129. Uniformity for its own sake is of very little account; for the sake of intelligibility, to prevent perplexity and misunderstanding, it is worth something. And it is well to be uniform, merely to avoid the question, “Why were you not consistent?” {63}
130. Print headings in some marked type.
Either heavy-faced (best, if it can be had not too black), small capitals (handsome), or italics (least pleasing); never capitals (ugly and hard to read). Christian names should be in ordinary type; to make them like the heading is confusing, to have a special type for them would be extravagant.
131. Italicize titles of honor and similar distinguishing words.
Earl, Mrs., Rev., of Paris, Alexandrinus, etc., also the name of a country or state following the name of a town, as Wilton, N. H., Cambridge, Eng. ☞ These words are to be italicized only in the headings and not in the title. They are italicized in the heading to distinguish the name and bring it out clearly; there is no need of such distinction in titles. Do not print Badeau, Gen. A. Life of Gen. Grant. If the heading is italicized, the words Mrs., Earl, etc., must be distinguished from it in some other way.
132. Print the headings of all the four kinds of entry (author, title, subject, form) in the same kind of type.
In some indexes a distinction is made between persons and places or between authors and subjects, but in a catalogue varieties of type must be reserved for more important distinctions. The Catalogue of the Library of the Interior Department uses a heavy-faced title type for authors and a light-faced antique for other entries, with very satisfactory effect; but such typographical luxuries are not within general reach.
133. Print the whole of an author-, title-, or form-heading in the special type; also an alternative family name and the family name of the second of joint authors, if both authors are put into the heading (§ 240), and the family names of British noblemen.
Ex. Cervantes Saavedra, Varnhagen von Ense, Cape of Good Hope, Bicknell & Goodhue, American Antiquarian Society, Comparative anatomy, Political economy; Chasteillon (Lat. Castalio or Castellio), S.; Craik, G. L., and Knight, C.; Manchester, W. Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of.
134. Print the first word of a title-entry in the special type.
Ex. Rough diamond. But compound words, whether hyphened or not, should be printed wholly in the heading type; as, Out of door amusements. London, 1864. 8º. This is merely for looks; the kind of type has nothing to do with the arrangement.
135. Add pseud. to the heading for all sorts of false names of whatever origin.
So much is necessary to prevent mistake on the part of the public; but it is a waste of time for the cataloguer to rack his brains to discover which of the ingenious names invented by Pierquin de Gembloux (cryptonym, geonym, phrenonym, etc.) is applicable to each case; for the only result is that readers are puzzled. A list of these terms may be found in the Notice of Quérard by Olphar Hamst [i. e., R. Thomas], London, 1867.
The unauthorized assumption of any name should be indicated by such phrases as called, calling himself, dit, soi disant, se dicente or che si dice, que se dice or se dicendiose, genannt, genoemd, etc.
136. When an author uses a single pseudonym add it to his name, unless the entry is made under the pseudonym; when the pseudonym is used only in one work, and different ones in other works, include it in that title, followed by [pseud.].
Ex.
Clemens, S. C. (pseud. Mark Twain).
Godwin, Wm. The looking-glass; by T. Marcliffe [pseud.]. {64}
137. Add ed. to the heading when it is needed to show that a book is merely put together, not written, by the author in hand.
The title usually shows this fact clearly enough without ed. Short would omit to note the fact, and in Full, perhaps even in Medium, it is better to state it in the title than in the heading. The distinction, after all, is rarely of practical value.
138. Repeat the family name for each person.
Ex.
Smith, Caleb. Sermon.
Smith, Charles. Address.
Smith, Conrad. Narrative.
not
Smith, Caleb. Sermon.
—, Charles. Address.
—, Conrad. Narrative.
139. Distinguish authors whose family name is the same by giving the forename in full or by initials.
In a card catalogue the names should always be given in full; in printing, initials are often used to save room; but the saving is small, and the advantages of full names are so considerable that any cataloguer who is relieved from the necessity of the greatest possible compression ought to give them. For the more common forenames fullness can be combined with economy by the use of the colon abbreviations (C: = Charles, etc. See Appendix V.) Under subjects it is rare that two persons of even the same family name come together and initials are sufficient; but here also the colon initials should be used. An exception may well be made in the case of men always known by a double name; as, Sydney Smith or Bayard Taylor. Nobody talks of Smith or Taylor. Taylor, B., conveys no idea whatever to most readers. Taylor, Bayard, they know. When one name alone is usual, as Gladstone, Shakespeare, and when both forms are used, as Dickens and Charles Dickens, initials will suffice. Of course there can be no uniformity in such practice, but there will be utility, which is better.
