Richard, brother of Henry III., Count of Poitou, quarrels with De Burgh, 146;
his patriotic efforts, goes on a Crusade, 152;
marries Sancha, 154;
refuses the Sicilies, 157;
elected King of the Romans, 158;
joins Henry against the Barons, 162;
taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes, 163

Richard, Earl of Cambridge, son of Edward III.’s son Edmund, his conspiracy, executed, 292

Richard of York, son of the Earl of Cambridge, in command of the war in France, 314, 315;
leader of the Plantagenet Princes, 317;
concerned in Suffolk’s death, 319;
appears in arms, 320;
duped into submission, 321;
President of the Council, 322;
victory at St. Albans, 323;
Protector, deposed, 324;
returns from Ireland, 325;
claims the throne, 326;
beheaded after Wakefield, 327

Richard, son of Edward IV., in sanctuary, 342;
given up to Richard, 343;
murdered, 345

Ridel, Godfrey, Becket’s enemy, made Bishop of Ely, 105

Rivaux, Treasurer, 148;
obtains confiscated property, 150

Rivers. [See Woodville.]

Robert, brother of William I., fights at Hastings, 27;
made Earl of Cornwall, 45;
opposes William II., 57;
banished, taken prisoner at Tenchebray, 66

Robert de Comines, Earl of Northumberland, murdered, 46

Robert, son of William I., Governor of Maine, 52;
does homage for it to Philip I., 53;
his rebellion and reconciliation with his father at Gerberoi, his expedition against Scotland, 54;
Normandy bequeathed to him, 56;
his character excites feudal anarchy, 57;
makes Treaty of Caen with William II., 58;
goes on a Crusade, pledging Normandy to William, 59;
claims the throne of England, surrenders to Henry I., 65;
taken prisoner at Tenchebray, 66

Robert of Rhuddlan, his wars with Wales, 51

Robert of Flanders, supports William Clito, killed, 68

Robert of Bathenton, rebels against Stephen, 79

Robert, Earl of Gloucester, natural son of Henry I., swears fealty to Matilda, 69;
suppresses Gryffith’s insurrection, 70;
one of the three remaining Earls, renounces his fealty to Stephen, 80;
his power in the West, 81;
brings Matilda to England, 82;
takes Stephen prisoner at the battle of Lincoln, 83;
taken prisoner, exchanged for Stephen, 84;
dies, his character, 85

Robert of Artois, persuades Edward III. to the war with France, 218

Robert of Gloucester, translated Layamon, 271

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, punishes false coiners, 74;
organizes the Exchequer Court, 75;
power of his family, 81;
arrested, 81;
dies, 82

Rotheram, Archbishop of York, Chancellor, 341;
deposed, 342

Rouen, siege of, 299;
loss of, 319

Russell, Chancellor, 342, 346

Rutland, made Earl of Albemarle, 252;
title removed, 276;
conspires against Henry IV., 277


Sac and Soc, explained, 33;
benefit of, 76

Saladin, his power in the East, 111;
greatness of his empire, takes Jerusalem, 119;
his truce with Richard, 121

Saladin tax, imposed by Henry II., 111

Salisbury, Earl of, conspires against Henry IV., beheaded, 277

Salisbury, commanding at Orleans, 307

Salisbury. [See Neville.]

Sanctuary, effects of taking, 149

Say, minister under Suffolk, 318;
executed, 320

Scotland, does fealty to Eadward the Elder, 10;
to Æthelstan, 11;
rebels, and defeated at Brunanburh, 11;
the Lothians added to it, 14;
submits to Cnut, 20;
does homage to William I., 46;
invades England, 51;
the Lowlands anglicized, 52;
war with William II., 58;
does homage for Huntingdon to Henry II., 90, 91;
does homage to Henry II., 105;
repurchases its independence from Richard I., 116;
does homage to John, 128, 132;
peace and marriage treaty with Henry III., 143;
its relations with England, 180;
extinction of the royal family, 181;
rival claimants, 182;
Balliol made king, 183;
conquered by Edward I., 186;
Wallace’s rebellion, 189, 190;
reconquered by Edward I., 191;
Bruce’s rebellion, 192;
invaded by Edward II., 198, 200;
battle of Bannockburn, 203;
truce with England, 206;
Bruce acknowledged king by Edward II., 208;
war with Edward III., 214;
Edward Balliol’s invasion, 216;
does fealty to Edward III., 217;
David Bruce’s invasion, 228;
Edward III.’s “Burnt Candlemas,” 231;
peace with England, 232;
war with Richard II., 246;
refuses homage to Henry IV., 278;
imprisonment of James II., 281;
released, 304;
murdered, 315;
truce with England, 316;
independent spirit of, 339;
truce with, 347

Scrope, William, made Earl of Wiltshire, 252

Scrope, Henry of Masham (nephew of the Earl), his conspiracy with Cambridge, executed, 292

Scrope, Archbishop of York, his conspiracy with Mowbray, executed, 281

Scutage, first instance of, 91;
second, 93;
reason for, 109;
explained, 113;
demanded by John, 136;
restricted by Magna Charta, 138;
demanded by Henry III., 148

