CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

B. C. A. U. C. LITERARY CHRONOLOGY. CIVIL CHRONOLOGY.
       
       
    First Era.  
       
753–510 1–244 Chant of the Arvalian Brotherhood; Saturnian measure; Salian hymn; Pontifical annals; Libri Lintei. Regal period.
449 305 Laws of the Twelve Tables; the so-called Leges Regiæ. The Decemvirs deposed.
390 364 -      -      - Rome taken by Gauls.
364 390 Stage-players sent for from Etruria. The year following the death of Camillus.
326–304 428–450 The Tiburtine inscription - Second Samnite War.
280 474 Appius Claudius Cæcus; Ti. Coruncanius. The year following the arrival of Pyrrhus.
264 490 -      -      - Commencement of first Punic war.
260 494 The Columna Rostrata; epitaphs on the Scipios. Fifth year of the first Punic war.
241 513 -      -      - Conclusion of the first Punic war.
240 514 Livius Andronicus.  
239 515 Birth of Ennius.  
235 519 Cnæus Nævius flourished. The Temple of Janus closed for the second time.
227 527 Birth of Plautus; funeral oration of Q. Metellus.  
219 535 Q. Fabius Pictor; L. Cincius Alimentus; birth of Pacuvius  
204 550 Ennius brought to Rome; Corn. Cethegus; P. Licinius Crassus.  
201 553 Speech of Fabius Cunctator; Sextus Ælius Catus. Conclusion of second Punic war.
195 559 M. Porcius Cato consul; Licinius Tegula.  
186 568 Senatus-consultum respecting the Bacchanals. The year following the condemnation of L. Scipio.
184 570 Cæcilius Statius flourished; he died A. U. C. 586; death of Plautus. Censorship of M. Porcius Cato.
183 571 -      -      - Deaths of Hannibal and Scipio Africanus.
181 573 The (so-called) books of Numa found.  
179 575 -      -      - Accession of Perseus.
170 584 Attius born.  
168 586 -      -      - Defeat of Perseus at Pydna.
166 588 Terence exhibits the Andrian; Sp. Carvilius; C. Sulpicius Gallus; Lavinius Luscius; T. Manlius Torquatus.  
155 599 The three Attic philosophers visit Rome; C. Acilius Glabrio; Crates Mallotes.  
154 600 M. Pacuvius; Scipio Æmilianus; Lælius.  
150 604 L. Afranius; S. Sulpicius Galba.  
148 606 Birth of C. Lucilius; Cassius Hemina; A. Postumius Albinus Second year of the third Punic war.
146 608 -      -      - End of third Punic war; Carthage and Corinth taken.
138 616 L. Attius flourished; Q. F. M. Servilianus; C. Fannius; Vennonius; C. Sempronius Dec. Jun. Brutus consul.
133 621 M. Junius Brutus; P. Mucius Scævola; L. Cælius Antipater; Cn. S. and A. Gellii; L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi; Papirius Carbo; Lepidus Porcina; Ælius Tubero. Murder of Tib. Gracchus; Numantia taken.
129 625 -      -      - Death of Scipio Æmilianus; æt. 56.
123 631 C. Sempronius Gracchus; Sextus Turpilius; C. Lucilius flourished; Lævius; (?) C. Junius Gracchanus; M. Julius Pennus.  
119 635 L. Licinius Crassus accuses Carbo; M. Antonius (born B. C. 144.)  
113 641 -      -      - War begun with the Cimbri.
111 643 -      -      - First year of Jugurthine war.
109 645 Publius Sempronius Asellio; M. Æmilius Scaurus; P. Rutilius Rufus; Q. Lutatius Catulus.  
106 648 Birth of Cicero Birth of Cn. Pompeius.
100 654 L. Ælius Stilo Birth of Julius Cæsar.
95 659 Cotta; the Sulpicii; Hortensius; Q. Mucius Scævola; Lucretius born.  
91 663 Death of the orator Crassus.  
90 664 C. Licinius Macer; Q. Claudius Quadrigarius; Q. Valerius Antias; L. Lucullus; Sulla; Plotius Gallus. Commencement of the Social war.
87 667 M. Antonius killed; Catullus born. Massacres by Cinna and Marius.
86 668 Birth of Sallust Death of Marius.
84 670 Attius probably died about this time, and Latin acting tragedy disappeared; L. Cornelius Sisenna.  
82 672 Births of Varro Atacinus and Licinius Calvus Valerius Cato. Sulla’s proscription.
78 676 Commencement of Sallust’s history. Death of Sulla.
76 678 Birth of Asinius Pollio.  
       
