439 See B. ix. c. 4.

440 See B. ix. c. 4.

441 “Homines marini.” See B. ix. c. 4.

442 See B. ix. c. 3.

443 See B. ix. c. 5.

444 See B. ix. c. 4.

445 See B. ix. c. 88, and B. xi. c. 62.

446 See B. ix. c. 67.

447 See B. ix. c. 7.

448 See B. ix. c. 15.

449 Odyssey, B. iv. l. 436.

450 Turtles. See B. ix. c. 13.

451 See Chapter 13 of this Book.

452 See B. viii. c. 47; also Chapters 26 and 32 of this Book.

453 See B. ix. c. 70.

454 The name of a fish unknown. Sillig conjectures that Pliny may have had in view the fish called “dromades” by Aristotle. “Dromones” is another reading, a sort of small crab.

455 Littré translates this “horned ray.”

456 “Gladii.” See B. ix. cc. 1, 21; the same, probably as the “xiphias” mentioned at the end of this Chapter.

457 See B. ix. c. 1.

458 See B. viii. c. 39.

459 See B. viii. c. 37.

460 See B. ix. c. 18, 20. Holland says, “Some take ‘thynni’ for the milters and ‘thynnides’ for the spawners.” In this translation, however, he identifies the “thynnides” with the “pelamides,” or young tunnies, mentioned in this Chapter and in B. ix. c. 18.

461 See B. ix. cc. 17, 25.

462 See B. ix. cc. 24, 32.

463 “Percæ.” See B. ix. c. 24.

464 See B. ix. c. 27.

465 “Aurata.” See B. ix. c. 25.

466 See B. ix. cc. 25, 28.

467 Considered by some to be the whiting. Littré identifies it with the Perca labrax of Linnæus.

468 See B. ix. c. 74; where it is called “apua.”

469 The “sea-fox.” See B. ix. c. 67.

470 “Anguilla.” See B. ix. cc. 2, 37, 38.

471 Or sea-spider. See B. ix. c. 72.

472 The same as the bogue of the coasts of Narbonne, according to Rondelet, B. v. c. 11.

473 See Chapter 25 of the present Book.

474 See B. ix. c. 28.

475 Or frog-fish. See B. ix. c. 40.

476 “Sea-needles.” Identified by some with the horn-fish, horn-back, or needle-fish.

477 “Needle-fish.”

478 “Acorn-fish.” A shell-fish, according to Rondelet, B. i. c. 30, which frequents the clefts of rocks.

479 “Sea-raven.” According to some authorities, identical with the Trigla hirundo of Linnæus. Hardouin says that it is the fish called capone by the people of Rome.

480 See B. ix. c. 71.

481 The same, probably, as the “gobio,” mentioned in B. ix. c. 83.

482 See B. ix. c. 28.

483 See B. ix. cc. 25, 28.

484 Thought by some to be a kind of mackerel, by others to be a tunny. Rondelet says, B. viii. c. 8, that it is a fish still called coguiol by the people of Marseilles.

485 In the Hellespont.

486 Or Sexis, according to Pintianus.

487 Or “sea-lizards.”

488 See B. ix. c. 18. He surely does not intend to include this among his “one hundred and seventy-six different kinds of aquatic animals”!

489 Or young tunny. See B. ix. c. 18.

490 See B. ix. c. 18.

491 Rondelet says, B. v. c. 4, that it is a fish still known (in his time) as cantheno, by the people of Narbonne. Ovid, in his Halieuticon, l. 103, speaks of the unpleasant flavour of its juices.

492 See Chapter 24 of the present Book.

493 Of course, as Hardouin says, he does not include the shell-fishes in this assertion. The fish with this uncomplimentary name has not been identified.

494 “Urtica.” See B. ix. c. 68.

495 See B. ix. c. 51.

496 Or “chamæ;” different varieties of gaping cockles.

497 Or “monster” cockles.

498 Or “sweet” cockles.

499 See Chapter 27 of this Book.

500 See B. ix. c. 54.

501 Or “cochli.” As to the various kinds of cochleæ, see B. ix. c. 51.

502 “Five-fingered.” So called from some peculiarity in their shape.

503 Considered by some to be the striated mussel, the Pecten of Linnæus.

504 “Radii.”

505 This is not improbably the meaning of the very elliptical sentence, “Quibus radii cantant.”

506 See B. ix. c. 1.

507 The “dog’s-face,” literally. This fish has not been identified: indeed the reading is doubtful.

508 A kind of crab or crayfish. See B. xxvii. c. 2.

509 Literally, the “dog’s right hand.” This fish has not been identified: Hardouin suggests that it may have been a zoöphyte.

