INDEX
- Abul Hakam, 471.
- Acciaiuoli, Angelo, 299, 301, 302.
- Acre, siege of, 452;
- Adolf of Nassau, King of the Romans, 11, 52;
- relations with France, 12;
- confirms the Swiss league, 129;
- death, 13.
- —— Count of Holstein, 444;
- Duke of Schleswig, 445;
- offered Danish crown, 446;
- death, 447.
- Adrianople, captured by the Turks, 502.
- Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini, 524;
- at the Council of Basel, 234, 235, 239;
- reconciles Frederick III. with the Papacy, 239-241, 272, 405;
- elected Pope as Pius II., 276.
- Agincourt, battle of, 329.
- Aiguillon, siege of, 75, 77.
- Ailly, Pierre d’, 194.
- Aladdin III., last Sultan of Iconium, 499.
- Albania, 501, 508, 511, 513.
- Albert I. of Hapsburg, 11, 12;
- chosen King of the Romans, 13;
- policy of, 14, 15;
- action in Swabia, 129;
- murdered, 16.
- —— II. of Austria, 111, 133, 134, 136.
- —— III. of Austria, 136;
- shares Hapsburg territories with his brother Leopold, 137, 398.
- —— IV. of Austria, 398.
- —— V. of Austria (II. as King of the Romans), 397, 398, 239;
- King of Hungary and Bohemia, 399;
- elected in Germany, 400;
- death, 401, 507.
- —— Achilles of Brandenburg, 406.
- —— the Bear, 3, 453.
- —— of Hohenzollern, last Grand-master of the Teutonic Order, 466.
- —— Duke of Mecklenburg, 436, 437, 441.
- Albert, son of above, King of Sweden, 436, 437, 442;
- —— II. of Saxony, 3.
- —— III. of Saxony, 226.
- Alberti, Benedetto, 165, 166.
- Albizzi, the, 163, 164.
- —— Maso degli, 166, 289.
- —— Piero degli, 289.
- —— Rinaldo degli, 289, 292, 293, 294.
- Albornoz, Cardinal, 160, 161, 176, 177.
- Albret, house of, in Navarre, 487.
- Alexander V., 200, 201.
- —— VI., 281, 287;
- Alfonso III. of Aragon, 480, 481.
- —— V., 239;
- —— II. of Naples, 257, 285, 287.
- —— X. of Castile, 6, 8, 48, 470.
- —— XI. of Castile, 470;
- —— son of John II. of Castile, 476, 477.
- —— V. of Portugal, 477, 492.
- —— of Poitiers, 47.
- Algeciras, 471.
- Aljubarrota, battle of, 474, 491.
- Alsace, acquired by Charles the Bold, 377, 408;
- recovered by Sigismund of Tyrol, 379, 380, 409.
- Altenburg, battle near, 16.
- Alvaro de Luna, Constable of Castile, 475, 476.
- Ammonizio in Florence, 163.
- Amurath I., 502;
- —— II., 506;
- his wars with Hungary, 507, 508.
- Anagni, outrage at, 29, 54;
- Andrea del Sarto, 529.
- Andrew of Hungary, marries Joanna I. of Naples, 152;
- Andronicus II., 497;
- —— III., 498, 499;
- —— son of John V., 171, 503, 504.
- Angelico, Fra, 527.
- Angora, battle of, 505.
- Anjou, first house of, acquires Provence, 9, 24;
- acquires Naples and Sicily, 24;
- loses Sicily, 25, 48, 50, 479, 480;
- acquires Hungary, 15, 16, 26, 123;
- becomes extinct, 155, 271.
- —— second house of, acquires Provence, 154;
- claims Naples, 154, 155, 260, 266, 269, 271, 275, 277, 278, 286;
- its possessions and claims pass to French crown, 258, 279, 389.
- Anne of Beaujeu, 390, 391, 392.
- —— of Bohemia, 208.
- —— of Brittany, 391, 392.
- —— of Burgundy, marries Duke of Bedford, 336;
- Antony, Duke of Brabant, 321, 322, 337;
- killed at Agincourt, 329.
- Aquitaine, Duchy of, 45, 95.
- Aragon, constitution of, 478;
- acquires Sicily, 25, 479;
- loses Sicily, 26, 480;
- acquires Sardinia, 480;
- annexes the Balearic islands, 481;
- recovers Sicily, 482;
- falls to house of Trastamara, 483;
- acquires and loses Naples, 484;
- relations with Navarre, 484-487;
- united with Castile, 477, 487.
- Architecture, influence of the Renaissance on, 531, 532.
- Arezzo, annexed to Florence, 167.
- Arles, kingdom of, 12, 56, 78, 116, 184.
- Armagnac, Bernard of, 322, 330, 331, 351.
- Armagnacs, the, 323, 326-332.
- ‘Armagnacs,’ the, in Switzerland, 408.
- Army, standing, in France, 352, 353, 354, 355.
- Arras, treaty of (1414), 327;
- Artevelde, Jacob van, 71, 72;
- —— Philip van, 317, 318.
- Artois, succession in, 67;
- passes to Margaret of Flanders, 90;
- acquired by house of Burgundy, 320;
- ceded to Louis XI., 388;
- surrendered by Charles VIII., 393, 417.
- Ascania, house of, 3, 10;
- extinction in Brandenburg, 107, 110, 458;
- extinction in Saxony, 226.
- Athens, duchy of, 498, 512.
- Auberoche, battle of, 74.
- Austria, under Ottokar, 3;
- transferred to the Hapsburgs, 10, 127;
- separated from the other Hapsburg territories, 137, 398;
- succession of Ladislas Postumus, 409;
- falls to Frederick III., 414;
- reunion of territories, 409.
- Avesnes, house of, 14.
- Avignon, papal residence in, 4, 17, 30, 140, 155, 185, 458;
- sold to Clement VI., 153;
- quitted by the Popes, 122, 185;
- Clement VII. returns to, 122, 186.
- Avila, Henry IV. deposed at, 477.
- Aybar, battle of, 485.
- Azof, Genoese in, 495, 513.
- Azores, the, 491, 493.
- Baden in Aargau, 138.
- Bagnolo, treaty of, 257, 284, 311.
- Bajazet I., 503, 504;
- defeat at Angora and death, 505.
- —— II., 513.
- Baldwin, Archbishop of Trier, 17, 98.
- Balearic Islands, conquered by James I. of Aragon, 479;
- Balliol, Edward, claims crown of Scotland, 68.
- —— John, King of Scotland, 51.
- Baltic, Danish preponderance in, 420, 428;
- decline of, 431;
- attempted restoration by Waldemar III., 433, 435, 437;
- overthrown by Hanseatic League, 438, 439, 444;
- trade in, 449;
- diminished importance of, 450.
- Barbiano, Alberigo da, 151.
- Barcelona, treaty of, 392.
- Barnet, battle of, 373.
- Baroncelli, 160.
- Basel, Council of, 229-242, 270, 272, 273.
- Baugé, battle of, 333.
- Bayonne, 96;
- surrendered to France, 357.
- Beatific Vision, heresy of the, 101.
- Beaufort, Edmund, 357.
- —— Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Cardinal, 326, 342, 345, 346, 347, 355, 356;
- at council of Constance, 220;
- heads crusade against the Hussites, 227, 228.
- Beaujeu, Anne of, 390, 391, 392.
- Bedford, John, Duke of, 334, 336-346;
- quarrel with Burgundy, 346, 347;
- death of, 348.
- Belgrade, 507, 514;
- Bella, Giano della, 32.
- Bellini, Gentile, 529.
- —— Giovanni, 529.
- Beltran de la Cueva, 477.
- Benedict XI., 29, 54.
- —— XII., 99, 102, 106.
- —— XIII., 187, 217, 218, 221, 266.
- Bentivoglio, Giovanni, 180, 181.
- Bergamo, 144;
- Bergen, German ‘factory’ in, 426.
- Berri, Charles, Duke of. See Charles of Berri.
- Béthune, Robert of, 54.
- Bianchi, the, 22.
- Black Death, 79, 110, 153, 471.
- —— Prince, the, 69, 79, 80, 90;
- gains battle of Poitiers, 81;
- supports Peter the Cruel, 93, 473;
- illness and ill-success, 94;
- quits France, 95;
- death, 96.
- Blanche of Bourbon, wife of Peter the Cruel, 472.
