968 M. Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube, p. 93.
969 J. Rendel Harris, MS. notes.
970 R. H. Elliot, Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore (London, 1871), i. 76 sq.
971 A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijving bij de Toradja’s van Central Celebes,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xliv. (1901) p. 6, citing v. Baarda.
972 Mela, Chorographia, iii. 106.
973 A. C. Kruijt, op. cit. pp. 3 sq.
975 Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir (London, 1904), p. 115.
976 Missionar P. H. Brincker, “Beobachlungen über die Deisidämonie der Eingeborenen Deutsch-Südwest-Afrikas,” Globus, lviii. (1890) p. 323; id., in Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, iii. (1900) Dritte Abteilung, p. 89.
977 A. Caulin, Historia coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva Andalucia, Provincias de Cumaña, Guayana y Vertientes del Rio Orinoco, p. 92.
978 J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, iii. 918 sqq.
979 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 314 sq.
980 Spencer and Gillen, op. cit. p. 311.
981 G. B. Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge Tales, p. 262.
982 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians,” p. 374 (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv.).
983 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 446.
984 J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folklore (London, 1901), p. 334.
985 (Sir) J. G. Scott, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, part ii. vol. ii. (Rangoon, 1901) p. 280.
986 T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxi. (1901) p. 308.
987 H. Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda, p. 507.
988 Fr. A. Jaussen, “Coutumes arabes,” Revue Biblique, April 1903, p. 248. Elsewhere the same writer describes this ceremony as a mode of putting a stop to cholera. See his Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab (Paris, 1908), p. 362. To pass between the pieces of a sacrificial victim is a form of oath (Genesis xv. 9 sqq.; Jeremiah xxxiv. 18; Dictys Cretensis, Bell. Trojan. i. 15; R. Moffat, Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa, p. 278) or of purification (Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, 111; Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, iii. 13. 7; Livy, xl. 6; E. Casalis, The Basutos, p. 256; S. Krascheninnikow, Beschreibung des Landes Kamtschatka, pp. 277 sq.). Compare my note on Pausanias, iii. 20. 9.
989 B. F. Matthes, “Over de âdá’s of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Derde Reeks, ii. (Amsterdam, 1885) p. 169.
990 G. A. J. Hazeu, “Kleine bijdragen tot de ethnografie en folklore van Java,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlvi. (1903) p. 298.
991 A. Hillebrandt, Vedische Opfer und Zauber (Strasburg, 1897), p. 120.
992 E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord, p. 583.
993 Acosta, History of the Indies, bk. v. ch. xxviii. (vol. ii. p. 376, Hakluyt Society).
994 J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country (London, 1857), pp. 212 sqq.
995 O. Baumann, Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle (Berlin, 1894), p. 188.
996 H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 325.
997 L. Decle, Three Years in Savage Africa (London, 1898), p. 154.
998 A. L. van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra, pp. 320 sq.; J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xxxix. (1890) p. 93.
999 E. T. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 88.
1000 Folklore Journal, edited by the Working Committee of the South African Folklore Society, i. (1879) p. 34.
1001 J. S. G. Gramberg, “Eene maand in de binnenlanden van Timor,” Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxxvi. p. 209; H. Zondervan, “Timor en de Timoreezen,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap. Tweede Serie, v. (1888) Afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, pp. 402 sq.
1002 C. Wiese, “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Zulu im Norden des Zambesi, namentlich der Angoni,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxxii. (1900) p. 198.
1003 W. Weston, Mountaineering and Exploration in the Japanese Alps (London, 1896), pp. 162 sq.; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxvi. (1897) p. 30; id., in The Geographical Journal, vii. (1896) pp. 143 sq.
1004 A. Caulin, Historia Coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva Andalucia, Provincias de Cumaña, Guayana y Vertientes del Rio Orinoco, p. 96; Colombia, being a geographical, etc., account of the country, i. 642 sq.; A. Bastian, Die Culturländer des alten Amerika, ii. 216.
