Plate I.—Frontispiece to Vol. I.

Plate II. Frontispiece to Vol. II.

Plates III., IV., V., and VI., to follow the Table of Contents, and be placed opposite the description of each.

Lign. 247, to face page 770.

DESCRIPTION
OF THE

FRONTISPIECE OF VOL. I.

PLATE I.

Fig. 1.— A Fern in Coal-shale, from Leicestershire.
2.— A Crustacean in Limestone, from Solenhofen.
3.— A Fish (Pycnodus rhombus) in Limestone; from near Castel-a-mare.
4.— Half the Lower Jaw of a Hyena, from a fissure in a sandstone rock, near Maidstone.
5.— An Ammonite, from the Isle of Portland.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VIGNETTE OF VOL. I.

A Group of Fossils, containing

Ammonites Mantellii, from the Chalk-marl, Sussex.
Turrilites costatus, from the Lower Chalk, Rouen.
Chondrites Bignoriensis, from the Chalk-marl, Sussex.
Echinus and Fusus, from Tertiary strata, Palermo.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II.

The Frontispiece of Vol. II.

A Fossil Fish of the Salmon tribe, allied to the Smelt; from the Chalk, near Lewes, in Sussex.

[See Vol. II. pages 626 and 628.]

Plate III
J. Dinkel del. G. Scharf lithog.
Printed by Hullmandel & Walton

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III.

Incrustations, and Fossil Plants.

Figs. 1, 2, 3.— Twigs of Larch and Hawthorn, coated with tufa, or travertine, from having been exposed to the dripping of an incrusting spring; from Russia; see p. 39.
5.— A branch of recent Chara, with its fruit, with a thin pellicle of incrustation. Matlock.
6, 7.— Hazel-nuts, from Belfast Lough: fig. 6 is lined with crystals of calcareous spar; fig. 7 is filled with a solid mass of the same mineral; see p. 71.
4, 8.— Impressions of Dicotyledonous Leaves in Gypseous Marlstone, from Stradella, near Pavia; see p. 201.
9.— Eocene Lacustrine or Fresh-water Limestone, from East Cliff Bay, Isle of Wight, with stems and seeds of Charge: slightly magnified; see p. 195.
10.— Encrusted Twigs, from Matlock; the vegetable matter has perished, and left tubular cavities; see p. 39, and p. 873.
Plate IV
J. Dinkel del. G. Scharf lithog.
Printed by Hullmandel & Walton

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV.

Various species of recent Diatomaceæ, to illustrate the Fossil remains of this Tribe of Vegetables.

For detailed descriptions, see pages 87-100.

Figs. 1 to 5.— Various kinds of Xanthidia: figs. 2, 3, 4, found in a pond on Clapham Common, and fig. 1. living in a pond near Westpoint, United States.
1.— Xanthidium furcatum: 1/24 of a line in diameter.
2.— ———— hirsutum: 1/36.
3.— ———— aculeatum: 1/24.
4.— ———— fasciculatum: 1/24.
5.— —————————— variety of the above.
2*.— Pyxidicula operculata; Carlsbad, Bohemia: 1/48 of a line in diameter.
6.— Bacillaria vulgaris. 1/36 of a line in diameter. Pond on Clapham Common.
7.— Cocconeis scutellum: from the Baltic: 1/24 of a line.
8.— Navicula viridis: 1/6 of a line. Ponds on Clapham Common.
9.— The same; a side view; showing the currents produced in the water by the animal when in locomotion.
10.— Gallionella lineata: 1/36 of a line. Ponds on Clapham Common.
11.— Gallionella moniliformis: 1/72 of a line.
12.— Synhedra ulna: 1/9 of a line: the point a, marks the pedicle of attachment. Ponds on Clapham and Wandsworth Commons.
13.— Podosphenia gracilis: 1/12 of a line; attached to a thread of Calothria and having by self-division formed a radiating cluster. Common in the ditches communicating with the Thames in Battersea-fields.
14.— Navicula splendida: 1/12 of a line in diameter.
15.— Lateral view of the same.
16.— Eunotia turgida: 1/14 of a line; the empty shell, with sixty-five ribs, viewed laterally.
17.— A living group of the same: 1/20 of a line: a piece of Conferva rivularis, beset with these animalcules. The smaller species are E. Westermanni.

