2332 See Ælian, Var. Hist. xiv. 18.

2333 There surely must be a wrong reading here, or he cannot intend this to be understood literally.

2334 See B. xi. c. 96.

2335 One of the mistresses of Louis XV. not only did this, but (in a spirit of great charity and consideration, of course) gave the milk to the poor after she had thus used it.

2336 “Ad desideria mulierum.”

2337 See c. 28 of this Book.

2338 See Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. II. 92-3, Bohn’s Ed., where this subject is treated at considerable length.

2339 “Rutilandis capillis.”

2340 “Eam mori tradunt.” The reading here is very doubtful.

2341 “Subulo.”

2342 Asses’ milk is still recommended for pulmonary phthisis.

2343 See B. viii. c. 16.

2344 This would appear to be a Greek word in reality.

2345 “Tunica.”

2346 See B. xx. c. 2.

2347 See B. xxv. c. 67. Mares’ milk is not a purgative; and goats’ milk, as Ajasson remarks, is somewhat astringent. Juice of Cyclamen, on the other hand, or sow-bread, is highly purgative.

2348 See B. xviii. c. 14.

2349 In Chap. 57 of this Book.

2350 “Protropum.” See B. xiv. cc. 9, 11.

2351 A kind of black pudding. Dupinet, the old French translator, says that in his time the people of the Alpine regions still called this dish sanchet.

2352 He uses “tænia” probably, as a general name for intestinal worms.

2353 In c. 49 of this Book.

2354 In c. 57 of this Book.

2355 “Sapa.” Grape-juice boiled down to two-thirds: see B. xiv. c. 11.

2356 In reality, these are biliary calculi, found in the gall-bladder of the animal. They are called “bezoar” stones, from a Persian word signifying “destructive to poison.”

2357 See B. viii. c. 77.

2358 In c. 49 of this Book.

2359 Ajasson remarks that arsenic should be used with the greatest care in such a case.

2360 “Rubi.” He probably means the bramble-berry.

2361 See B. xviii. c. 14.

2362 “Onager.”

2363 Arising, by sympathy, from sores in other parts of the body.

2364 See B. xxvi. c. 31. Bears’ grease is of no use whatever for the cure of gout.

2365 See B. xix. c. 31, B. xxi. cc. 62, 104, and B. xxii. cc. 19, 20.

2366 See B. xxi. c. 56.

2367 This mode of cure, Ajasson says, is still employed in the East, where the preparation is known by the name of moza.

2368 “Potum vero ex aquâ sublime.” The true reading and the meaning are equally doubtful.

2369 Spoken of as “polea” in c. 57.

2370 In B. viii. c. 50. Because the animal itself was supposed to be free from fever.

2371 Or “quotidian,” daily fever.

2372 A rather singular episode in his narrative. It looks like a gloss.

2373 Under this name, as Ajasson remarks, the affections now called “hysteria” are included.

2374 “Veternum.”

2375 Another instance of smoking, though not a very tempting one.

2376 See B. xviii. c. 29.

2377 “Rupicapra”.

2378 “Subulo”.

2379 From the Greek.

2380 See B. xix. c. 27, B. xx. c. 15, and B. xxv. c. 64.

2381 “Eruptionibus pituitæ.”

2382 Where the sinew has been wounded and exposed, either vinegar or honey, Ajasson remarks, would be a highly dangerous application.

2383 “Reverentiores.”

2384 “Trigario.”

2385 See B. xii. c. 51.

2386 See B. xxv. c. 101.

2387 “Bad habit.” A sort of cancer, or malignant ulcer.

2388 See B. xxiv. c. 35.

2389 “Propolis.” See B. xi. c. 6.

2390 In B. xi. c. 79.

2391 See B. xxv. cc. 79, 84, 91.

2392 See B. xiii. c. 49.

2393 There is probably some truth in these statements as to the utility of butter and honey for infants.

2394 Ajasson explains this by saying that the hare being eaten by the people of ancient Latium on festival days, with plenteous potations, they erroneously supposed the narcotic effects of the wine to be produced by the flesh of the hare.

