supported by Henry of Winchester, 83;
offends London and the Church, retires to France, 84

Maud of Boulogne, wife of Stephen, fights for him, 81

Mellent. [See Beaumont.]

Mercenaries, of William I., 46, 54;
of Stephen, 81;
of Henry II., 90, 93;
of John, 133, 136, 139

Mercia, foundation of, 2;
kingdom of, 4;
submits to Wessex, 5;
conquered by the Danes, 7;
submits to Eadward, 10;
Dunstan’s reforms in, 14, 15;
rebels against Æthelred, 16;
overrun by Danes, 18;
surrendered to Cnut, 19;
made an Earldom for Eadric, 20

Militia, Harold’s, 26;
William II.’s, 59;
reorganized by Henry II., 109

Milo, Constable of Gloucester, Earl of Hereford, Robert of Gloucester’s agent, 81;
fights for Matilda, 82;
attests her oath, 83;
his son Roger surrenders his castles to Henry II., 90

Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester, Minister under Suffolk, 318;
killed, 319

Monarchy. [See King.]

Montgomery, Roger, fights at Hastings, 27;
made Earl of Shrewsbury, 51;
opposes William II., 57

Montgomery, Hugh, second Earl, killed while assisting Hugh of Chester, 59

Montgomery, Roger, third son of the first Earl, does homage for Powys, 59

Montgomery, Arnulf, fifth son of the first Earl, does homage for Dyfed, 59

Montgomery, Robert, eldest son of the first Earl. [See Belesme.]

Montmirail, Peace of, 100

Morkere, a Thegn of the Danish Burghs, 18

Morkere, son of Ælfgar, elected Earl of Northumbria, 24;
defeated by Tostig, 26;
calls a Witan, 40;
hopes to be elected King, deserts Eadgar, 41;
reinstated in his Earldom, 44;
rebels and is pardoned, 45;
joins Hereward’s rebellion, 50;
made prisoner, 51

Mortain, Count of. [See Robert.]

Mortimer, Hugh, descended from Belesme, surrenders to Henry II., 90

Mortimer, Roger, attacked by Llewellyn, 162;
tries to liberate Edward, 164;
succeeds, 166

Mortimer, Roger, subdues Ireland, 205;
surrenders to Edward II., 207;
escapes from the Tower, 208;
in France with the Queen, 210;
his government, 213, 214;
made Earl of March, executed, 215

Mortimer, Roger, fourth Earl of March, made heir-apparent, 246;
killed, 253

Mortimer, Edward, outlawed, 252;
taken prisoner, 278;
refused leave to ransom himself, marries Glendower’s daughter, 279

Morton, Bishop of Ely, apprehended, 343;
released, 344;
proposes marriage between Henry Tudor and Elizabeth of York, 345

Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, kills Malcolm at Alnwick, 58;
his conspiracy against William II., 59

Mowbray, Roger (son of Robert’s nephew Nigel), opposes the invasion of David I., 79

Mowbray, John, Edward I. relies upon, 191

Mowbray, Thomas, Earl of Nottingham, one of the Lords Appellant, 248;
won over to Richard II., 251;
made Duke of Norfolk, 252;
banished, 252

Mowbray, Thomas, joins Scrope’s rebellion, beheaded, 281

Mowbray, John, third Duke of Norfolk, joins York, 321;
defeated at St. Albans, 327


Neville, Ralph, Chancellor, 151

Neville, Ralph, made Earl of Westmoreland, 252;
partisan of Henry IV., 276;
conquers Scrope and Mowbray, 281

Neville, Earl of Salisbury, joins York, 321;
Chancellor, 322;
retires, wins the battle of Blore Heath, 325;
beheaded, 327

Neville, Earl of Warwick, the “Kingmaker,” at St. Albans, 322;
retires to Calais, 325;
wins battle of Northampton, 326;
takes charge of Henry VI., 327;
defeated at St Albans, 327;
his power, 331;
keeps Edward IV. prisoner, pardoned, supports Wells’ rebellion, 333;
makes a treaty with Margaret, re-crowns Henry VI., 334;
killed at Barnet, 335