[All the above organisms were figured and described by Ehrenberg as animals (Polygastrica), and are comprised in his family Bacillaria; they are now, however, regarded as unquestionably vegetable structures, belonging to the family of Algæ, termed Diatomaceæ.]

Pl. 5.
Plate V
J. Dinkel del. G. Scharf lithog.
Printed by Hullmandel & Walton

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V.

Illustrative of the Structure of Fossil Vegetables.

Fig. 1.— Polished transverse section of silicified Monocotyledonous Wood, from Antigua; p. 185.
1a.— Magnified 20 times linear.
1b.— Magnified 75 times linear.
2a.— Transverse section of silicified Coniferous Wood (Abies Benstedi) from the Kentish Rag, near Maidstone (Iguanodon quarry), × 120 linear; p. 173.
2b.— Vertical or longitudinal section of the same, × 250 linear.
3a.— Transverse section of calcareous coniferous wood, from Willingdon, Sussex, × 80 linear; p. 173.
3b.— Longitudinal section of the above, × 120 linear.
4.— Slice of a transverse section of a recent Dicotyledonous Stem; showing, 1st, Pith or medullary column, occupying the centre; 2d, Four bands of woody layers, separated by condensed lines of elongated tissue in series, and having large regular openings of vessels, with numerous medullary rays running continuously from the central pith to the bark; 3d, the bark. (From Mr. Witham.)
5.— Slice of a transverse section of a recent gymnospermous phanerogamic stem (of a Cycas), having a central pith, with woody layers separated by a condensed line, and consisting of elongated cellular tissue, arranged in a regular series; medullary rays and bark. (From Mr. Witham.)
6.— Bundles of vascular tissue in Stigmaria ficoides, × 12 linear. See p. 135. The two strands of vessels that appear as if on the surface (and are of a looser texture) are part of the vascular tissue of the stem, and become inflected (that is, bent over), and give rise to a band of vessels (the darker band seen between the above), that passes towards the bark or cortical covering.
7.— Portion of a transverse section of one of the bundles of vascular tissue of Sigillaria elegans, × 20 linear. (From M. Brongniart.) See p. 131.
The convex portion on the left, and which in the original stem is situated towards the centre, is composed of the medullary vascular tissue formed of vessels irregularly disposed.
The longitudinal bundles are the woody fibres arranged in a radiated circle: the smooth interspaces are medullary rays.
The two distinct roundish spots of vascular tissue on the right of the ligneous zone occur irregularly on the outside of the woody circle, and are supposed to be detached bundles of the ligneous zone extending towards the leaves. See p. 131.
Pl. 6.
Plate VI
J. Dinkel del. G. Scharf lithog.
Printed by Hullmandel & Walton

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VI.

Illustrative of the Structure of Fossil Teeth.

Fig. 1a.— Tooth of Psammodus porosus, from the Mountain Limestone. See p. 587.
1b.— Vertical section, a portion × 75 linear.
1c.— Transverse section of the same, × 75.
2a.— Tooth of Ptychodus polygurus, from the Chalk, near Lewes. See p. 585.
2b.— Portion of longitudinal section, × 20.
2c.— Portion of transverse section, × 20.
3b.— Tooth of the Labyrinthodon Jægeri, from the New Red sandstone near Wirtemberg; half the natural size: the specimen presented by Dr. Jæger. See p. 742.
3a.— A moiety of a transverse polished section, × 20.
3b.— Portion of a vertical section near the apex, × 20.
3c.— One of the anfractuosities of fig. 3a × ×.
4a.— Crown or upper portion of a tooth of a young Iguanodon, from Tilgate Forest. See p. 697.
4b.— Portion of a vertical section of the above, × 20.
4c.— A small portion of a transverse section of the same, × 20.
5.— Tooth of Goniopholis, Tilgate Forest: half the natural size. See p. 678.
6a.— Tooth of a reptile (probably of the Hylæosaurus), from Tilgate Forest; half the natural size. See p. 690.
6b.— Portion of a vertical section of the same, × 20.
7a.— Tooth of Megalosaurus, from Tilgate Forest. See p. 687.
7b.— Portion of a vertical section of the same, × 10.
8.— A small portion of a vertical section of a tooth of Dendrodus. See p. 618.
9.— Portion of a transverse section of the base of a tooth of Ichthyosaurus, × 20. See p. 665.
10a.— Tooth of Lepidotus, Tilgate Forest. See p. 606.
10b.— The upper figure is a transverse section, and the lower a vertical section of the same, × 20.

