295 According to Perroncito the scolices had not formed proglottids nine days after feeding, but the latter were present twenty-four days after feeding, although the formation of eggs had not begun.

296 This may perhaps be explained by the fact that the hosts are slaughtered before the parasites have attained the size or other conditions necessary to disintegration.

297 In the Ascaridæ isolated epidermal cells grow to a considerable size, and have to do with the sensory apparatus of the lips (Goldschmidt).

298 In Ankylostomes according to Looss these cells have no glandular function, but are ligaments.

299 As a case published by Teissier shows, they may also abnormally appear in the blood (Arch. méd. expér. et d’An. path., 1895, vii, p. 675).

300 The larvæ resemble those of Cucullanus elegans parasitic in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). The larvæ of this species develop in Cyclops sp. Fedschenko in 1870, at Leuckart’s suggestion, succeeded in observing the invasion of Cyclops by Guinea worm larvae. They penetrate not per os but through the exoskeleton. Newly hatched larvæ (in bananas) will cause infection of monkeys.

301 C. W. Stiles (“American Medicine,” 1905, ix, p. 682) is of the opinion that Salisbury’s Trichina cystica is identical with Oxyuris vermicularis.

302 For determining periodicity measured quantities of blood, e.g.., 20 mm.³, should be used. A thick film is made of the whole quantity. The numbers present in this quantity may vary from three or four to 300 or 400.

303 [Acetic alcohol does well for detecting crescents in thick films of malaria blood.—J. W. W. S.]

304 Trichinellæ that are unable to penetrate into muscular fibres invariably die, no matter where else they settle; their occurrence in the adipose tissue is disputed, but is still possibly correct, as bundles of muscles are present in the fat of bacon. The Trichinellæ do not settle in heart muscle, although they may reach it in cases of heavy infection; they then die or wander into the pericardium, and eventually into the heart cavities.

305 It is still a matter of dispute and can hardly be definitely settled whether Trichinellæ were brought to Europe by the sewer rats which invaded Europe at the end of the eighteenth century, or whether they were imported with the Chinese pig in 1820 or 1830, when it was introduced into England and Germany to cross with the native breeds, or whether finally Trichinellæ are also indigenous to Europe.

306 For instance, extensive epidemics occurred in Hettstädt in 1863 (160 patients, 28 deaths); Hanover, 1864–1865 (more than 300 patients); Hadersleben, 1865 (337 patients, 101 deaths); Potsdam, 1866 (164 patients); Greifswald, 1866 (140 cases, 1 death); Magdeburg, 1866 (240 cases, 16 deaths); Halberstadt, 1867 (100 cases, 20 deaths); Stassfurt, 1869 (over 100 cases); Wernigerode, 1873 (100 cases, 1 death); Chemnitz (194 cases, 3 deaths); Linden, 1874 (400 cases, 140 deaths); Niederzwohren, near Cassel, 1877 (half the population); Diedenhofen, 1877 (99 cases, 10 deaths); Leipzig, 1877 (134 cases, 2 deaths); Ernsleben, 1883 (403 cases, 66 deaths); Strenz-Neuendorf, 1884 (86 cases, 12 deaths), etc. According to Johne, 109 epidemics, with 3,402 cases and 79 deaths, occurred in Saxony between 1860 and 1889. Stiles, in a work recently published, states that there were 8,491 cases of trichinosis with 513 deaths (6·04 per cent.) in Germany from 1860 to 1880; and 6,329 cases and 318 deaths (5·02 per cent.) between 1881–1898. Of these latter, 1881–1898, 3,822 (225 deaths) occurred in Prussia, 1,634 (76 deaths) in Saxony, and 873 (17 deaths) in the remaining states. There is, however, no doubt that many deaths from trichinosis were not recognized, as proved by experience at post-mortems.

307 Convergent: i.e., the uteri are parallel, converging from the anterior part of body to the vagina, which is near the anus, this position being associated with convergence of the uteri. Divergent: Uteri run anterior and posterior, diverging from the vagina, which in this case is near middle of body.