2395 The resemblance of “lepos,” “grace,” to “lepus,” “a hare.” See Martial, B. v. Ep. 29.

2396 Georg. iii. 280. He alludes to the “hippomanes.”

2397 Hardouin is probably right in his suggestion that “Dalion” is the correct reading here.

2398 He has already stated, in c. 44, that a horse will become torpid if it follows in the track of a wolf; for which statement, according to Ajasson, there appears to be some foundation.

2399 See B. xix. c. 15.

2400 This is not unlikely; for it has no alarms to make it grow thin.

2401 See B. viii. c. 41, as to a similar practice on the part of the panther.

2402 See end of B. ii.

2403 See end of B. ii.

2404 For Fabianus Papirius, see end of B. ii. For Fabianus Sabinus, see end of B. xviii.

2405 See end of B. ii.

2406 See end of B. iii.

2407 See end of B. iii.

2408 Servius Sulpicius Lemonia Rufus, a contemporary and friend of Cicero. He was Consul with M. Claudius Marcellus, B.C. 51, and died B.C. 43, at the siege of Mutina. He left about 180 treatises on various subjects; but beyond the fact that he is often quoted by the writers whose works form part of the Digest, none of his writings (with the exception of two letters to Cicero) have come down to us.

2409 See end of B. xix.

2410 See end of B. vii.

2411 See end of B. vii.

2412 See end of B. xii.

2413 From the mention made of him in Chap. 23, he was probably a physician. Nothing further is known of him.

2414 Aurelius Opilius, the freedman of an Epicurean. He taught philosophy, rhetoric, and grammar at Rome, but finally withdrew to Smyrna. One of his works, mentioned by A. Gellius, was entitled “Musæ,” and the name of another was “Pinax.”

2415 From the mention made of his profound speculations in Chap. 9, Fabricius has reckoned him among the medical writers of Rome. It has also been suggested that he may have been the Granius Flaccus mentioned by Censorinus as the author of the “Indigitamenta,” or Register of the Pontiffs.

2416 See end of B. ii.

2417 Probably Apollonius Mus, or Myronides, a physician who flourished in the first century B.C., who is mostly identified with Apollonius Herophileius. His “Myrosis” here mentioned is probably the work “On Unguents” mentioned by Athenæus, B. xv.

2418 Nothing whatever is known of him. It has been suggested that the name may have been “Melitus.” A contemporary of Socrates, an orator and tragic writer, was so named.

2419 Beyond the mention of him in c. 2 of this Book, nothing is known relative to this medical writer: no great loss, perhaps, if we may judge from the extract there given.

2420 Though mentioned among the foreign writers, the name is evidently Roman. Nothing relative to him is known.

2421 See end of B. xii.

2422 See end of B. iii.

2423 Probably the writer mentioned at the end of B. viii.

2424 See end of B. viii.

2425 See end of B. xx.

2426 See end of B. xx. The “Idiophya” was probably a work “On the Peculiar Animals,” which passed as the composition of the mythic Orpheus.

2427 A Greek poet, said to have been born at Chersonesus, a town in Egypt. Some of his Epigrams are still extant in the Anthology, and it has been suggested that he flourished either in the time of Ptolemy Soter, of Ptolemy Euergetes II., or of Ptolemy Philadelphus. His work “On Peculiar Animals,” here mentioned, was probably written in verse.

2428 See end of B. viii.

2429 A female writer on medical subjects. In addition to her work mentioned in Chap. 23 of this Book, Labbe speaks of a work of hers in MS. “On Menstruation,” preserved in the Library at Florence.

2430 The female who is mentioned in Chap. 23 of this Book as having written on Abortion, or the Diseases peculiar to Females, was probably a different person from either of the two famous courtesans of that name. Nothing whatever is known of her.

2431 The writer of certain amatory poems, much admired by the Emperor Tiberius, generally supposed, from the grammatical form of the name, to have been a female. Galen quotes a work “On Cosmetics,” as written by a person of this name.

2432 A native of Lemnos, who wrote on the Diseases of Women. Nymphodorus, as quoted by Athenæus, states that she also wrote verses on Sportive subjects.

2433 See end of B. xx.

2434 Beyond the mention made of him in c. 23, nothing further is known relative to this writer. Theophrastus, in his work on Sudorifics, speaks of a person of this name as having written on Perspiration.

