Two genera are important as annoying man, namely, Culicoides, Latreille, and Johannseniella, Williston. The larvæ of Chironomidæ are either aquatic, both fresh water and marine, and help to make the former foul,399 according to Slater, or may, as in Ceratopogoninæ, live beneath the bark of trees, etc. The pupæ are very varied and also the life-histories of the different genera.400 The blood-sucking habit is confined to the sub-family Ceratopogoninæ.

This sub-family of midges consists of very small species varying from 1 to 2 mm. in length; the wings have darkened areas, and the second longitudinal vein is wanting, and the first and third veins are stouter than the others and placed close to the anterior margin, the fourth and fifth are forked; the antennæ in both male and female are composed of fourteen segments, six or eight in the males bearing long hairs.

The chief blood-sucking species belong to the genera Culicoides, Latreille, and Johannseniella, Williston. The latter genus differs from the former in the absence of an empodium or median appendage on the last segment of the tarsi. The genus Ceratopogon, as restricted by Kieffer, is not supposed to take vertebrate blood, but Austen has recently noticed that the type specimen of C. castaneus, Walker, and a new species described by him, apparently have their bodies distended with blood. The wings in the Ceratopogoninæ are carried flat when at rest.

The pupæ are smooth, but the abdominal segments bear a transverse row of small spines. Austen describes a number of Culicoides and one Johannseniella and three Ceratopogons from Africa,401 and Lutz402 a number of this sub-family from Brazil, including a new genus, Centrorhyncus. Another genus, Tersesthes, Townsend (Centrotypus, Grassi; Mycterotypus, Noe), also occurs in Brazil.

Culicoides ornatus, Taylor, is described from Townsville, Australia, found in mangrove swamps. It is a very vicious biter and causes considerable irritation, settling on hands and wrists (Taylor, Rep. Ent. Aust. Inst. Trop. Med. (1912), 1913, p. 24).

This family of diptera is of considerable importance, not only on account of the blood-sucking habits of some species, but especially on account of one at least having been proved to be the carrying agent of “papataci” fever, a three-day fever very prevalent in Malta and several parts of Southern Europe in the autumn.

It is also possible that these small flies are connected with the formation of “Delhi boil,” caused by a protozoan parasite.

The females are most vicious blood-suckers, but in some species anyhow the males also bite (P. duboscii). They are mainly nocturnal feeders and hide away during the day in any dark corners or crevices.

The life-cycle has been worked out by Newstead403 and Grassi404 in Europe, and by Howlett405 in India.

The larvæ have been found in crevices in rocks and caves, in dirty cellars, and dark damp places containing rubbish, and are also said to live in crevices in the walls of privies and cesspits.

The minute larva is very marked; as figured by Newstead it has two long chætæ projecting upwards, in some stages branched, in others simple, and on the segments a few blunt spine-like processes. The pupæ are found in similar situations. The ova are very minute, elongate, translucent white, and covered with a thin coating of viscous matter when first laid; soon after they become dark brown, shiny, with long black wavy lines. Newstead found the incubation period in Malta to last for about nine days in P. papatacii. Five species are known in Europe, five in Africa,406 two in North America, and eight are described by Annandale407 in the Oriental region. Lutz and Neiva have described three species from Brazil408 (P. longipalpis, intermedius and squamiventris).

The antennæ as a rule have three segments, and are usually shorter than the head. The first segment of the antennæ is frequently very small, and the third one is generally the largest, and sometimes possesses a terminal annulated bristle. The palpi have from one to three segments; the mandibles are covered by the labium. The three thoracic rings are coalesced; wings are almost always present, the posterior ones being rudimentary and covered with a little scale. From the ova legless maggots are hatched, which as a rule have not a distinct head, but occasionally possess two claw-like hooklets. These maggots live in decomposing organic matter; they rarely live in water and some of them are parasitic. They either become barrel-shaped pupæ within the last larval integument or, after casting it, are transformed into naked pupæ. The larvæ of numerous Brachycera have been observed in man, some in ulcers or on mucous membranes, others in the skin or in the intestine, etc. In many cases the report only mentions the presence of the larvæ of flies; in other cases the species has been determined; whilst in still other cases the corresponding adult creature is unknown. We must therefore confine ourselves to describing the most common varieties.