- —— of Navarre, 485.
- —— daughter of John II. of Aragon, 487.
- Blanchetaque, ford over the Somme, 76, 328.
- Blois, Charles of, 73;
- Boccaccio, 523.
- Boccanegra, Simone, 169.
- Boguslav of Pomerania, 445.
- Bohemia, succession in, 15, 16;
- acquired by John of Luxemburg, 18;
- under Charles IV., 113;
- disturbances under Wenzel, 192, 193;
- Hussite movement in, 207-210, 223;
- crusades against, 224, 225, 227;
- conclusion of compacts, 231;
- accession of Sigismund, 232;
- accession of Albert of Austria, 399, 401;
- election of Ladislas Postumus, 410, 413;
- election of George Podiebrad, 414;
- war with Hungary, 415;
- falls to house of Jagellon, 416, 417.
- Bologna, seized by Giovanni Visconti, 160, 175.
- —— recovered by Albornoz, 161.
- —— under Giovanni Bentivoglio, 180.
- —— subjected to Milan, 181.
- Bona of Savoy, 261, 262, 305.
- Boniface VIII., 13, 15, 22, 28;
- quarrel with Philip IV. of France, 29, 54.
- —— IX., 187, 195, 244, 245, 265, 266.
- Bordeaux, trade of, 70;
- Borgia, Alfonso, 274.
- —— Cæsar, 259.
- —— Rodrigo, 275, 287 (Alexander VI.).
- Bosnia, 502;
- wars with the Turks, 503;
- annexed by Mohammed II., 511.
- Botticelli, Sandro, 528.
- Boucicault, Marshal, 244.
- Bourges, Pragmatic Sanction of, 237, 277, 363, 367.
- Brabant, duchy of, 119, 123, 321, 337, 339;
- acquired by Philip the Good, 344.
- Braccio da Montone, 151, 267, 268;
- Bramante, designs St. Peter’s, 531.
- Brandenburg, 3;
- acquired by house of Wittelsbach, 107;
- transferred to house of Luxemburg, 120, 123, 191, 201;
- given to Frederick of Hohenzollern, 203, 216.
- Bremen, 422, 451;
- expelled from Hanseatic League, 429;
- restored, 432.
- Brescia, calls in John of Bohemia, 144, 146;
- Brienne, Walter de, 147, 148.
- Brittany, duchy of, 45;
- Succession war in, 73, 92, 97;
- united with French crown, 391, 392.
- Bruce, Robert, King of Scotland, 68.
- Bruges, centre of mediæval trade, 69, 422, 426.
- Brun, Rudolf, 131;
- practically despot in Zürich, 132, 136;
- death, 138.
- Brunellesco, Filippo, 531.
- Brünn, treaty of, 417.
- Brusa, in Asia Minor, 499.
- Buchan, Constable of France, 336, 337.
- Buonconvento, death of Henry VII. at, 42.
- Bureau, Gaspar, 352, 355.
- —— Jean, 352, 355.
- Burgundian party in France, 323, 324, 326, 348.
- Burgundy, county of, 12, 56.
- —— duchy of, 45;
- given to Philip the Bold, 90, 320;
- annexed by Louis XI., 386, 388.
- —— old kingdom of, 12.
- Bussolari, Jacopo, 177.
- Cabochiens, the, 327.
- Cade, Jack, rising of, 357.
- Cagliari, naval battle off, 170.
- Calais, taken by Edward III., 77;
- besieged by Philip the Good, 351.
- Calixtus III., 274, 275.
- Cambray, League of, 259.
- Campobasso, Count of, 385.
- Canale, Niccolo, 256.
- Canaries, the, 491.
- Cane, Facino, 179, 244.
- Cangrande della Scala, 141, 143.
- Cantacuzenos, John, 498-502.
- —— Matthew, 502.
- Cape of Good Hope, 259, 492.
- —— Verde, 491.
- Capet, house of, 43, 44, 63, 65.
- Capistrano, Fra, 412.
- Caramania, princes of, 505, 512.
- Caravaggio, battle of, 252.
- Carinthia, 9;
- united with Tyrol, 10;
- acquired by Hapsburgs, 107.
- Carmagnola, Francesco, 247, 249, 291;
- Carobert, King of Hungary, 15, 16, 26, 152.
- Carpaccio, Vittore, 529.
- Carrara, Francesco, 171, 174, 179, 180.
- —— —— the younger, 179, 183, 245.
- Casimir the Great of Poland, 458, 459.
- —— IV. of Poland, 415, 464, 465.
- Cassel, battle of (1328), 70.
- Castile, constitution of, 469;
- disorders in, 470;
- under Peter the Cruel, 93, 472-474;
- united with Aragon, 477, 487;
- share in discovery, 492, 493.
- Castillon, battle of, 358.
- Castracani, Castruccio, Lord of Lucca, 31, 33, 105, 142, 143, 292.
- Castriot, George (Scanderbeg), 255, 256, 508, 513.
- Catalans, Grand Company of the, 497.
- Catalonia, 478;
- rebels against John II., 486.
- Catasto, the, 291, 295, 296.
- Catharine, daughter of John of Gaunt, marries Henry III. of Castile, 475.
- —— of Navarre, marries Jean d’Albret, 487.
- Cauchon, Pierre, Bishop of Beauvais, 342, 344, 345.
- Celestine V., 28.
- Cellini, Benvenuto, 530.
- Cerda, Ferdinand de, 48.
- —— Infantes de, 48, 470.
- Cerdagne, ceded to France, 389, 486;
- Cesarini, Cardinal, 228, 229, 230, 236.
- Cesena, Michael of, 100.
- Chambre des Comptes, 58.
- Champagne, acquired by France, 48, 65, 66;
- offered by Bedford to Philip the Good, 343;
- promised by Louis XI. to his brother Charles, 371.
- Chandos, John, 90, 92;
- Charles IV., King of Bohemia and Emperor, 108;
- reign of, 109-123;
- character, 112;
- government of Bohemia, 113;
- policy in Italy, 114;
- issues the Golden Bull, 117;
- his motives, 118;
- his territorial acquisitions, 119, 120;
- importance of his rule in Germany, 184;
- relations with Rienzi, 159;
- visit to Lübeck, 187, 441;
- death, 123.
- Charles IV., King of France, 65.
- —— V., King of France, regent for his father, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88;
- accession to the throne, 90;
- government, 90, 91, 92;
- renews the English war, 94, 473;
- successes, 95, 96, 474;
- death, 97, 315.
- —— VI. of France, 194;
- —— VII., King of France, 260, 330, 332;
- accession, 334;
- reign, 334-361;
- reforms of, 352-355;
- death, 361.
- —— VIII., King of France, 264, 287, 313;
- minority, 390, 391;
- marries Anne of Brittany, 392;
- sets out for Naples, 393.
- Charles the Bold of Burgundy, 364-367;
- wars with Liége, 368, 369;
- quarrels with Louis XI., 370-376;
- changed policy of, 377;
- acquisitions in Germany, 377;
- seeks a crown, 378;
- war with the Swiss, 379, 380, 384;
- death of, 385.
- —— I. of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily and Count of Provence, 9, 24, 25, 479.
- —— II., King of Naples, 9, 15, 25, 26.
- —— III., King of Naples, 154, 190;
- assassinated in Hungary, 155, 191.
- —— of Calabria, son of Robert of Naples, 142, 143.
- —— of Durazzo, 152, 153.
- —— (I.) of Maine, 279, 354, 356.
- —— (II.) of Maine, 279, 389.
- —— I. (the Bad) of Navarre, 79, 80, 93, 96, 484;
- relations with Marcel, 85, 87, 88.
- —— II. of Navarre, 484, 485.
- —— of Berri, brother of Louis XI., 361;
- joins League of Public Weal, 365;
- acquires Normandy, 367;
- loses it, 369;
- receives Guienne, 371;
- death of, 376.
- —— of Valois, brother of Philip IV., 17, 25, 26, 49, 50, 53, 62.
- —— of Viana, 485, 486, 487.
- Chatillon, Jacques de, 53.
- Chaucer, Geoffrey, 459, 523.
- Chiana, val di, 308.
- Chioggia, war of, 172, 173.
- Christian of Oliva, 454, 455.