LIST OF LIGNOGRAPHS IN VOL. I.

(Illustrative of Fossil Botany.)

LIGN. PAGE
1. Sections of Recent Vegetables 55
2. Sections of Fern-Stems 62
3. Nodule of Ironstone, enclosing a Fern Leaf 69
4. Siliceous Frustules of Diatomaceæ, and Spicules of Spongillæ 94
5. Fossil Gallionellæ 96
6. Organic Bodies in Porcelain Earth 97
7. Microphytes from the Tertiary deposits at Richmond, U.S. 98
8. Confervites Woodwardii 101
9. Chondrites Bignoriensis 102
10. Delesserites (Fucoides) Lamourouxii 103
11. Moss and Conferva in transparent quartz 104
12. Equisetum Lyellii 105
13. Equisetites columnaris 106
14. Calamites decoratus 107
15. Calamites in Coal-shale 108
16. Pecopteris Sillimani 110
17. Pachypteris lanceolata 112
18. Sphenopteris elegans 112
19. Sphenopteris nephrocarpa 113
20. Sphenopteris Mantellii 113
21. Cyclopteris trichomanoides 114
22. Neuropteris acuminata 115
23. Glossopteris Phillipsii 116
24. Odontopteris Schlotheimii 116
25. Anomopteris Mougeotii 117
26. Tœniopteris latifolia 118
27. Fig. 1, Pecopteris Murrayana 118
2, Pecopteris lonchitica 118
28. Lonchopteris Mantellii 119
29. Fig. 1, Phlebopteris Phillipsii 120
2, Phlebopteris propinqua 120
30. Clathropteris meniscoides 121
31. Caulopteris macrodiscus 123
32. Base of a Trunk of a Sigillaria, with root 126
33. Sigillariæ, in Coal Shale 128
34. Sigillaria Saullii 129
35. Silicified Stem of Sigillaria elegans 130
36. Stigmaria ficoides 133
37. Transverse section of Stigmaria ficoides 135
38. Erect Stem of a Sigillaria, with Roots 136
39. A Terminal Branch of a Lepidodendron 138
40. Lepidostrobi, the Fruit of Lepidodendra 141
41. Stems of Halonia and Knorria, from the Coal Formation 144
42. Asterophyllites equisetiformis 147
43. Fig. 1, Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii 148
2, Sphenophyllum erosum 148
44. Fossil Fruits, or Seed Vessels 149
45. Foliage and upper part of the Stem of Cycas revoluta (recent) 150
46. Part of a leaf of Pterophyllum comptum 152
47. Part of a leaf of Zamites pectinatus 153
48. Fruit of Zamites Mantellii 154
49. Fossil Fruits of Cycadeous Plants 156
50. Mantellia nidiformis 157
51. Mantellia cylindrica 158
52. Clathraria Lyellii, inner Axis of the Stem of 159
53. Clathraria Lyellii, Stem of 160
54. Clathraria Lyellii, part of Stem of 161
55. Clathraria Lyellii, Petiole of 161
56. Clathraria Lyellii, summit of Stem, with petioles 162
57. Clathraria Lyellii, water-worn Stem of 163
58. Fragment of Coniferous Wood in Flint 174
59. Fig. 1, Part of a Branch of Araucaria peregrina 176
2, Calamites nodosus, with foliage 176
60. Walchia hypnoides 178
61. Abietites Dunkeri 179
62. Thuites Kurrianus 180
63. Nipadites and other Fossil Fruits from the Isle of Sheppey 188
64. Fossil Fruits from the Isle of Sheppey 189
65. Fossil Wood perforated by Teredines 193
66. Fossil Fresh-water Plants 196
67. Fossil Fruits and Flower 198
68. Imprints of Dicotyledonous leaves in Gypseous Marlstone 201