These flies belong to the same division of Diptera, the Aschiza, as the family Syrphidæ or “hover flies.” They are all small insects with marked antennæ and wings; the former have the third segment globular and enlarged, and thus hiding the first two; the wings are short and broad, the venation shows two short, thick, long veins with four thin ones running out from them. The larvæ normally live in decaying animal and vegetable matter, but one species, Aphiochæta ferruginea, Brun., has been found as an intestinal parasite of man.

This small fly belonging to this family is of an orange-ochreous colour, the upper part of the thorax tawny, and with dark bands on the abdomen, legs pale yellow, the hind femora tipped with dark brown. It measures only 2 to 3 mm. in length. This insect is shown by Austen to be widely distributed in the tropics, being found in India, Burma, West Africa, and Central America. The larvæ breed in decaying animal matter, such as putrid meat, decomposing shell-fish, etc.

Heusner bred out sixty-three flies from larvæ taken from an Indian’s foot.

Baker (Proc. Burma Branch Brit. Med. Assoc., 1891, p. 11–16) found that the maggots of this fly were passed per anum by a European at intervals during a period of ten months. Baker found that the larvæ fed on human fæces; from the egg stage to the deposition of eggs from the resultant brood of flies occupied twenty-two days. He concludes that they are capable of propagating, and do so while living within the human intestines. He also records the larvæ in two girls.

The larva does not seem to have been described, but Austen describes the pupa (Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., iii, No. 5, p. 229).

The larvæ of the “hump-backed fly” live in rotting potatoes, mushrooms, radishes, etc., and when accidentally introduced into the intestine of man can, like other larvæ, live there twenty-four hours and even more, and may set up serious gastric disturbances.

P. rufipes is the same as P. pallipes, Latr.

Small blackish flies, elongate, with abdomen narrowed at the base, thickened and curved downwards towards the extremity. Larvæ often found in decaying vegetables, ham, cheese, etc. The larvae have the power of skipping; conical in form, pointed in front, truncated behind, about 5 mm. long, shiny and smooth, the anal segment with fleshy protuberances. The genus Piophila has a short proboscis and the cross-veins of the wings approximate.

Cheese flies. The larvæ live in ripe cheese, with which they are sometimes introduced into human beings (Meschede).

The larvæ of the cheese flies (Piophila casei) may pass through the alimentary canal of human beings alive, and have been occasionally referred to in cases of internal myiasis. It also breeds in dead bodies in adipose tissue. Howard records it on human excrement. It is thus possible that some of the recorded cases of this pest being passed alive may be due to eggs deposited on human fæces.

Amongst the large family of Syrphidæ is found a section known as the Eristalinæ or drone flies, whose curious long-tailed larvæ are popularly called “rat-tail larvæ,” on account of the end of the body being drawn out into a long telescopic tail of two segments, at the end of which are placed the breathing pores. These larvæ live in water, no matter how foul, and in liquid manure. They have occasionally been obtained in foul drinking water by human beings and from eating watercress improperly washed or from badly kept beds. Austen (Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., iii, No. 6, p. 221) records that in the autumn of 1907 a number of the larvæ of the common drone fly (Eristalis tenax) were passed per rectum by a woman in Hampshire who had recently arrived from France. The patient had eaten a considerable quantity of watercress before leaving France. I have twice found small Eristalis larvæ clinging by their long tails on watercress served at table.

Small, rather plump flies, with short, broad abdomen, with bristles on the head and legs. Often abundant in decomposing fruit, and may occur in dense masses.

The larvæ of this fly occur in over-ripe fruit and in fungi, often also in human habitations, and live in substances undergoing acid fermentation (vinegar, decaying fungi, rotting fruit, in damaged spots in diseased trees), much more rarely in animal substances, and they occasionally gain access to the human intestine (for example, by the medium of sour milk). When introduced in any quantity, they cause vomiting or attacks resembling colic; when taken in the pupal stage no unpleasant results are produced.

The larvæ live in the urine in privies. Several authors state they have found them in fresh fæces or in vomited matter. Pruvot states that they continue for three days in the stomach of rats into which they have been intentionally introduced. (Pruvot, G., “Contrib. à l’étude des larves de dipt, trouv. dans le corps humain,” Thèse de Par., 1882; Chatin, J., in Comp. rend. Soc. de Biol., Paris, 1888 (8), v, p. 396; Roger, H., ibid., 1851 (1), iii, pp. 88, etc.)

