ARCTIC SLEDGE-JOURNEY.
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THE SEA
AND
ITS LIVING WONDERS
A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF
THE MARVELS OF THE DEEP
AND OF THE
PROGRESS OF MARITIME DISCOVERY
FROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE PRESENT TIME
BY
DR. G. HARTWIG
AUTHOR OF "THE TROPICAL WORLD" "THE HARMONIES OF NATURE"
"THE POLAR WORLD" AND "THE SUBTERRANEAN WORLD"
SEVENTH EDITION
WITH NUMEROUS WOODCUTS AND PLATES
LONDON
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16th STREET
1892
The right of translation into French is reserved by the Author. All necessary
steps for securing the Copyright have been taken.
PREFACE
TO
THE THIRD AND FOURTH EDITIONS.
Nothing can be more agreeable to an author anxious to
merit the suffrages of the public, than the opportunity
afforded him, by a new edition, of correcting past errors
or adding improvements to his work. Should any one of
my readers think it worth his while to compare 'The
Sea,' such as it now is, with what it formerly was, I have
no doubt he will do me the justice to say that I have
conscientiously striven to deserve his approbation.
Two new chapters—one on Marine Constructions, the
other on Marine Caves—have been added; those on the
Molluscs and Cœlenterata (Jelly-fishes, Polyps) almost
entirely re-written; and those on Fishes, Crustaceans,
Microscopic Animals, the Geographical Distribution of
Marine Life, and the Phosphorescence of the Sea, considerably
enlarged; not to mention a number of minor
improvements dispersed throughout the volume.
Great attention has also been paid to the Illustrations,
many of questionable value having been omitted in the
present edition, to make room for a number of others,
which will be found of great use for the better understanding
of the text.
In one word, I have done my best to raise my work
to the standard of the actual state of science, and to
render it, as far as my humble abilities go, a complete
epitome of all that the general reader cares to know
about the marvels of the deep.
G. Hartwig.
Salon Villas, Ludwigsburg:
June 30, 1873.
PREFACE
TO
THE FIRST TWO EDITIONS.
For years my daily walks have been upon the beach, and
I have learnt to love the ocean as the Swiss mountaineer
loves his native Alps, or the Highlander the heath-covered
hills of Caledonia. May these feelings have imparted
some warmth to the following pages, and serve to render
the reader more indulgent to their faults!
G. Hartwig.
Göttingen: July 17, 1860.
PART I.
THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE SEA.
CHAPTER I.
THE MAGNITUDE OF THE SEA.
|
Page |
| Extent of the Ocean.—Length of its Coast-Line.—Mural, Rocky, and Flat Coasts.—How
deep is the Sea?—Average Depth of the Atlantic Ocean.—The Telegraphic
Plateau between Newfoundland and Ireland.—Measurement of Depth
by the Rapidity of the Tide-Wave.—Progressive Changes in the Limits of the
Ocean.—Alluvial Deposits.—Upheaving.—Subsidence.—Does the Level of the
Sea remain unchanged, and is it everywhere the same?—Composition and
Temperature of Sea-Water.—Its intrinsic Colour.—The Azure Grotto at Capri.—Modification
of Colour owing to Animals and Plants.—Submarine Landscapes
viewed through the Clear Waters |
3 |
CHAPTER II.
THE WAVES OF THE OCEAN.
| Waves and the Mode of their Formation.—Height and Velocity of Storm-Waves,
on the High Seas, according to the Calculations of Scoresby, Arago, Sir James
Ross, and Wilkes.—Their Height and Power on Coasts.—Their Destructive
Effects along the British Shore.—Dunwich.—Reculver.—Shakspeare's Cliff. |
24 |
| Description of the Phenomenon.—Devastation of Storm-Floods on Flat Coasts.—What
did the Ancients know of the Tides?—Their Fundamental Causes revealed
by Kepler and Newton.—Development of their Theory by La Place, Euler, and
Whewell.—Vortices caused by the Tides.—The Maelstrom.—Charybdis.—The
Barre at the mouth of the Seine.—The Euripus |
32 |
| Effects of the Sea on Rocky Shores.—Fingal's Cave.—Beautiful Lines of Sir
Walter Scott.—The Antro di Nettuno.—The Cave of Hunga.—Legend of its
Discovery.—Marine Fountains.—The Skerries.—The Souffleur in Mauritius.—The
Buffadero on the Mexican Coast |
45 |
| Causes of the Oceanic Currents.—The Equatorial Stream.—The Gulf Stream.—Its
Influence on the Climate of the West European Coasts.—The Cold Peruvian
Stream.—The Japanese Stream |
54 |
CHAPTER VI.