Neville, John, of Montague, wins battles of Hedgeley Moor and Hexham, 329;
made Earl of Northumberland, 331;
declares for Henry VI., 334;
killed, 335

Neville, George, Archbishop of York, Chancellor, 331;
deprived of his chancellorship, 332

Neville, William (son of Ralph), Lord Falconbridge, at Ferrybridge, 328

New Forest, made by William I., 39;
Richard dies there, 54;
the displaced people taken to Cumberland, 58;
death of William II. in, 60

Nicholas of Ely, Chancellor, 159

Nicholas of Tusculum, Papal Legate, 135

Nigel, Bishop of Ely, nephew of Roger of Salisbury, surrenders Devizes to Stephen, 81;
joins Matilda, 83

Normandy, connected with England by Emma, 17;
Æthelred and his sons fly there, 18, 19;
Cnut forms alliance with, 20;
Edward the Confessor’s friendship for, 21, 22;
William I. resides there, 53;
given to Robert, 53, 56;
anarchy in, 57;
pledged by Robert to William II., 59;
conquered by Philip II. from John, 129

Northumbria, founded, 2;
claims supremacy, 3;
submits to Wessex, 5;
conquered by the Danes, 7;
helps Hasting against Alfred, 9;
acknowledges supremacy of Eadward, 10;
incorporated with Wessex, made an Earldom for Osulf, 12;
divided into three parts, 14;
surrendered to Cnut, 19;
Cnut makes it an Earldom, 20


O’Connor, King of Ireland, war with Dermot of Leinster, 102;
submits to Henry II., 103

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, brother of William I., at Hastings, 27;
made Earl of Kent, 43;
left in charge of England, 44, 53;
rules severely, aims at the Papacy; William imprisons him, 54;
heads Norman opposition to William II., defeated, and retires to France, 57

Offa, King of Mercia, 4;
his power, his dyke, 5

Olaf, King of Norway, invades England, retires on receiving Danegelt, 16

Oldcastle, his character, 286;
persecuted, 288;
escapes, his death, 289

Ordainers, appointment of, 200

Orleans, siege of, 307-310

Orleton, Bishop of Hereford, his conspiracy, 209

Osberht, King of Northumbria, 7

Osulf, Earl of Northumbria, 12;
retains one third of it, 14

Oswald, King of Northumbria, 4

Oswi, King of Northumbria, 4

Otho, son of Henry the Lion, brought up in England, 114;
elected Emperor, 123;
promises help to John, his rivalry with Philip of Swabia, 127;
supported by the Pope, 131;
receives money from John, 132;
crowned as Emperor, joins the Northern League, 133;
defeated at Bouvines, 136

Otho, Papal Legate, his extortions, 146, 151

Owen Glendower, rebellion, 278;
negotiates with the Percies, 279;
conquered, 282


Palatine counties, established by William I., 51;
Ely made one by Henry I., 79

Pale, English, provinces in Ireland, 103

Pandulf, Papal Legate, forbids Philip to attack John, 134;
his government, 143

Parliament, its origin, 106, 107;
Knights and Burghers summoned to, 165;
three Estates represented at, 185, 193, 194;
royal power restricted by, 201;
a Peer’s privileges in, 221;
construction of, in Edward III.’s reign, 237, 238;
mercantile classes introduced, 264;
power of the Commons in Henry IV.’s reign, 282, 283

