848 W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 342, note. The heathen Swedes appear to have mimicked thunder, perhaps as a rain-charm, by means of large bronze hammers, which they called Thor’s hammers. See Saxo Grammaticus, Historia Danica, lib. xiii. p. 630, ed. P. E. Müller; Olaus Magnus, Historia, iii. 8.
849 K. v. Bruchhausen, in Globus, lxxvi. (1899) p. 253. There seem to be two villages in Wallachia that bear the name of Ploska. The reference may be to one of them.
850 C. F. H. Campen, “De Godsdienstbegrippen der Halmaherasche Alfoeren,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvii. (1882) p. 447.
851 J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 114.
852 G. A. J. Hazen, “Kleine bijdragen tot de ethnografie en folklore van Java,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlvi. (1903) p. 298.
853 R. Parkinson, Im Bismarck Archipel, p. 143. Compare Joachim Graf Pfeil, Studien und Beobachtungen aus der Südsee (Brunswick, 1899), pp. 139 sq.
854 J. Owen Dorsey, “Omaha Sociology,” Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1884), p. 347. Compare Charlevoix, Voyage dans l’Amérique septentrionale, ii. 187.
855 Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, Nouvelle Edition, vii. 29 sq.
856 C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico (London, 1903), i. 180, 330.
857 J. Macdonald, Religion and Myth (London, 1893), p. 10.
858 J. B. Labat, Relation historique de l’Éthiopie occidentale, ii. 180.
859 M. Merker, Rechtsverhältnisse und Sitten der Wadschagga (Gotha, 1902), p. 34 (Petermanns Mitteilungen, Ergänzungsheft. No. 138).
860 Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika (Berlin, 1894), p. 588.
861 R. Sutherland Rattray, Some Folk-lore Stories and Songs in Chinyanja (London, 1907), pp. 118 sq.
862 E. Doutté, Magie et Religion dans l’Afrique du Nord, p. 583.
863 W. Weston, in The Geographical Journal, vii. (1896) p. 143; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxvi. (1897) p. 30; id., Mountaineering and Exploration in the Japanese Alps, p. 161. The ceremony is not purely magical, for it is intended to attract the attention of the powerful spirit who has a small shrine on the top of the mountain.
864 J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folklore (London, 1901), p. 333. Some of the ancient processions with ships may perhaps have been rain-charms. See J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,⁴ i. 213–220; Pausanias, i. 29. 1, with my note.
865 Tournier, Notice sur le Laos Français (Hanoi, 1900), p. 80. In the temple of the Syrian goddess at Hierapolis on the Euphrates there was a chasm into which water was poured twice a year by people who assembled for the purpose from the whole of Syria and Arabia. See Lucian, De dea Syria, 12 sq. The ceremony was perhaps a rain-charm. Compare Pausanias, i. 18. 7, with my notes.
866 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 313 sq.
867 A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine-Men,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xvi. (1887) p. 35; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 398.
868 R. Salvado, Mémoires historiques sur l’Australie (Paris, 1854), p. 262.
869 W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., i. (1861) p. 300. This use of fire to make rain is peculiar. By analogy we should expect it rather to be resorted to as a mode of stopping rain. See below.
870 P. B. Noskowÿj, Maqrizii de valle Hadhramaut libellus arabice editus et illustratus (Bonn, 1866), pp. 25 sq.
871 T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxi. (1901) p. 308.
872 Rascher, “Die Sulka,” Archiv für Anthropologie, xxix. (1904) p. 225; R. Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee, pp. 196 sq.
873 Indian Antiquary, xxiv. (1895) p. 359.
874 A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 398.
875 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 315.
876 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” p. 345 (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv.).
877 J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folklore, p. 333.
878 A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xliv. (1901) p. 2.
879 J. Crevaux, Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud (Paris, 1883), p. 276.
880 E. M. Gordon, Indian Folk Tales (London, 1908), p. 20; id. in Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, New Series, i. (1905) p. 183.
881 W. E. Roth, Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines (Brisbane and London, 1897), p. 167.
882 W. E. Roth, op. cit. p. 168; id., North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5 (Brisbane, 1903), p. 10.