THE AËRIAL AND TERRESTRIAL MIGRATIONS OF THE WATERS.
| Movements of the Waters through Evaporation.—Origin of Winds.—Trade-Winds.—Calms.—Monsoons.—Typhoons.—Tornadoes.—Water-Spouts.—The Formation
of Atmospherical Precipitations.—Dew.—Its Origin.—Fog.—Clouds.—Rain.—Snow.—Hail.—Sources.—The
Quantities of Water which the Rivers pour into
the Ocean.—Glaciers and their Progress.—Icebergs.—Erratic Blocks.—Influence
of Forests on the Formation and Retention of Atmospherical Precipitations.—Consequences
of their excessive Destruction.—The Power of Man over Climate.—How
has it been used as yet? |
65 |
| Lighthouses.—The Eddystone.—Winstanley's Lighthouse, 1696.—The Storm of
1703.—Rudyerd's Lighthouse destroyed by Fire in 1755.—Singular Death of
one of the Lighthouse Men.—Anecdote of Louis XIV.—Smeaton.—Bell Rock
Lighthouse.—History of the Erection of Skerryvore Lighthouse.—Illumination
of Lighthouses.—The Breakwater at Cherbourg.—Liverpool Docks.—The
Tubular Bridge over the Menai Straits.—The Sub-oceanic Mine of Botallack. |
80 |
PART II.
THE INHABITANTS OF THE SEA.
| General Remarks on the Organisation of the Cetaceans.—The Large Greenland
Whale.—His Food and Enemies.—The Fin-Back or Rorqual.—The Antarctic
Whale.—The Sperm-Whale.—The Unicorn Fish.—The Dolphin.—Truth and
Fable.—The Porpoise.—The Grampus.—History of the Whale Fishery |
95 |
| The Manatees and the Dugongs.—The Seals and the Esquimaux.—King Menelaus
in a Seal's Skin.—Barbarous Persecutions of the Seals in Behring's Sea and the
Pacific.—Adventures of a Sealer from Geneva.—The Sea Calf.—The Sea Bear.—His
Parental Affection.—The Sea Lions.—The Sea Elephant.—The Arctic
Walrus.—The Boats of the "Trent" fighting with a Herd of Walruses.—The
White Bear.—Touching Example of its Love for its Young.—Chase of the Sea
Otter |
117 |
| Their Vast Numbers.—Strand-Birds.—Artifices of the Sea-Lark to protect its
Young.—Migrations of the Strand-Birds.—The Sea-Birds in General.—The
Anatidæ.—The Eider Duck.—The Sheldrake.—The Loggerheaded Duck.—Auks
and Penguins.—The Cormorant.—Its Use by the Chinese for Fish-catching.—The
Frigate Bird.—The Soland Goose.—The Gulls.—The Petrels.—The
Albatross.—Bird-catching on St. Kilda.—The Guano of the Chincha
Islands |
142 |
CHAPTER XI.