308 For nomenclature of rays vide p. 449.

309 The reports of the city inspection of meat in Berlin state that Strongylidæ in the lungs of pigs are by no means rare; therefore the lungs of 1,941 pigs were condemned between 1885–1886, of 1,641 between 1886–1887, of 3,237 between 1887–1888, of 4,855 between 1888–1889, of 7,197 between 1889–1890, and of 5,574 pigs between 1890–1891, etc. Ostertag found Strongylus apri in 60 per cent. of the pigs examined in the Berlin abattoir; Meyer, in Leipzig, found the parasite in 15 per cent. of the native pigs and in 52 per cent. of the Hungarian pigs.

310 Dictyocaulus is parasitic in the bronchi.

311 When the anterior ray is double, the branches of it are called antero-anterior and latero-anterior.

312 Identical with T. colubriformis of the sheep according to Leiper. If so, this latter name has priority.

313 Triodontophorus belongs to the group Cylicostomeæ, which has the following bursal formula: (1) anterior cleft, (2) median double, (3) postero-external and posterior arising separately, (4) posterior double, each branch giving off two lateral branches.

314 I.e., with a distinct space between the limbs.

315 Strongylus (Syn.: Sclerostomum) differs slightly in its posterior ray from the other genera of the group. Each bifurcation is trifurcate rather than tridigitate.

316 The ventral lancet (of one side) of Necator is seen in fig. 335.

317 This also occurs in other Strongylidæ, e.g., in the genus Strongylus (Syn.: Sclerostomum).

318 Table of Differences between Larvæ of A. duodenale AND S. stercoralis.

319 Moults take place by the formation of a new skin below the old one, the two being in close apposition at first.

320 From the number of eggs present in a given quantity of fæces, the number of female Ancylostomes present in the gut can be reckoned by a formula of Leichtenstern’s (x = a/47, in which a signifies the number of eggs counted in a single gramme of fæces).

321 [In most Arthropoda the skin is hardened by a deposit of chitin (Hexapoda, etc.).—F. V. T.]

322 Parasitic or free-living Crustaceans may now and then invade man abnormally. Thus, according to Betten, Caligus curtus invade the cornea (Betten, R. A., “Par. Crust. as a Foreign Body on the Cornea,” Lancet, 1900, i, p. 1002; and Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Par., xxix, p. 506). According to Laboulbène, also Gammarus pulex (Laboulbène, A., “Obs. d’accid. caus. par le G. pul. apport. avec l’eau de boison dans l’estomac d’un homme,” Bull. Acad. méd., 1898, p. 21).

323 R. Blanchard has compiled thirty-five cases in which Myriapoda have been observed in the intestine as well as in the nose of human beings (“Sur le pseudopar. d. myriap. chez l’homme,” Arch. de Par., 1898, i, p. 452). E. Munoz Ramos reports an additional case (ibid., p. 491). A few years ago a doctor in East Prussia sent me a rain worm out of a lady’s nose (cf. Hanau, A., “Wahrsch. Pseudo-paras. v. Schmeissfliegenlarv. u. angebl. Paras. v. Regenwürmern b. einer Hysterischen,” Arch. de Par., 1899, ii, p. 23).

324 [This is only so in the Acarina or mites, not in the Araneida or spiders.—F. V. T.]

325 [The true character of the Arachnoidea is the presence of four pairs of ambulatory appendages. This number is reduced to two pairs in the gall-making Phytoptidæ, and they differ from all other Arthropoda in having no antennæ.—F. V. T.]

326 Twelve orders are now recognized, as follows: Pentastomida or Linguatulids; Tardigrada or bear-animalcules; Phalangidæ or harvest-men; Acarina or ticks and mites; Palpigradi; Solifugæ; Pseudoscorpionidea or book mites; Pedipalpi or false scorpions; Scorpionidea or true scorpions; Araneida or spiders; Xiphosura or king crabs; and Pycnogonida, marine Arachnoids.

327 Chelifer cancroides has also been observed as a pseudoparasite in man (Arnault de Very, S., “Pseudopar. du. Chel. cancr. chez l’homme,” Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., 1901, liii, p. 105).