[H. canicularis is common to Europe and North America, and is an abundant house-fly. It is the small house-fly so often seen on windows. Besides living on vegetable matter, they have also been found in the nests of the humble bee. Larvæ of this species (fig. 405) were sent to the British Museum, taken from the fæces of a woman suffering from cancer.409 They were found at Shrewsbury. Hagen410 reports the larvæ of this fly as occurring alive in the urethra of a patient.—F. V. T.]

[This is not a synonym of the above, but a distinct species.

[H. manicata, Meigen, is also distinct.—F. V. T.]

This fly, allied to Homalomyia, is the cause of both intestinal and cutaneous myiasis at Bihé, Angola (Wellman, Journ. Trop. Med. and Hyg., June, 1907, x, p. 186).

The larvæ live in decaying vegetable substances, also in dung, and have been evacuated in some cases by man (Zetterstedt, Joseph).

and M. (Calliphora) vomitoria, L., and allied species; larvæ of these have been repeatedly found in the intestine and nose of man (Mankiewicz, etc.).411

It is not only on account of a few larvæ of the common house-fly (Musca domestica) being found in the intestines of man that it is of importance medically. It is far more important on account of the part it plays in the spread of diseases of the intestines, such as typhoid fever and cholera, infantile diarrhœa and dysentery.

Howard and Clark (Journ. Exp. Med., 1912, xvi, No. 6, pp. 850–859) have shown that the house-fly is capable of carrying the virus of poliomyelitis for several days on the surface of the body and for several hours in the gastro-intestinal tract. The house-fly may also distribute the ova of Tænia solium and the white worms (Oxyuris and Ascaris). It has also been proved that they may carry the germs of tuberculosis, and it is said that they play an important part in the spread of infectious ophthalmia in Egypt.

This insect is found in all parts of the world. In warm countries it breeds all the year round, and it may do so even in temperate climates in warm places, such as stove houses. Most, however, die off in the autumn; but some survive the winter as adults, in such places as kitchens, restaurants, and warm houses. I have never failed to find a few Musca domestica in houses during the winter. The majority, however, hibernate as puparia.

The females deposit from 120 to 150 eggs in a batch in stable manure, rotting vegetation, house refuse, spent hops, old soiled bedding, etc. A single female may lay as many as six batches of ova during her life. The eggs are shiny white, and hatch in from eight to twenty-four hours in warm weather to three or four days in cool weather. The white footless maggots are cylindrical, tapering to a point at the head end, truncated posteriorly. The head consists of two dark mandibular hooks and two short antennæ. On the tail end are two plates, the stigmata, in which the main tracheal trunks open; in the second segment are a small pair of projecting stigmata. The larval stage lasts from seven to five days in hot weather; but in cold weather in temperate climes it may last six or eight weeks.

The larva on reaching maturity becomes a barrel-shaped puparium of a dark brown to black colour, and in this case changes to the pupa. This stage lasts from three days in the tropics to four or five weeks in cold weather, the life cycle thus varying from ten days in the tropics to fourteen in warm weather in Europe up to three or four months under unfavourable conditions.

All breeding grounds should be burnt or otherwise done away with, such as stable manure, house and kitchen refuse, human excrement and soiled substances, also decaying vegetation as soon as possible, certainly by every sixth day. Stable manure should be kept in closed receptacles and should be removed by every sixth day to at least one mile from habitations and sprinkled with chloride of lime. All kitchen and household refuse should be burnt at once or buried in pits and covered with soil. Latrines should be as far as possible from hospitals, mess rooms and tents. Food—especially milk, sugar and fruit—should be kept screened with muslin when house-flies are about. Mess rooms and tents and hospitals should have doors and windows screened with fine wire gauze during the fly season. All possible steps should be taken to prevent them contaminating man’s food and from breeding in human excrement and from entering hospitals. When present in dwelling-houses in numbers they may be killed by fumigation with pyrethrum or sulphur.

A species distributed from the Argentine to the south of the United States which deposits its ova on ulcers, in the aural meatus or in the nasal cavities of persons who sleep in the open air. The larvæ are yellowish white, 16 mm. long, are armed with two strong mouth hooks, and provided with spinous rings (screw-worm); they lie hid in the nasal and frontal sinuses, in the pharynx, larynx, etc.; they perforate the mucous membranes, even cartilage, migrate into the eyes, the cranial cavity, middle ear, and cause severe disturbances; after the mature stage, in which the larvæ leave the host to enter the pupal state, these symptoms often spontaneously abate after a lapse of eight days, leaving behind greater or less cicatrices, and consequently also defects in function of the organs attacked. Very often, however, sepsis sets in, usually with a fatal termination.

