to the south of the town, also called, after him, Bhartri-ka-mandir. In this the Islamite has deposited the mortal remains of a saint named Lal Pir Shahbaz, to whom they attribute their victorious possession of Sind.[A] The cenotaph of this saint, who has the character of a proselyte Hindu, is in the centre of the mandir, and surrounded by wooden stakes. It is a curious spectacle to see both Islamite and Hindu paying their devotions in the same place of worship; and although the first is prohibited from approaching the sacred enceinte of the Pir, yet both adore a large salagram, that vermiculated fossil sacred to Vishnu, placed in a niche in the tomb. The fact is a curious one, and although these Islamite adorers are the scions of conversion, it perhaps shows in the strongest manner that this conversion was of the sword, for, generally speaking, the converted Hindu makes the most bigoted and intolerant Musalman. My faithful and intelligent emissaries, Madari Lal and the Dhati, brought me a brick from the ruins of this fortress of Sehwan. It was about a cubit in length, and of symmetrical breadth and thickness, uncommonly well burnt, and rang like a bell. They also brought me some charred wheat, from pits where it had been burned. The grains were entire and reduced to a pure carbon. Tradition is again at work, and asserts its having lain there for some thousand years. There is very little doubt that this is the site of one of the antagonists of the Macedonian conqueror, perhaps Mousikanos,[B] or Mukh-Sehwan, the chief of Sehwan. The passage of the Grecian down the Indus was marked by excesses not inferior to those of the Ghaznavede king in later times, and doubtless they fired all they could not plunder to carry to the fleet. There is also a Nanak-bara, or place of worship sacred to Nanak, the great apostle of the Sikhs, placed between the fortress and the river. Sehwan is inhabited by Hindus and Islamites in equal proportions: of the former, the mercantile tribe of Mahesri from Jaisalmer, is the most numerous, and have been fixed here for generations. There are also many Brahmans of the Pokharna[C] caste, Sunars or goldsmiths, and other Hindu artisans; of the Muslims the Sayyid is said to be the most numerous class. The Hindus are the monied men. Cotton and indigo, and great quantities of rice in the husk (paddy), grown in the vicinage of Sehwan, are exported to the ports of Tatta and Karachi Bandar by boats of considerable burthen, manned entirely by Muhammadans. The Hakim of Sehwan is sent from Haidarabad. The range of mountains which stretch from Tatta nearly parallel with the Indus, approaches within three miles of Sehwan, and there turns off to the north-west. All these hills are inhabited as far as the shrine of Hinglaj Mata[D] on the coast of Mekran (placed in the same range) by the Lumri, or Numri tribe, who though styling themselves Baloch, are Jats in origin.[E]