- —— of Oldenburg, succeeds in Denmark and Norway, 446;
- acquires Sweden, Schleswig and Holstein, 447;
- loses Sweden, 448;
- death, 448.
- —— II. of Denmark, 449.
- Christopher II., King of Denmark, 431, 432, 433.
- —— of Bavaria, 445;
- King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, 446;
- death, 446.
- Cibo, Franchescetto, 285.
- Cilly, Count of, 411;
- Cimabue, 526, 527.
- Cinque ports, the sailors of the, 51.
- Ciompi, the, 32;
- Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, 326, 333.
- Clarence, George, Duke of, 372, 373.
- Clement V., 30, 55, 457.
- —— VI., 99, 107, 110, 158, 159, 160.
- —— VII., schismatic pope at Avignon, 162, 186.
- —— VII., 285.
- Clementia of Hapsburg, 9, 15.
- —— of Hungary, second wife of Louis X., 63, 64.
- Clericis laicos, papal bull, 29, 52.
- Clisson, Olivier de, 97, 319.
- Coleone, Bartolommeo, 300, 301;
- Cologne, importance in German trade, 422;
- rivalry with Lübeck and Hamburg, 427;
- position in Hanseatic League, 432;
- Hanse meeting at, 437, 439.
- Colonna, the family of, 28.
- —— Oddo, 220, 269.
- —— Stefano, 157.
- Columbus, Christopher, 492.
- Commines, Philippe de, 23, 49, 308, 361, 362, 377, 403.
- Comminges, Count of, 377.
- Compactata, the, 231, 232, 410.
- Condottieri, foreign, 150;
- Conflans, treaty of, 367, 369.
- Conradin, 496;
- Conseil du roi, the, 58.
- Constance, Council of, 205, 206, 211-220, 267.
- —— daughter of Manfred, marries Peter III. of Aragon, 24, 479.
- —— daughter of Peter IV. of Aragon, 481.
- —— of Castile, marries John of Gaunt, 474, 475.
- Constantine Palæologus, last of the Byzantine emperors, 509;
- Constantinople, recovered from the Latins by Michael Palæologus, 494;
- Copenhagen, captured by Hanse forces, 438.
- Cordova, 468.
- Cornaro, Catarina, 257, 258.
- Corsica, seized by the Genoese, 168.
- Cortes of Castile, 60, 469, 488;
- Cortona, annexed to Florence, 167, 289.
- Cossa, Baldassare, 201, 266, 267.
- Cour du roi, the, 44, 57, 58.
- Courland, duchy of, 466.
- Courtrai, battle of, 53.
- Cracow, University of, 209.
- Crecy, battle of, 76.
- Crema, 252.
- Cremona, 251, 259.
- Crevant, battle of, 337.
- Crimea, the, 168, 495, 513.
- Crusades, the, 55.
- Cyprus, 168;
- Dalmatia, 202, 204, 246.
- Dante, 22, 41, 42, 139, 522, 523, 527.
- Danzig, 458, 462, 465.
- Dauphiné, 12;
- David II., King of Scotland, 68, 77.
- Denmark, relations with Germany, 410;
- war with the Hanseatic League, 433-438;
- united with Sweden and Norway, 443;
- with Schleswig and Holstein, 447;
- separated from Sweden, 448, 449.
- Diaz, Bartholomew, 259, 492.
- Diesbach, Nicolas von, 380.
- Dinant, 368;
- taken by Charles the Bold, 369.
- Discoveries at end of fifteenth century, 259, 491-3.
- Ditmarsh, peasants of, 448.
- Döffingen, battle of, 189.
- Donatello, 530.
- Doria, Luciano, 172.
- —— Paganino, 170.
- —— Pietro, 172.
- Douglas, Earl of, and Count of Touraine, 336, 337.
- Duccio, Sienese painter, 527.
- Dunois, bastard son of Louis of Orleans, 342, 352, 354, 365.
- Dupplin Moor, battle of, 68.
- Durazzo, house of, 152, 153, 191, 195.
- Dushan, Stephen, King of Servia, 501.
- Easterlings or Osterlings, 428.
- Écorcheurs, the, 351.
- Education, stimulated by the Renaissance, 533.
- Edward I., King of England, 29, 60;
- wars with France, 51, 52.
- —— II., King of England, 52;
- marries Isabella of France, 53;
- deposed, 65.
- —— III., King of England, 65, 66, 67, 69, 111;
- war in Scotland, 68;
- allied with the Flemings, 71;
- relations with Lewis the Bavarian, 72, 75;
- claims the French crown, 71;
- war in France, 71-78, 80, 81, 88, 89, 94, 95;
- death, 96.
- —— IV., King of England, 365, 370, 372, 373, 375, 386;
- Eger, peace of, 190, 192.
- Eleanor, daughter of Peter IV. of Aragon, 483.
- —— of Navarre, marries Gaston de Foix, 487.
- Electors, the seven, 7, 98, 108;
- as regulated by the Golden Bull, 116, 117.
- Elizabeth, widow of Lewis the Great, 190, 191.
- Elna, fortress of, 49.
- Elsa, val d’, 308.
- Epila, battle of, 482.
- Ercole d’Este, 283, 301, 308.
- Eric Glipping, King of Denmark, 446.
- —— Menved, King of Denmark, 430, 431, 446.
- —— of Pomerania, 443;
- succeeds to the Scandinavian kingdoms, 444;
- deposed, 445.
- Ernest of Styria, 398.
- Ertogrul, Turkish leader, 499.
- Esthonia, 453, 458, 465, 466.
- Étaples, treaty of, 392.
- Eudes IV., Duke of Burgundy, 63, 64, 65;
- Eugenius IV., 229, 270-272, 508;
- Evreux, Louis, Count of, 49.
- —— Philip, Count of, marries Jeanne of Navarre, 66.
- Execrabilis, papal bull, 277, 407.
- Falier, Marin, 169, 171.
- Falköping, battle of, 443.
- Fastolf, Sir John, 340.
- Felix V., anti-Pope, 238, 239, 242.
- Ferdinand I. of Aragon, 475, 483.
- —— II. (the Catholic) of Aragon, 477, 485, 487, 488, 489.
- —— IV. of Castile, 470.
- —— de Cerda, 48, 470.
- Ferrante I., King of Naples, 260, 282, 283, 285-287, 307, 309.
- Ferrara, war with Venice, 257, 283, 311;
- Ficino, Marsilio, 525.
- Filelfo, Francesco, 523.
- Filioque controversy, 236, 503.
- Flanders, county of, 45, 90;
- at war with Philip IV., 53, 54, 62;
- commerce of, 69, 320;
- allied with Edward III., 71;
- Philip van Artevelde and war with France, 317, 318;
- acquired by Dukes of Burgundy, 320;
- relations with Louis XI., 387.
- Flor, Roger de, 497.
- Florence, 141, 150;
- constitution of, 31-35, 148, 149, 165, 166, 296, 297, 303, 310;
- offers lordship to Charles of Calabria, 142;
- fails to get Lucca, 146, 147;
- Walter de Brienne in, 148;
- parties in, 163, 164;
- oligarchical government from 1382 to 1435, 166, 167, 288-293;
- wars with Milan, 179, 180, 181, 248, 249, 291, 292;
- under Medicean rule, 293-314;
- Council of, 236;
- cathedral of, 531;
- importance in history of art, 527, 528, 530.
- Foix, house of, in Navarre, 487.
- Forli, 282, 309.
- Foscari, Francesco, 248, 249, 252;
- deposition and death, 254.
- —— Jacopo, 253.
- Fougères, attack upon, 357.
- Franche-Comté, 12, 56, 64, 79, 90;
- acquired by Valois Dukes of Burgundy, 320;
- attacked by the Swiss, 380;
- annexed by Louis XI., 387, 388;
- surrendered by Charles VIII., 393, 417.
- Francis I. of Brittany, 357.
- —— II. of Brittany, 363, 366, 369;
- Franciscans, their quarrel with John XXII., 101, 103.
- Frankfort, Diet of, 187.
- Fraticelli, the, 101, 159.
- Frederick III., Burggraf of Nuremberg, 8, 10, 16.
- —— I. of Brandenburg, 216, 395.
- —— II. of Brandenburg, 465.
- —— (the Handsome) of Hapsburg, elected King of the Romans, 98;
- captured by his rival, 99;
- death, 105.