Forenames used by the author in a diminutive or otherwise varied form may be given in that form.
Ex. Carleton, Will; McLean, Sally; Reuter, Fritz.
140. Mark in some way those forenames which are usually omitted by the author, and neglect them in the arrangement.
Ex. Collins, (Wm.) Wilkie; Gérard, (Cécile) Jules (Basile). This is of practical use. The consulter running over the Collinses is puzzled by the unusual name unless some generally accepted sign shows him that it is unusual. He does not quickly recognize Charles Dickens in Dickens, Charles John Huffam; or Leigh Hunt in Hunt, James Henry Leigh; or Max Müller in Müller, Friedrich Max. Besides, the eye finds the well-known name more quickly if the others are, as it were, pushed aside. The most common methods of distinction are inclosure in parentheses and spacing: Guizot, (François Pierre) Guillaume, or Guizot, F r a n ç o i s P i e r r e Guillaume. The latter is objectionable as unusual, as taking too much room, and as making emphatic the very part of the name which one wants to hide. I prefer the style, Dickens, Charles (in full C: J: Huffam). See § 221. But in those catalogues in which all Christian names are inclosed in parentheses, some other sign must of course be used to mark the less usual names.
141. Distinguish authors whose family and forenames are the same by the dates of their birth and death, or, if these are not known, by some other label.
Ex. Bp., C. E., Capt., Col., D.D., F.R.S., etc., always to be printed in italics.
In a manuscript catalogue, in preparing which of course one never knows how many new names may be added, such titles should be given to every name. In {65} printing, if room is an object, they may be omitted except when needed for the distinction of synonymous authors. Note, however, that many persons are commonly known and spoken of by a title rather than by their first name, and it is a convenience for the man who is looking, for instance, for the life of Gen. Greene, whose Christian name he does not know, to see at once, as he runs his eye over the list of Greenes, which are generals, without having to read all the titles of books written by or about the Greenes in order to identify him. For the same reason Mrs. should always be given with the name of a married woman, whether the forename which follows is her own or her husband’s; even when the following form is adopted, “Hall, Mrs. Anna Maria (Fielding), wife of S. C.,” which is always to be done when in her titles she uses her husband’s initials. In this case a reference should be made from Hall, Mrs. S. C., to Hall, Mrs. A. M., and so in similar cases. If forenames are represented under subjects by their initials, it is well to give Miss or Mrs. with the names of female authors. The reader who would like to read a book by Miss Cobbe on a certain subject may not feel sure that Cobbe, F. P., is Miss Cobbe.
As late as 1760 unmarried women were usually styled Mrs.; as, Mrs. Lepel, Mrs. Woffington, Mrs. Blount, and among writers Mrs. Hannah More. There is no objection to following this practice in cataloguing, as the object of the cataloguer is not to furnish biographical information but to identify the people catalogued.
142. Titles of Englishwomen are to be treated by the following rules: [47]
In the matter of titles an Englishwoman in marrying has everything to gain and nothing to lose. If she marries above her own rank she takes her husband’s title in exchange for her own, if below her own rank she keeps her own title.
Titles of married women.
a. The wife of a peer takes her husband’s style.
That is, she is Baroness, Viscountess, Marchioness, etc. In cataloguing, say Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Baroness; not Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Lady.
b. The wife of a knight or baronet is Lady. Whether this title precedes or follows her forename depends upon whether she had a title before her marriage.
That is, if Lady Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (either knight or baronet), she is Lady Mary Brown, also if Hon. Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet) she is Lady Mary Brown; but if Miss Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet), she becomes Mary, Lady Brown.
c. A maid of honor retains her Hon. after marriage, unless, of course, it is merged into a higher title.
Thus, if she marries a baronet she is the Honble Lady Brown, if a peer the Lady So and So, in either case as though she had been a peer’s daughter.
d. The wife of an earl’s (or higher peer’s) younger son is never the Honble Lady; if she used the Lady before marriage in her own right she does not, of course, add anything by such marriage, but the wife of a younger son of a lower peer than an earl is Honble Mrs. (not Lady)—the younger children of all peers using, of course, the family name, with or without their forenames, according to their rank. {66}
e. If the lady to whom the title Hon. belongs in virtue of her father’s rank marries a commoner, she retains her title, becoming Hon. Lady, if she marries a knight or baronet; and Hon. Mrs., if her husband has no title.