       
    Second Era.  
       
74 680 Roman prose literature arrived at its greatest perfection; Cicero twenty-two years of age. Third Mithridatic war began.
72 682 -      -      - Murder of Sertorius.
71 683 -      -      - Defeat of Spartacus.
70 684 Cicero accuses Verres; Virgil born.  
67 687 C. Aquilius Gallus; C. Juventius; Sext. Papirius; L. Lucilius Balbus. Pompey, entrusted with the war against the Pirates.
65 689 Birth of Horace First Catilinarian conspiracy.
63 691 Pomponius Atticus; M. Terentius Varro Reatinus; L. Lueceius; Nigidius Figulus; Orbilius came to Rome in the fiftieth year of his age (Suet. de Ill. Gram. 9;) Q. Cornificius. Consulship of Cicero; birth of Augustus; Jerusalem taken by Pompey.
61 693 Oration for Archias Acquittal of Clodius.
60 694 -      -      - First triumvirate.
59 695 Birth of T. Livius.  
55 699 -      -      - Cæsar’s first invasion of Britain.
54 700 Julius Cæsar; Lucretius Carus; C. Val. Catullus; Æsopus; Q. Roscius; Licinius Calvus; Helvius Cinna; Ticida; Bibaculus; Varro Atacinus; Cornelius Nepos; A. Hirtius; C. Oppius; S. Sulpicius Rufus. Cæsar’s second invasion of Britain.
52 702 Death of Lucretius.  
49 705 D. Laberius; C. Matius; P. Syrus. J. Cæsar appointed Dictator.
48 706 -      -      - Battle of Pharsalia; murder of Pompey.
46 708 -      -      - Cæsar reforms the calendar.
44 710 C. Sallustius Crispus; Atteius Philologus; Asinius Pollio. Murder of Julius Cæsar.
43 711 Death of Cicero; Valgius Rufus; birth of Ovid; death of Laberius. Second triumvirate formed.
42 712 Horace at Philippi.  
40 714 -      -      - Treaty of Brundisium.
34 720 Death of Sallust.  
32 722 Death of Atticus. War declared against Antony.
31 723 Virgilius Maro (born B. C. 70;) Mæcenas; Horatius Flaccus; L. Varius; Albius Tibullus; Cornelius Gallus; Plotius Tucca; Bathyllus; Pylades; Trogus Pompeius. Battle of Actium.
29 725 -      -      - The three triumphs of Octavius; temple of Janus closed.
28 726 Palatine library founded; death of Varro.  
27 727 -      -      - Octavius receives the title of Augustus.
25 729 J. Hyginus; S. Aurelius Propertius; Æmilius Macer; Ovidius Naso; Gratius Faliscus; Pedo Albinovanus; A. Sabinus; T. Livius; Ateius Capito; Vitruvius; Q. Cæcilius Epirota.  
19 735 Death of Virgil.  
18 734 Death of Tibullus.  
17 737 Carmen seculare of Horatius; Ludi sæculares. Porcius Latro.
15 739 -      -      - Tiberius and Drusus conquer the Vindelici.
9 745 History of Livy terminates.  
8 746 Death of Horace The month Sextilis named Augustus.
4 750 -      -      - Birth of our Lord Jesus Christ.
       
A. D.      
4 758 Death of Asinius Pollio.  
9 763 Exile of Ovid Defeat of Quintilius Varus.
14 767 -      -      - Death of Augustus.
       
       
    Third Era.  
       