THE REPTILES OF THE OCEAN.
| The Saurians of the Past Seas.—The Anatomical Structure of the Turtles.—Their
Size.—Their Visits to the Shores.—The Dangers that await their Young.—Turtles
on the Brazilian Coast.—Prince Maximilian of Neuwied and the
Turtle.—Conflicts of the Turtles with Wild Dogs and Tigers on the Coast
of Java.—Turtle-catching on Ascension Island.—Tortoise-shell.—The Amblyrhynchus
cristatus.—Marine Snakes.—The Great Sea-Snake |
172 |
| General Observations on Fishes.—Their Locomotive Organs.—Tail.—Fins.—Classification
of Fishes by Cuvier.—Air-Bladder.—Scales.—Beauty of the
Tropical Fishes.—The Gills.—Terrestrial Voyages of the Anabas and the
Hassar.—Examples of Parental Affection.—Organs of Sense.—Offensive
Weapons of Fishes.—The Sea-Wolf.—The Shark.—The Saw-Fish.—The Sword-Fish.—The
Torpedo.—The Star-Gazer.—The Angler.—The Chætodon Rostratus.—The
Remora, used for catching Turtles.—Defensive Weapons of
Fishes.—The Weever.—The Stickleback.—The Sun-Fish.—The Flying-Fish.—The
numerous Enemies of the Fishes.—Importance and History of the Herring
Fishery.—The Pilchard.—The Sprat.—The Anchovy.—The Cod.—The Sturgeons.—The
Salmon.—The Tunny.—The Mackerel Family.—The Eel.—The
Murey.—The Conger.—The Sand-Launce.—The Plectognaths.—The Sea-Horse.—The
Pipe-Fish.—The Flat-Fishes.—The Rays.—The Fecundity of
Fishes |
186 |
CHAPTER XIII.
CRUSTACEA.
CRABS—LOBSTERS.
| How are they distinguished from the Insects?—Barnacles and Acorn-shells.—Siphonostomata.—Entomostraca.—King-Crab.—Edriophthalmia.—Sandhoppers.—Thoracostraca.—Compound
Eye of the higher Crustaceans.—Respiratory
Apparatus of the Decapods.—Digestive Organs.—Chelæ or Pincers.—Distribution
of Crabs.—Land Crabs.—The Calling Crab.—Modifications of the Legs in
different species.—The Pinna and Pinnotheres.—Hermit Crabs.—The Lobster.—The
Cocoa-nut Crab.—The Shrimp.—Moulting Process.—Metamorphoses of
Crabs.—Victims and Enemies of the Crustaceans.—Their Fecundity.—Marine
Spiders and Insects |
243 |
| The Annelides in general.—The Eunice sanguinea.—Beauty of the Marine Annelides.—The
Giant Nemertes.—The Food and Enemies of the Annelides.—The
Tubicole Annelides.—The Rotifera.—Their Wonderful Organisation.—The
Synchæta Baltica |
262 |
| The Molluscs in general.—The Cephalopods.—Dibranchiates and Tetrabranchiates—Arms
and Tentacles.—Suckers.—Hooked Acetabula of the Onychoteuthis.—Mandibles.—Ink
Bag.—Numbers of the Cephalopods.—Their Habits.—Their
Enemies.—Their Use to Man.—Their Eggs.—Enormous size of several species.—The
fabulous Kraken.—The Argonaut.—The Nautili.—The Cephalopods of
the Primitive Ocean.—The Gasteropods.—Their Subdivisions.—Gills of the
Nudibranchiates.—The Pleurobranchus plumula.—The Sea-Hare.—The Chitons.—The
Patellæ.—The Haliotis or Sea-Ear.—The Carinariæ.—The Pectinibranchiates.—Variety
and Beauty of their Shells.—Their Mode of Locomotion.—Foot
of the Tornatella and Cyelostoma.—The Ianthinæ.—Sedentary Gasteropods.—The
Magilus.—Proboscis of the Whelk.—Tongue of the Limpet.—Stomach
of the Bulla, the Scyllæa, and the Sea-Hare.—Organs of Sense in the
Gasteropods.—Their Caution.—Their Enemies.—Their Defences.—Their Use to
Man.—Shell-Cameos.—The Pteropods.—Their Organisation and Mode of Life.—The
Butterflies of the Ocean.—The Lamellibranchiate Acephala.—Their
Organisation.—Siphons.—The Pholades.—Foot of the Lamellibranchiates.—The
Razor-Shells.—The Byssus of the Pinnæ.—Defences of the Bivalves.—Their
Enemies.—The common Mussel.—Mussel Gardens.—The Oyster.—Oyster
Parks.—Oyster Rearing in the Lago di Fusaro.—Formation of new
Oyster Banks.—Pearl-fishing in Ceylon.—How are Pearls formed?—The
Tridacna gigas.—The Teredo navalis.—The Brachiopods.—The Terebratulæ.—The
Polyzoa.—The Sea-Mats.—The Escharæ.—The Lepraliæ.—Bird's Head
Processes.—The Tunicata.—The Sea-Squirts.—The Chelyosoma.—The Botrylli.—The
Pyrosomes.—The Salpæ.—Interesting Points in the Organisation of the
Tunicata |
270 |
CHAPTER XVI.