Paulinus, missionary to Northumbria, 3, 4

Peasantry, their sufferings in Henry I.’s reign, 72, 73;
in Stephen’s reign, 86, 87;
effects of the Friars’ preachings on, 153;
disturbances in Edward I.’s reign, 179;
their love for Lancaster, 207;
effect of Black Death upon, 229;
becoming more important, 237, 238;
their insurrection under Wat Tyler, 244;
oppression of the Commons, 245;
day labourers increasing, 260, 261;
effects of Wicliffe’s preaching on, 267, 269;
the Statute of Labourers, 267, 268;
their sufferings after the French war, 318;
their hatred of Suffolk, 319;
Jack Cade’s rebellion, 320;
rebellions against Edward IV., 332, 333;
their indifference in the War of the Roses, 332, 333, 335;
increased freedom of, and poverty, 352, 353

Pecquigni, Treaty of, 338

Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile, supported by the Black Prince, 234;
his daughters marry John of Gaunt and Edmund of York, 236

Penda, King of Mercia, 4

Percy, Henry, first Earl of Northumberland, Constable, partisan of Henry IV., 276;
quarrels with him, 278, 279;
submits, 280;
escapes, 281;
killed at Bramham, 282

Percy, Thomas, brother of the first Earl, made Earl of Worcester, 252

Percy, Hotspur, son of the first Earl, his marriage, 279;
killed, 280

Percy, second Earl, reinstated, 288;
killed at St. Albans, 323

Percy, Lord Egremont, son of the second Earl, fighting with the Nevilles, 321, 323

Percy, third Earl, killed at Towton, 329

Peter des Roches, Justiciary, 135;
his character and policy, charges Hubert with treason, 144;
retires to the crusades, 146;
returns, causes Hubert’s fall, 148;
his rule, 149;
his fall, 150

Peter of Savoy, uncle of Queen Eleanor, his possessions, 151;
joins her army, 164

Peter de Aigue Blanche, Bishop of Hereford, 151;
envoy to Rome, 158;
attacked by Llewellyn, 162;
joins Eleanor’s army, 164

Peter III., of Aragon, conquers Sicily, 177.

Peter’s Pence, begun by Æthelwulf, 6;
paid by William I., 50;
collected in Ireland, 102

Philip I., jealous of William I., 53;
assists Robert, 54, 59;
jealous of William II., 60

Philip II., makes peace with Henry II., 110;
claims the guardianship of Arthur, meets Henry at Gisors, 111;
declares war, 112;
goes on a crusade with Richard I., 116;
called the Lamb in Sicily, 117;
quarrels with Richard, 118;
befriends Conrad, 119;
withdraws from the Crusade, 120;
invades Richard’s dominions, 122;
tries to prolong Richard’s imprisonment, 123;
general alliance against him, 124;
helps Arthur against John, 126;
makes treaty with John, 127;
war with John, 128;
takes Normandy, 129;
league against him, 133;
victory at Bouvines, 136;
dies, 145

Philip IV., his likeness to Edward I., 173;
quarrels with him, 184;
alliance with the Scotch, 185;
abolishes the Templars, 199

Philip VI., his quarrel with Edward III., 218;
asks David II. to attack Edward, 228;
dies, 229

Philip of Swabia, Emperor of Germany, 127;
makes peace with the Pope, 131;
assassinated, 132

Philip of Burgundy. [See Burgundy.]

Philippa, wife of Edward III., saves the lives of the men of Calais, 228

Piers Ploughman, Vision of, 273

Pole, Michael de la, advises retreat from Scotland, 246;
made Earl of Suffolk, dismissed, 247;
impeached, 248

Pole, William de la, in command at the siege of Orleans, 307;
taken prisoner, 310;
arranges the marriage of Henry VI., 316;
made Marquis of Suffolk, 317;
chief Minister, unpopularity of, 318;
murdered, 319

Pole, John de la, marries sister of Edward IV., 347

Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln, declared heir, 347

Police, the early system of, 35;
systematized at the Conquest, 37;
strictness of William I.’s, 39;
of Henry I., 73, 74

