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Title: Lectures on the rise and development of medieval architecture; vol. 2

Author: Sir George Gilbert Scott

Release date: March 21, 2020 [eBook #61646]
Most recently updated: October 17, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LECTURES ON THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE; VOL. 2 ***

Contents.
Index.

List of Illustrations
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(etext transcriber's note)

LECTURES

ON

THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT

OF

MEDIÆVAL ARCHITECTURE

 

 

 

 

J. LEI

Design Submitted for the New Law Courts, London.

Central Hall.

Sir Geo. Gilbert Scott R.A., architect

LECTURES

ON THE

RISE AND DEVELOPMENT

OF

Mediæval Architecture

Delivered at the Royal Academy


By Sir GILBERT SCOTT, R.A.,
F.S.A., LL.D., Etc.


IN TWO VOLUMES—VOL. II.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS


LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET
1879


The right of Translation is reserved.
 

 

Printed by R. & R. Clark, Edinburgh.

CONTENTS.

VOL. II.

LECTURE X.

Early Architecture in Great Britain.
Review of the developments in the early Architecture of our own land—Recent research in Central Syria—Examples in Northern Europe previous to the eleventh century—Early remains in Scotland and Ireland—Anglo-Saxon Architecture—Churches founded by St. Augustine—Canterbury and York—Churches at Hexham and Ripon—Ramsey Abbey—Winchester Cathedral—Destruction of Churches by Sweyn—Restoration and building by Canute—Roman models—Characteristics of Anglo-Saxon work—Brixworth Church, Northamptonshire Church on the Castlehill, Dover—Worth Church, Sussex—Bradford Church, Wilts—Chancel of Saxon Church at Jarrow-on-the-Tyne—Churches of Monk Wearmouth and Stow—Crypts at Wing, Repton, and Lastingham—Towers of St. Benet’s, Cambridge: Trinity Church, Colchester: Earls Barton: Barnach: Barton-on-Humber—Sompting, Sussex: and Clapham, Bedfordshire—Chapel at Greensted, Essex—Classification into periods of this form of ArchitecturePage 1
LECTURE XI.

Early Architecture in Great Britain—continued.
Architecture of the Normans—St. Stephen’s at Caen—Canterbury Cathedral modelled on that of St. Stephen’s—Description of the Norman church built by the Confessor at Westminster before the Conquest—Instances of Anglo-Saxon architecture being used after the Conquest—Characteristics of the Norman style—Varieties of combination—Doors, windows, archways, arcades, and vaulting—Minor details—Mechanical ideal of a great Norman church—Vast scale and number of works undertaken by the early Norman builders Page 60
LECTURE XII.

Early Architecture in Great Britain—continued.
Chapel of St. John, Tower of London—St. Alban’s Abbey—St. Stephen’s at Caen—Cathedrals of Winchester, Ely, London, Rochester, and Norwich—Abbey Church at Bury St. Edmund’s—Gloucester Cathedral—Tewkesbury Abbey—Cathedrals of Worcester and Durham—Waltham Abbey—Christchurch, HantsPage 92
LECTURE XIII.

The Practical and Artistic Principles of Early Architecture in Great Britain.
The close of the eleventh century—The “new manner of building”—Conditions necessary to an arcuated, as distinguished from a trabeated, style—First principles of Grecian and Roman architecture—Rationale of the arcuated style—Its developments—Cloisters of St. Paul without the Walls and St. John Lateran, Rome—Doorways—Windows—Vaulting over spaces enclosed by walls or ranges of piers—Simplest elements defined—Barrel-vaults—Hemispherical vaults or domes—Groined vaultsPage 133
LECTURE XIV.

The Principles of Vaulting.
Vaulting of spaces of other forms than the mere square—Apsidal aisles, St. John’s Chapel, Tower, and St. Bartholomew’s Church, Smithfield—Chapter-house and crypt, Worcester—Round-arched vaulting in its most normal form, as resulting from the barrel vault and its intersections—Short digression on another simple form of vault, the dome—“Domed up” vaults—“Welsh” groining—The square or polygonal dome—The Round-arched style of the twelfth century almost perfect—First introduction of the Pointed arch into vaulting—Names of the parts of groined vaulting—Two specimens in London of the apsidal aisle, one in the Round-arched, the other in the Pointed-arched style—Vaulting a polygon with a central pillar—Ploughshare vaulting—The artistic sentiment and character of early Gothic vaultingPage 161
LECTURE XV.