16 769 T. Phædrus Sejanus the imperial favourite.
18 771 C. Asinius Gallus; deaths of Ovid and Livy; Valerius Maximus.  
23 776 Birth of C. Plinius Secundus. Murder of Drusus.
25 778 Birth of Silius Italicus; death of Cremutius Cordus; M. Annæus Seneca; A. Cornelius Celsus; Arellius Fuscus; Valerius Maximus.  
30 783 Velleius Paterculus writes his history.  
31 784 -      -      - Fall of Sejanus.
34 787 A. Persius Flaccus born.  
37 790 -      -      - Death of Tiberius.
40 793 Lucan brought to Rome.  
41 794 Exile of Seneca Caligula assassinated; Claudius emperor.
43 796 Birth of Martial; Pomponius Mela; L. Junius Columella; Remmius Fannius Palæmon. Expedition of Claudius to Britain.
49 802 Recall of Seneca.  
54 807 L. Annæus Seneca; M. Annæus Lucanus; Cornutus; Persius; Cæsius Bassus; C. Silius Italicus; Q. Curtius Rufus. Accession of Nero.
59 812 -      -      - Murder of Agrippina.
61 814 Pliny the Younger born Boadicea conquered by Suetonius Paullinus.
62 815 Death of Persius.  
65 818 Deaths of Seneca and Lucan.  
66 819 Martial came to Rome.  
69 822 -      -      - Accession of Vespasian.
70 823 Saleius Bassus; C. Valerius Flaccus. Jerusalem taken by Titus.
74 827 The dialogue De Oratoribus supposed to have been written.  
77 830 C. Plinius Secundus Major flourished.  
78 831 -      -      - Agricola Governor of Britain.
79 832 Death of Pliny the Elder Destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
80 833 -      -      - The Coliseum built.
81 834 -      -      - Accession of Domitian.
90 843 M. F. Quintilianus; the Philosophers expelled by Domitian; Papinius Statius; Martialis.  
93 846 -      -      - Death of Agricola.
96 849 -      -      - Assassination of Domitian.
98 851 C. Cornelius Tacitus; C. Plinius Minor; Julius Frontinus; Suetonius Tranquillus; Annæus Florus; Julius Obsequens; D. Junius Juvenalis. Accession of Trajan.
104 857 Pliny’s letter respecting the Christians.  
117 870 -      -      - Accession of Hadrian.
138 891 S. Pomponius; Gaius Accession of Antoninus Pius.
161 914 L. Appuleius; Minucius Felix; Tertullian. Accession of M. Aurelius.
THE END.

1. B. C. 210; A. U. C. 514.

2. A. D. 138; A. U. C. 891.

3. See Forster’s Essay on Greek Quantity, c. vi.

4. Pol. Hist. iii. 22; see Donaldson’s Varron.

5. Plin. N. H. iii. 14.

6. See Thucyd. ii. 6.

7. Lib. v. 33.

8. Müller, Etrusk. iv. 7, 8.

9. See authorities quoted by Dennis, Cities of Etruria, i. xxiv.

10. Lib. i. 94.

11. Tac. Ann. iv. 55.

12. Lib. i. p. 22, 24.

13. Lib. i. 93.

14. Cistell. II. iii. 20.

15. A Cyclopean or Pelasgian wall, built of polygonal stones, without mortar, exists so far north as Düsternbrook, near Kiel, in Schleswig-Holstein.

16. Ueber die Tyr. Pel. in Etr. Leips. 1842.

17. Varronianus, i. sec. 10.

18. Heyne, Exc. Virg. Æn. iii.

19. The religion of Rome furnishes many other traces of Etruscan influence:—ex. gr., the ceremonies of the augurs and haruspices were Etruscan, and the lituus, or augur’s staff, may be seen on old Etruscan monuments. The Tuscan Fortune, Nortia, the etymology of whose name (ne-verto) coincides with that of the Greek Ἀτροπος (the unchangeable,) had the nails, the emblem of necessity, as her device; and hence the consul marked the commencement of the year by driving a nail.

The Roman Hymen, the god of marriage, was Talassius; a fact which illustrates one of the incidents in the tradition which Livy (book i. c. ix.) adopts respecting the rape of the Sabine virgins.

The name Talassius was evidently derived from the Tuscan name Thalna, or Talana, by which was designated the Juno Pronuba of the Romans, and the Ἡρη τελειά of the Greeks.

