INDEX, &c.
- Abrasion tests, 146
- Absorption of bricks, 132
- Acids defined, 76
- Actinolite, 69
- Air, chemical composition of, 105
- Albite felspar, chemical composition, 34
- Almandite, 68
- Aluminium, under blowpipe, 73
- Anorthite felspar, chemical composition, 34
- Aragonite, 49
- Bases defined, 76
- Basic bricks, 90
- dolomite for, 55
- magnesite for, 56
- Biotite mica, 43
- under blowpipe, 73
- Black bricks, 101
- Blowpipe, 58
- Blue bricks, 101
- Bluish-black brick-earths, 27
- Boulder clay, 50
- Bourges, Oxford clay of, 24
- Bovey Heathfield clays, 20
- Bracknell bricks, 135
- Brick earths, artificial mixing, 42
- artificial mixtures, 94, 95
- bluish-black, 27
- boulder clay, 50
- brown, 27
- chalk pebbles in, 50
- changes in character on being dug into, 2, 5, 10
- chemical composition of, 23, 52, 83, 84, 85
- chemistry of, 58, 75
- chert in, 41, 42
- coprolites found in, 51
- Cornwall, 35
- Crayford, 1
- Devon, 35
- Erith, 1
- estuarine, 21
- fluviatile—Chapter I., 1–16
- fossil shells in, 50
- Ilford, 1
- Kimeridge clay, 26
- lacustrine—Chapter II., 17–21
- Lincolnshire, 21
- London clay, 33
- marine, 22
- mineral constitution, 28
- minerals found in (see Kaolin, Felspar, Quartz, Flint, Mica, Iron, Calcite, Aragonite, Selenite, Dolomite, Salt, etc.).
- Northamptonshire, 21
- North-Eastern France, 20
- Oxford clay, 33
- Reading mottled clay, 19
- of river terraces, 12
- salt in, 25
- sea-shore, 25
- section of fluviatile brick-earths, 10
- several kinds of fluviatile, discussed, 14, 15
- Switzerland, 89
- Thames Valley, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- value of chemical analyses of, 28, 29
- Brickmaking: earths suitable for (see Brick-earths)
- Bricks, abrasion tests, 146
- absorption of, 132
- basic, 90
- Bracknell, 135
- colour of, 100
- Dinas, 81
- discolouration of, 114
- durability of, 103
- effect of conflagrations on, 117
- efflorescence on, 110
- London stock, 97
- micro-structure of, 29, 118, 128
- rubber, 29
- specific gravity, 146, 149
- Staffordshire blue, 99
- Stourbridge, 82
- strength of, 136
- vegetable growth on, 113
- weathering of, 105, 113
- British Museum, fossils in, from brick-earths, 3, 26
- Bronzite, 69
- Brown brick-earths, 27
- Burning bricks, 94
- changes produced by, 98
- temperature, 89
- Calc spar, 49
- Calcite, 39, 49
- behaviour in kiln, 39
- micro-structure of, 131
- under blow-pipe, 74
- Californian magnesite, 56
- Carbon dioxide in quartz, 41
- Carbonate of lime (see Calcite, Aragonite)
- Chalk in brick-earths, 1
- mixed with brick-earths, 53
- pebbles in brick-earths, 50
- Chateauroux, Oxford clay of, 24
- Chemical affinity, 76
- analyses of brick-earths, 28
- analysis, 77
- composition of air, 106
- composition of brick-earths, Dinas, 52
- composition, china clays, 78
- composition of fire-clays, 80
- composition of Kieselguhr, 92
- composition of magnesian limestones, 90
- composition, pottery clays, 82
- composition of slates, 87
- disintegration of rocks, 20
- re-agents, 60, 63, 71
- Chemistry of brick-earths, 58, 75
- Chert, 41
- Cheshire, salt in clays in, 25
- China-clays, behaviour in the kiln, 36
- chemical composition, 78
- Cornwall, 35, 36, 37
- Devon, 35
- China-clay (see Kaolin and Felspar)
- thickness of, 38
- China-stone, decomposed, 37
- Colour in the kiln, 98, 99
- Colouring matter of bricks, 45
- of bricks, 53
- Colour of bricks (see Blue, Black, etc.).