- —— of Tyrol, 395, 398;
- —— III., Emperor, 239, 402, 404-411, 464;
- relations with the Papacy and Council of Basel, 240, 241;
- joint ruler in Styria, 398;
- character, 403;
- acquires Austria, 414;
- relations with Charles the Bold, 378, 380, 416;
- last years, 417;
- death, 418.
- —— I. of Sicily, 26, 482, 497.
- —— II. of Sicily, 482.
- Friuli, 246.
- Froissart, 49, 69.
- Gabelle, the, 61;
- Galata, 168, 495.
- Gallipoli, seized by the Turks, 502.
- Gama, Vasco da, 259, 492.
- Gaston de Foix, 487.
- Gavre, battle of, 359.
- Genappe, 359, 361.
- Genoa, 35;
- rivalry with Venice, 167-173, 255, 502;
- factions in, 169;
- relations with France, 180, 247, 260, 263;
- relations with Milan, 175, 176, 247, 260, 262, 263;
- relations with Greek empire, 495, 502, 509;
- loss of Kaffa and Azof, 513.
- Gerhard, Count of Holstein, 444.
- Gerona, siege of, 49, 486.
- Gerson, Jean, 194, 218, 323.
- Ghent, 69, 70, 71.
- Ghiara d’Adda, 252, 259.
- Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 530.
- Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 528.
- Giac, Pierre de, 338.
- Giano della Bella, 32.
- Gibraltar, 471.
- Giorgione, 529.
- Giotto, 527, 528.
- Girona, fortress of, 49.
- Glarus, 133;
- Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 337, 338.
- Golden Bull, the, 116-118, 187.
- Göllheim, battle of, 13.
- Gonfalonier of justice, 33.
- Görlitz, John of, 123, 193.
- Gothland, island of, 425, 433.
- Granada, kingdom of, 468, 471;
- Grand Company of the Catalans, 497.
- Grandella, battle of, 24.
- Granson, 380, 385;
- Gregory IX., grants Prussia to Teutonic knights, 455.
- ——X., 9, 24, 27, 48.
- ——XI., 122, 162, 182, 185.
- ——XII., 187;
- negotiations with Benedict XIII., 197, 198;
- deposed at Pisa, 200;
- relations with Ladislas of Naples, 204, 266, 267.
- Guelfs and Ghibellines in Italy, 22, 31, 39, 40, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145.
- Guesclin, Bertrand du, 90, 92, 93, 94, 473;
- Guienne, lost by the English, 357;
- ceded to Charles of Berri, 372;
- recovered by French crown, 376.
- Guinea Coast, 491.
- Guinigi, Paolo, 180, 244.
- Gunther of Schwartzburg, 111.
- Guy, Count of Flanders, 53, 54.
- Guzman, Eleanor de, 471, 472.
- Hagenbach, Peter of, 377, 379, 380.
- Hainault, united with Holland and Zealand, 14;
- acquired by house of Wittelsbach, 75, 108, 320;
- acquired by house of Burgundy, 321, 337, 339.
- Hakon, King of Norway, 434, 438;
- Halidon Hill, battle of, 68.
- Hallam, Robert, Bishop of Salisbury, 220.
- Hamburg, 422, 451;
- allied with Lübeck, 427, 428;
- supports Holstein against Denmark, 444.
- Hans, or John, King of Denmark and Norway, 447, 448.
- Hansa, meaning of word, 423, 424;
- Hanseatic League, 5, 19, 183, 420;
- origin of, 429;
- war with Denmark, 121, 433-438;
- zenith of its power, 439;
- decline of, 449-451.
- Hapsburg, house of, 4, 16, 19, 98, 119;
- in Swabia, 126;
- acquires Austria, 10, 127;
- acquires Carinthia, 107;
- acquires Tyrol, 120;
- partition of territories, 137, 398;
- acquires Hungary and Bohemia, 399, 401, 410;
- hold on imperial crown, 400;
- loses Hungary and Bohemia, 413,414;
- acquires the Netherlands, 388, 389, 416;
- reunion of territories, 404, 409, 417.
- Hawkwood, John, 151, 167, 179;
- Hedwig, Queen of Poland, marries Jagello of Lithuania, 190, 191, 459.
- Helsingborg, siege of, 434, 438.
- Henry VII., Emperor, 17, 18, 129, 457;
- in Italy, 39-42;
- death, 42, 98.
- —— of Trastamara (Henry II.), 472;
- claims crown of Castile, 93, 473;
- gains it, 94, 474.
- —— III. of Castile, 475.
- —— IV. (the Impotent) of Castile, 476, 477.
- —— IV., King of England, 323, 324, 26, 459.
- —— V., King of England, 218, 327-333.
- —— VI. of England, 334.
- —— VII., King of England, 391, 392.
- —— Duke of Lower Bavaria, 3.
- —— Duke of Carinthia and Count of Tyrol, 15;
- King of Bohemia, 16;
- deposed, 18;
- death, 106.
- —— Count of Holstein, 444, 445.
- —— of Mecklenburg, marries Ingeborg of Denmark, 436, 442.
- —— the Navigator, 491, 492.
- —— of Wettin, Margrave of Meissen, 3.
- Hermandad, in Castile, 470, 471.
- Hermann von Salza, 454.
- Hermanstadt, 507.
- Herrings, battle of the, 340.
- Hesse, Lewis of, 402.
- Hohenstaufen, house of, 2, 400.
- Hohenzollern, Frederick of, 202, 203, 213, 214, 222, 395, 399, 400, 402;
- receives Brandenburg (1415), 215;
- attempted reforms in Germany, 226, 227, 228;
- death, 403.
- —— house of, 4, 400;
- acquires Brandenburg, 215.
- Holland, 14;
- acquired by house of Wittelsbach, 75, 108, 320;
- acquired by dukes of Burgundy, 321, 337, 339.
- Holstein, relations with Denmark, 430, 434, 435, 438;
- united with Schleswig, 442, 444, 445;
- acquired by Christian of Oldenburg and made a duchy, 447.
- Honorius IV., 28.
- Humanism, 524, 532.
- Humbert, the last Dauphin of Vienne, 78.
- Hungary, succession in, 15;
- passes to house of Anjou, 15, 26;
- acquired by Sigismund, 191;
- accession of Albert of Austria, 399;
- accession of Ladislas of Poland, 409, 507;
- accession of Ladislas Postumus, 410;
- election of Mathias Corvinus, 414;
- falls to house of Jagellon, 417, 465.
- Hunyadi, John, 410, 411, 507, 508;
- —— Ladislas, 412, 413.
- Hus, John, 207, 209, 210;
- goes to Constance, 211;
- imprisoned, 214;
- trial, 216;
- executed, 217.
- Husinec, Nicolas of, 223, 225.
- Iconium, Turkish sultans of, 495, 498, 499.
- India, trade with, 491.
- Indies, the West, 492.
- Ingeborg, daughter of Waldemar III., 442, 443.
- Innocent VI., 117, 160, 161.
- —— VII., 187.
- Interregnum, the Great, 6.
- Isabel of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI. of France, 321, 330, 332.
- Isabella of Castile, 476, 477, 487, 488, 489.
- —— of France, wife of Edward II., 53, 65.
- —— of Portugal, wife of John II. of Castile, 476.
- Italy, 20;
- causes of disunion in, 21-23.
- Jacqueline of Hainault, 337, 339.
- Jacques Cœur, 352;
- Jacquetta of Luxemburg, 346.
- Jagello, 191, 192, 459.
- Jagellon house in Poland, 183, 191, 208, 225, 410, 459, 466;
- James I. (the Conqueror) of Aragon, 479.
- —— II. of Aragon, 25, 26, 480.
- —— III. of Aragon, 480.
- Janissaries, formation of the, 500.
- Janow, Mathias of, 207.
- Jeanne, heiress of Champagne and Navarre, wife of Philip IV. of France, 48, 49, 53.
- —— daughter of Louis X., 63;
- excluded from the succession in France, 64;
- Queen of Navarre, 66;
- death, 79.
- —— Countess of Blois, 73, 77.
- —— Darc, 334, 340-345.
- Jerome of Prag, 208, 217.
- Jews, expelled from Spain, 489.
- Joanna I., Queen of Naples, 152, 153, 154, 186.
- —— II., Queen of Naples, 155, 267.
- —— of Portugal, wife of Henry IV. of Castile, 477.