ECHINODERMATA.
STAR-FISHES, SEA-URCHINS, AND SEA-CUCUMBERS.
The Star-Fishes.—Their Feet or Suckers.—Voracity of the Asterias.—The Rosy
Feather-Star.—Brittle and Sand-Stars.—The real Sea-Stars of the British
Waters.—The Sea-Urchins.—The Pedicellariæ.—The Shell and the Dental Apparatus
of the Sea-Urchins.—The Sea-Cucumbers.—Their strange Dismemberments.—Trepang-fishing
on the Coast of North Australia.—In the Feejee
Islands |
328 |
CHAPTER XVII.
CŒLENTERATA.
POLYPS AND JELLY-FISHES.
| Thread-cells or Urticating Organs.—Sertulariæ.—Campanulariadæ.—Hydrozoic
Acalephæ.—Medusidæ.—Lucernariadæ.—Calycophoridæ.—The Velella.—The
Portuguese Man-of-war.—Anecdote of a Prussian Sailor.—Alternating Fixed
and Free-swimming Generations of Hydrozoa.—Actinozoa.—Ctenophora.—Their
Beautiful Construction.—Sea-anemones.—Dead Man's Toes.—Sea-pens.—Sea-rods.—Red
Coral.—Coral Fishery.—Isis hippuris.—Tropical Lithophytes.—History
of the Coral Islands.—Darwin's Theory of their Formation.—The
progress of their Growth above the level of the Sea |
345 |
| The Foraminifera.—The Amœbæ.—Their Wonderful Simplicity of Structure.—The
Polycystina.—Marine Infusoria.—Sponges.—Their Pores.—Fibres and Spiculæ.—The
Common Sponge of Commerce |
378 |
| The Algæ.—Zostera marina.—The Ulvæ and Enteromorphæ.—The Fuci.—The
Laminariæ.—Macrocystis pyrifera.—Description of the Submarine Thickets at
Tierra del Fuego.—Nereocystis lutkeana.—The Sargasso Sea.—The Gathering
of edible Birds'-nests in the marine Caves of Java.—Agar-Agar.—The Florideæ.—The
Diatomaceæ.—Their importance in the economy of the Seas |
390 |
CHAPTER XX.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE LIFE.
| The Dependence of all created Beings upon Space and Time.—The Influences
which regulate the Distribution of Marine Life.—The four Bathymetrical Zones
of Marine Life on the British Coasts, according to the late Professor Edward
Forbes of Edinburgh.—Abyssal Animals.—Bathybius Haeckelii.—Deep-Sea
Sponges and Shell-Fish.—Vivid Phosphorescence of Deep-Sea Animals.—Deep-Sea
Shark Fishery—The "Challenger." |
405 |
CHAPTER XXI.
THE PHOSPHORESCENCE OF THE SEA.
| Its Causes.—Noctiluca miliaris.—Phosphorescent Annelides and Beroës.—Intense
Phosphorescence of the Pyrosoma atlantica.—Luminous Pholades.—The
luminous Shark.—Phosphorescent Algæ.—Citations from Byron, Coleridge,
Crabbe, and Scott. |
423 |
| The Giant-Book of the Earth-rind.—The Sea of Fire.—Formation of a solid
Earth-crust by cooling.—The Primitive Waters.—First awakening of Life
in the Bosom of the Ocean.—The Reign of the Saurians.—The future
Ocean. |
433 |
PART III.