None of these courtesy titles are inherited by the children of those who bear them, the third generation of even the highest peer being simply commoners unless raised in rank by marriage or merit.
Titles of unmarried women.
f. The title Lady belongs to daughters of all noblemen not lower than earl.
g. The title Hon. belongs to daughters of viscounts and barons; also to an untitled woman who becomes maid of honor to the Queen, and this title is retained after she leaves the service. If a woman who has the title Lady becomes maid of honor she does not acquire the title Hon.
[47] Prepared by Miss May Seymour and Mr. F. Wells Williams (Lib. jnl., 13: 321, 361).
143. Distinctive epithets to be in the same language as the name.
Ex. Kniaz, Fürst von, Freiherr zu, duc de Magenta, Bishop of Lincoln, évêque de Meaux; but Emperor of Germany, King of France, not Kaiser and roi, because names of sovereign princes are given in English. Treat in the same way patronymics habitually joined with a person’s name; as, Clemens Alexandrinus.
144. Prefixes (i. e., titles which in speaking come before the name), as, Hon., Mrs., Rev., etc., should be placed before the Christian name (as Smith, Capt. John), and suffixes as Jr., D.D., LL.D., after it (as Channing, James Ellery, D.D.).
Hereditary titles generally follow the Christian name, as Derby, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of; but British courtesy titles (i. e., those given to the younger sons of dukes and marquesses) precede, as Wellesley, Lord Charles (2d son of the Duke of Wellington). In other languages than English, French, and German the title usually precedes the forename; as, Alfieri, Conte Vittorio. Occasionally a French nobleman uniformly places his title before his forenames; as, Gasparin, Comte Agénor de.
Lord should be replaced by the exact title in the names of English noblemen, e. g., Lord Macaulay should be entered as Macaulay, 1st Baron. Lord in the title of Scotch judges follows the family name; as, Kames, H. Home, afterwards Lord.
The title Baronet is given in the form Scott, Sir Walter, Bart.
Patronymic phrases, as of Dedham, follow all the names; but they must immediately follow the family name when they are always used in close connection with it, as Girault de St. Farjeau, Eusèbe; similarly aîné, fils, jeune, as Dumas fils, Alexandre; Didot fils, Ambroise. Latin appellatives should not in general be separated from their nouns by a comma; as, Cæsar Heisterbacensis.
145. Distinguish two subject-headings which are spelled alike by italicized phrases in parentheses.
Ex.
Calculus (in mathematics).
Calculus (in medicine).
146. Medium avoids the repetition of the heading with all titles after the first by using a dash. Short usually employs indention.
Indention takes as much room as the dash and is much less clear. There should always be at least a hair-space between the end of the dash and the next letter; indeed that is the rule of all good printing. Under a subject the repetition of the {67} author’s name is indicated by a second dash. [48] (The repetition of the title is shown by the word Same.)
Cobbett, Wm. Emigrant’s guide.
— A little plain English. London, 1795. 8º.
— Same. Phila., 1795. 8º.
— Porcupine’s works.
Atheism. Beecher, L. Lectures, etc.
— Bentley, R. Confutation of A.
— – Folly of A. and deism.
— – Matter and motion.
— – Fotherby, M. Atheomastix.
[48] After trying several experiments I have settled upon the following as producing the best effect:
Put
| before the second and following lines of a title | 3 em quads. |
| before and after the em dash that denotes repetition | an en quad. |
| before and after the double dash (an em dash followed by an en dash) | an en quad. |
| between the parts of the double dash | a 5-em space. |
| before Same, in addition to the regular en quad | a 5-em space. |
| before the first line of Notes and Contents (Do not indent the other lines of Notes and Contents at all.) | an em quad. |
| before the place of publication | an em quad. |
| between the date and the size-mark | an en quad and a 5-em space. |
147. Print in the special type a heading occurring in other parts of the catalogue, when a reference is intended.
After See or In, or when in a note some book contained in the catalogue is referred to; as, “For a discussion of the authorship, see Graesse’s Lehrbuch.”