- —— ‘la Beltraneja,’ 477, 492.
- —— Henriquez, second wife of John II. of Aragon, 485, 486.
- Jobst of Moravia, 123;
- receives Brandenburg from Sigismund, 191, 193;
- candidate for empire, 201, 202;
- death, 203.
- John XXII., 99, 145;
- —— XXIII., elected Pope, 201;
- quarrel with Naples, 204, 211, 267, 268;
- summons Council of Constance, 205;
- conduct at Constance, 213-215;
- deposed, 216, 217;
- death, 221.
- —— I. of Aragon, 482, 483.
- —— II. of Aragon, 484, 485, 486, 487.
- —— King of Bohemia, 18, 75, 98, 107, 112;
- —— III., Duke of Brittany, death of, 73.
- —— the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, 321-332;
- —— of Calabria, 260, 299, 486;
- joins League of the Public Weal, 365, 367.
- John I. of Castile, 474, 475.
- —— II. of Castile, 475, 476.
- —— or Hans, King of Denmark and Norway, 447, 448.
- —— I., posthumous son of Louis X., 64.
- —— II., King of France, 79-90;
- captured at Poitiers, 81;
- death of, 89.
- —— of Gaunt, 95;
- relations with Castile, 474.
- —— V., Greek Emperor, 171, 234, 236, 500, 501, 502, 503;
- —— VI., Greek Emperor, 236, 506, 509.
- —— Cantacuzenos, 498, 499, 500;
- crowned Emperor, 501;
- abdicates, 502.
- —— Palæologus, nephew and colleague of Manuel II., 504, 505.
- —— of Hapsburg assassinates his uncle, Albert I., 16.
- —— I. of Portugal, 474, 491.
- —— II. of Portugal, 492.
- —— of Procida, 24.
- John Henry, Margrave of Moravia, 107.
- Joinville, 49.
- Julius II., 281, 287.
- Justiciar of Aragon, the, 478, 479.
- Kaffa, in the Crimea, 168, 170, 495, 513.
- Kalisch, treaty of, 458.
- Kalmar, union of, 183, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 449, 460.
- Karl Knudson, 445;
- Katharine of France marries Henry V., 332.
- Ketteler, Gotthard, 466.
- Kniprode, Winzig von, 458, 459.
- Königsberg, 456, 462, 464.
- Korybut, 225.
- Kossova, battle of, 503;
- Kremsier, Milecz of, 207.
- Kroja, 256.
- Kulm, 454, 455.
- Kulmerland, 454, 455.
- Ladislas, King of Naples, 155, 195, 196, 197, 199, 204, 211, 245, 246, 266, 289;
- —— Postumus, 360, 409;
- succeeds in Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary, 410;
- released from guardianship, 411;
- death, 413.
- Ladislas V. of Poland (see Jagello), 191, 225, 459, 460.
- —— VI. of Poland, King of Hungary, 409, 507;
- —— King of Bohemia and Hungary, 465.
- —— King of Bohemia, 416;
- Lahnstein, imperial election at, 195.
- Lampugnani, Andrea, 261.
- Lancaster, Henry of, 74, 77.
- Lausanne, interview at, 9.
- Lecoq, Robert, Bishop of Laon, 83.
- Leghorn. See Livorno.
- Leipzig, University of, 210.
- Leo X., 285;
- furthers the Renaissance, 522.
- Leopold of Hapsburg, son of Albert I., 129.
- —— —— son of Albert II., 136, 213;
- shares the Hapsburg territories with Albert III., 137, 398;
- killed at Sempach, 138, 189, 398.
- Lesbos, taken by the Turks, 512.
- Levant, trade in, 167, 168, 256, 492.
- Lewis the Bavarian, 98;
- quarrel with the Papacy, 90-103;
- causes of failure, 103;
- his visit to Italy, 104, 105;
- his policy of territorial aggrandisement, 75, 106, 107;
- confirms the Swiss League, 130;
- death, 108, 110.
- —— of Brandenburg, son of Lewis the Bavarian, 107, 108;
- —— the Roman, brother and successor of above, 120.
- —— the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, 121, 123, 459;
- —— II., Count of Flanders, 70, 76, 77.
- —— de Mâle, Count of Flanders, 77, 78;
- —— II., Count Palatine and Duke of Upper Bavaria, 3, 8, 10.
- —— Elector Palatine, 213.
- —— of Taranto, 152, 153.
- Liége, attacked by Charles the Bold, 368, 369, 370, 371.
- Limoges, massacre at, 95.
- Lipan, battle of, 232.
- Lippi, Filippo, 528.
- —— Filippino, 528.
- Lithuania, 421, 453, 458;
- Livonia, 421, 453;
- Livorno, annexed to Florence, 167, 289.
- Lodi, treaty of, 253, 298.
- London, German hansa in, 426, 427.
- Loredano, Antonio, 256.
- Lorenzetti, Ambrogio, 527, 528.
- Loria, Roger di, 49.
- Lorraine, succession in, 345;
- seized by Charles the Bold, 383, 385.
- Louis IX. of France, death of, 46.
- —— X. of France, 44, 62;
- —— XI., King of France, 261;
- —— XII., King of France, 258, 259, 264, 391.
- —— I. of Anjou, Count of Provence and titular King of Naples, 154, 190, 317.
- —— II. of Anjou, 155, 195, 198, 266, 269, 326, 330.
- —— III. of Anjou, 269, 335;
- claim to Aragon, 483;
- death, 271.
- —— de Mâle, Count of Flanders, 316, 318, 320.
- —— Duke of Orleans, brother of Charles VI., 319, 321;
- Lübeck, 6, 183, 422, 423;
- alliance with Hamburg, 427, 428;
- leadership in Hanseatic League, 439;
- visit of Charles IV. to, 187, 441;
- retains independence, 451.
- Lucca, under Castruccio Castracani, 142, 143;
- under John of Bohemia, 145;
- disputed between Florence and Verona, 146, 147;
- seized by the Pisans, 147.
- Luna, Peter de (Benedict XIII.), 187, 194, 197.
- Luther, Martin, 525.
- Luxemburg, duchy of, 17, 123;
- —— house of, 4, 16, 17, 19, 112, 119, 123, 184, 185, 192, 195, 201;
- gains Bohemia, 18;
- gains Brandenburg, 120;
- gains Hungary, 190-192;
- extinction of male line, 397;
- extinction of, 414.
- Luxemburg, John of, captor of Jeanne Darc, 344.
- Luzern joins the Swiss Confederation, 130, 131.
- Lyons, 12;
- seized by Philip IV. of France, 18, 56.
- Macalo, battle of, 249, 250.
- Madeira, 491.
- Magnus, King of Sweden, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435;
- Maillotins, the, 317, 318.
- Mainz, Pragmatic Sanction of, 237.
- Majorca, kingdom of, 481, 482.
- Malatesta, Carlo, 249.
- —— Pandolfo, 291.
- Mantegna, Andrea, 528.
- Mantua, Congress of, 277.
- Manuel II., Greek Emperor, 504, 505, 506.
- Marcel, Etienne, 82-88.
- Marchfeld, battle of the, 10.
- Margaret of Anjou, 278;
- marries Henry VI. of England, 356;
- reconciled with Warwick, 372;
- defeated at Tewkesbury, 373.
- —— of Artois, daughter of Philip V., 67, 90.
- —— of Burgundy, first wife of Louis X., 63.
- —— heiress of Flanders, Artois, and Franche-Comté, 320, 541.
- —— daughter of Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy, betrothed to Dauphin, 388;
- repudiated by Charles VIII., 392, 417.
- —— Maultasch, 106;
- Countess of Tyrol, 107;
- death of her son, 119.
- —— daughter of Waldemar III., marries Hakon of Norway, 435, 436, 442;
- arranges Union of Kalmar, 443;
- war with Holstein and death, 444.
- —— daughter of Christian I., marries James III. of Scotland, 448.
- —— of York, marries Charles the Bold, 370.
- Maria of Hungary, marries Sigismund, 190, 191, 192.
- Marienburg, 457, 461, 464.
- Marienwerder, 455.
- Marigny, Enguerrand de, 62.
- Marin Falier, 169.
- Marmousets, the, 318, 321.
- Marsiglio of Padua, 100;
- Marsilio Carrara, 143, 147.
- Martin IV., 28.