THE PROGRESS OF MARITIME DISCOVERY.
| Maritime Discoveries of the Phœnicians.—Expedition of Hanno.—Circumnavigation
of Africa under the Pharaoh Necho.—Colæus of Samos.—Pytheas of
Massilia.—Expedition of Nearchus.—Circumnavigation of Hindostan under
the Ptolemies.—Voyages of Discovery of the Romans.—Consequences of the
Fall of the Roman Empire.—Amalfi.—Pisa.—Venice.—Genoa.—Resumption
of Maritime Intercourse between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic.—Discovery
of the Mariner's Compass.—Marco Polo |
443 |
| Prince Henry of Portugal.—Discovery of Porto Santo and Madeira.—Doubling of
Cape Bojador.—Discovery of the Cape Verde Islands.—Bartholomew Diaz.—Vasco
de Gama.—Columbus.—His Predecessors.—Discovery of Greenland by
Günnbjorn.—Bjorne Herjulfson.—Leif.—John Vaz Cortereal.—John and
Sebastian Cabot.—Retrospective View of the Beginnings of English Navigation.—Ojeda
and Amerigo Vespucci.—Vincent Yañez Pinson.—Cortez.—Verazzani.—Cartier.—The
Portuguese in the Indian Ocean |
454 |
| Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.—His Discovery of the Pacific, and subsequent Fate.—Ferdinand
Magellan.—Sebastian el Cano, the first Circumnavigator of the
Globe.—Discoveries of Pizarro and Cortez.—Urdaneta.—Juan Fernandez.—Mendoza.—Drake.—Discoveries
of the Portuguese and Dutch in the Western
Pacific.—Attempts of the Dutch and English to discover North-East and North-West
Passages to India.—Sir Hugh Willoughby and Chancellor.—Frobisher.—Davis.—Barentz.—His
Wintering in Nova Zembla.—Quiros.—Torres.—Schouten.—Le
Maire.—Abel Tasman.—Hudson.—Baffin.—Dampier.—Anson.—Byron.—Wallis
and Carteret.—Bougainville |
464 |
| What had Cook's Predecessors left him to discover?—His first Voyage.—Discovery
of the Society Islands, and of the East Coast of New Holland.—His second
Voyage.—Discovery of the Hervey Group.—Researches in the South Sea.—The
New Hebrides.—Discovery of New Caledonia and of South Georgia.—His
third Voyage.—The Sandwich Islands.—New Albion.—West Georgia.—Cook's
Murder.—Vancouver.—La Peyrouse |
485 |
| Scoresby.—The Arctic Navigators.—Ross.—Parry.—Sufferings of Franklin and
his Companions on his Overland Expedition in 1821.—Parry's Sledge-journey
to the North Pole.—Sir John Franklin.—M'Clure.—Kane.—M'Clintock.—South
Polar Expeditions.—Bellinghausen.—Weddell.—Biscoe.—Balleny.—Dumont
d'Urville.—Wilkes.—Sir James Ross.—Recent Scientific Voyages of
Circumnavigation |
496 |
Description of the Frontispiece.
ARCTIC SLEDGE-JOURNEY.
The sledge plays a very conspicuous part in the history of arctic discovery, as it
enables the bold investigators of the icy wildernesses of the North to penetrate to
many places, impervious to navigation, to establish dépôts of provisions for future
emergencies, or even becomes the means of saving their lives when their ship has
been lost or hopelessly blocked up. Whenever dogs can be had, these useful
animals are made use of for the transport. Our plate represents one of these
sledging parties threading its way through blocks of ice, and gives a good idea of
the difficulties they have to encounter.