328 [The cheliceræ are sometimes regarded as modified antennæ, but it is more natural to regard them as the morphological equivalent of the mandibles of Hexapoda.—F. V. T.]

329 [The pedipalpi, or second pair of jaws, consist of a stout basal segment and a palp, which may have the appearance of a leg in Arachnida; this may end with or without a claw, or with a chela (scorpions); they may also form a tube enclosing the styliform cheliceræ (mites).—F. V. T.]

330 [Acarina are also found living upon trees, feeding upon other Arthropods and also upon spores of lichen and fungi (Oribatidæ or beetle mites); they also swarm indoors amongst stores and provisions (Tyroglyphidæ and Glyciphagi, household, sugar and cheese mites). This order is very important, as many are parasites upon man, his domestic animals and his cultivated plants, and attack his provisions and stores. Some live on blood, and in some of the ticks distribute various protozoal and other blood parasites and germs.—F. V. T.]

331 [Some have seven segments to the legs.—F. V. T.]

332 [This minute parasite is especially obnoxious in barley fields. In walking over barley stubble one is sure to be attacked by this Acarus in many districts. Trombidium is often very prevalent in gardens, especially along rows of peas, and in spring they may be found on fruit trees and bushes. Nut-pickers are frequently attacked by Leptus, and also pickers in other fruit plantations. It is often called the harvest mite.—F. V. T.]

333 Lemaire, “Import. en France du tlalsahuate,” Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1867, lxv, p. 215.

334 [This species is also known as Bicho colorado. It spins a web under the lower surface of the leaves, and it is only from December to February that it attacks warm-blooded animals and man.—F. V. T.]

335 [There is something wrong here, probably in the identification. T. telarius is purely a plant-feeder, and it is extremely unlikely a variety would attack man. Anyhow, it will not do so in Great Britain.—F. V. T.]

336 This has been proved in Uganda—so-called tick fever in man.

337 Some ticks require only one (R. decoloratus), others two (R. evertsi), and some three hosts (R. appendiculatus) in order to reach maturity.

338 Ixodes reduvius and I. ricinus are synonymous. [The above should read Ixodes ricinus, Latreille, 1806.—F. V. T.]

339 Neumann, G. L., “Rev. de la fam. des Ixodides,” III Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, xii, p. 129.

340 Neumann, G. L., loc. cit., p. 205.

341 Morgan, “Ticks and Texas Fever,” Louisiana State Bull. 55, pp. 134, 135, pl. 59.

342 Neumann, G. L., loc. cit., p. 285; Ronsisvalle, “Sui fenomeni morb. prodotti nel uomo da un Ixodide denominato Hyal. æg.,” Boll. Acc. Gioenia sci. nat., 1891, xvii.

343 Neumann, G. L., “Rev. de la fam. des Ixodides,” Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1897, x, p. 360.

344 Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 1909, iii, No. 4.

345 Neumann, G. L., loc. cit., 1897, p. 385.

346 “Report of Government Entomologist, Cape of Good Hope, for 1899,” 1900, p. 33.

347 “Fourth Report Wellcome Res. Labs.,” 1911, p. 128.

348 “A System of Medicine,” Allbutt and Rolleston, i, pt. 2, p. 195.

349 “Fourth Report Wellcome Res. Labs.,” 1911, B, p. 129.

350 Cooper and Busk’s Micros. Journ., 1842, and “Economic Entomology,” Murray, p. 280.

351 Dalgetty, A. B., “Water-itch; or Sore Feet of Coolies,” Journ. Trop. Med., 1901, iv, p. 73.

352 Trouessart, E. R., Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1900, lii, pp. 742–744, 893, 894; Arch. de Par., 1902, v, pp. 449–459.

353 [This mite produces the so-called “black muzzle” of sheep.—F. V. T.]

354 [This mite causes what we know in England as red mange in dogs.—F. V. T.]