2435 See end of B. xii.

2436 See end of B. xx.

2437 Beyond the mention made of him in c. 7 of this Book, nothing is known of this writer. Hardouin suggests that he may have been identical with the Micton mentioned at the end of B. xx.

2438 He is spoken of as a native of Athens, in c. 10 of this Book. Beyond this, nothing is known of him.

2439 See end of B. vii.

2440 See end of B. ii.

2441 See end of B. iii.

2442 Or more probably, Hicetidas. Nothing is known of this writer.

2443 A native of Thasos. He is also mentioned by Galen.

2444 See end of B. vii.

2445 See end of B. vi.

2446 Probably a physician, of whom Athenæus speaks as being a native of Argos, and writer of a treatise on Fish.

2447 Probably a different writer from the one of that name mentioned at the end of B. vi.

2448 Περὶ δυνάμεων.

2449 See end of B. xxi.

2450 See end of B. v.

2451 He must surely have forgotten Celsus; unless, indeed, Pliny was unacquainted with his treatise “De Medicinâ.”

2452 Apollo and Æsculapius, Agenor, Hercules, Chiron, and others.

2453 The husband of Leda, and the father of Castor, Timandra, Clytæmnestra, and Philonoë. Hippolytus also was fabled to have been raised from the dead by Æsculapius.

2454 Hippocrates is generally supposed to have been born B.C. 460.

2455 In order to destroy the medical books and prescriptions there. The same story is told, with little variation, of Avicenna. Cnidos is also mentioned as the scene of this act of philosophical incendiarism.

2456 “Clinice”—Chamber-physic, so called because the physician visited his patients ἐν κλίνῃ, “in bed.”

2457 It is supposed by most commentators that Pliny commits a mistake here, and that in reality he is alluding to Herodicus of Selymbria in Thrace, who was the tutor, and not the disciple, of Hippocrates. Prodicus of Selymbria does not appear to be known.

2458 “Healing by ointments,” or, as we should call it at the present day, “The Friction cure.”

2459 “Mediastinis.”

2460 Pythias, the daughter of Aristotle, was his stepmother, and adopted him. His mother’s name was Cretoxena.

2461 Or “Sect of Experimentalists.” They based their practice upon experience derived from the observation of facts. The word “Empiric” is used only in a bad sense at the present day. For an account of Hippocrates, see end of B. vii.; of Chrysippus, see end of B. xx.; and of Erasistratus, see end of B. xi.

2462 See end of B. xi.

2463 See end of B. xi.

2464 See B. xi. c. 88. The Chinese, Ajasson remarks, apply the musical scale to the pulsation; it being a belief of the Mandarins that the body is a musical instrument, and that to be in health it must be kept in tune.

2465 In B. xxvi. cc. 7, 8.

2466 See end of B. xi.

2467 See B. xix. c. 38.

2468 Rather more than £4400.

2469 More than £265,000.

2470 For which he was put to death A.D. 48.

2471 A native of Tralles in Lydia, and the son of a weaver there. Galen mentions him in terms of contempt and ridicule.

2472 “Invasit.”

2473 Ep. 53 and 83. His “adstipulatio” is of a very equivocal character, however.

2474 “Turbâ medicorum perii.” This is supposed to be borrowed from a line of Menander—

2475 “Flatu.”

2476 Herodotus states this with reference to the Babylonians; Strabo, the Bastitani, a people of Spain; and Eusebius, the more ancient inhabitants of Spain.

2477 See B. xx. c. 33.

2478 See end of B. xii.

2479 “Jus Quiritium.”

2480 “Tabernam.” A surgery, in fact, the same as the “iatreion” of the Greeks.

2481 Or “carrefour”—“compitum.” The Acilian Gens pretended to be under the especial tutelage of the gods of medicine.

2482 The “Wound-curer,” from “vulnus,” a wound.

2483 “Executioner,” or “hangman.”

2484 For his conquests in Spain.

2485 “Illorum literas inspicere.”

2486 On the principle that that which costs money must be worth having.

2487 The Opici or Osci were an ancient tribe of Italy, settled in Campania, Latium, and Samnium. From their uncivilized habits the name was long used as a reproachful epithet, equivalent to our words “bumpkin,” “clodhopper,” or “chawbacon.”