883 S. Gason, “The Dieyerie Tribe,” Native Tribes of South Australia, pp. 276 sqq.; A. W. Howitt, “The Dieri and other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) pp. 91 sq.; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 394–396. As to the Mura-muras, see A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 475 sqq., 779 sqq.
884 A. W. Howitt, “The Dieri and other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) pp. 92 sq.; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 396, 744.
885 A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 396 sq.
886 J. Kreemer, “Regenmaken, Oedjoeng, Tooverij onder de Javanen,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xxx. (1886) p. 113.
887 Coulbeaux, “Au pays de Menelik: à travers l’Abyssinie,” Missions Catholiques, xxx. (1898) p. 455.
888 1 Kings xviii. 28. From the whole tenour of the narrative it appears that the real contest between Elijah and the prophets of Baal was as to which of them should make rain in a time of drought. The prophets of Baal wrought magic by cutting themselves with knives; Elijah wrought magic by pouring water on the altar. Both ceremonies alike were rain-charms. Compare my note on the passage in Passages of the Bible chosen for their Literary Beauty and Interest, Second Edition (London, 1909), pp. 476 sq.
889 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 294–296, 630 sq.
890 F. J. Gillen, in Report of the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia, part iv., Anthropology (London and Melbourne, 1896), pp. 177–179; Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 189–193.
891 As to the connexion of the plover with rain in Central Australia, see above, p. 259. It is curious that the same association has procured for the bird its name in English, French (pluvier, from the Latin pluvia), and German (Regenpfeifer). Ornithologists are not agreed as to the reason for this association in the popular mind. See Alfred Newton, Dictionary of Birds (London, 1893–1896), pp. 730 sq.
892 A. C. Haddon, “The Ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres Straits,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xix. (1890) p. 401; Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v. 350.
893 W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic, p. 108.
894 Fr. Boas, in Fifth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 51 (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1889).
895 Fr. Boas, loc. cit.; id. in Sixth Report On the North-Western Tribes of Canada, pp. 58, 62 (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1890); id. in Eleventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 5 (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1896).
896 Fr. Boas, in Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, pp. 39 sq. (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1890).
897 British Central Africa Gazette, No. 86 (vol. v. no. 6), 30th April 1898, p. 3.
898 Fr. Boas, loc. cit.
899 Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt (Middletown, 1820), pp. 173 sq. (p. 198, Edinburgh, 1824).
900 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” pp. 310 sq. (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv.). The Lillooet Indians of British Columbia also believed that twins were the real offspring of grizzly bears. Many of them said that twins were grizzly bears in human form, and that when a twin died his soul went back to the grizzly bears and became one of them. See J. Teit, “The Lillooet Indians,” (Leyden and New York, 1906), p. 263 (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. ii. part v.).
901 Father Baudin, “Le Fétichisme ou la religion des Nègres de la Guinée,” Missions Catholiques, xvi. (1884) p. 250.
902 J. Spieth, Die Ewe Stämme (Berlin, 1906), pp. 204, 206.
903 Fr. Boas, in Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 92 (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1890). The instrument by which the twins make fine weather appears to be a bull-roarer. Compare J. Teit, “The Shuswap” (Leyden and New York, 1909), pp. 586 sq. (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. ii. part vii.): “Twins were believed to be endowed with powers over the elements, especially over rain and snow. If a twin bathed in a lake or stream, it would rain.”
904 Mark iii. 17. If James and John had been twins, we might have suspected that their name of Boanerges had its origin in a superstition like that of the Peruvian Indians. Was it in the character of “sons of thunder” that the brothers proposed to call down fire from heaven on a Samaritan village (Luke ix. 54)?
905 P. J. de Arriaga, Extirpacion de la idolatria del Piru (Lima, 1621), pp. 16 sq., 32, 33, 119, 130, 132.
906 H. A. Junod, Les Ba-ronga (Neuchâtel, 1898), pp. 412, 416 sqq. The reason for calling twins “Children of the Sky” is obscure. Are they supposed in some mysterious way to stand for the sun and moon?