(Coquerel in: Arch. gén. de méd., 1858 (5), p. 513; 1859, xiii, p. 685; Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1858 (3), vi, p. 171; 1859, vii, p. 234. Weber in: Rec. de mém. de méd. milit., 1867 (3), xviii, p. 159. Francius, A., in: Arch. f. path. Anat., 1868, xliii, p. 98. Conil in: Bol. Acad. nac. cienc. Cordoba, 1881, iii, p. 296. Humbert, Fr., in: Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, vi, p. 103; Amer. Nat., 1884, xviii, p. 540. Lindsay in: Journ. Trop. Med., 1902; v, p. 220, and other authors.)

[This species is known as the screw-worm fly. It attacks animals as well as man, especially laying its eggs on wounds formed by barbed wire. It may also be found on dead flesh. Dr. St. George Gray sent me specimens from St. Lucia, from the nose and mouth of a patient in Victoria Hospital. Others were found in the vagina of another patient. Out of the four patients attacked, two occupied the same bed, one after the other, and a third the next bed to it. The other case was in a more remote part of the hospital. There are numerous records of this fly attacking man. It occurs from the Argentine to Texas.—F. V. T.]

[This species is somewhat larger than the former; the body is metallic bluish-green, the dorsum of the thorax with three blackish, longitudinal stripes, and the face ochraceous; about 10 mm. long. Austen records this species from man, Dr. Daniels having bred it from larvæ from a sore on a human being in New Amsterdam, British Guiana. Dr. Laurence also bred it in Trinidad. In the latter case between 100 and 150 maggots were discharged from the nose of a woman suffering from facial myiasis (Brit. Med. Journ., January 9, 1909, p. 88 + fig.).—F. V. T.]

The larvæ were observed by Meinert in Copenhagen in the auditory meatus of a person who, after taking a bath, fell asleep in the open air, and on waking felt singing in the ears, and had a sensation as if there were water in the auditory canal. During the next days severe pains set in, and there was a discharge of blood and pus from both ears, as well as from the nose. On washing out the meatus the maggots made their appearance.

Lucilia cæsar and L. sericata have also been observed in the larval state in man (Thompson, Hope, Henneberg and Calendoli, Napoli, 1907).

[This golden-green fly usually lays its eggs on decomposing organic matter; now and again it lays its eggs in wounds on man.—F. V. T.]

The species of this genus have a general resemblance to the Lucilias and Chrysomyias, but the body is stouter and the abdomen banded. The genus can be distinguished from Chrysomyia by the absence of the three thoracic stripes and by the eyes of the male, in which the facets forming the upper portion are much enlarged, whereas in Chrysomyia they are not noticeably larger. Austen also points out that the sterno-pleural bristles in Pycnosoma are 1 : 1, in Chrysomyia 2 : 1. The genus is found in tropical Asia and Africa only. All records of Chrysomyia (Compsomyia) in India must be referred to this genus. Bezzi and Stein (“Katalog der Palăarktischen Dipteren,” 1907, iii, p. 543), however, regard the two as synonymous.

The larvæ are frequently found in the nostrils of man and burrow into the sinus, but normally they live on decaying animal matter.

Pycnosoma forms the so-called Indian screw-worm. Patterson (Ind. Med. Gaz., October, 1909, xliv, No. 10) records the case of a woman at Tezpin, Assam, from whom as many as 100 larvæ were removed at one time, and later the left orbital cavity was found packed with hundreds of maggots; eventually the patient died. It is possible that this, however, was due to a species of Sarcophaga. Austen undoubtedly records this genus causing nasal myiasis in India (Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., iii, p. 235). At Dehra Doon, U.P., a woman discharged 100 larvæ from her nose, with great pain in the nasal region and frontal sinuses.

The so-called “peenash,” a common malady in Rajputana, is a true nasal myiasis.

Larvæ of flesh-flies provided with two claws at the anterior end, which settle on raw or cooked meat, and in the open on carcases of animals; they are often observed in man, both in the intestine (introduced with food) and in the nasal cavities, frontal sinus, conjunctiva, aural meatus, anus, vulva, vagina, prepuce, and open ulcers, often migrating further from the regions first attacked. (Gayot in Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1838, vii, p. 125. Grube in Arch. f. Naturg., 1853, xix, 1, p. 282. Legrand du Saulle in Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1857, xlv, p. 600, and other authors.)