- —— V., election of, 220;
- returns to Rome, 221, 267-269;
- publishes crusade against the Hussites, 224;
- summons Council of Siena, 228;
- death, 229, 270.
- —— I. of Aragon, 482, 483.
- —— the Younger of Aragon, 482, 483.
- Mary of Aragon, wife of John II. of Castile, 476.
- —— of Burgundy, 386, 387;
- marries Maximilian, 388;
- death, 388.
- —— of Sicily, marries Martin the Younger of Aragon, 482.
- Masaccio, 528.
- Masovia, Konrad of, 454, 455.
- Mastino della Scala, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 169.
- Mathias Corvinus, 277, 279;
- elected King of Hungary, 414;
- relations with Bohemia, 415;
- war with Austria, 416;
- death, 417.
- Matthew Cantacuzenos, 502.
- Maximilian I., 466;
- marries Mary of Burgundy, 388, 416;
- elected King of the Romans, 417.
- Medici, Cosimo de’, 290, 292;
- exiled, 293;
- recalled, 294;
- rule in Florence, 295-299;
- patronage of literature, 524.
- —— Giovanni de’, 290, 291, 292.
- —— Lorenzo de’, the Magnificent, 282;
- rule in Florence, 302-312;
- relations with Innocent VIII., 285;
- his poems, 524;
- death, 263, 286, 312.
- —— Maddalena de’, 285.
- —— Piero (I.) de’, 299-302.
- —— —— (II.) de’, 263, 313;
- flight from Florence, 314.
- —— Salvestro de’, 164, 165, 290.
- —— Vieri de’, 166, 290.
- Meinhard, Count of Tyrol and Duke of Carinthia, 10.
- —— son of Margaret Maultasch, 119;
- Meloria, battle of, 31, 168.
- Mercenary troops in Italy, 149-151;
- Michael VIII. (Palæologus), 494, 496.
- —— Angelo, 528, 529, 530.
- —— of Cesena, 100.
- Mocenigo, Tommaso, 248, 249.
- Mohammed I., 505, 506.
- —— II., 255, 256, 273, 279, 406, 411, 412, 508, 509;
- takes Constantinople, 510;
- conquers the Balkan provinces, 511;
- conquers Greece, 511-513;
- death, 283, 513.
- Molai, Jacques de, 56.
- Moldau, the, 113.
- Mons-en-Puelle, battle of, 54.
- Montefeltro, Federigo da, 307.
- Montereau, 332, 338.
- Montesecco, 305, 307.
- Montfort, John de, claims Brittany, 73, 74.
- —— —— son of above, John IV. of Brittany, 74, 92, 96.
- Montiel, battle of, 94, 474.
- Mont-lhéri, battle of, 366.
- Morat, 380, 384;
- Moravia, 107, 123;
- Morea, 495, 511;
- Moreale, Fra, 151.
- Morgarten, battle of, 130.
- Mühldorf, battle of, 99.
- Murad. See Amurath.
- Murcia, annexed to Castile, 468, 469, 470, 479.
- Näfels, battle of, 138.
- Najara, battle of, 93, 94, 473.
- Namur, acquired by Philip the Good, 339.
- Naples, 23;
- acquired by first house of Anjou, 24;
- under Joanna I., 152-154;
- claimed by second house of Anjou, 154, 155, 266, 267, 269, 271, 275, 277, 278, 542;
- acquired by Alfonso V. of Aragon, 271;
- passes to Ferrante, 275;
- rising against Ferrante, 285, 286, 312;
- claimed by Charles VIII., 279, 287, 313, 392.
- Narbonne, conference at, 218.
- Nassau, John of, Archbishop of Mainz, 212, 213, 215.
- Navarre, united with France, 48, 65, 484;
- severed from France on accession of Valois line, 66, 484;
- united with Aragon, 485;
- independent after death of John II., 487;
- split into Spanish and French Navarre, 487, 550.
- Navarrette, battle of, 93, 473.
- Negropont, 168;
- Neri, the, 22.
- Neroni, Diotisalvi, 299, 301, 302.
- Netherlands, the, acquired by Valois, Dukes of Burgundy, 320, 321, 339, 359.
- Neumark, the, 465.
- Neuss, besieged by Charles the Bold, 379, 381, 416.
- Nevill’s Cross, battle of, 77.
- Neville, Anne, marries Prince of Wales, 372.
- —— Isabel, marries Duke of Clarence, 372.
- Nicæa, 494, 498;
- Niccolo da Pisano, 530.
- Nicolas, son of John of Calabria, 278;
- —— III., 24, 27.
- —— IV., 28.
- —— V., 272, 273, 274, 522, 524.
- Nicopolis, battle of, 193, 202, 322, 403, 504.
- Nissa, 507.
- Northampton, treaty of, 68.
- Novgorod, German ‘factory’ at, 425, 429.
- Novigrad, 191.
- Ockham, William of, 100.
- Olaf, King of Denmark and Norway, 442;
- Oleggio, Giovanni d’, 177.
- Olgiati, Girolamo, 261, 262.
- Oliva, Christian of, 454, 455.
- Orcagna, Andrea, 527.
- Orchan, 499;
- his government, 500;
- death, 502.
- Ordinances of Justice in Florence, 32.
- Orkneys transferred from Denmark to Scotland, 448.
- Orleans, siege of, 340, 341;
- —— Charles, Duke of, 326, 329, 335;
- —— Louis, Duke of, 321, 322;
- —— —— Duke of, afterwards Louis XII., 258, 259, 264, 390, 391.
- Orsini, the house of, 28, 156, 270, 313.
- —— Clarice, 302, 313.
- Orvieto, cathedral of, 531.
- Osterlings or Easterlings, 428.
- Othman, 499.
- Otranto, occupied by the Turks, 283, 285, 310, 513.
- Otto of Brandenburg, cedes the electorate to Charles IV., 120.
- —— IV., Count of Burgundy, 56.
- Ottokar, King of Bohemia, 3, 8;
- crusade in Prussia, 456;
- war with Rudolf I., 9, 10;
- death, 10.
- Ottoman Turks, origin of, 499;
- their conquests in Europe, 502, 503, 504, 507, 508;
- they capture Constantinople, 510;
- further conquests, 511, 512, 513, 514.
- Padilla, Maria de, 472, 473.
- Padua, subjected to Milan, 179;
- revolt of, 180;
- seized by Venice, 245.
- Palermo, rising at, 25.
- Palladio, architect, 531.
- Papal States, 26, 27.
- Paris, University of, 194, 197, 201, 209.
- Parliament, the model (1295), 60.
- —— of Paris, the, 59.
- —— the Florentine, 33.
- Patay, battle of, 341.
- Paul II., 280, 415.
- Pavia, Council at, 228.
- Pazzi, conspiracy of the, 262, 282, 305-307.
- —— Francesco, 305, 306.
- —— Jacopo, 305, 306.
- Pecquigni, treaty of, 382.
- Pelekanon, battle of, 499.
- Peniscola, 221.
- Pera, suburb of Constantinople, 168, 178, 495.
- Péronne, interview at, 370;
- Perpignan, 198;
- death of Philip III. at, 49.
- Perugino, Pietro, 528.
- Peter III., King of Aragon and Sicily, 24, 25, 48, 479, 480, 481.
- —— IV., King of Aragon, 481, 482.
- —— I. (the Cruel) of Castile, 93, 94, 472-474.
- Petit, Jean, 218, 323.
- Petrarch, 114, 523.
- Pfahlbürger, 18, 117, 188.
- Philadelphia, 499, 504.
- Philip de Rouvre, Duke and Count of Burgundy, 79, 320;
- —— I. (the Bold) of Burgundy, 81, 90, 315, 317, 319, 320, 321, 324;
- —— II. (the Good) of Burgundy, 332, 333, 336, 349, 359, 361, 364, 405;
- quarrel with Gloucester, 337;
- acquisitions in the Netherlands, 339, 360;
- hands over Jeanne Darc, 344;
- rupture with Bedford, 346;
- makes treaty of Arras, 347-348;
- death of, 369.
- —— III., King of France, 46-49;
- acquires marquisate of Provence, 47;
- Champagne and Navarre, 48;
- wars in Spain, 48, 49.
- —— IV., King of France, 14, 16, 19;
- reign, 49-62;
- quarrel with Boniface VIII., 29, 54;
- wars with England, 53-55;
- war in Flanders, 53, 54;
- suppresses the Templars, 55;
- administrative reforms, 56-61;
- annexes Lyons, 18, 56;
- death, 62.