355 What are designated as stigmata in the Linguatulides are the orifices of sebaceous glands.

356 Synonymy given by Sambon: Adult form, Ténia lanceolé, Chabert, 1787; Ver rhinaire, Chabert, 1787; Tænia rhinaris, Pilger, 1805; Tænia lanceolata, Rudolphi, 1805; Cochlus rhinarius, Rudolphi, 1805; Prionoderma rhinaria, Rudolphi, 1808; Polystoma tænioides, Rudolphi, 1809; Linguatula tænioides, Lamark, 1816; Prionoderma lanceolata, Cuvier, 1817; Pentastoma tænioides, Rudolphi, 1819; Linguatula lanceolata, de Blainville, 1828; Linguatula rhinaris, Railliet, 1885; Linguatula caprina, R. Blanchard, 1900. Nymphal form: Linguatula serrata, Frölich, 1789; Tænia capræa, Abildgaard, 1789; Tænia caprina, Gmelin, 1800; Polystoma serrata, Goeze, 1800; Halysis caprina, Zeder, 1803; Linguatula denticulata, Rudolphi, 1805; Echinorhynchus capreæ, Braun, 1809; Tetragulus capriæ, Bosc, 1810; Pentastoma denticulatum, Rudolphi, 1819; Pentastoma emarginatum, Rudolphi, 1819; Pentastoma fera, Creplin, 1829; Linguatula ferox, Gros, 1849.

357 Adult form as Linguatula armillata, Wyman, 1847; Pentastomum polyzonum, Hailey, 1856; Pentastomum armillatum, Leuckart, 1860; Pentastomum armillatum, Diesing, 1864; Porocephalus armillatus, Stiles, 1893; Porocephalus polyzonus, Stiles, 1893; Porocephalus moniliformis, Neumann (in part), 1899. Nymphal form: Linguatula diesingii, van Beneden, 1849; Pentastomum euryzonum, Diesing, 1850; Nematoideum hominis, Diesing, 1851; Pentastomum constrictum, von Siebold, 1852; Linguatula constricta, Küchenmeister, 1855; Pentastoma leonis, Wedl., 1863; Pentastoma fornatum, Cobbold, 1879; Pentastomum protelis, Hoyle, 1883; Porocephalus constrictus, Stiles, 1893; Linguatula constrictor, Galli-Valerio, 1896; Pentastomum diesingii, Shipley, 1898.

358 The synonymy is as follows:—Adult form: Pentastoma moniliforme, Diesing, 1835; Linguatule moniliforme, Mégnin, 1880; Porocephalus moniliformis, Stiles. Nymphal form: Pentastoma fornatum, Creplin (in part), 1849; Pentastoma wedlii, Cobbold, 1866; Pentastoma aonycis, Macalister, 1874; Porocephalus armillatus, Stiles (in part), 1908.

359 [The mandibles are only powerful masticatory organs in biting-mouthed insects (Mandibulata); in the sucking or piercing-mouthed insects they may be absent, or in the form of needle-like stylets (Haustellata).—F. V. T.]

360 [As in the order Aptera, which includes the Thysanura and Collembola, and also exceptions in other orders, as the fleas amongst Diptera, the Mutillus and ants amongst Hymenoptera.—F. V. T.]

361 [Usually known as Hemiptera. There are two sub-orders, Heteroptera and Homoptera. The former have the base of the front wings coriaceous; the latter have all four wings membranous. The Homoptera are Aphides or plant lice and scale insects (Coccidæ), none of which attack man. Recently an interesting case has been reported to me where certain Aphides had been passed in human urine. One species was Rhopalosiphum dianthi, the other found in the urine was the hop aphis (Phorodon humuli). I cannot believe, however, that they had been actually passed, in spite of the case being reported by a medical man.—F. V. T.]

362 “Household Insects,” Howard and Marlatt, Bull. 4 (N.S.), U.S. Dept. Agric., 1896, p. 37.

363 Indian Med. Gaz., February, 1907, xlii, No. 2.

364 Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1910, 2, fasc. 2, pp. 206–212.

365 “Household Insects,” p. 42.

366 [First Report Econ. Zool., 1903, p. 130.—F. V. T.]

367 Charles Darwin, “A Naturalist’s Voyage” (Voyage of the Beagle), 1888, p. 330.

368 “Text-book of Entomology,” 1885, p. 205.