[This fly is viviparous. The fly varies from 10 to 30 mm. in length, and is of a general ash-grey colour; the thorax with three dark stripes, the abdomen light grey with three black spots on each segment; legs black; base of wings yellow. It also attacks animals and birds, especially geese. The genus Sarcophaga is universally distributed. The maggots are whitish or yellowish footless larvæ of twelve segments, tapering to a point in front, broadened posteriorly. There are two mouth hooks, by means of which they rasp their food. The breathing pores are at the end and consist of two groups of three slits, each surrounded by a hardened area. They pupate in their old skin, which turns brown.—F. V. T.]

A species widely distributed over the whole of Europe, occurring especially in Russia (Mohilew); the presence of the larvæ in man was first observed by Wohlfahrt (1768). The larvæ settle in the pharynx, in the nose, the aural meatus, the conjunctiva, and in other regions of the human body; they also attack domestic animals and birds. As Portschinsky has shown, they cause severe inflammations, hæmorrhages and suppurations in the organs in which they occur; children are especially attacked. A number of cases have been observed also in Central and Western Europe. [The fly has a light grey abdomen with shiny black spots which do not change their shape and appearance according to the angle in which the fly is viewed.—F. V. T.]

(Wohlfahrt: “Observ. de vermibus per nares excretis,” Halæ, 1768; Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Nat. curios., 1770, iv, p. 277. Gerstäcker in: Sitzungsb. Ges. nat. Frde. Berl., 1875, p. 108. Portschinsky in: Horæ soc. entom. ross., 1875, 1884, p. 123. Laboulbène in: Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1883 (6), iii; Bull., p. xcii. Leon in: Bull. Soc. des Méd. et Nat. de Jassy, 1905, xix, p. i. Freund, L., in: Verh. Ges. deutsch. Naturf. u. Ärzte, Homburg (1902), 1902, ii, 2, p. 450, and other authors.) [Probably most cases of attack in Europe are due to this species.—F. V. T.]

The above cited do not exhaust the number of observations of diptera larvæ parasitic in man; there are yet to be mentioned the larvæ of S. hæmorrhoidalis, S. hæmatodes (of G. Joseph), those of S. ruficornis (excitants of a cutaneous myiasis in the East Indies), those of species of Eristalis (of Hanby and others), and those of Phora rufipes (of Kahl, of Warsaw, and others). In many cases the determination of the diptera larvæ has been omitted (or must be omitted); such is the case with diptera larvæ in the eye (Schultz-Zehden in: Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1906, p. 286. Ollendorf in: Med. Korrespondenzbl. d. würt. ärtzl. Landesver., 1904, p. 1017. Kayser in: Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenheilkunde, 1905, xliii, i, p. 205. Ewetzky and v. Kennel in: Zeitschr. f. Augenheilkunde, 1904, xii, p. 337, and other cases). Austen records several cases of myiasis due to Sarcophaga (vide Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 1910, iii, No. 6).

[This species is recorded as attacking human beings at New Amsterdam, British Guiana. The fly is 15 mm. long, has a golden-coloured face, three broad black thoracic stripes and ochraceous buff anal segments. It was bred from larvæ obtained by Dr. Roland from a sore on a girl’s foot. It is known to occur in the Brazils and the West Indies. Another species was also bred which Austen was unable to identify.—F. V. T.]

[This and other species of Sarcophaga are called “yaw flies” in Dominica, as they are believed to be concerned in the dissemination of frambœsia or yaws (Nicholls) (vide Austen, Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 1910, iii, p. 239).—F. V. T.]

Indigenous to the Senegal and neighbouring districts; in the district of Cayor (between the mouth of the Senegal and Cape Verde) the larva is known as the “ver de Cayor.” It lives under the skin, especially at the lower extremities and the lower region of the trunk, producing small boils, which cause pain, but after about eight days, when the larva leaves the body to enter the pupal stage, the pain discontinues. Besides man the larva occurs in dogs, goats, cats, and in the jackal. It is still questionable whether the fly deposits its eggs direct or on the ground, from whence the larvæ as they emerge gain access to animals and man. Larvæ yellowish-white, 14 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, eleven segments414; head with two globular antennæ-like appendages, two black curved mouth hooks, and two wart-shaped, finely spinous structures at their base. Body evenly covered to the seventh segment with small black prickles, which are stronger at the sides and the anterior borders of the segments; from the seventh they increase in size, on the two hindermost they are wanting; on the last segment two deep yellow spiracles, each with three markedly curved fissures; in addition two stigmata on the posterior border of the first segment. Duration of the larval stage about eight days. Upon the construction of roads in Guinea the larva is spread by dogs far into the interior.