The Principles of Vaulting—continued.
Certain practical points concerning vaulting—Ribs of early and late vaulting—Filling in of intermediate surfaces or cells—Methods adopted in France and England—Sexpartite vaulting—Crypt of Glasgow Cathedral—Choir at Lincoln—Chapter-house, Lichfield—Caudebec, Normandy—Octagonal kitchen of the Monastery, Durham—Lady Chapel, Salisbury—Segmental vaulting—Temple Church—Lady Chapel, St. Saviour’s, Southwark—Westminster Abbey—Intermediate ribs—Presbytery at Ely—Chapter-houses of Chester and Wells—Exeter Cathedral—Cloisters, Westminster—“Liernes”—Ely Cathedral—Chancel, Nantwich Church—Crosby Hall and Eltham Palace—Choir at Gloucester—Winchester Cathedral—Fan-vaulting—Cloisters at Gloucester—King’s College Chapel, Cambridge—Divinity Schools, Oxford—Roof of Henry VII.’s Chapel, Westminster—Ideal of its designPage 190
LECTURE XVI.

The Dome.
Non-existence of the Dome in our old English architecture—Highly developed forms in France, Germany, and Italy, contemporary with our great Mediæval edifices—Suggestions for its introduction into our revived and redeveloped Neo-mediæval style—So-called Tomb of Agamemnon at Mycenæ—The Pantheon—Temple of Minerva Medica—Torre dei Schiavi—Temples of Vesta at Rome and Tivoli—Temple of Jupiter in Diocletian’s Palace, Spalatro—Tomb of St. Constantia—Baptistery at Nocera—Baptistery at Ravenna—Important domical development—“Pendentive Domes”—Early specimens—Pendentive domes the special characteristic of the Byzantine style—How this originated—Further domical developments—Cathedral at Florence—Churches of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, the Apostles, and St. Sophia, ConstantinoplePage 228
LECTURE XVII.

The Dome—continued.
St. Irene, Constantinople—Church of San Vitale, the type, three centuries later, of Charlemagne’s Church at Aix-la-Chapelle—Two influences at work leading to the introduction and adoption of the dome into Italy—From thence into the south-west of France—Baptisteries at Florence and Parma—Cathedral at Sienna—St. Mark’s, Venice—Santa Fosca near Venice—Domes having pointed arches for their support—St. Front and La Cité, Perigueux—Angoulême—Fontevrault—Auvergne—Ainay near Lyons—Pendentives in many French churches give place to corbels—The modern type of dome—Cathedral at Florence—St. Peter’s, Rome, and St. Paul’s, LondonPage 255
LECTURE XVIII.

Architectural Art in reference to the Past, the Present, and the Future.
Sculpture and Painting arise directly from artistic aspirations, Architecture from practical necessities beautified—Architecture, as distinguished from mere building, is the decoration of construction—The History of Architecture has never been viewed as an object of study previous to our own day—Phases of the study—Dangers to be avoided—History of Architecture is the history of civilisation—Western distinct from Eastern civilisation, and to be studied separately—Source of our branch—Its development and progressive stages—The Gothic Renaissance—Advice to the architectural studentPage 290

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CONTAINED IN VOL. II.

