355. Ainslie, “Materia Indica,” London, 1826, Vol. I, p. 292.

356. “Maṉi-málá,” Calcutta, 1881, p. 871.

357. “Maṉi-málá,” Calcutta, 1879, p. 315.

358. Finot, “Les Lapidaires Indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 15.

359. “Materia medica of India and their Therapeutics,” Bombay, 1903, p. 98.

360. “Alberti Magni Opera omnia,” ed. Augusti Borgnet, Paris, 1890, Vol. V, p. 41.

361. “Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X,” Codice original, Madrid, 1881, p. 4.

362. De Boot, “Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia,” Hanover, 1609, Lib. II, c. 38, p. 87.

363. Margaritologia, Monachii, 1637.

364. Lovell, “Panmineralogicon,” Oxford, 1661, pp. 77, 78.

365. Jones, “Credulities Past and Present,” London, 1880, p. 166.

366. “Speculum lapidum,” Venice, 1502, p. 37.

367. Yriarte, “Florence,” Paris, 1881, p. 39.

368. Bacon, “Historia Vitæ et Mortis,” Londini, 1623, p. 100.

369. Grew, Nehemiah, “Musæum Regalis Societatis,” London, 1681, p. 145.

370. “A Queen’s Delight,” London, 1671, pp. 75, 76.

371. “Hamlet,” Act V, sc. 2.

372. W. J. Lawson, “History of Banking,” London, 1850, pp. 24, 25.

373. “The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus,” Lib. IX, c. 35. This anecdote is mentioned also by Macrobius (Circa 400 A.D.) in “Saturnaliorum conviviorum libri septem,” Lib. II, c. 13.

374. See p. 55.

375. “The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus,” Lib. IX, c. 35.

376. See the epitaph of Tutichylus “qui fuit margaritarius,” Orelli, 4076.

377. Lowis d’A. Jackson, “Modern Metrology,” London, 1881, p. 370.

378. Grimm, “Deutsches Wörterbuch,” Leipzig, 1873, Vol. V, p. 205.

379. Guillaume, “Les récents progrès du système métrique,” Paris, 1907, pp. 62–66, “La réforme du carat.”

380. William Hallock and Herbert T. Wade. “Outlines of the Evolution of Weights and Measures and the Metric System,” New York, 1906, p. 25.

381. “A New English Dictionary,” Oxford and New York, 1893, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 105.

382. Buteonis, “Opera Geometrica,” Lugduni, 1554, pp. 88–96.

383. See “Edelsteinkunde,” Wilhelm Rau, Leipzig, 1907, p. 137.

384. “Les Lapidaires Indiens,” Paris, 1896.

385. The guñja was one fifth of a mâsaka and equaled about 2¼ grains.

386. Finot, “Les Lapidaires Indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 22.

387. “Fior di Pensieri sulle Pietre Preziose di Ahmed al Teifascite,” text and translation by Antonio Raineri, Florence, 1818, pp. 8, 9.

388. Charles Barbot, “Traite Complète des Pierres Précieuses,” Paris, 1858, p. 467.

389. Emanuel, “Diamonds and Precious Stones,” 2nd edition, London, 1867, p. 6.

390. Anselmi de Boot, “Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia,” Hanoviae, 1609, pp. 88–90.

391. De Rosnel, “Le Mercure Indien,” Paris, 1672, Pt. III, pp. 17, 18.

392. Rice Vaughan, “A Discourse of Coin and Coinage,” London, 1675, p. 241.

393. David Jeffries, “A Treatise on Diamonds and Pearls,” London, 1751, pp. 128–141.

394. “Encyclopédie de Diderot et d’Alembert,” Neuchâtel and Paris, 1774, Vol. XII, p. 385.

395. Pio Naldi, “Delle Gemme e delle Regole per Valutarle,” Bologna, 1791, p. 207.

396. Emanuel, “Diamonds and Precious Stones,” London, 1867, p. 197.

397. “L’Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences,” Neuchâtel and Paris, 1774, Vol. XII, p. 385.

398. “Delle Gemme,” etc., 1791.

399. See “Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar,” by W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., Pt. V, London, 1906, pp. 34–36.