Endemic in German East Africa and neighbouring regions. Larva up to 14 mm. long, 4 to 5·5 mm. wide, of cylindrical shape, slightly narrowed behind, truncated, gradually tapering in front; antennæ-like processes, cone-shaped, blunt. Smaller cylindrical formations at the base of the mouth hooks surrounded by a circle of chitinous hooks. Body from the first segment covered with small brown squamous spines which are disposed in numerous irregular transverse rows. The spines are small over the two first segments, the two posterior thirds of all the segments, as well as from the eighth; over the third to the seventh they are larger, but between these there are very small spines. The breathing pores of the stigmata at the anterior end are kidney-shaped; the orifices are elongated and very tortuous, each divided into three. The larval period appears to last several weeks.

This well-known cutaneous African parasite seems to have been the cause of much confusion in regard to names. It belongs to the genus Cordylobia of Grünberg, and is one of the family Muscidæ, and differs from Auchmeromyia in that the second abdominal segment of the female is of normal size, whilst in Auchmeromyia it is more than half the length of the whole abdomen, and in the male the eyes are holoptic or close together, whilst in Auchmeromyia they are wide apart. The flies of this genus (three so far described) attack man in their larval stage (anyway two of the three), and also dogs and other animals, by burrowing into the skin and producing painful boils.

[C. anthropophaga, Grünberg, is widely distributed in Africa, extending from Senegal, where its maggot is known as the “ver de Cayor,” and is referred to on p. 590 as Ochromyia anthropophaga, E. Blanchard, to Natal, where it is known as the “Natal worm,” and referred to erroneously on p. 591 as Bengalia depressa, Walker.

[It is a thick-set Muscid of a general straw-yellow colour, with blackish markings on the dorsum of both thorax and abdomen, about 9·5 mm. long. The larva is fat and when mature about 12 mm. long, bluntly pointed in front, truncate behind; from the third to eleventh segments it is thickly covered with minute recurved spines of a brownish colour, arranged in transverse series of groups of two or more, which form more or less distinct irregular transverse rows. On each of the two posterior stigmatic plates, the respiratory slit on either side of the median one is characteristically curved, resembling an inverted note of interrogation. The puparium is brown to ferruginous or black and about 10 mm. long. The maggots are found in both natives and white men, and occur as a severe pest in dogs, also in monkeys, rats, and other mammals. In Sierra Leone it is called the “tumba fly.” The larvæ have been frequently found as true subcutaneous parasites, each larva living singly and forming a boil or warble in the skin, with an opening just as in an ox-warble, through which the maggot breathes and eventually escapes. Although they more usually occur as isolated specimens, Marshall found in Salisbury, South Rhodesia, that sixty were extracted from one lady, and Bérenger-Féraud, in Senegal, that more than 300 occurred in a single spaniel puppy.

[Neave (Bull. Ent. Res., 1912, iii, p. 217) records it from ulcers in a native at Lourenço Marques in 1908, and at the same time from ulcers in a dog, and that it is a severe pest to man in Mozambique and parts of the Transvaal. It seems to be more abundant in North Rhodesia and Nyasaland than to the north (Neave, Bull. Ent. Res., 1912, iii, p. 310). It is also recorded in Zanzibar, German East Africa, Uganda, East Tropical Africa (Neave).

[Simpson (Bull. Ent. Res., iii, p. 170) records a Muscid larva taken from the breast of a European in South Nigeria that was probably Cordylobia.

[It is not known how infection takes place. Neave (Bull. Ent. Res., iii, p. 310) says: “Many instances in human beings would preclude the possibility of eggs having been laid direct on the skin: in these cases they have probably been laid on the clothing put out to dry.”

[Gedoelst has described another species, C. rodhani, and Austen a third species, C. prægrandis, from Nyasaland, Cape Colony, Transvaal, Natal, North-west Rhodesia, and German East Africa.

[The following are some papers dealing with this subject: Proc. Ent. Soc., London, for year 1907, p. xlvii; Journ. R.A.M.C., 1908, pp. 5–11, figs. 1 and 2, by Austen; Journ. R.A.M.C., 1908, pp. 1 and 2, by Major F. Smith; Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 1910, iii, pp. 223–225, by Austen.—F. V. T.]