FIG.
Design for the Central Hall, New Law Courts, LondonFrontispiece.
 PAGE
193. Stone House, Arran16
194. Oratory of St. Gallerus16
195. Teampull Sula Sgeir, Scotland. Elevation and Plan17
196. Teampull Rona, Scotland. Interior and Plan17
197. Teampull Beaunachadh, Scotland. East and West Ends17
198. Teampull Caeunanach, Ireland18
199. Leather Book-case21
200. Timahoe, Window from22
201. Chapel of St. Cormac at Cashel. Exterior23
202. Do. do. Interior23
203. Church of St. Regulus, St. Andrews, North and East Elevations24
204. Do. do. Plan24
205. Do. do. Details25
206. Brixworth Church, Northamptonshire. Plan and General View39
207. Do. do. Sections across Nave41
208. Church on the Castle-hill, Dover. Plan41
209. Do. do. View from the South-west42
210. Do. do. Section of Window Jambs, showing Wood frames for the Glass43
211. Church on the Castle-hill, Dover. Upper Western Door43
212. Do. do. Eastern Tower Arch43
213. Do. do. Saxon Balusters43
214. Worth Church, Sussex. General View44
215. Do. do. Plan44
216. Do. do. Transept Arch44
217. Do. do. Chancel Arch44
218. Bradford, Wilts. Church at. Plan and East end46
219. Do. do. South Elevation, North Door and Porch46
220. Jarrow-on-the-Tyne, Church at. Baluster Columns48
221. Monk Wearmouth, Church at. Western Entrance49
222. Repton Church, Derbyshire. View of Crypt51
223. Do. do. Plan of Crypt51
224. St. Benet’s, Cambridge. Tower52
225. Trinity Church, Colchester. Do.53
226. Earls Barton, Northamptonshire. Do.54
227. Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire. Do. and Western Porch54
228. Barnach, Northamptonshire. Do.55
229. Sompting, Sussex. Do.56
230. Chapel at Greensted, Essex. View57
231. Do. do. Plan57
232. Saxon Door Jamb. Diagrams76
233. Norman Door Jamb and Arch. Do.76
234. Jambs of Doorways. Do.78
235. Groined or Intersecting Vaulting. Do.79
236. Do. Do.79
237. Anglo-Saxon mouldings. Do.84
238. Norman mouldings. Do.84
239. Do. development of Do.84
240. With reference to the Capital. Do.85
241. Mechanical Ideal of a great Norman Church. Do.88
242. St. John’s Chapel, Tower of London. Plan92
243. Do. do. View looking East93
244. Do. do. View of South Aisle94
245-247. Do. do. Capitals95
248. St. Stephen’s, Caen. Capitals from96
249. Lincoln Cathedral. Do.97
250. St. Stephen’s, Caen. Plan98
251. St. Alban’s Cathedral. Do.99
252. Do. View of, at the close of the 11th Century100
253. Do. Sectional view of Nave101
254. Do. Balusters102
255. Do. Belfry stage of Tower103
256. Winchester Cathedral. Plan of Transept Piers105
257. Do. View of the Crypt108
258. Do. The Nave109
259. Ely Cathedral. Abbot Symeon’s Plan110
260-261. Do. Transept Piers111
262-263. Do. Nave Piers112
264. Norwich Cathedral. Plan117
265. Do. View of Part of Nave119
266. Abbey Church, Bury St. Edmund’s. Plan120
267. Gloucester Cathedral. View of the Crypt121
268. Waltham Abbey. Nave Piers125
269. Durham Cathedral. PlanTo face 127
270. Do. View of part of Nave “129
271. Do. Nave Piers128
272. Do. Gabled roofing to the Aisles129
273. Christchurch, Hants. Stair-turret, North Transept131
274-285. Development of an arcuated style. Diagrams139-142
286. Canterbury Cathedral. Capital from the Crypt142
287. Ely Cathedral. Capital from143
288-293. Development of Piers and Jambs. Diagrams143-144
294. St. Paul without the Walls, Rome. Cloisters of145
295-308. Development of Piers. Diagrams146-148
309-311. Do. Jambs. Do.150
312.St. Leonard’s Priory, Stamford. Part of Western Entrance151
313-318. Diagrams explanatory of Groined or Intersecting Vaulting153-157
319. Church of the Holy Trinity at Caen. View of the Crypt157
320. Canterbury Cathedral. View of Crypt158
321. Durham Cathedral. View of Crypt159
322-326. Developments in the system of Vaulting. Diagrams162-164
327. St. John’s Chapel, Tower of London. Apsidal Aisles of165