400. See pp. 124–127.

401. See “Modern Metrology,” Lowis d’A. Jackson, London, 1882, p. 369.

402. From “Navaratnapariska,” in Finot, “Les Lapidaires Indiens,” p. 158.

403. Guillielmi Budaei, “De Asse,” Venice, 1522, Lib. V, pp. 67, 68.

404. Caire and Dufie, “La Science des Pierres Précieuses appliquée aux Arts,” Paris, 1833.

405. Charles Barbot, “Traité Complète des Pierres Précieuses,” Paris, 1858, pp. 464, 465.

406. “The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian.” Trans. and ed. by Col. Henry Yule, London, 1871, Vol. II, p. 275.

407. General Appraisers 5146 (Treasury Department 23748).

408. December 6, 1901; 112 Fed. Rep. 672.

409. Suit No. 3328.

410. Dec. 29, 1903.

411. Suit No. 4974.

412. General Appraisers 4166.

413. General Appraisers 5148.

414. Suits Nos. 2781 and 3324.

415. John and Andrew van Rymsdyk, “Museum Brittanicum,” London, 1778, p. 8, note.

416. Finot, “Les Lapidaires Indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 24.

417. “An Essay upon Various Arts, in Three Books by Theophilus, called also Rugerus, Priest and Monk, Forming an Encyclopedia of Christian Art of the Eleventh Century.” Translated, with notes, by Robert Hendrie. London, 1847.

418. “Indian Art,” by Sir George C. M. Birdwood (South Kensington Museum Art Books), Pt. II, pp. 188, 248.

419. Anselmi de Boodt, “Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia,” Hanover, 1609. Lib. II, c. 40, “Quomodo margaritae perforuntur,” p. 91.

420. See portrait facing page 442.

421. Charles Barbot, “Traité Complète des Pierres Précieuses,” Paris, 1858, pp. 464, 465.

422. “Délégation en Perse,” Paris, 1905, Vol. VIII, p. 52.

423. De Morgan, “Délégation en Perse,” Paris, 1905, Vol. VIII, p. 52.

424. Imhoof-Blumer, “Porträtköpfe auf antiken Münzen,” pl. 7, figs. 12 sqq.

425. See “Délégation en Perse,” Vol. VIII. “Recherches Archéologiques.” Paris, 1905, third series, pp. 51–2, pl. 5.

426. Equivalent to about 1,250,000 ounces of silver; Hardouin says 7,600,000 francs.

427. “Naturall Historie,” London, 1601, Lib. IX, c. 35.

428. MS. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 2089, XLVII, No. 12.

429. “Dictionnaire des Antiquites Grecques et Romaines,” ed. by Deremberg and Saglio: Art. “Inaures” by Pottier, Paris, 1899, Vol. III, pp. 440–447.

430. Babelon, “Cab. des Antiq.,” pl. 33, fig. 3.

431. Duruy, “Hist. des Romains,” Vol. I, p. 511.

432. Custodian of the coin collection of the Philadelphia Mint.

433. Imperial Museum of Archæology, St. Petersburg, Russia.

434. “Della Storia Naturale delle Gemme delle Pietre e di tutti i Minerali,” Giacinto Gimma, Naples, 1730.

435. Tabari, “Chronique,” translated by Zotenberg, Paris, 1869, Vol. II, p. 304.

436. Ibid., Vol. III, p. 417.

437. Alexander, “The History of Women,” London, 1782, Vol. II, p. 136.

438. “The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian,” trans. and ed. by Col. Henry Yule, London, 1871, Vol. I, p. 343.

439. De Mély, “Les Lapidaires Chinois,” Paris, 1896, p. 178.

440. “The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian,” trans. and ed. by Col. Henry Yule, London, 1871, Vol. II, p. 275.

441. Alexander, “The History of Women,” London, 1782, Vol. II, p. 172.

442. Max Müller, “Rig-Veda Samhita,” 1862, Vol. IV, p. 64.

443. Alexander, “The History of Women,” London, 1782, Vol. II, p. 171.

444. From a letter of Charles Roach Smith, Esq., F. S. A., to John Gage Rokewode, F. R. S. “Archæologia,” Vol. XXIX, p. 70.

445. Augustus C. Hamlin, “Leisure Hours Among the Gems,” Boston, 1884, p. 22.

446. Dieulafoy, “L’art antique de la Perse,” Paris, 1884. Pt. V, p. 137.

447. See Maskell, “Russian Art” (South Kensington Museum Handbooks), London, 1884, pp. 83, 84; also “La Russie Méridionale,” by Reinach-Kondakoff-Tolstoy, pp. 489, 490.