Sheriff, his duties, 32;
untrustworthy, 75;
court of, 76;
peculation of, 106;
restrained by Magna Charta, 139

Shire, origin of, 31, 32

Sibylla, wife of Robert of Normandy, 65

Sicily, Richard I. and Philip in, 117;
genealogy of the kings of, 125;
Papal efforts to drive the Hohenstaufen from, 156;
accepted by Edmund, son of Henry III., 157;
renounced by the council, 161;
given to Charles of Anjou, 168;
conquered by Aragon, 177

Sigeric, Archbishop of Canterbury, succeeds Dunstan, 16

Sigismund, visit of, 297

Simon de Montfort, his ancestors, marriage, goes on a crusade, 152;
his government of Gascony, 156;
quarrel with Valence, 158;
surrenders his castles, 160;
quarrels with Gloucester, 161;
chief of the baronial party, 162;
wins the battle of Lewes, 163;
his rule, 164;
his parliament, 165;
killed at Evesham, his property confiscated, 167;
the people’s love for him, 169

Siward, Earl of Northumberland, assists Edward against Godwine, 22;
mentioned in Macbeth, 23

Slaves, causes of bondage, 29;
at the Conquest, 35;
English slaves in Scotland, 52;
forbidden by the Church, 71

Soken, meaning of, 33

Sokmen, 35

Somerset, John, Lieutenant-General in France, 316;
commits suicide, 319

Somerset, Edmund, succeeds him in France, 319;
returns, triumphs over York, 321;
killed at St. Albans, 323

Somerset, Henry, in power, 324;
flies to Scotland, joins Edward IV., rejoins Henry VI., killed at Hexham, 329

Stafford, Henry, second Duke of Buckingham, marries Catherine Woodville, 331;
head of the old nobility, 341;
supports Richard III., 342;
joins Henry Tudor, 345;
executed, 346

Stafford, Sir Humphrey, defeated by Jack Cade, 320, (distant relation of the Duke’s)

Stafford, Humphrey (cousin of Sir Humphrey), Earl of Devonshire, defeated, 332

Stafford, Sir Humphrey, prevents Buckingham from joining Henry Tudor, 346

Stanley, one of the new nobility, 341;
apprehended, 343;
made constable, 344;
marries Margaret of Richmond, 347;
joins Henry Tudor, 348

St. Brice, massacre of, 17

Staple, Calais a staple town, 228;
origin of, 257;
rearranged by Edward IV., 330

Statutes—
Of Carlisle, 265
De Donis conditionalibus, 196
De Hæretico comburendo, 276, 285
Of Labourers, 267
De Mercatoribus, 258
Of Mortmain, 175, 196
Of Præmunire, 250, 266
Of Provisors, 250, 265
Quia Emptores, 194, 196, 264
Of Stamford, 200
De Tallagio, 188
Of Wales, 176
Of Westminster, 174, 193, 195, 200
Of Winchester, 177, 195

Stephen, second son of Stephen of Blois and Adela, daughter of William I., swears fealty to Matilda, 69;
secures the throne, 77;
his character, 78;
goes to Normandy, purchases peace with Anjou, 79;
makes peace with Scotland, grants castles, and creates earldoms, 80;
by mercenaries defeats Gloucester’s insurrection, 81;
offends the Church, 81, 82;
taken prisoner at the battle of Lincoln, 83;
released in exchange for Gloucester, defeated at Wilton, 84;
deserted by many of his nobles and by the Pope, 85;
accepts Henry as his heir, dies, misery caused by his weakness, 86

Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, 23;
does not receive the Pallium from the Pope, 36, 49;
William I. will not be crowned by, seeks his ruin, 42;
is deposed, 48

Stratford, John of, made Chancellor, 216;
his quarrel with Edward III., 221

Strathclyde, its extent, 3;
peopled by Danes, 8;
does fealty to Eadward, 10;
Eadmund grants part of it to Scotland, 12

Suffolk. [See Pole.]

Swegen, or Swend, son of King of Denmark, invades England, 16;
his sister massacred, 17;
his great invasion, made King of England, 18

Swend, King of Denmark, nephew of Cnut, willing to help the English, 44;
sends a fleet, 46, 47


Talbot, Sir John, defeated at Pataye, 310;
defeats Burgundians, 315;
dies, 321

Tallage, exacted by Matilda, 84;
explained, 113;
considered illegal after Edward I., 195

Tannegui Duchâtel, becomes Master of France, 296;
rescues the Dauphin, 299;
murders Burgundy, 300

