192 See Lightfoot on the Colossians.

193 Works, vol. i. p. 10.

194 Ibid., vol. vii. p. 7.

195 History of Medicine, p. 36.

196 “‘How doth a man revive again in the world to come?’ asked Hadrian; and Joshua Ben Hananiah made answer, ‘From luz in the backbone.’ He then went on to demonstrate this to him. He took the bone luz, and put it into water, but the water had no action on it; he put it in the fire, but the fire consumed it not; he placed it in a mill, but could not grind it; and laid it on an anvil, but the hammer crushed it not.”—Lightfoot.

197 Alexandria and her Schools, p. 74.

198 Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I. 2, 4.

199 A History of the Jews, Book xxiii.

200 Ibid.

201 G. S. Faber, The Cabiri, vol. i.

202 Art. on “Babylon,” by Rev. A. H. Sayce, in Ency. Brit.

203 Hist. Babylonia, Geo. Smith, pp. 21, 22.

204 Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, pp. 139, 140.

205 See on this the chapter on “The Religious Systems of the Accadian Magic Books,” Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, chap. xi.

206 Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 42.

207 Ibid., p. 179.

208 Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 181.

209 Ibid., pp. 204-209.

210 Ibid., p. 35.

211 Ibid., p. 36.

212 Ibid., p. 36.

213 Ibid., p. 41.

214 See E. B. Tylor, art. “Demonology,” Ency. Brit.; Records of the Past, vols. i., iii.; Birch’s trans. Book of the Dead; Lenormant, Maspero, and others.

215 Herodotus, Book I. 197, tr. Rawlinson.

216 Records of the Past, vol. i. p. 135.

217 Hist. Babylon, p. 22.

218 Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 6.

219 Nineveh and its Palaces, Joseph Bonomi, p. 164.

220 Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 140.

221 Assyrian Talismans and Exorcisms, trans. by H. F. Talbot. Records of the Past, vol. iii. p. 143.

222 Folk Medicine, p. 165.

223 From Baas’ Hist. Med., p. 28.

224 See Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, chap. i.

225 Indian Wisdom, p. xxvi.

226 Indian Wisdom, p. 84.

227 Ibid., p. 89.

228 Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct., 1892, p. 287.

229 Hist. India, 4th ed., p. 48.

230 Hist. India, 4th ed., p. 123.

231 Hist. Philos., vol. i. p. 394.

232 School of Philos., p. 547.

233 Max Müller: Zend-Avesta, 83.

234 Ordinances of Menu, Trübner’s Oriental Series. Lect. xi. 48-54.

235 The first fine is the lowest, i.e. two hundred and fifty panas. In the Atharvaveda also physicians are spoken of in disrespectful terms. “Various are the desires of men; the wagoner longs for wood, the doctor for diseases.” A Brahman by the code of Menu was forbidden to follow the profession of a physician, as it was classed amongst those which were most impure.236 At certain funeral ceremonies the same Code excluded such persons as “physicians, atheists, thieves, spirit drinkers, men with diseased nails or teeth, dancers, etc.”237

236 Elphinstone, Hist. of India, 4th edition, p. 41.

237 Ordinances of Menu, iii. 150-168.

238 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 41.

239 Hunter’s Indian Empire, p. 109.

240 Asiatic Quarterly Rev., Oct. 1892, p. 290.

241 Ibid.

242 Tract vi. p. 125.

243 Weber, Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 270.

244 Ibid.

245 Wise’s Hindu Medicine, p. 184.

246 Hindu Medicine, p. 8.

247 Hist. Ind. Lit., p. 268.

248 Wise’s Hindu Medicine, p. 213.

249 There would seem to be an artful idea under these signs. Most of them have no relation whatever to the patient’s condition, but are of great importance to the doctor’s convenience, and are evidently arranged to suit his own purposes.