448. “Die Domkirche bei St. Veit in Prag,” Prague, 1890, pp. 13, 19, 21.

449. Abridged from a description by Professor Tennant.

450. Davenport Debrett, “Dictionary of the Coronation,” London, p. 52.

451. Sir Walter Scott, “Description of the Regalia of Scotland,” Edinburgh, 1869.

452. Communicated by Prof. H. Schumacher of Bonn and Johann Wagner & Sohn, Jewelers of the German Court.

453. W. Jones, “Crowns and Coronations,” London, 1883, p. 425.

454. Otto von Falke and Heinrich Frauberger, “Deutsche Schmelzarbeiten des Mittelalters,” Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1904, p. 2.

455. Otto von Falke and Heinrich Frauberger, “Deutsche Schmelzarbeiten des Mittelalters,” Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1904, pp. 6, 7.

456. Ibid., p. 9.

457. Ibid., p. 16.

458. Josef Dankó, “Aus dem Graner Domschatz,” Gran, 1880, pp. 64–66.

459. Josef Dankó, “Aus dem Graner Domschatz,” Gran, 1880, pp. 67–70.

460. Ibid., pp. 74, 75.

461. “Katalog der Schatzkammer von Maria Loretto am Hradschin zu Prag,” Prague, 1891, pp. 34, 40.

462. Maskell, “Russian Art” (South Kensington Museum Handbooks), London, 1884, pp. 119, 120.

463. Baedeker, “Russland,” Leipzig, 1888, p. 317.

464. One of the authors has in his possession twenty manuscript volumes of these inventories. They are careful copies from the originals, most of which are in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. These copies were executed for M. E. Molinier, a conservator of the Louvre Museum, and were disposed of after his death in 1906. The values in the money of the times are usually given, and we have endeavored where possible to indicate the equivalent in United States currency, taking account of the progressive changes in the French monetary standard.

465. “Inventaire des Joyaux de Louis Duc d’Anjou,” In De Laborde’s “Emaux,” Paris, 1853, Vol. II.

466. Bibliothèque Nationale. MS. fr. 6542 (suppt. 4622) parchemin original, 13 pp. in folio.

467. De Laborde, “Emaux,” Paris, 1853, Vol. II, p. 437.

468. “Inventaire des Biens de Marguerite de Flandre,” Bibliothèque Nationale coll., Moreau, 1725 (Mouchet 5).

469. Bibl. Nat. MS. Latin. 9941 (suppt. 1656), folio, parchment, 40 leaves.

470. Bibliothèque Nationale MS. fr. 18766 (S. Germain fr. 910) 40 ff. Bound in green velvet.

471. Bibl. Natl. MS. français, 4611, folio, pp. 433 in parchment.

472. “Inventaires des Ducs de Bourgogne,” De Laborde, “Emaux,” Vol. II, p. 438.

473. See De Laborde. “Emaux,” Paris, 1853, Vol. II, p. 437.

474. “Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses,” Vienna, 1895, Vol. XIV, Pt. II, p. 52. “Inventories of Philip II” (1598–1607).

475. Ibid., Vol. XIX, Pt. II, p. 170.

476. From eptli—shell, and yollott—heart, i.e., life.

477. “Heraldic. Curios.,” Pars III, c. 8, p. 12.

478. Debrett, “Dictionary of the Coronation,” p. 127.

479. “Illustrated London News,” April 13, 1878, p. 347.

480. Pliny, “Naturall Historie,” London, 1601, Lib. IX, c. 35.

481. Budé, “De Asse,” Paris, 1514.

482. Pliny, “Historia Naturalis,” Lib. IX, c. 35.

483. “Historia,” Lib. I, c. 4, ed. Niebuhr, Bonnae, 1833.

484. Panciroli, “Rerum Memorabilium, libri duo,” Frankfort. 1660, Pt. I, p. 44. We have been unable to find this statement in the Annals of Zonaras; it was possibly derived from some gloss or annotation.