1005 D. Forbes, “On the Aymara Indians of Bolivia and Peru,” Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, ii. 237, note. On the supposed relation of the frog or toad to water in America, see further E. J. Payne, History of the New World called America, i. 420 sq., 425 sqq. He observes that “throughout the New World, from Florida to Chile, the worship of the frog or toad, as the offspring of water and the symbol of the water-spirit, accompanied the cultivation of maize” (p. 425). A species of water toad is called by the Araucanians of Chili genco, “which signifies lord of the water, as they believe that it watches over the preservation and contributes to the salubrity of the waters” (J. I. Molina, Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, London, 1809, i. 179).
1006 Mary E. B. Howitt, Folklore and Legends of some Victorian Tribes (in manuscript). The story is told in an abridged form by Dr. A. W. Howitt (Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xviii. (1889) pp. 54 sq.).
1008 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 346; A. Kuhn, Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen, ii. p. 80, § 244; E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, ii. 13.
1009 M. N. Venketswami, “Superstitions among Hindus in the Central Provinces,” Indian Antiquary, xxviii. (1899) p. 111. Compare E. Thurston, Castes and Tribes of Southern India, iv. 387.
1010 North Indian Notes and Queries, iii. p. 134, § 285; W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 73.
1011 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxxii., part 3, Anthropology (Calcutta, 1904), p. 39.
1012 E. Thurston, Castes and Tribes of Southern India, iii. 245.
1013 E. Thurston, op. cit. iv. 387.
1014 M. Bloomfield, “On the ‘Frog-hymn,’ Rig Veda, vii. 103,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, xvii. (1896) pp. 173–179.
1015 A. L. Waddell, “Frog-Worship among the Newars,” The Indian Antiquary, xxii. (1893) pp. 292–294. The title Bhûmînâtha, “Lord or Protector of the Soil,” is specially reserved for the frog. The title Paremêsvara is given to all the Newar divinities.
1016 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th edition, s.v. “Frog,” ix. 796. For an instance of a frog thus caught in a drought and made to disgorge its hoard of water, see E. Aymonier, Voyage dans le Laos (Paris, 1895–1897), ii. 284 sq.
1017 J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of South African Tribes,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xix. (1890) p. 295.
1018 H. von Wlislocki, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigenner (Münster i. W., 1891), pp. 64 sq.
1019 W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 76.
1020 W. Crooke, op. cit. i. 74.
1021 W. Weston, Mountaineering and Exploration in the Japanese Alps (London, 1896), p. 162.
1022 L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, Les Peuplades de la Sénégambie (Paris, 1879), p. 291.
1023 R. Lange, “Bitten um Regen in Japan,” Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, iii. (1893) pp. 334 sq. Compare W. G. Aston, Shinto (London, 1905), p. 153. However, the throwing of the dragon into the waterfall may be a homoeopathic charm rather than a punishment.
1024 H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, i. 520.
1025 Huc, L’Empire chinois⁴ (Paris, 1862), i. 241.
1026 Mgr Rizzolati, in Annales de la Propagation de la Foi, xvi. (1844) p. 350; Mgr Retord, ib. xxviii. (1856) p. 102. In Tonquin also a mandarin has been known to whip an image of Buddha for not sending rain. See Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi, iv. (1830) p. 330.
1027 Huc, L’Empire chinois,⁴ i. 241 sq.
1028 Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, Nouvelle Édition, xviii. 210.
1029 J. Bertrand, in Annales de la Propagation de la Foi, xxii. (1850) pp. 351–355; W. W. Rockhill, The Land of the Lamas (London, 1891), p. 311.
1030 Rev. E. Z. Simmons, “Idols and Spirits,” Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, xix. (1888) p. 502.
1031 Mgr Bruguière, in Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi, v. (1831), p. 131.
1032 Brien, “Aperçu sur la province de Battambang,” Cochinchine Française: excursions et reconnaissances, No. 25 (Saigon, 1886), pp. 6 sq.