PLATES.
| Arctic Sledge-Journey |
Frontispiece. |
| |
|
|
FACING PAGE |
| The Souffleur Rock, Mauritius |
52 |
| Lighthouse and Waterspout |
65 |
| Australian Sea-Bears |
117 |
| The Boats of H.M.S. "Trent" attacked by Walruses |
131 |
| Penguins |
142 |
| Subaqueous Life—Sticklebacks and Nest |
195 |
| Russian Official collecting Algæ |
392 |
MAP.
Map of the Globe, showing the direction of the Ocean Currents, Cotidal Lines, &c.
facing page 3.
WOODCUTS.
| Annelidans:— |
| Aphrodita, or Sea-Mouse, |
264 |
| Nereis, |
263 |
| Serpula, attached to a Shell, |
266 |
| Beachy Head, |
5 |
| Bell Rock Lighthouse, |
86 |
| Birds:— |
| Albatross, Wandering, |
163 |
| Auk, |
168 |
| Great, |
151 |
| Avoset, |
144 |
| Barnacle Goose, |
146 |
| Cormorant, common, |
155 |
| Curlew, |
143 |
| Eider Duck, |
146 |
| Flamingo, |
142 |
| Gannet, common, |
156 |
| Great Crested Grebe, |
150 |
| Guillemot, Black, |
165 |
| (winter plumage), |
167 |
| Herring Gulls, |
158 |
| Hooded Merganser, |
404 |
| Pelican, |
116, 154 |
| Penguins, |
152 |
| Petrel, Broad-billed, |
160 |
| Fork-tailed, |
160 |
| Stormy, |
162 |
| Plover, |
144 |
| Puffins, |
165, 167 |
| Red-breasted Merganser, |
149 |
| Scissor-bill (Rhynchops nigra), |
144 |
| Sheldrake, |
148 |
| Skimmer, Black, |
144 |
| Snow Goose, |
146 |
| Speckled Diver, |
145 |
| Tailor-bird, |
143 |
| Birds of Passage, |
171 |
| Bones of the Anterior Fin of a Whale, |
96 |
| Cœlenterata:— |
| Alcyonidium elegans, |
363 |
| Astræa, |
373 |
| Caryophyllia, |
370 |
| Chrysaora hysoscella, |
357 |
| Coryniadæ, |
358 |
| Ctenophora, |
360 |
| Diphyes appendiculata, |
353 |
| Grey Sea-Pen, |
365 |
| Isis hippuris, |
369 |
| Jelly Fishes, |
349, 350, 351 |
| Lucernalia auricula, |
352 |
| Medusæ, |
349, 350, 351 |
| Physalia caravella, |
355 |
| Physophora Philippii, |
356 |
| Red Coral, |
367 |
| Sertularia tricuspidata, |
347 |
| Stone Corals, |
373, 374 |
| Tubipora Musica, |
370 |
| Velella, |
354 |
| Virgularia mirabilis, |
365 |
| Vogtia pentacantha, |
353 |
| Compound Foraminiferous Protozoon, magnified, |
380 |
| Crustaceans:— |
| American Sand-Crab, |
252 |
| Balanus ovularis, and group of, 2 |
244 |
| Barnacle, |
101, 244 |
| Calling-Crab of Ceylon, |
251 |
| Chelura tenebrans, |
247 |
| Diogenes Hermit-Crab, |
254 |
| Dromia vulgaris, |
249 |
| Jamaica Land-Crab, |
250 |
| King Crab, |
246 |
| Large-clawed Calling-Crab, |
250 |
| Limnoria lignorum, |
247 |
| Metamorphosis of Carcinus Mœnas, |
258 |
| Pea-Crab, |
253 |
| Phyllosoma, |
258 |
| Pinna Augustana, |
253 |
| Sandhopper, |
246 |
| Seyllarus equinoxialis, |
248 |
| square facets of, |
247 |
| Spotted Fin-Crab, |
252 |
| Spotted Mantis-Crab, |
256 |
| Stenopus hispidus, |
261 |
| Whale-Louse, |
101 |