328. St. Bartholemew’s Church, Smithfield. Do.165
329. Do. do. Plan of Apse165
330. Worcester Cathedral. Chapter-house167
331. Do. Plan of Crypt167
332. Do. View of Crypt168
333-348. Vaulting by means of the Dome. Diagrams169-175
349. Diagram explanatory of the various parts of a Groined compartment 182
350. Westminster Abbey. Vaulting of Aisle round Apse184
351-352. Vaulting a Polygon with a Central Pillar. Diagrams184
353. Westminster Abbey, Chapter-house. View ofTo face 185
354. Vaulting with Raised Ridges. Diagram186
355. St. Saviour’s, Southwark. Vaulting of Cells adjoining the Clerestory 187
356-372. Ribs, Filling-in and various forms of Vaulting. Diagrams191-198
373. York Cathedral, Chapter-house. Plan and view of Vaulting199
374. Glasgow Cathedral. Plan of Vaulting of the Crypt under the Choir200
375-378. Plans of Vaulting of the Choir, Lincoln; Chapter-house, Lichfield; Kitchen of the Monastery, Durham; and the Lady Chapel, Southwark  202-205
379. Westminster Abbey. St Faith’s Chapel. View looking East206
380. Do. do. do. WestTo face 207
381-383. Intermediate Ribs in Vaulting. Diagrams208-209
384. Westminster Abbey. Vaulting West of the Crossing209
385.Chester Cathedral. Chapter-house210
386. Crosby Hall, London. Plan and View of lierne vaulting to Oriel214
387. Eltham Palace, Kent. Plan and View of lierne vaulting to Oriel215
388. Gloucester Cathedral. Plan of Choir Vaulting215
389-390. Fan Vaulting. Diagrams218
391. King’s College, Cambridge. Plan of Vaulting219
392. Gloucester Cathedral. View of Cloisters220
393. Christ Church, Oxford. View of Staircase Ceiling221
394. Do. do. Plan do.221
395-397. Henry VII.’s Chapel, Westminster Abbey. Plans and Views of the Vaulting223-224
398. Divinity Schools, Oxford. View of Fan-Vaulting225
399. Henry VII.’s Chapel, Westminster Abbey. Plan of Vaulting of Apse226
400. Pantheon, Rome. Plan231
401. Do. do. Half Elevation and Half Section of Exterior and Interior  232
402. Temple of Minerva Medica. Plan and Section235
403. Do. Jupiter, in Diocletian’s Palace at Spalatro236
404. Tomb of St. Constantia, Rome. Plan237
405. Baptistery at Ravenna. Plan and Section239
406-411. Domical Developments. Diagrams240-242
412. Tomb in the Via Nomentana, Rome. Section243
413. Double Gate, Temple Area at Jerusalem. View of243
414-419. Pendentive Domes. Diagrams244-247
420. SS. Sergius and Bacchus, Constantinople. Plan248
421. Do. do. Section248
422-423. Ideal of the Plans of the Church of the Apostles and of St. Sophia, Constantinople. Diagrams250
424. St. Sophia, Constantinople. Plan251
425. Do. do. Longitudinal SectionTo face 252
426. St. Irene, do. Section256
427. St Sophia, do. do.256
428.Church of the Holy Theotokos. Plan257
429. Do. Section257
430. St. Nicodemus, Athens. Plan and Section258
431. St. Vitale, Ravenna. Plan259
432. Do. Section259
433. Church at Aix-la-Chapelle. Plan and Section260
434. Baptistery at Florence. Plan261
435. Do. do. Section262
436. Do. at Parma. Plan263
437. Do. do. Section263
438. Cathedral at Sienna. Plan264
439. St. Mark’s, Venice. Do.265
440. Do. Cross Section266
441. Do. Longitudinal Section267
442. Santa Fosca, Torcello. Plan268
443. St. Front, Perigueux. Do.271
444. Do. do. Section272
445. Do. do. Interior View of272
446. La Cité, Perigueux. Do.273
447. Church at Angoulême. Plan274
448. Do. Interior View of274
449. Church at Fontevrault. Plan275
450. Nôtre Dame du Pont, Clermont. Interior View276
451. Cathedral at Florence. Plan and Section279
452. St. Peter’s, Rome. Section looking North To face 281
453. St. Paul’s, London. Half Elevation and Half Section looking East To face 283
454. St. Paul’s, London. Ground Plan286
455. St. Peter’s, Rome. Do. To face 286
456. Design for the Central Dome, Houses of Parliament, BerlinTo face 289