250 Ainslie’s Materia Indica, vol. ii. p. 525.

251 Arrian’s Indian History, vol. ii. p. 232 (ed. 1729).

252 Strabo, Geography, Book xv. c. 1.

253 Indian History, vol. ii. p. 219.

254 Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 150.

255 Weber, Sanskrit Literature, p. 265.

256 Tracts on India, p. 139.

257 Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 134.

258 Monier Williams, Indian Wisdom, p. 56.

259 Ibid., p. 57.

260 Indian Wisdom, p. 66.

261 John ix. 2.

262 Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct. 1892, p. 288.

263 Asiatic Quarterly Review, Oct. 1892, p. 288.

264 A Manual of Budhism, pp. 238.

265 Probably the Taxila of the Greeks. See Strabo, Book xv. c. 1, § 61.

266 A doctrine re-discovered by our bacteriologists.

267 Haeser.

268 Materia Indica, vol. ii. p. vii.

269 Ibid.

270 Ibid., p. viii.

271 Oriental Magazine, March, 1823.

272 Wise, Hist. Hind. Med., vol. i. pp. 131, 132.

273 Indian Empire, p. 106.

274 Oriental Magazine, vol. i. (1823), pp. 349-356.

275 Indian Empire, p. 108.

276 Ibid.

277 Ibid., p. 146.

278 Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus.

279 Hibbert Lectures, 1878, p. 153.

280 Prof. H. H. Wilson’s Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Hindus.

281 Brit. Med. Journ., June 25, 1892, p. 1382.

282 Mocre, History of the Small-pox, p. 33, quoted in Pettigrew’s Medical Superstitions, p. 81.

283 Paris’s Pharmacologia, p. 26.

284 Tylor, Primitive Culture, vol. ii. p. 150.

285 Asiatic Quarterly Rev., Oct. 1892, p. 291.

286 Selections from the Records of the Government of India. Foreign Department. No. CVIII. Rajputana Dispensary, Vaccination, Jail, and Sanitary Report for 1872-73. By Surgeon-Major (now Surgeon-General Sir W.) Moore, C.I.E., Honorary Surgeon to the Viceroy of India.

287 See an article entitled “A New Light on the Chinese,” in Harper’s Magazine, December, 1892.

288 Prof. Teile, in art. “Religions,” Ency. Brit.

289 Cummings, Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 188.

290 Baas, Hist. Med.

291 “Doctoring in China,” National Review, May, 1889.

292 Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 145.

293 Folk Medicine, p. 4; Dennys, Folklore of China, p. 96.

294 Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 153.

295 Ibid., vol. i. p. 275.

296 Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. i. p. 265.

297 Ibid., vol. i. p. 275.

298 Ibid., vol. i. p. 154.

299 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 116.

300 Sacred Books of the East, vol. xi. p. 272.

301 Travels in Tartary, vol. i. chap. vii.

302 National Dispensatory, p. 754.

303 Gordon Cumming’s Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 174.

304 “Doctoring in China,” National Review, May, 1889.

305 Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, vol. ii. p. 321.

306 Southey, Common Place Book, ser. iv. p. 547.

307 Ency. Brit., art. “Surgery.”

308 Chambers’ Journal, Dec. 29, 1888, p. 831.

309 Wanderings in China, vol. i. p. 173.

310 Ibid., vol. i. p. 173.

311 Folk Lore of China, p. 49.

312 Ibid.

313 Travels in Tartary.

314 Travels in Tartary.

315 Travels in Tartary, vol. i. chap. ix.

316 La Magie et l’Astrologie, p. 13.

317 Vorlesungen über die Finnische Mythologie, p. 173.

318 La Magie et l’Astrologie, p. 283, and foll.; also Lenormant, Chaldæan Magic, p. 212.

319 National Druggist.

320 Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta.

321 Zend-Avesta; Vendîdâd. Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 219.

322 Ibid.

323 Rig-Veda, x. 97, 17.

324 Vendîdâd, Fargard xx. 7.

325 Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 83.