369 “The Big Bed Bug of the Far West,” Bull. 18 (N.S.), U.S. Dept. Agric., 1898, p. 101.

370 “Insects to which the name ‘Kissing-bug’ became applied during the summer of 1899,” Bull. 22 (N.S.), U.S. Dept. Agric., 1900, p. 24.

371 American Entomologist, 1869, i, pp. 84–88.

372 R. Blanchard, “Sur la Piqûre de quelques Hémiptères,” Arch, de Par., 1902, p. 145.

373 “So-called Spider-bites and their Treatment,” Therap. Gaz., February 19, 1875.

374 Bull. Ent. Res., 1910, i, pt. 3, p. 227.

375 Ibid., 1911, ii, pt. 2, p. 180.

376 [Dr. Daniels has sent me a small coleopterous larva found in an abscess on a man in British Guiana.—F. V. T.]

377 Bull. Ent. Res., 1911, i, pt. 2, p. 92.

378 “Report United States Public Health, 1909,” xxiv, No. 29.

379 [This is by no means always the case; in the genera Deinocerites, Wyeomyia, Limatus, Theobald, and in Sabethes, Robineau Desvoidy, they are nearly the same in both sexes.—F. V. T.]

380 [This is not always the case, vide previous note.—F. V. T.]

381 [This is only so in Anophelina and in the genus Theobaldinella, Neveu-Lemaire, Grabhamia, Theobald, Acartomyia, Theobald, etc. In true Culex and many other genera the male palpi are pointed.—F. V. T.]

382 [This is certainly not always the case.—F. V. T.]

383 Compare Ficalbi, E., “Venti spec. di zanzare (Culicidæ) ital. . .,” Bull. Soc. ent. ital., 1899, xxxi; abstracted in Centralbl. f. Bakt., Par. u. Infektionsk., 1900, xxviii, p. 397.

384 Both males and females may be kept alive in captivity for a long time if given fruits, or even only sugar and water.

385 The act of copulation in many species is now known. The female Culex has three receptaculæ seminalis, while the female Anopheles has one receptaculum seminis.

386 It is certain that the females perish immediately after depositing the ova; but this does not always hold good, as a part of them survive for a few days. The males die soon after copulation.

387 “Wald Mosquitoes und Wald Malaria,” Dr. Lutz, Centralbl. f. Bakt., Par., u. Infektionsk., i Abt. Orig., xxxiii, No. 4.

388 Information sent me by Dr. Grabham shows this statement to be not quite correct, as the frontal hairs may vary in different stages of the same larva. This he has shown in Cellia albipes, Theob., and I have noticed it in a Nyssorhynchus from Africa.

389 Heart-shaped scales occur on the wings of Etiorleptiomyia.

390 The following genera of Anophelites have been founded by James†:—

† Records of Indian Museum, 1910, iv, No. 5, p. 98.

(1) Abdomen with hairs but no scales. Thorax with dorsum with long narrow curved scales, which form on the anterior promontory a thick bunch projecting over the neck. Prothoracic lobes with a tuft of rather broad true scales, upright forked scales of head of usual broad expanding type: Patagiamyia, James. Includes Gigas, Giles, and Lindesayi, Giles. Both seem to me typical Anopheles.

(2) Abdomen as above; Thorax very similar. Prothoracic lobes with hairs, no scales. Upright forked scales of head rod-shaped: Neostethopheles, James. Includes Atkenii, James; Immaculatus, Theobald; Culiciformis, James and Liston. These seem to me to be true Anopheles.

(3) Abdomen with hairs and scales on dorsum of each segment; ventrally there are six scaly tufts on the apices of six segments. Thorax with scales and a tuft of outstanding ones on prothoracic lobes: Christophersia, James. Type Halli, James. Very close to if not identical with Cellia.

(4) Head with narrow curved scales lying rather flat upon head and flat lateral scales, upright forked ones behind. Central lobe of scutellum with tuft of narrow curved scales, lateral lobes with large flat oval scales; male palpi longer than proboscis, two large apical segments with long projecting hairs: Leslieomyia, Christophers. Type Leslieomyia tæniorhynchoides, Christophers, from Amritsar, India.