| Crustaceans and Oysters, |
256 |
| Dental Apparatus of the Sea-Urchin, viewed from above, |
339 |
| Ear, Human, |
196 |
| Ear of the Perch, |
196 |
| Echinodermata:— |
| Cross-Fish, common, |
334 |
| Eatable Trepang, |
340 |
| Goniaster, |
336 |
| Lily-Encrinite, |
330 |
| Sand-Star, |
332 |
| Sea-Urchin, |
337 |
| Edible, |
338 |
| Mammillated, |
338 |
| Warted Euryale, |
333 |
| Eddystone Lighthouse, |
84 |
| Esquimaux in his Kayak, |
120 |
| Fingal's Cave, |
47 |
| Fishes:— |
| Ammodyte, or Launce, |
230 |
| Anabas of the dry tanks, |
192 |
| Anchovy, |
214 |
| Angler, |
203 |
| Bonito, |
223 |
| Cod, |
215 |
| Conger Eel, |
228 |
| Diodon, |
205 |
| Dory, |
242 |
| Electric Eel, |
202 |
| European Sly, |
203 |
| Fierasfer, |
340 |
| File-Fish, |
232 |
| Flounder, |
238 |
| Flying Fish, |
156, 206, 224 |
| Frog-Fish, |
192 |
| Gar-Fish, |
223 |
| Globe-Fish, |
232 |
| Gurnard, |
197, 414 |
| Haddock, |
215 |
| Halibut, |
236 |
| Herring, |
101, 208 |
| Lamprey, |
231 |
| Ling, |
215 |
| Mackerel, |
222 |
| Mullet, Grey, |
415 |
| Red, |
197, 415 |
| Myxine, |
231 |
| Perch, internal ear of the, |
196 |
| Picked Dog-Fish,
|
200 |
| Pilchard, |
212 |
| Pilot-Fish, |
225 |
| Plaice, |
238 |
| Porcupine-Fish, |
232 |
| Salmo Rossii, |
220 |
| Salmon, |
415 |
| Sand-Eel, |
415 |
| Saw-Fish, |
201 |
| Sea-Horse, |
234, 344 |
| Shark, Blue, |
200 |
| Hammer-headed, |
199 |
| White, |
198 |
| Short Sun-Fish, |
232, 422 |
| Sole, |
237 |
| portion of skin of, highly magnified, |
190 |
| Sturgeon, common, |
217 |
| Surgeon-Fish, |
205 |
| Swimming Pegasus, |
207 |
| Sword-Fish, |
99, 201 |
| Thornback, |
240 |
| Torpedo, |
201 |
| Toxotes Jaculator, |
203 |
| Trunk-Fish, |
232 |
| Tunny, |
221 |
| Turbot, |
237 |
| Wolf-Fish, |
197 |
| Foraminifera, various forms of, |
381 |
| Fossils:— |
| Ammonite, |
437 |
| Belemnite, |
437 |
| Ichthyosaurus communis, |
172, 438 |
| Pentacrinus Briareus, portion of, |
330 |
| Plesiosaurus, |
438 |
| Trilobite, |
436 |
| Hill at the Rapid on Bear Lake River (North-West Territory, North America), |
23 |
| H.M.S. "Resolute" lying to in the North Atlantic, |
24 |
| Ice-Bear approaching the "Dorothea" and "Trent", |
137 |
| Japan Junks, |
63 |
| Licmophora flabellata, |
403 |
| Mammals:— |
| Dolphin, |
107 |
| Dugong, |
117 |
| female, of Ceylon, |
119 |
| Manatee, |
117 |
| Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus), |
134 |
| Porpoise, |
108 |
| Rorqual, |
101 |
| Sea-Otter, |
140 |
| Seal, |
119, 123, 135 |
| Greenland, |
123 |
| Walrus, 129, |
135 |
| Whale, common, |
97 |
| Whale, Spermaceti, |
102, 115 |
| Mollusks:— |
| Argonaut, |
280 |
| Ascidia mammillata, |
322 |
| Banded Dipper, |
141 |
| Bivalve deprived of its shell, to show its various openings, |
300 |