- Coprolites: impure varieties of phosphate of lime
- found in brick-earths, 51
- Cornish granite, 35
- Cornwall, china-clays, 35, 36, 37
- Cracks formed in bricks, 52
- Crayford, brick-earth at, 1
- Dartmoor granite, 55
- Denudation, agents of, described, 6, 7
- of sea-cliffs, 22
- Devon, china-clays, 35
- Diatomaceous earth, 42, 91
- Dinas bricks, 52, 81
- Discolouration of bricks, 114, 135
- Dolomite in brick-earths, 55
- micro-structure of, 131
- under blow-pipe, 74
- Drying bricks, 94
- Durability of bricks, 103
- Efflorescence on bricks, 110
- Electric furnace, 33
- Elephants’ remains, found in brick-earth, 2, 3
- Erith, brick-earth at, 1
- Estuarine brick-earths, 21
- Expansion of bricks and variations of temperature, 115
- Felspar, 34
- chemical composition of, 34
- micro-structure of, 129
- under blow-pipe, 73
- Ferruginous matter (see Iron)
- Fire-bricks, Dinas, 52
- earths suitable for making, 21
- effect of lime in, 53
- Kieselguhr for, 42, 91
- strength of, 136
- Fire-clays, chemical composition of, 80, 81
- Newcastle-on-Tyne, 80
- tests, 148
- Welsh localities, 81
- Fishes, fossil, 25
- Flint, 39, 41
- behaviour of in the kiln, 42, 43
- implement: an implement, or tool, made of flint—in the sense indicated in this work an implement made by pre-historic man.
- implements, found in brick-earths, 3, 5
- micro-structure of, 129
- origin of, 41
- Fluid inclusions in quartz, 41
- Fluorine in clays, 59
- Fluviatile brick-earths: brick-earths that have been deposited in rivers
- Fossil shells, carbonate of lime in, 50
- shells found in brick-earths, 4
- sponges, in flint, 42
- Fusion of brick-earths in the kiln, 29, 31
- Gault clay, 51
- Glaze, micro-structure of, 119, 120
- Glazing, salt, 57
- Granite, Cornish, 35
- Dartmoor, 35
- Granites, weathering of, 36
- Greece, magnesite in, 56
- Green bricks, 101
- Grizzly bear’s remains found in brick-earth, 2
- Gypsum in brick-earths, 54
- under blow-pipe, 74
- Heat, bricks affected by, 117
- Hippopotamus remains found in brick-earth, 2
- Ilford, brick-earth at, 1
- Infusorial earth, Tuscany, 92
- Iron, 44
- a constituent of brick-earths, 44
- behaviour in the kiln, 45
- bricks, Saarbrücken, 92
- micro-structure of, 130
- mode of occurrence in brick-earths, 45
- under blow-pipe, 73, 74
- vapour in the kiln, 46
- pyrites, 46, 131
- pyrites, behaviour in the kiln, 48
- pyrites, under blow-pipe, 74
- pyrites, weathering of in bricks, 48
- Jurassic estuarine clays, 21
- Kangaroo rats, fossil, 25
- Kaolin: a hydrous silicate of alumina, derived chiefly from the decomposition of felspars
- Kaolin, 31
- behaviour in the kiln, 32, 33
- chemical composition of, 78
- micro-structure, 32, 33
- under blow-pipe, 73
- “Kaolinised” matter, 33
- Kilns, temperature in, 98
- Kieselguhr: a diatomaceous earth
- Kieselguhr, 91
- chemical composition of, 92
- of the Isle of Skye, 42
- Kimeridge clay brick-earth, 26
- Labradorite felspar, chemical composition, 34
- Lacustrine brick-earth: that laid down or deposited in lakes
- brick-earths—Chapter II., 17–21
- brick-earths, formation of, 17, 18
- Lime, builder’s, 52
- in bricks, 52
- in manufacture of fire-bricks, 53
- Limestone, a flux, 54
- Limonite, under blow-pipe, 73
- Lincolnshire brick-earths, 21
- Loam: sandy clay
- London stock bricks, 97, 140
- Magnesian limestones, chemical composition of, 90
- limestone (see Dolomite)
- Magnesite, 55
- behaviour in the kiln, 56
- Californian, 56
- in Greece, 56
- Styrian, 56
- under blow-pipe, 74
- Malachite, 67
- Malm bricks, 53, 86
- Manganese, under blow-pipe, 74
- Marcasite, 46, 47
- behaviour in the kiln, 48
- weathering of, 47, 48
- Marine brick-earths: those laid down or deposited on the sea-floor
- Marine brick-earths, not so variable in character as river, lacustrine, or estuarine, 23
- brick-earths—Chapter III., 22–27
- brick-earths, origin of, 23
- Marl: clay containing much lime.
- Mica, 43
- behaviour in the kiln, 44
- micro-structure of, 130
- under blow-pipe, 73
- Microscopes, 121
- Microscopes, use of, 59
- useful in analysing earths, 30
- Micro structure as a means of determining fusibility of minerals and brick-earths, 43
- of bricks, 118, 128
- Minerals, their behaviour in the kiln (see Kaolin, Felspar, Quartz, Flint, Mica, Iron, Calcite, Aragonite, Selenite, Dolomite, Salt, etc.).