Taxes, before the Conquest, 35;
whence derived, 38;
on land, 54;
no appeal against, 72;
Henry I.’s, 73;
in the hands of the King and Council, 76;
Henry II. introduces scutage, 93;
his revenue, 113;
Richard I.’s tax on land, 125;
John’s severe taxes, 128, 133;
restricted by Magna Charta, 138;
complaints against De Burgh’s, 144;
Henry III. demands scutage, 148;
tallages and aids, 155;
Edward I. establishes customs, 174;
his heavy taxes, 185, 186;
clergy outlawed for refusing to pay, 187;
complaints against, 188;
method of levying changed, 193, 194;
restricted by the Ordinances, 201;
Edward III.’s Maletolte, 219;
his subsidies, 223;
the poll tax, 240, 243;
Wat Tyler’s riots against, 244;
Richard II.’s, 252, 253;
sufferings of the poor under, 269;
consent of Parliament necessary for levying, 282;
Henry V.’s, 291;
Bedford’s, 313;
Wells’ insurrection against, 333;
Richard III.’s malevolences, 348

Templars, undertake a Crusade for Henry II., 103;
suppressed by Edward II., 199

Thegns, their rise, 13;
duties of, 30;
court of, 33;
become Barons, 35

Theobald of Blois, grandson of William I., defeats Louis VI. at Puysac, 67;
urged to claim the crown after Henry I., 77;
again refuses it, 84

Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, joins Henry’s party, mediates a compromise, 85;
employs Becket, 92;
dies, 95

Theodore of Tarsus, organizes the Church, 4

Theows, or slaves, 29

Thomas, Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV., invades France, 284;
killed at Beaugé, 301

Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, sixth son of Edward III., Governor during the war, 233;
succeeds John of Gaunt, 246, 247;
one of the Lords Appellant, 248;
constant opponent of Richard II., 251;
arrested, 251:
strangled, 252

Thurkill, or Thurcytel, invades England, 17;
joins the English, 18

Thurstan, Archbishop of York, opposes David of Scotland, 79

Tithing, explained, 35

Tostig, third son of Godwine, made Earl of Northumbria, 23;
deposed, 24;
invades the North, slain, 26

Trade of England, 256-258, 261, 262, 351

Trail-bâtons, 195

Tresilian, impeached, 248;
executed, 249

Trinoda necessitas, explained, 35;
retained by William I., 37;
reorganized, 109

Troyes, Treaty of, 300

Tudor, Edmund, son of Owen and Catherine of France, brought forward, 321

Tudor, Jasper, brother of Edmund, brought forward, 321;
defeated by Hubert of Pembroke, 332;
almost the only Lancastrian left, 336

Tudor, Henry, son of Edmund, proposed marriage, 345;
first invasion, 346;
second invasion, 348

Twenge, his riots, 148


Valence, Aymer of, Bishop of Winchester, 155

Valence, William of, his possessions, 151;
quarrels with De Montfort, 158;
refuses to surrender his castles, 160;
escapes from Lewes, 164;
returns, 166

Valence, Earl of Pembroke, defeats Bruce, 192

Vere, Aubrey de, defends Stephen’s cause, 82

Vere, Robert de, ninth Earl of Oxford, Duke of Ireland, favourite of Richard II., 247;
impeached, 248;
dies, 250

Vere, Aubrey de, succeeds his nephew Robert, 250

Vere, John de, thirteenth Earl of Oxford, almost the only Lancastrian left, 336

Vexin, claimed by France, 55;
war on account of, 60;
Henry II. refuses to surrender it, 109;
John secures it, 127

Viaticum, extorted by William II., 59

Villeinage, position of, 36;
proposal to abolish it, 245;
disappearing, 267-269, 352


Wales, remains British, 3;
Wessex establishes supremacy over, 5;
southern part colonized by Danes, 8;
assist Eadric the Wild against William I., 44;
William I. establishes Palatine Counties to restrain it, 51;
constant wars against William II., 58;
land granted to Norman Earls, 59;
Henry I. establishes colonies of Flemings in, 70;
insurrections under Gryffith, 70;
under Gwynneth, 91;
under Llewellyn, 132;
under Llewellyn, 176;
annexation of, 177;
Meredith’s rebellion, 178;
rebellion against Edward II., 204;
quarrel with the Marchers, 206;
insurrection of Owen Glendower, 278, 282;
sympathy with the Lancastrians, 332, 335;
sympathy with the Tudors, 346, 348

Wallace, his insurrection, 189;
defeat and death, 190;
his use of infantry, 225

Walter, Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, opposes John, 123;
trained by Glanvill, 124;
withdraws from secular work, 125;
summoned to Rouen, 126;
persuades John to disband his troops, 129;
dies, 130

Waltheof, Earl of Nottingham, 44;
destroys the castles of York, 47;
conspires against William, 52;
executed, miracles at his tomb, 53

Ward of Trumpington, the false Richard II., 279, 292

Warrenne, William of, first Earl of Surrey, conquers Hereward, 50

Warrenne, William of, second Earl, supports Robert of Normandy, 65

Warrenne, William of, natural son of Stephen (married the heiress of the third Earl), surrenders to Henry II., 91

Warrenne, John, seventh Earl, opposes Edward I., 174;
Commander in Scotland, 185;
Guardian of Scotland, 186;
defeated by Wallace, 189

Warwick (John of Plesseys), Henry III.’s Commissioner, 159

Warwick (William Maudit), one of the Barons’ Council, 159

Warwick. [See Beauchamp and Neville.]

Watling Street, Danish boundary,