907 Dudley Kidd, Savage Childhood (London, 1906), p. 47.
908 P. Reichard, “Die Wanjamuesi,” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, xxiv. (1889), pp. 256 sq. Another African superstition as to twins may here be mentioned. On the Slave Coast when a woman has brought forth stillborn twins, she has a statue made with two faces and sets it up in a corner of her house. There she offers it fowls, bananas, and palm-oil in order to obtain the accomplishment of her wishes, and especially a knowledge of the future. See Missions Catholiques, vii. (1875) p. 592. This suggests that elsewhere two-faced images, like those of Janus, may have been intended to represent twins.
909 M. N. Venketswami, “Superstitions among Hindus in the Central Provinces,” Indian Antiquary, xxviii. (1899) p. 111.
910 The Grihya-Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part ii. (Oxford, 1892) pp. 72 sq. (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xxx.); H. Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda, pp. 420 sq.
911 G. G. Batten, Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago (Singapore, 1894), pp. 68 sq.
912 A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xliv. (1901) pp. 8–10.
913 Rev. W. O’Ferrall, “Native Stories from Santa Cruz and Reef Islands,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxiv. (1904), p. 225.
914 Lucy M. J. Garnett, The Women of Turkey and their Folklore: The Christian Women, pp. 123 sq.
915 W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 329 sqq.; J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,⁴ i. 493 sq.; W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, pp. 227 sqq.; W. Schmidt, Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens, p. 17; E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, ii. 13; Folk-lore, i. (1890) p. 520.
916 The Graphic, September 9, 1905, p. 324; Dr. Emil Fischer, “Paparuda und Scaloian,” Globus, xciii. (1908) pp. 14 sq.
917 W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 329.
918 G. F. Abbott, Macedonian Folklore (Cambridge, 1903), pp. 118 sq.
919 W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 228; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 329 sq.
920 See above, pp. 260 sq. This perpetual turning or whirling movement is required of the actors in other European ceremonies of a superstitious character. See below, vol. ii. pp. 74, 80, 81, 87. I am far from feeling sure that the explanation of it suggested in the text is the true one. But I do not remember to have met with any other.
921 Father H. S. Moore, in The Cowley Evangelist, May 1908, pp. 111 sq.
922 M. Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube (Leipsic, 1899), pp. 93 sq.
923 J. Rendel Harris, MS. notes of folklore collected in the East.
924 Rendel Harris, op. cit.
925 S. I. Curtiss, Primitive Semitic Religion To-day, p. 114.
926 A. Jaussen, Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab (Paris, 1908), pp. 326, 328.
927 J. Polek, “Regenzauber in Osteuropa,” Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, iii. (1893) p. 85. For the bathing of the priest compare W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 331, note 2.
928 W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 331.
929 R. F. Kaindl, “Zauberglaube bei den Rutenen in der Bukowina und Galizien,” Globus, lxi. (1892) p. 281.
930 M. Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube (Leipsic, 1899), p. 93.
931 E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord, p. 584.
932 J. G. F. Riedel, “De Minahasa in 1825,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xviii. 524.
933 A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xliv. (1901) pp. 1 sq.
934 M. Joustra, “De Zending onder de Karo-Batak’s,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xli. (1897) p. 158.
935 North Indian Notes and Queries, iii. p. 134, § 285.
936 W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 73 sq.
937 J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xxxix. (1890) p. 93.
938 Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On some Ceremonies for producing Rain,” Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, iii. (1893) pp. 25, 27; id., in North Indian Notes and Queries, v. p. 136, § 373.
939 Panjab Notes and Queries, i. p. 102, § 791.
940 W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 74 sq.
941 Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On Vestiges of Moon-worship in Behar and Bengal,” Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, ii. 598 sq.
942 Panjab Notes and Queries, ii. p. 42, § 256; W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 16 sq.; Sarat Chandra Mitra, in Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, ii. 597 sq.; id., in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, N.S. xxix. (1897) p. 482.