- behaviour under the blow-pipe (see Quartz, Felspar, Mica, Calcite, etc.).
- Mississippi, sediments of the Delta of, 7
- Mortar and Scum, 112
- Muscovite mica, 43
- mica, under blow-pipe, 73
- Musk-sheep remains, found in brick-earth, 2, 3
- Natrolite, 68
- Newcastle-on-Tyne fire-clays, 80
- Newton Abbot, clays near, 20
- Northamptonshire brick-earths, 21
- Oligoclase felspar, chemical composition, 34
- felspar, under blow-pipe, 73
- Origin of fluviatile brick-earths—Chapter I., 1–16
- Orthoclase, 69
- felspar, chemical composition, 34
- felspar, under blow-pipe, 73
- Overburden: the material for the most part useless, overlying the good brick-earth, sand, limestone, or other rock for which the pit or quarry was exploited, and which, in the majority of cases, has to be removed to obtain the material sought for.
- Oxford clay, 24, 25, 33
- Oxidising flame, 65
- Paving bricks, tests, 148
- Peterborough bricks, 24
- clays, 51
- Plants, fossil, 21, 26
- Platinum wire, 60, 63, 66
- Plesiosaurus, fossil reptile, 26
- Porcelain earths, 30
- Pottery clays, chemical composition, 82
- Power of transport of sediment by rivers, 8
- Pumice for brickmaking, 93
- Pyrite, 46
- behaviour in the kiln, 48
- under blow-pipe, 74
- Pyrometers, 99, 100
- Quartz, behaviour in the kiln, 39, 42, 43
- cavities in, 40, 41
- characters of, 39
- imperishable, 40
- micro-structure of, 128
- occurrence in brick-earths, 40
- under blowpipe, 72
- vein, 40
- Race: concretions of carbonate of lime, commonly found in brick-earths in brick-earths, 50
- Rainfall and the durability of bricks, 108
- “Rattling” tests, 148
- Reading mottled clay, 18
- Red brick, 100
- Red brick clay, 86
- Red bricks, colouring matter of, 45
- Reducing flame, 65
- Refractory minerals (see Calcite, Dolomite, Magnesite, Quartz, etc.).
- Reindeer remains, found in brick-earth, 2, 3
- Reptiles, fossil, 25
- Rhinoceros’ remains, found in brick-earth, 2, 3
- River deposits, typical section, 10, 11
- River terraces, brick-earths of, 12, 13
- Rock crystal, 40
- Rock salt, under blow-pipe, 74
- Ruabon bricks and terra-cotta, 84
- terra-cotta, 116
- Rubbers, 29, 86
- Saarbrücken “iron bricks,” 92
- Salt, a powerful flux, 57
- behaviour in the kiln, 57
- glazing, 57
- in brick-earths, 25, 27, 56
- in quartz crystals, 41
- under blow-pipe, 74
- Schorl, 40
- Scum, 110
- Sea-shore, brick-earths from the, 25
- Selenite, 54, 131
- under blow-pipe, 74
- Septaria: tabular or rounded concretions of argillaceous limestone, commonly found in clays
- Septaria, 51
- Shrinkage of brick-earth in the kiln, 85
- Silica, behaviour in the kiln, 28
- group of minerals, 39
- Slates, chemical composition of, 87
- débris for brickmaking, 87
- refuse, 47
- used in brickmaking, 47
- Snails, found in brick-earth, 4
- Specific gravity of bricks, 146, 149
- Stacking in the kiln, 97
- Staffordshire blue bricks, 99
- Stibnite, 68, 70
- Stocks, London, 140
- Stoneware, earths for making, 21
- Stourbridge bricks, 82
- Strength of bricks, 136
- Styrian magnesite, 56
- Swiss brick-earths, 89
- Temperature and weathering of bricks, 115
- in kilns, 98
- Terra-cotta earths, 19, 30
- earth, chemical composition of, 84
- expansion of in weathering, 115
- Ruabon, 116
- Tests for bricks (see strength, absorption, specific gravity, chemical composition, micro-structure, etc.).
- Thames, mineral salts in solution in the, 7
- Thames Valley brick-earths, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- Tuscany, infusorial earth, 92
- Variable character of brick-earths, 10
- Variability in character of marine brick-earths, 23, 24
- of estuarine brick-earths, 21
- of lacustrine brick-earths, 17
- Vegetable growth on bricks, 113
- Vein quartz, 40
- Volcanic ejectamenta for brickmaking, 93
- Wales, fire-clays of, 81
- Warping, 98
- “Weathering” agents which affect bricks, 6
- Weathering of brick-earths, 27
- White bricks, 100
- Yellow bricks, 101