1033 G. Vuillier, “La Sicile, impressions du présent et du passé,” Tour du monde, lxvii. (1894) pp. 54 sq. Compare G. Pitrè, Usi e costumi, credenze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano, iii. (Palermo, 1889) pp. 142–144. As to St. Francis of Paola, who died in 1507 and was canonised by Leo X. in 1519, see P. Ribadeneira, Flos Sanctorum, cioè Vite de’ Santi (Venice, 1763), i. 252 sq.; Th. Trede, Das Heidentum in der römischen Kirche, iii. 45–47; G. Pitrè, Feste patronali in Sicilia (Turin and Palermo, 1900), pp. 49 sqq. He was sent for by Louis XI. of France, and his fame as a worker of miracles is still spread over all the south of Italy. With the entertainments given in honour of St. Francis of Paola to wheedle rain out of him we may compare the shadow-plays or puppet-shows given by the Javanese and the comedies played by the Chinese for the same purpose. See T. S. Raffles, History of Java (London, 1817), i. 477; G. A. J. Hazen, “Kleine bijdragen tot de ethnografie en de folklore van Java,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlvi. (1903) pp. 299 sq.; Huc, L’Empire chinois⁴ (Paris, 1862), i. 241.
1034 J. Biddulph, Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh (Calcutta, 1880), p. 95.
1035 Albîrûnî, The Chronology of Ancient Nations, translated and edited by C. E. Sachau (London, 1879), p. 235. This and the following passage were pointed out to me by my late friend, W. Robertson Smith.
1036 Albîrûnî, loc. cit.
1037 Gervasius von Tilbury, Otia Imperialia, ed. F. Liebrecht, pp. 41 sq.
1038 Giraldus Cambrensis, Topography of Ireland, ch. 7. Compare W. Mannhardt, Antike Wald- und Feldkulte, p. 341 note.
1039 J. Lecœur, Esquisses du Bocage Normand, ii. 79.
1040 L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, Superstitions et survivances, i. 473.
1041 Le R. P. Cadière, “Croyances et dictons populaires de la Vallée du Nguôn-son, Province de Quang-binh (Annam),” Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient, i. (Hanoi, 1901) pp. 204 sq.
1042 C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico, ii. 194.
1043 H. Callaway, Religious System of the Amazulu, part. iv. (1870), pp. 407 sq.
1044 Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, pp. 117 sq.
1045 E. Reclus, Nouvelle Géographie Universelle, xii. 100.
1046 North Indian Notes and Queries, iii. p. 135, § 285; W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 77.
1047 A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xliv. (1901) p. 2.
1048 Rasmussen, Additamenta ad historiam Arabum ante Islamismum, pp. 67 sq.; I. Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien (Halle a. S., 1888–1890), i. 34 sq.
1049 J. Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentums, p. 157 (first edition).
1050 J. B. Labat, Relation historique de l’Éthiopie occidentale, ii. 180.
1051 H. Ternaux-Compans, Essai sur l’ancien Cundinamarca (Paris, n.d.), p. 42.
1052 G. Turner, Samoa, p. 145.
1053 A. L. P. Cameron, “Notes on some Tribes of New South Wales,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiv. (1885) p. 362. For other uses of quartz-crystal in ceremonies for the making of rain, see above, pp. 254, 255.
1054 A. L. P. Cameron, loc. cit. Compare E. M. Curr, The Australian Race, ii. 377.
1055 E. Clement, “Ethnographical Notes on the Western Australian Aborigines,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, xvi. (1904) pp. 5 sq.
1056 Rascher, “Die Sulka,” Archiv für Anthropologie, xxix. (1904) p. 225. Compare R. Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee, p. 196.
1057 T. C. Hodson, “The genna amongst the Tribes of Assam,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi. (1906) p. 96.
1058 W. G. Aston, Shinto (London, 1905), p. 330.
1059 Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika (Berlin, 1894), p. 654.
1060 Indian Notes and Queries, iv. p. 218, § 776; W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 75 sq.
1061 J. Rendel Harris, MS. notes.
1062 W. R. Paton, in Folklore, xii. (1901) p. 216.
1063 G. Timkowski, Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to China (London, 1827), i. 402 sq.
1064 C. H. Cottrell, Recollections of Siberia (London, 1842), p. 140.
1065 W. Radloff, Aus Sibirien (Leipsic, 1884), ii. 179 sq.
1066 The American Antiquarian, viii. 339. Vivid descriptions of the scenery and climate of Arizona and New Mexico will be found in Captain J. G. Bourke’s On the Border with Crook (New York, 1891); see, for example, pp. 1 sq., 12 sq., 23 sq., 30 sq., 34 sq., 41 sqq., 185, 190 sq. See also C. Mindeleff, in Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part 2 (Washington, 1898), pp. 477–481.