- —— V., King of France, marries heiress of Franche-Comté, 56;
- accession of, 64;
- death, 65.
- —— VI. of France, 106;
- accession to the throne, 65, 66;
- reign, 66-79;
- war with Flanders, 70;
- war with England, 72-77;
- annexes Dauphiné, 78.
- Philippa, daughter of John of Gaunt, 474, 475.
- Platina, 280.
- Plauen, Henry of, 463.
- Piccinino, Jacopo, 278, 285, 309.
- —— Niccolo, 249, 251, 292.
- Piccolomini, Æneas Sylvius, 234, 235, 239-241, 272, 276, 405, 524.
- Pisa, decline of, 31;
- supports Ghibellines, 141;
- loses her maritime importance, 168;
- Council of, 198, 199, 200, 210, 211;
- subjected to Milan, 180;
- subjected to Florence, 167, 244.
- Pisani, Niccolo, 170, 171.
- —— Vettor, 172.
- Pistoia, annexed to Florence, 167.
- Pitti, Luca, 297, 299, 301.
- Pius II., 255, 276-280, 415.
- Podiebrad, George, 401, 410, 413;
- King of Bohemia, 414;
- war with Hungary, 415;
- death, 416.
- Poggio Bracciolini, 523, 524.
- —— Imperiale, 308.
- Poitiers, battle of, 81.
- Poland, 183, 190, 455, 467;
- Politiano, 524.
- Pomerania, 209, 453, 455.
- Pomerellen, 458.
- Porcaro, Stefano, 273.
- Portolungo, battle of, 171.
- Porto Santo, 491.
- Portugal, 468, 490;
- its share in geographical discovery, 491, 492, 493.
- Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 237, 355, 363, 406.
- Prague, University of, 113;
- disputes between the Bohemians and the other nations, 209;
- exodus of Germans from, 210;
- four articles of, 223, 231;
- death of Ladislas Postumus at, 413.
- Praguerie, the, 46, 353, 354.
- Premyslides, dynasty of, in Bohemia, 15
- Privilege of union in Aragon, 481;
- Procida, John of, 24.
- Prokop, son of John Henry of Moravia, 123.
- —— Hussite leader, 225, 227, 228;
- attends Council of Basel, 231;
- killed, 232.
- Provence, 12;
- marquisate of, 47, 56;
- county of, 9, 47;
- acquired by first house of Anjou, 24;
- acquired by second house of Anjou, 154;
- united with France, 279.
- Prussia, 55, 209, 453, 454;
- conquered by Teutonic Knights, 455, 456, 457;
- divided into east and west, 465.
- Prussian League, 463, 464.
- Public Weal, war of the, 46, 365-367.
- Puritanism, 532.
- Raphael, 528, 529.
- Reichstädte, 5.
- Renaissance, the, 20, 518, 519;
- prominence of Italy in, 520;
- Papal patronage of, 521;
- in literature, 522-525;
- in art, 525-532;
- its relation with the Reformation, 532;
- stimulates education, 533.
- Réné le Bon, 260, 271, 354, 378, 486;
- claims Lorraine, 345, 346;
- relations with Charles the Bold, 383, 389;
- death of, 389.
- —— of Lorraine, 279, 286, 312, 378, 381, 385;
- Rense, meeting of electors at, 102, 106, 117.
- Reuchlin, 525.
- Reutlingen, battle of, 121.
- Rheims, coronation of Charles VII. at, 341.
- Rhodes, held by Knights of St. John, 55, 457, 495, 512.
- Riario, Girolamo, 281, 282, 283, 304, 305.
- —— Piero, 281.
- —— Raffaelle, 306.
- Ricci, the, 164.
- Richard of Cornwall, 6;
- —— II., King of England, 208, 323, 325.
- Richemont, Arthur of, 329, 336;
- Rienzi, Cola di, 156-161.
- Riga, Bishop of, 454.
- Ritterschaft, in Germany, 5.
- Robbia, Luca della, 530.
- Robert, Count of Artois, 53.
- —— of Artois, grandson of above, 67.
- —— King of Naples, 26, 42, 99, 140, 141, 153.
- —— I., King of Scotland, 68.
- Rocca Secca, battle of, 204, 266.
- Roosebek, battle of, 318.
- Rosenberg, Ulrich von, 410.
- Roussillon, ceded to France, 389, 486;
- Rovere, Giovanni della, 281.
- —— Giuliano della, 281 (Pope Julius II.).
- —— Lionardo della, 281.
- Rovigo, 257;
- Rudolf III. of Hapsburg, chosen King of the Romans (Rudolf I.), 8;
- relations with Papacy, 9, 24, 26;
- war with Ottokar, 9, 10;
- action in Swabia, 126, 127;
- death, 11.
- —— IV. of Hapsburg, 120, 136;
- activity in Swabia and death, 137.
- Rupert III., Elector Palatine and King of the Romans, 151, 181, 195, 196;
- Russia, 467.
- Sachsenhausen, imperial election at, 98.
- St. Jacob, battle of, 408.
- St. John, Knights of, 55, 56, 453;
- St. Pol, Count of, Constable of France, 365, 367, 373, 374, 375;
- St. Maur des Fossés, treaty of, 367.
- St. Tron, battle of, 369.
- Salado, battle of the, 471.
- Salic Law, the so-called, 64, 73.
- Salviati, Francesco, 305, 306, 307.
- Salza, Hermann von, 454.
- Sancho IV. of Castile, 48, 470.
- Santa Hermandad, 488.
- Sapienza, battle of, 171.
- Sardinia, 168, 170;
- acquired by King of Aragon, 480.
- Sarto, Andrea del, 529.
- Sarzana, 309, 312.
- Savelli, the family of, 28.
- Savonarola, attitude towards art, 532.
- Savoy, 12;
- relations with Charles the Bold, 380, 384, 385.
- Scali, Giorgio, 165.
- Scaligers, their rule in Verona, 141, 143, 147.
- Scanderbeg, 255, 256, 508, 513.
- Scarampo, 272.
- Schaffhausen, 215.
- Schauenburg, house of, in Holstein, 444, 445, 446.
- Schleswig, united with Holstein, 442, 444, 445;
- acquired by Christian I. of Denmark, 447.
- Schwartzburg, Gunther of, 111.
- Schwiz, canton of Swiss League, 126, 127, 407.
- Scutari in Albania, 256, 308.
- Selim I. conquers Egypt, 514.
- Semendria, siege of, 401, 507.
- Sempach, battle of, 138, 189.
- Senlis, treaty of, 393.
- Servia, under Stephen Dushan, 501;
- attacked by the Turks, 503, 507, 508;
- made a Turkish province, 511.
- Seville, 468.
- Sforza, Ascanio, 287.
- —— Attendolo, 151, 267, 268;
- —— Caterina, 282.
- —— Francesco, 249, 250, 251, 292;
- —— Galeazzo Maria, 261, 282, 300, 305;
- relations with Burgundy, 380, 384.
- —— Gian Galeazzo, 262, 263, 264.
- —— Ippolita, 260.
- —— Ludovico, il Moro, 262, 263, 264, 286, 392.
- Shetland Islands, transferred to Scotland, 448.
- Sicilian Vespers, 25, 48, 140, 479, 496.
- Sicily, 23;
- acquired by Charles I. of Anjou, 24;
- transferred to house of Aragon, 25, 26, 48, 50, 140, 479, 480;
- united with Aragonese crown, 26, 482, 484.
- Siena, 18, 31, 244;
- Council at, 228;
- cathedral of, 531.
- Sigismund, second son of Charles IV., 121;
- inherits Brandenburg, 123;
- acquires Hungary, 190-192, 201;
- pawns Brandenburg to Jobst, 193;
- fights at Nicopolis, 193, 504;
- elected King of the Romans, 202, 203, 204;
- forces Pope to summon Council of Constance, 205;
- gives safe-conduct to Hus, 211;
- action at the Council, 212-220;
- succeeds in Bohemia, 224, 232;
- death, 239.
- —— of Tyrol, 398, 408;
- Signorelli, Luca, 528.
- Silesia, 209.
- Simonetta, Francesco, 261, 262.
- Sirk, Jacob von, Archbishop of Trier, 240, 241, 405.