510 See B. ix. c. 43, and Chapters 17 and 26 of this Book.

511 Or “little dragon.”

512 The sea-scorpion, probably.

513 See B. ix. c. 23; also Chapters 31 and 50 of this Book.

514 Or Remora. See B. ix. c. 41; also Chapter 1 of this Book.

515 See B. ix. cc. 14, 74.

516 See B. ix. c. 32.

517 See Chapter 46 of the present Book.

518 See B. ix. c. 67.

519 Possibly the same as the “Conger” of B. ix. c. 24.

520 A fish similar, most probably, to the “gerricula” previously mentioned. Holland calls it a “pilchard” or “herring.”

521 A kind of squalus. See B. ix. c. 70.

522 See B. xxxi. c. 43.

523 Or “horse.” The crab, probably, mentioned in B. ix. c. 51.

524 See B. ix. c. 24.

525 Or sea-swallow. See B. ix. c. 43.

526 “Lungs of the sea.” The same as the Pulmones, or sea-lungs mentioned in B. ix. c. 71, and in Chapter 36 of this Book.

527 See B. ix. c. 1.

528 Or “sea-liver.” A sort of rock-fish, according to Athenæus.

529 The same as the “milvus” or “sea-kite,” mentioned in B. ix. c. 43.

530 See Chapter 31 of this Book. Instead of this fish and the preceding one, most of the editions mention the “elacatenes,” a cetaceous fish, according to Athenæus, much used for salting.

531 “Sea-lizards.”

532 See B. ix. c. 45.

533 “Locusta.” See B. ix. c. 50.

534 “Lucerna.” See B. ix. c. 43.

535 Neither this fish nor the “larinus” has been identified.

536 See B. ix. c. 72, and Chapter 3 of this Book.

537 See B. ix. c. 51.

538 See B. ix. c. 30.

539 See B. ix. c. 20.

540 See B. ix. c. 26.

541 See Chapter 8 of this Book. Holland translates this—“The blacke taile perch, (which some take for a ruffe, others for a sea-breame).”

542 See B. ix. c. 42.

543 A fish of the Nile, according to Ælian. “Meryx” is another reading, a kind of Scarus, it is thought.

544 See B. ix. c. 23.

545 A shell-fish. See B. ix. c. 56.

546 See Chapter 31 of this Book.

547 See Chapter 31 of this Book.

548 See B. ix. c. 61.

549 The “eye-fish.” A kind of lamprey has been suggested.

550 See Chapter 35 of this Book.

551 See B. ix. c. 21.

552 “Sea-ears.” A kind of oyster, Holland says.

553 See B. ix. c. 20.

554 He speaks of it as a kind of Pelamis, a little further on.

555 The sun-fish. See Chapter 5 of this Book.

556 The same, probably, as the “orbis.” See Chapters 5 and 9 of the present Book.

557 Or phagrus. See B. ix. c. 24.

558 See B. ix. c. 42.

559 A young tunny. See B. ix. c. 20.

560 A “choice bit.” See B. ix. c. 20.

561 See B. ix. c. 17.

562 This fish has not been identified.

563 See B. ix. c. 36.

564 Or sting-ray. See B. ix. c. 40.

565 See B. ix. c. 48.

566 See B. ix. c. 51.

567 See B. v. c. 39.

568 Probably the place of that name in Sicily, mentioned in B. ii. c. 94, and B. iii. c. 14.

569 See B. iii. c. 26.

570 See B. iii. c. 22.

571 “Pectunculus.” See Note 566 above.

572 See B. ix. c. 60.

573 An unknown fish. The reading is doubtful.

574 See B. ix. c. 66.

575 See B. ix. c. 66.

576 See B. ix. c. 40.

577 “Rhombus.” See B. ix. c. 36.

578 See B. ix. c. 29.

579 See B. ix. c. 36.

580 See B. ix. c. 30.

581 The same, perhaps, as the “pinnotheres” of B. ix. c. 66, a kind of shrimp.

582 See Chapter 17 of this Book.

583 See B. ix. c. 18.

584 See B. ix. c. 19.

585 See B. ix. c. 32.

586 Considered by Sillig to be the same as the “Saurus” of Chapter 28 of this Book; the “sea-lizard,” apparently.

587 It does not seem to have been identified; though Rondelet says that it is the same as the Rascasse of the Mediterranean.

588 See B. xx. c. 53, and Chapters 23, 30, 32, 34, and 35 of this Book.

589 This fish has not been identified; indeed the reading is very doubtful.

590 See B. ix. c. 24.

591 A fish similar to the preceding one, probably; some kind of ombre, Littré thinks.

592 See B. ix. c. 67.

593 Probably the same as the “Myrus” of B. ix. c. 39.

594 See B. ix. c. 45.

595 See Chapter 30 of this Book.

596 See Chapter 32 of this Book.

597 A sort of mollusk, Littré thinks. There is a shell-fish known as the Spondylus gæderopus of Linnæus.

598 See Chapters 34, 45, and 46, of this Book.