Pope, Adrian IV. the only English one, 90;
grants Ireland to Henry II., 91
Alexander III. [See Alexander III.]
Alexander IV., extorts money for Sicilian war, 158;
absolves Henry III. from his vow, 161
Boniface VIII., his claim on Scotland, 191
Boniface IX., grants Provisors, 250
Calixtus II., mediates a treaty between Henry I. and Louis VI., 68
Celestine III., excommunicates Longchamp’s enemies, 122
Clement III., raised by Henry IV. of Germany, 60
Clement IV., excommunicates the Barons, 164
Clement VI., attempts arbitration, 223
Gregory VII., supports William I., 25;
revives the Papacy, 49;
demands homage and Peter’s Pence, 50;
friendly relations with England, 60
Gregory IX., his extortions, 147
Gregory XI., restores the Papacy to Rome, 245
Honorius III., his character, 147
Innocent III., decides the election at Canterbury, 130;
consecrates Langton, 131;
his interdict and excommunication, 131;
declares John’s crown forfeited, 134;
his tyranny in England, 135;
disallows Magna Charta, 139;
dies, 140
Innocent IV., his exactions, 154;
offers Sicily to Edmund, 157
John XXII., mediates between Edward II. and the barons, 205
Victor III., acknowledged in England, 61
Victor IV., acknowledged in Germany, 94

Popes, position as arbitrators, 222, 223

Powys, granted to Montgomery, 59

Præmunire, Statute of, 250, 266;
writ of, used against Beaufort, 312

Privy Council, origin of, 107

Provisions of Oxford, 159

Provisors, Statute of, 250, 265

Purveyance, misery caused by, 73;
restrained by Henry I., 74;
restricted by Magna Charta, 139;
checked by the Statute of Stamford, 200;
exacted by the royal Princes, 215;
complained of, 245


Ralph of Gwader, son of Ralph the Staller, Earl of Norfolk, conspires against William I., 52;
flies to Brittany, 53

Ralph Flambard, Justiciary, his cruelties, 57;
arrested by Henry I., 64;
escapes to Normandy, 64

Ranulf, Earl of Chester, fights against Wales, 78;
joins Matilda, 83

Ratcliffe, favourite of Richard III., 342, 345, 347

Raymond of Toulouse, quarrels with Richard, 112;
marries Joanna, 124;
revenge for injury done him, 133

Reeve, his office, 31;
his duties, 32

Renaissance, its effects, 338, 353

Réné, Duke of Bar, 316

Representation, not understood in Saxon times, 34;
used in making the Domesday Book, 55;
used in inquiries for financial purposes, 125;
first used in Parliament, 165;
principle established, 172, 193, 194

Revenue. [See Taxes.]

Richard I., engaged to Berengaria, 93;
joins the Great Rebellion against his father, 104;
pardoned, 105;
his success in Aquitaine excites Prince Henry’s envy, 110;
his war with him, 111;
attacks Raymond of Toulouse, joins Philip II. against Henry II., receives his father’s submission, 112;
gets absolution, is crowned, 115;
sells all offices in the Kingdom, and goes on a crusade, 116;
his quarrels in Sicily, 117;
conquers Cyprus, marries Berengaria, 118;
takes Acre, 120;
relieves Joppa, makes a truce with Saladin, 121;
imprisoned in Germany, 122;
does homage to Henry VI., returns to England, 123;
his wars with Philip, his death, 124;
his heavy taxation, 125;
names John as his successor, 126

Richard II., made heir-apparent, 240;
his interview with Wat Tyler, 244;
his favourites, 247;
his character, 248;
assumes authority, 249;
his expedition to Ireland, 250;
his marriage, 251;
his vengeance, 252;
his despotism, 253;
deposed, 254;
death, 277

Richard III., murder of Henry VI. imputed to him, 336;
his quarrel with Clarence, 336;
captures Edward V., 342;
secures the crown, 343;
his unpopularity, 345;
his energy, 346;
death of his son, 347;
killed at battle of Bosworth, 348;
his character, 349

Richard, Prior of Dover, succeeds Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury, 105