20. Owing to the existence of the Pelasgian element in Latin, as well as in Greek, an affinity can be traced between these languages and the Sanscrit in no fewer than 339 Greek and 319 Latin words.

21. See Donaldson’s Varron., c. iii.

22. Leps. de Tab. Eug., p. 86.

23. B. C. 354.

24. Varronianus, c. iii.

25. See Grotefend, Rud. Ling. Umbr. Hanov. 1835; and Lassen. Beitrage zur Eug. Tafeln. Rhein. Mus. 1833.

26. Liv. vii. 11.

27. A. U. C. 361; B. C. 393.

28. Liv. x. 20.

29. Lect. on Rom. Hist. l. xxxiii.

30. A. U. C. 664; B. C. 90.

31. Pp. 86–89.

32. Micali, Tav. cxx.

33. Orellii Inscr. 1384.

34. Cities of Etruria, i. p. 225.

35. See Etrusc. Alphabet. Lanzi, Saggio di L. E. i. 208.

36. Herod. i. 167.

37. Virg. Æn. viii. 597.

38. Dennis, ii. 44.

39. Ibid. ii. 53.

40. Ibid. ii. 55.

41. Varron., p. 127.

42. Etrusk. i. p. 451.

43. Schoell. Hist. de Lit. Rom. i. p. 42; Orell. Insc. 2270.

44. Circ. A. D. 218.

45. De L. L. vii. 26, 27, or vi. 1–3.

46. Varronianus, vi. 4.

47. See ex. gr. Liv. i. 26.

48. S. V. V. Plorare, Occisum, Pellices, Parricidi, Quæstores, &c.

49. Lib. i. 26

50. H. N. xxxii. 2.

51. Ch. vi.

52. Dionys. x. 57.

53. Liv. iii. 54, A. D.

54. Nieb. R. H. iii. 264.

55. A. U. C. 428–50, Arnold; 423–44, Niebuhr.

56. Page 499.

57. Rom. Hist.

58. Varron. vi. 20.

59. Orell. No. 550.

60. Ibid. No. 552. Meyer’s Anth. Nos. 1, 2; where see also No. 5.

61. B. C. 259.

62. Orellius, No. 549.

63. Liv. xlii. 20.

64. Tac. Ann. ii. 49.

65. A. U. C. 568; B. C. 186.

66. Livy, xxxix. 18.

67. Schoell, i. 52.

68. Ver. 276.

69. Lib. vi. 3, 47.

70. See Bythner’s Lyra Prophet.

71. See epitaph on L. C. Scipio.

72. See Bant. Table.

73. Elem. Doc. Met. iii. 9.

74. P. 212.

75. Ep. Phal. xi.

76. The term axamenta is derived from the old Latin word axo, to name.

77. Lib. i. 26.

78. Pro Rab. 4, 13.

79. Brutus, xix.

80. Liv. xxv. 12.

81. Liv. v. 16.

82. Elem. Doc. Metr. iii. 9.

83. Lays of Rome, Preface, p. 19.

84. Alterno terram quatiunt pede.—Hor. Od.

85. See Meyer, Anthol. Lat. 207, 212.

86. Gray’s Works, ii. 30–54.

87. A. U. C. 513; B. C. 241.

88. B. C. 240; A. U. C. 514.

89. B. C. 81; A. U. C. 673.

90. A. D. 14.

91. A. D. 138.

92. Brut. 19; Tusc. Dis. i. 2; iv. 2.

93. Lib. ix. 36.

94. De Rep. i. 20.

95. Lib. iv. 7, 13, 20.

96. In Virg. Æn. i. 372. See also Cic. Or. ii. 12; and Quinct, Ins. Or. x. 2, 7.

97. Cic. Brut. 16.

98. Hor. Ep. II. i. 139, &c.

99. Sermon. i. 4, 6.

100. Virg. Georg. II. 385; Tibull. II. i. 55; Catull. 61, 27.

101. Sub voc.

102. Bernhardy’s Grundriss, 379; Diomedes, Gr. iii. 487; Val. Max. ii. 4; Festus v. person. fab.