(5) Abdomen with first six or seven segments with hairs only, eighth and seventh (?) with scales, also genital processes. Thorax with hairs and narrow curved scales sharp pointed, blunt-ended broad scales on each side of anterior third. No tufts of scales on prothoracic lobes. Head usual type of upright forked scales: Nyssomyzomyia, James. Type Rossii, Giles.

391 Many other genera have been created; these will be found in my catalogue of Culicidæ in my “Monograph of the Mosquitoes of the World,” 1901–10, 5 vols., in my “Novæ Culicidæ,” family Culicidæ, Genera Insectorum, etc.

392 Theobald, “Second Report on Economic Zoology,” 1903, p. 9.

393 “A Monograph of the Culicidæ of the World,” 5 vols. and atlas, 1901 to 1910, British Museum (Nat. Hist.); and the following: Howard, Dyar and Knab, “The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies,” 1912; James and Liston, “The Anophelinæ of India,” Leicester, 1908; “The Culicidæ of Malay,” Inst. Med. Res., Fed. Malay States, iii; Ann.Trop. Med. and Par., papers by Newstead and Carter; Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, papers by Lutz, Neva, Chagas; and the Bulletin of Entomological Research, etc.

394 Bull. du Mus. d’Hist. nat., 1906, xii, p. 522.

395 Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1910, ii, fasc. 2, pp. 211–267.

396 C. Fuller, “A New Poultry Pest,” 1899, Leaflet No. 1, Dept. Agric.

397 Insect Life, 1888, i, p. 14.

398 Ibid., 1893, v, p. 61.

399 Entomologist, 1879, p. 89.

400 Theobald, “An Account of British Flies,” i, p. 172.

401 Bull. Ent. Res., 1912, iii, pp. 99–108.

402 Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1913, v, fasc. 1, pp. 45–72, pls. 6–8; and 1914, vi, fasc. 2, pp. 81–99.

403 Bull. Ent. Res., 1911, ii, pt. 2, pp. 47–78.

404 “Ricerche sui Flebotomi,” Mem. della Soc. ital. della Scienze, 1907, ser. 3, xiv, pp. 353–394.

405 “Indian Sand-flies,” Ind. Med. Cong., 1909, sec. III, pp. 239–242.

406 Newstead: Bull. Ent. Res., 1912, iii, pp. 361–367.

407 Rec. Ind. Mus., v, pt. 3, Nos. 13 and 14.

408 Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1912, iv, fasc. I, pp. 84–95.

409 Theobald, “First Report Economic Zoology,” Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), p. 55.

410 Hagen, Proc. Bost. Soc., N.H., xx, p. 107.

411 “Larvæ of a Musca, probably M. corvina, were passed in numbers per rectum by a child in Liverpool with Homalomyia larvæ,”—“Second Report Economic Zoology,” Theobald, 1903, p. 16.

412 [The correct name for this fly is Wohlfahrtia magnifica, Schiner.—F. V. T.]

413 [The following are known to cause myiasis in man in Africa: Cordylobia anthropophaga, Grünb.; Auchmeromyia luteola, Fabr.; A. rodhani, Gedoelst; Oestrus ovis, Linn.; and Anthomyia desjardensii, Macq. The anthropophaga, Blanchard, and the depressa, Walker, referred to here are Grünberg’s anthropophaga.—F. V. T.]

414 [Austen gives the length as 12 to 12·5 mm. and the breadth as 5 mm.; he describes the larva as follows: Bluntly pointed at the anterior extremity, and truncate behind; from third to eleventh segments thickly covered with minute recurved spines of brownish chitin, usually arranged in transverse series of groups of two or more, which can be seen to form more or less distinct undulating and irregular transverse rows. In each of the two posterior stigmatic plates, the respiratory slit on either side of the median one is characteristically curved, resembling an inverted note of interrogation. The barrel-shaped puparium is on an average 10·3 by 4·6 mm.; its colour varies from ferruginous to nearly black.—F. V. T.]