(lllustrative of Fossil Zoology.)
69. Coral and Spongites 224
70. Fossil Zoophytes 227
71. Fossil Sponge 228
72. Fossil Zoophytes 229
73. Siphoniæ from the Greensand 231
74. Polypothecia dichotoma 232
75. Choanites Königi 234
76. Paramoudra in the Chalk 237
77. A group of Spiniferites in Flint 239
78. Spiniferites Reginaldi 241
79. Spiniferites palmatus 241
80. Flints, the forms of which are derived from Zoophytes 243
81. Ventriculites radiatus 244
82. Portions of Ventriculites 245
83. Ventriculites alcyonoides 248
84. A Coral Polype, in flint 250
85. Graptolites in Wenlock Limestone 255
86. Favosites polymorpha 258
87. Corals from the Dudley Limestone 261
88. Fossil Corals 262
89. Corals from the Chalk and Mountain Limestone 268
90. Stems of Encrinites and Pentacrinites 284
91. Recent Comatula and Fossil Crinoidea 286
92. Fossil Crinoidea 289
93. Apiocrinites 291
94. Actinocrinites and Pentacrinite 294
95. Cyathocrinites planus 296
96. Marsupites Milleri 300
97. Fossil remains of Star-fishes 305
98. Goniaster Mantelli 306
99. Asterias prisca 308
100. Fossil Turban Echinus with its Spines 311
101. Cidarites from the Oolite and Chalk 316
102. Fossil Spines of Cidarites 319
103. Echinital remains in flint 320
104. Echinites from the Chalk 323
105. Holectypus inflatus 324
106. Discoidea castanea 325
107. Micraster cor-anguinum 328
108. Toxaster complanatus 329
109. Foraminifera from the Chalk 342
110. Nummulites, or Nummulina 344
111. Foraminifera from the Chalk 347
112. Spirolinites in flint 349
113. Nonionina Germanica (recent) 350
114. Foraminifera in Chalk and flint 351
115. Chalk-dust, chiefly composed of Foraminifera 355
116. Section of a Rotalia in flint 356
117. Rotalia in flint, with the fossilized body of the animal in the shell 358
118. Soft Bodies of Foraminifera extracted from the Chalk 359
119. Remains of Foraminifera in chalk and flint 361
120. Fossil Oyster, from the Chalk 374
121. Recent Bivalve Mollusc, showing the several parts of the shell and the animal 377
122. Turritellæ from Bracklesham 383
123. Shell-Conglomerate 385
124. Shell-Limestone, from the mouth of the Thames 386
125. Terebratula and Rhynchonella 388
126. Terebratula and Spirifer 390
127. Shells and Echinite from the Oolite and Lias 397
128. Spondylus spinosus in Chalk-flint 399
129. Inoceramus Cuvieri of the Chalk 401
130. Flint with fragments of Inoceramus perforated by Clionites 403
131. Unio Valdensis 415
132. Cyclas and Melanopsis 416
133. Fossil Shells of Gasteropoda 418
134. Polished Slab of Purbeck Marble 422
135. Univalves from the Chalk of Touraine 427
136. Univalves from the Mountain Limestone 428
137. Murchisonia bilineata 430
138. Sphærulites from the Chalk 431
139. Coprolites and Molluskite 432

THE
MEDALS OF CREATION.