| Botryllus, |
324 |
| Bulla, |
294 |
| Calamary, |
272 |
| Carinaria, |
287 |
| Cellularia, |
319 |
| Chelyosoma Macleayanum, |
323, 327 |
| Chinese Wentle-trap (Scalaria pretiosa), |
289 |
| Chiton squamosus, |
285 |
| Clavellina producta, |
322 |
| Clio borealis, |
98 |
| Cockle, common, |
303, 306 |
| Cuttle-Fish (Sepia), |
104, 275 |
| Diazona violacea, |
324 |
| Donax, |
301 |
| Edible Mussel, |
307 |
| Edible Oyster, |
308 |
| Eolis, |
284 |
| Eschara cervicornis, |
318 |
| Gorgeous Doris, |
235 |
| Haliotis, |
287 |
| Harp-shell, |
288 |
| Hippopus maculatus, |
315 |
| Ianthina communis, |
290 |
| Leaf-like Sea-mat, |
316, 317 |
| Limpet and Shell, |
286, 292, 411 |
| Magilus antiquus, |
291 |
| Mitre-shells, |
288 |
| Murex haustellum, |
291, 296 |
| Oliva hispidula, |
290 |
| Onychoteuthis, |
274 |
| Orange Cone-shell, |
288 |
| Pearl-Oyster, |
312 |
| Pearly Nautilus, |
280 |
| Periwinkle, |
411 |
| Petunculus,
|
302 |
| Pholas striata, |
302 |
| Pinna, |
305 |
| Poulp (Octopus), |
272, 273 |
| Pteroceras scorpio, |
290 |
| Retepora cellularis, |
318 |
| Salpa, |
326 |
| Scyllæa, |
283 |
| Sea-Hare, compound stomach of, |
295 |
| Sepia, |
104, 275 |
| Solen, or Razor-Shell, |
304 |
| Strombus pes pelicani, |
290 |
| Syllæa, gizzard of, |
294 |
| Tiara, |
283 |
| Tridacna gigas, |
314 |
| Whelk, |
413 |
| Worm-shell, |
291 |
| Muscles and Electric Batteries of the Torpedo, |
202 |
| Nervous Axis of an Annelidan, |
262 |
| Noctiluca miliaris, |
425 |
| Ova of the Cuttle-Fish, |
278 |
| Protozoa:— |
| Amœba, |
379 |
| Foraminifera, |
381 |
| Halina papillaris, |
386 |
| Infusoria, marine, |
384 |
| Nummulina discoidalis, |
378 |
| Polycistina, |
383 |
| Sponges, |
385 |
| Tethea, |
385, 386 |
| Reptiles:— |
| Alligator Lucius, |
173 |
| Tortoise, |
174 |
| Turtle, Green, |
170 |
| Hawk's Bill, |
180 |
| Loggerhead, |
176 |
| Water-Snake, |
183 |
| Rocky Mountains at the bend of the Bear Lake River, |
79 |
| Rotifera:— |
| Conochilus volvox, |
268 |
| Philodina roseola, |
269 |
| Ptygura melicerta, |
267 |
| Saw of the Saw-Fish, |
100 |
| Sea-Fowl Shooting, |
168 |
| Skeleton of the Dugong, |
118 |
| of the Perch, |
188 |
| of the Seal, |
119 |
| of the Tortoise, |
174 |
| Skerryvore Lighthouse, |
89 |
| Skull and Head of Walrus, |
129 |
| Skull of Whale, with the Baleen, |
98 |
| Sockets with teeth, of Echinus esculentus, |
339 |
| Surirella constricta, |
402 |
| Theoretic representation of the Circulation in Fishes, |
192 |
| Theoretic representation of the Circulation in Mammals and Birds, |
175 |
| Theoretic representation of the Circulation in Reptiles, |
175 |
| Torso Rock, near Point Deas Thomson, in the Arctic Ocean, |
9 |
| Urticating organs of Cœlenterata, |
346 |
| Water-Sports, |
69, 70 |