485. Published by Lambeccius in “Bibliotheca Cæsarea,” Vol. II, p. 516.

486. See p. 254 for Garcilasso’s description.

487. Garcilasso, “Historie des Incas, Rois du Pérou,” Amsterdam, 1704, Vol. II, p. 352.

488. Ibid., p. 351.

489. Miscel. Academ. Nat. Curios, Dec. 1, Ann. II, obs. 288.

490. “Hawkins’ Voyages,” Hakluyt Society, 1878, p. 315 note.

491. See Robertson, “Inventaires de la Royne d’Ecosse,” Bannatyne Club, 1863.

492. See Lang, “Portraits and Jewels of Mary Stuart,” Edinburgh, 1906.

493. Teulet, “Relations politiques de la France et de l’Espagne avec l’Ecosse,” Vol. II, p. 352.

494. Teulet, “Relations,” etc., p. 364.

495. Walpole, “Anecdotes of Painting in England,” London, 1849, Vol. I, p. 151.

496. An interesting account of this collection was given in a little book, now quite rare, published in London in 1793 by John Roberts, entitled “A View of the Waxen Figures in Henry VII’s Chapel.”

497. Bolton, “Curious Relics of English Funerals,” Boston, 1894, p. 233.

498. Lawson, “History of Banking,” London, 1750, pp. 24, 25.

499. Burgon, “The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham,” London, 1839, Vol. I, p. 69.

500. See p. 451.

501. London, 1631, p. 1297.

502. Tavernier, “Travels in India,” London, 1889, Vol. II, p. 130.

503. Tavernier used the Florentine carat, which equaled 3.04 grains troy.

504. Tavernier, “Travels in India,” London, 1889, Vol. II, p. 110.

505. One rati equaled seven eighths of the Florentine carat, or 2.66 grains troy.

506. Tavernier, “Travels in India,” London, 1889, Vol. I, pp. 397–399.

507. Sir Henry Miers Elliot, “The Mohammedan Period as described by Its Own Historians,” Vol. V. of “The History of India,” ed. by A. V. W. Jackson, New York, 1907, p. 324.

508. See Fig. 2 of Tavernier’s diagram.

509. Tavernier, “Travels in India,” trans. by V. Ball, London, 1889, Vol. II, p. 384.

510. Benjamin, “Persia,” p. 73.

511. Brydges, “An Account of the Transactions of His Majesty’s Mission to the Court of Persia, in the Years 1807–1811,” London, 1834, p. 383.

512. Porter, “Travels in Georgia, Armenia, Ancient Babylon,” etc., London, 1821, Vol. I, p. 325.

513. Robert de Berquen, “Les Merveilles des Indes Orientales et Occidentales,” Paris, 1661, p. 78 b.

514. Bibl. Nat. MS. “Mélanges de Colbert,” Tome 218, p. 14.

515. De Waldheim, “Essai sur la Pellegrina,” p. 48.

516. See p. 452.

517. Hertz, “Catalogue of the Collection of Pearls and Precious Stones Formed by Henry Philip Hope, Esq.,” London, 1839.

518. “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” New York, 1892, Pl. VIII, p. 229.

519. Streeter, “Pearls and Pearling Life,” London, 1886, pp. 295, 296.

520. Taunton, “Australind,” London, 1900, p. 231.

521. Austrian Court Journal, 1899.

522. See p. 461.

523. The senior author was permitted to handle these treasures in 1899.

524. Winckler, “Die Reichskleinodien,” Berlin, 1872, p. 17.

525. Ibid., p. 9.

526. As this pearl was brought from the East later on, it may be the same as the Reine des Perles, stolen from the French crown jewels in 1791. It is evidently the same as the La Pellegrina of the Zozima brothers (1814) and later stolen from them, reappearing as the pearl described by Kohl, in 1840, first in the possession of a Russian merchant and then later in the Russian Treasury.

527. “American Anthropologist,” Lancaster, Pa., Vol. IX, No. 1, Jan.–March, 1907, pp. 57–86.

528. “True Travels,” Richmond edition, 1819, p. 144.

529. Strachey, “Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia,” Hakluyt Society, London, 1849, p. 65.

530. Smith, op. cit., p. 130.

531. Strachey, op. cit., p. 57.

532. Smith, op. cit., p. 83.

533. Strachey, op. cit., p. 67. “The ‘blue’ or ‘violet-colored’ pearls shown in White’s original drawings are probably stained pearls.” These were most probably the dark purple pearls of the round clam or quohog of the coast, although it is possible that they were only glass beads.