- Sixtus IV., 257, 281-284;
- quarrel with Florence, 304-310;
- establishes Inquisition in Spain, 489.
- Skaania, province of, 433, 438;
- fishing stations in, 428, 450.
- Slavs in Northern Germany, 288, 420;
- subjected to German rule, 421, 453, 456;
- revolt against German influences, 208, 209, 210, 225, 228, 460, 465.
- Sluys, naval battle off, 72.
- Soderini, Niccolo, 299, 300, 301, 302.
- —— Tommaso, 302, 304.
- Somme Towns, the, ceded to Burgundy, 348;
- recovered by Louis XI., 364;
- restored, 367;
- again recovered, 386, 388.
- Soncino, battle of, 250.
- Sorel, Agnes, 347, 354, 358.
- Sound, channel of the, 428, 437, 438, 439.
- States-General, origin of the, 59, 60;
- meeting at Orleans (1439), 352;
- meeting at Tours (1484), 390, 391.
- Stephen, duke of Bavaria, 109, 120.
- Stephen Dushan, King of Servia, 501.
- Stralsund, treaty of, 121, 438, 439, 441.
- Strozzi, Tommaso, 165.
- Sture, Sten, 448.
- —— Sten the Younger, 449.
- —— Svante, 448.
- Suffolk, William, Duke of, 356.
- Suleiman, son of Orchan, 502.
- Swabia, duchy of, 2, 8, 125, 126;
- Swabian League, 137, 138, 184, 187, 188, 189.
- Swiss Confederation, 19, 183, 189;
- rise of, 124-138;
- at war with Frederick III., 408;
- at war with Charles the Bold, 379, 380, 384, 385, 409.
- Sword, Order of the, 454;
- united with Teutonic Order, 453;
- recovers independence, 465;
- dissolved, 466.
- Szegedin, treaty of, 507, 508.
- Taborites, extreme Hussites, 224;
- their defeat at Lipan, 232.
- Tagliacozzo, battle of, 24.
- Taille, the, made a royal tax, 353.
- Tannegui du Châtel, 331, 332, 338.
- Tannenberg, battle of, 396, 460.
- Tarifa, 471.
- Tauss, battle of, 228.
- Templars, the, 452;
- Teutonic Order, 19, 55, 183, 191, 208;
- foundation of, 452;
- conquers Prussia, 455, 456;
- transferred to Prussia, 457;
- at the zenith of its power, 458;
- war with Poland, 460;
- decline of, 461-466.
- Tewkesbury, battle of, 373.
- Thessalonica, 503, 505;
- conquered by the Turks, 507.
- Thorn, 455, 462;
- first peace of (1411), 461;
- second peace of (1466), 465.
- Tiepolo, Bajamonte, 39.
- Timour, the Tartar leader, 193, 505.
- Tintoretto, 529.
- Titian, 526, 529.
- Tordesillas, treaty of, 493.
- Torquemada, 489.
- Torre, Guido della, 36, 40, 41.
- —— Martino della, 35.
- Tours, States-General at, 390.
- Trastamara, Henry of, 93, 94, 472, 473.
- —— House of, acquires crown of Castile, 474;
- acquires crown of Aragon, 483.
- Trebizond, Empire of, 495, 513.
- Tremouille, George de la, 339, 340, 346, 347.
- Treviso, 143, 245;
- subjected to Venice, 147, 171;
- lost by Venice, 174;
- recovered, 179.
- Trivulzio, Gian Jacopo, 308.
- Troyes, treaty of, 332, 333.
- Turin, peace of, 174.
- Tyler, Wat, 316.
- Tyrol, county of, 10, 15;
- passes to Margaret Maultasch, 107, 108;
- acquired by Hapsburgs, 120.
- Unterwalden, 126, 127.
- Urban V., 122, 161, 162, 185, 503.
- —— VI., election of, 122, 162, 185, 186.
- Urgel, house of, 481, 482, 483.
- Uri, 126;
- united with Schwiz and Unterwalden, 127.
- Uzzano, Niccolo da, 289, 290, 292.
- Valencia, 478;
- Valla, Lorenzo, 524, 525.
- Valois, house of, 45;
- Varna, battle of, 410, 508.
- Vaudemont, Antony of, 345.
- —— Frederick of, 346.
- —— Réné of, 378.
- Venaissin, the, 30, 47.
- Venice, constitution of, 36-39;
- policy of, 140, 247, 248;
- rivalry with Genoa, 168-173, 255;
- relations with Greek Empire, 255, 495, 502, 509;
- acquisitions on the mainland, 245, 249, 258, 259;
- war with the Turks, 255, 256, 512, 513;
- war with Ferrara, 251, 283, 284, 311;
- decline of, 259.
- Verdun, treaty of, 43.
- Verme, Jacopo del, 167, 179, 181.
- Verneuil, battle of, 337.
- Verona, 20, 143, 147;
- annexed to Milan, 179;
- acquired by Venice, 245.
- Verrocchio, Andrea, 530.
- Viana, Charles of, 485, 486, 487.
- Vicenza, 143, 179;
- Vienne, Dauphins of, 78.
- —— Jean de, 77.
- Vinci, Leonardo da, 529.
- Visconti, Azzo, 143, 145, 174, 175.
- —— Bernabo, 161, 175, 176, 177.
- —— Carlo, 261.
- —— Caterina, 243, 245.
- —— Filippo Maria, 243, 271;
- character, 246;
- restores duchy of Milan, 247;
- quarrel with Eugenius IV., 231, 239;
- war with Florence, 249;
- war with Venice, 249, 270;
- death, 251.
- —— Galeazzo, 142, 143.
- —— Gian Galeazzo, 167, 174, 176;
- —— Gian Maria, 243;
- —— Giovanni, Archbishop and Lord of Milan, 170, 174, 175.
- —— Lucchino, 175.
- —— Matteo, 36, 40, 140;
- imperial vicar in Milan, 41.
- —— Matteo II., 175.
- —— Otto, Archbishop of Milan, 36.
- —— Stefano, 174, 175.
- —— Valentina, marries Louis of Orleans, 178, 252, 321, 325.
- —— Virida, 176, 252.
- Vistula, valley of the, 453, 455, 465.
- Vitalien-Bruder, 443.
- Vitelleschi, Cardinal, 272.
- Waldemar of Brandenburg, death of, 107;
- Waldemar III., King of Denmark, 121, 420, 433;
- wars with the Hanse towns, 183, 434-438;
- death, 442.
- Waldhäuser, Konrad, 207.
- Wallachia, 507;
- annexed by the Turks, 511.
- Warwick, Earl of, the King-maker, 365, 372, 373.
- Welf, house of, 3.
- Wendish towns, 426, 431, 432, 435.
- Wenzel II., King of Bohemia, 9, 10;
- —— III. of Bohemia, 15.
- —— brother of Charles IV., 123;
- marries Duchess of Brabant and Limburg, 119.
- —— eldest son of Charles IV., 112, 137, 187, 188;
- elected King of the Romans, 121;
- King of Bohemia, 123;
- opposition in Germany, 192;
- troubles in Bohemia, 192-193;
- visit to France, 194;
- declared deposed, 195;
- death of, 224.
- Wettin, house of, 3;
- —— Frederick of, 16.
- Wisby, 425, 427, 429, 432;
- captured by Waldemar III., 433.
- Wittelsbach, house of, 3, 118;
- divided into two branches, 115;
- acquisitions of, under Lewis the Bavarian, 75, 107, 108;
- opposition to Wenzel, 192.
- Woodville, Elizabeth, 365, 374.
- Wordingborg, treaty of, 436.
- Würtemberg, 187.
- —— Eberhard of, 189.
- Wyclif, John, 207, 208.
- Yolande of Aragon, wife of Louis II. of Anjou and mother-in-law of Charles VII. of France, 335, 336, 338, 341, 483.
- —— daughter of Réné le Bon, 278, 346.
- —— sister of Louis XI., 380, 384.
- York, Richard, Duke of, 357.
- Zagonara, battle of, 291.
- Zeno, Carlo, 172, 173.
- Ziska, John, 223, 225, 460.
- Zug, a Swiss canton, 134, 135, 136, 138, 189.
- Zürich, 131, 134, 136, 138;
- joins the Swiss League, 132;
- war with the other cantons, 407, 408.