1067 M. Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube, p. 94.
1068 J. Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 184; J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,⁴ i. 494; L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, Superstitions et survivances, iii. 190 sq. Compare A. de Nore, Coutumes, mythes et traditions des provinces de France, p. 216; San Marte, Die Arthur Sage, pp. 105 sq., 153 sqq.
1069 J. Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, pp. 185 sq., quoting an earlier authority.
1070 J. Rhys, op. cit. p. 187. The same thing is done at the fountain of Sainte Anne, near Gevezé, in Brittany. See P. Sébillot, Traditions et superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne, i. 72.
1071 G. Herve, “Quelques superstitions de Morvan,” Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 4me série, iii. (1892) p. 530.
1072 Bérenger-Féraud and de Mortillet, in Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 4me série, ii. (1891) pp. 306, 310 sq.; L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, Superstitions et survivances, i. 427.
1073 Le Brun, Historie critique des pratiques superstitieuses (Amsterdam, 1733), i. 245 sq.; L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, Superstitions et survivances, i. 477. For more examples of such customs in France see P. Sébillot, Le Folk-lore de France, ii. 376–378.
1074 Lamberti, “Relation de la Colchide ou Mingrélie,” Voyages au Nord, vii. 174 (Amsterdam, 1725).
1075 H. S. Hallett, A Thousand Miles on an Elephant in the Shan States (Edinburgh and London, 1890), p. 264.
1076 Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels, iii. 594.
1077 R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 201.
1078 J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië, xxxix. (1890) p. 86. As to the cat in rain-making ceremonies, see above, pp. 289, 291.
1079 Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887, p. 674.
1080 As to such prayers, see Pausanias, ii. 25. 10; Marcus Antoninus, v. 7; Petronius, 44; Tertullian, Apolog. 40, compare 22 and 23; P. Cauer, Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum,² No. 162; H. Collitz und F. Bechtel, Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften, No. 3718; Ch. Michel, Recueil d’inscriptions grecques, No. 1004; O. Luders, Die dionysischen Künstler (Berlin, 1873), pp. 26 sq.
1081 Pausanias, viii. 38. 4.
1083 Antigonus, Histor. mirab. 15 (Scriptores rerum mirabilium Graeci, ed. A. Westermann, pp. 64 sq.). Antigonus mentions that the badge of the city was a representation of the chariot with a couple of ravens perched on it. This badge appears on existing coins of Crannon, with the addition of a pitcher resting on the chariot (B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 249). Hence A. Furtwängler conjectured, with great probability, that a pitcher full of water was placed on the real chariot when rain was wanted, and that the spilling of the water, as the chariot shook, was intended to imitate a shower of rain. See A. Furtwängler, Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik, pp. 257–263.
1085 Apollodorus, i. 9. 7; Virgil, Aen. vi. 585 sqq.; Servius on Virgil, l.c.
1086 Festus, s.vv. aquaelicium and manalem lapidem, pp. 2, 128, ed. C. O. Müller; Nonius Marcellus, s.v. trullum, p. 637, ed. Quicherat; Servius on Virgil, Aen. iii. 175; Fulgentius, “Expos. serm. antiq.” s.v. manales lapides, Mythogr. Lat. ed. Staveren, pp. 769 sq. It has been suggested that the stone derived its name and its virtue from the manes or spirits of the dead (E. Hoffmann, in Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, N.F. l. (1895), pp. 484–486). Mr. O. Gilbert supposes that the stone was hollow and filled with water which was poured out in imitation of rain. See O. Gilbert, Geschichte und Topographie der Stadt Rom im Altertum, ii. (Leipsic, 1885) p. 154 note. His suggestion is thus exactly parallel to that of Furtwängler as to the pitcher at Crannon (above, p. 309 note 6). Compare W. Warde Fowler, Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1899), pp. 232 sq.
1087 Nonius Marcellus, s.v. aquilex, p. 69, ed. Quicherat. In favour of taking aquilex as rain-maker is the use of aquaelicium in the sense of rain-making. Compare K. O. Müller, Die Etrusker, ed. W. Deecke, ii. 318 sq.
1088 Diodorus Siculus, v. 55.
1089 Philochorus, cited by Athenaeus, xiv. 72, p. 656 A.