326 Herod., i. 138.

327 Zend-Avesta. Translated by J. Darmesteter in Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 187. This throws a curious light on a custom which has been observed in operation all over the world, of taking care not to throw about hair or nail-cuttings, lest the devil should get hold of them.

328 Zend-Avesta, Introduction, v. xciii. § 13.

329 Our word Peony derives its Latin name (Pæonia) from the name of Apollo the Healer. He cured the gods of their diseases, and healed their wounds by means of this root.

330 vii. 23.

331 Wheelwright’s translation of Pindar. Third Pythian Ode, 80-95.

332 Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv. p. 219 note.

333 Il., V. 447.

334 Sophoc., Ajax.

335 Cicero, De Nat. Deor., iii. 22.

336 Prometheus. Plays of Æschylus, Morley’s Ed.

337 Book XIX.

338 Hist. de la Médicine, Pt. I., liv. i., ch. xiv.

339 Ibid.

340 I am indebted to an article on “The Medicine of Homer” in The British Medical Journal for much of the information in this section.

341 Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., liv. ii., ch. ix.

342 Arctinus, Ethiopis. Translated in Puschmann’s Hist. Med. Education, p. 35.

343 Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., bk. i., ch. xviii.

344 Lib. VIII., cap. 26.

345 Cic., Tusc. Dis., III. 1.

346 Hippocr., De Prisca Medic.

347 Le Clerc, Hist. de la Méd., Pt. I., liv. ii., c. iv.

348 Laertius, Lib. I., c. 113.

349 Hist. Med., p. 88.

350 Puschmann, Hist. Med. Education, p. 46.

351 See on this Dr. Greenhill’s remarks in Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Biography, loc. cit.

352 Aristotle, Hist. Animal., iii. 2.

353 Ency. Brit., Ninth Ed., vol. iii. p. 178.

354 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 88.

355 Ibid., p. 89.

356 Laertius, c. 77, c. 59.

357 Ibid., c. 62.

358 Diodor., i. 69, 98.

359 Grote, vol. iv. p. 529.

360 Book xx. 73.

361 See “Pythagorean Philosophy,” Ency. Brit.

362 Baas, Hist. Med., p. 89. Meryon, Hist. Med., p. 14. Dr. Adams, Introd. Hippoc., vol. i. p. 134.

363 Histoire de la Médicine, Pt. I., liv. i., c. iv.

364 Lib. 3, cap. 4.

365 Sprengel, Hist. Méd., p. 36.

366 Pratt, Flowering Plants, vol. i. p. 57.

367 Herod., iii. 137.

368 Hist. Nat., xxviii. c. 29.

369 De Carnibus.

370 Vol. i. p. 151.

371 Ovid’s Metamorph., Dryden’s translation, Book XV.

372 The following are translations of some of the tablets suspended in the temples, as given in Hieron Mercurialis (De Art. Gymnast., Amstel., 4to, 1672, pp. 2, 3):—

“Some days back a certain Caius, who was blind, learned from an oracle that he should repair to the temple, put up his fervent prayers, cross the sanctuary from right to left, place his five fingers on the altar, then raise his hand and cover his eyes. He obeyed, and instantly his sight was restored, amidst the loud acclamations of the multitude. These signs of the omnipotence of the gods were shown in the reign of Antoninus.”

“A blind soldier, named Valerius Apes, having consulted the oracle, was informed that he should mix the blood of a white cock with honey, to make up an ointment to be applied to his eyes for three consecutive days. He received his sight, and returned public thanks to the gods.”

“Julian appeared lost beyond all hope from a spitting of blood. The gods ordered him to take from the altar some seeds of the pine, and to mix them with honey, of which mixture he was to eat for three days. He was saved, and came to thank the gods in presence of the people.”—(Smith’s Dict. Greek and Roman Ant., art. “Medicina.”)