943 W. W. Hunter, Orissa (London, 1872), ii. 140 sq.; W. Crooke, op. cit. i. 17.
944 W. Logan, Malabar (Madras, 1887), i. 161 sq.; E. Thurston, Castes and Tribes of Southern India, vii. 287; L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, The Cochin Tribes and Castes, i. (Madras, 1909) p. 238.
945 R. F. Kaindl, Die Huzulen (Vienna, 1894), p. 63; id., “Viehzucht und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” Globus, lxix. (1896) p. 386.
946 A. Cabaton, Nouvelles Recherches sur les Chams (Paris, 1901), p. 48.
947 Boecler-Kreutzwald, Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten, pp. 90 sq.
948 E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin und nächster Umgebung,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xv. (1883) p. 87.
949 Theophrastus, Historia plantarum, vii. 3. 3, ix. 8. 8; Plutarch, Quaest. Conviv. vii. 2. 3; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xix. 120.
950 Palladius, De re rustica, iv. 9; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xix. 120.
951 Theophrastus, Historia plantarum ix. 8. 8.
952 Lactantius, Divin. Institut. i. 21; Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, ii. 5. 11. 8; Philostratus, Imagines, ii. 24; Conon, in Photius, Bibliotheca, p. 132, ed. Bekker. Lactantius speaks of the sacrifice of a pair of oxen, Philostratus of the sacrifice of a single ox.
953 “Die Pschawen und Chewsurier im Kaukasus,” Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde, N.F. ii. (1857) p. 75.
954 M. Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube (Leipsic, 1899), p. 93.
955 J. Reinegg, Beschreibung des Kaukasus, ii. (Hildesheim and St. Petersburg, 1797), p. 114. Among the Abchases of the Western Caucasus girls make rain by driving an ass into a river, placing a puppet dressed as a woman on a raft, and letting the raft float down stream. See N. von Seidlitz, “Die Abchasen,” Globus, lxvi. (1894) pp. 75 sq.
956 W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 553; E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, ii. 40.
957 Panjab Notes and Queries, iii. pp. 41, 115, §§ 173, 513.
958 North Indian Notes and Queries, i. p. 210, § 1161.
959 Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On the Har Paraurī, or the Behari Women’s Ceremony for producing Rain,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, N.S. xxix. (1897) pp. 471–484; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, iv. No. 7 (1898), pp. 384–388.
960 Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On some Ceremonies for producing Rain,” Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, iii. 25. On these Indian rain-charms compare W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 68 sqq. Mr. E. S. Hartland suggests that such customs furnish the key to the legend of Lady Godiva (Folklore, i. (1890) pp. 223 sqq.). Some of the features of the ceremonies, though not the ploughing, reappear in a rain-charm practised by the Rajbansis of Bengal. The women make two images of Hudum Deo out of mud or cow-dung, and carry them away into the fields by night. There they strip themselves naked, and dance round the images singing obscene songs. See (Sir) H. H. Risley, The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary (Calcutta, 1891–92), i. 498. Again, in time of drought the Kapu women of Southern India mould a small figure of a naked human being to represent Jokumara, the rain-god. This they place in a mock palanquin and go about for several days from door to door, singing indecent songs and collecting alms. Then they abandon the figure in a field, where the Malas find it and go about with it in their turn for three or four days, singing ribald songs and collecting alms. See E. Thurston, Castes and Tribes of Southern India, iii. 244 sq. We have seen (pp. 267 sq.) that lewd songs form part of an African rain-charm. The link between ribaldry and rain is not obvious to the European mind.
961 T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxi. (1901) pp. 302 sq.
962 B. Houghton, in Indian Antiquary, xxv. (1896) p. 112.
963 C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico (London, 1903), i. 330.
964 G. Turner, Samoa, pp. 345 sq.
965 Father Lambert, in Missions Catholiques, xxv. (1893) p. 116; id., Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 297 sq.
966 W. R. S. Ralston, The Songs of the Russian People, pp. 425 sq.; P. v. Stenin, “Ueber den Geisterglauben in Russland,” Globus, lvii. (1890) p. 285.
967 Aristophanes, Clouds, 373.