TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART I. PHYSIOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
Protoplasm.  1
CHAPTER II.
Absorption, Diffusion, Osmose. 13
CHAPTER III.
How Plants Obtain Water. 22
CHAPTER IV.
Transpiration, or the Loss of Water by Plants. 35
CHAPTER V.
Path of Movement of Water in Plants. 48
CHAPTER VI.
Mechanical Uses of Water. 56
CHAPTER VII.
Starch and Sugar Formation. 60
1. The Gases Concerned. 60
2. Where Starch is Formed. 64
3. Chlorophyll and the Formation of Starch. 67
CHAPTER VIII.
Starch and Sugar Concluded; Analysis of Plant Substance. 73
1. Translocation of Starch. 73
2. Sugar, and Digestion of Starch. 75
3. Rough Analysis of Plant Substance. 79
CHAPTER IX.
How Plants Obtain their Food, I. 81
1. Sources of Plant Food. 81
2. Parasites and Saprophytes. 83
3. How Fungi Obtain their Food. 86
4. Mycorhiza. 91
5. Nitrogen gatherers. 92
6. Lichens. 93
CHAPTER X.
How Plants Obtain their Food, II. 97
 Seedlings, 97
 Digestion, 107
 Assimilation 109
CHAPTER XI.
Respiration. 110
CHAPTER XII.
Growth. 118
CHAPTER XIII.
Irritability. 125
PART II. MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY
OF REPRESENTATIVE PLANTS.
CHAPTER XIV.
Spirogyra. 136
CHAPTER XV.
Vaucheria. 142
CHAPTER XVI.
Œdogonium. 147
CHAPTER XVII.
Coleochæte. 153
CHAPTER XVIII.
Classification and Additional Studies of the Algæ. 158
CHAPTER XIX.
Fungi: Mucor and Saprolegnia. 177
CHAPTER XX.
Fungi Continued (“Rusts” Uredineæ). 187
CHAPTER XXI.
The Higher Fungi. 195
CHAPTER XXII.
Classification of the Fungi. 213
CHAPTER XXIII.
Liverworts (Hepaticæ). 222
Riccia, 222
Marchantia. 226
CHAPTER XXIV.
Liverworts Continued. 231
Sporogonium of Marchantia. 231
Leafy-stemmed Liverworts. 236
The Horned Liverworts. 240
Classification of the Liverworts. 242
CHAPTER XXV.
Mosses (Musci). 243
Classification of Mosses. 248
CHAPTER XXVI.
Ferns. 251
CHAPTER XXVII.
Ferns Continued. 262
Gametophyte of Ferns. 262
Sporophyte. 268
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Dimorphism of Ferns. 273
CHAPTER XXIX.
Horsetails. 280
CHAPTER XXX.
Club mosses. 284
CHAPTER XXXI.
Quillworts (Isoetes). 289
CHAPTER XXXII.
Comparison of Ferns and their Relatives. 292
Classification of the Pteridophytes. 295
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Gymnosperms. 297
CHAPTER XXXIV.
Further Studies on Gymnosperms. 311
CHAPTER XXXV.
Morphology of the Angiosperms: Trillium; Dentaria. 318
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Gametophyte and Sporophyte of Angiosperms. 325
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Morphology of the Nucleus and Significance of  
Gametophyteand Sporophyte. 340
PART III. PLANT MEMBERS IN RELATION
TO ENVIRONMENT.
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
The Organization of the Plant. 349
I. Organization of Plant Members. 349
II. Organization of Plant Tissues. 356
CHAPTER XXXIX.
The Different Types of Stems. 365
I. Erect Stems. 365
II. Creeping, Climbing, and Floating Stems. 369
III. Specialized Shoots and Shoots for Storage of Food. 372
IV. Annual Growth and Winter Protection of Shoots and Buds. 374
CHAPTER XL.
Foliage Leaves. 383
I. General Form and Arrangement of Leaves. 383
II. Protective Modifications of Leaves. 392
III. Protective Positions. 395
IV. Relation of Leaves to Light. 397
V. Leaf Patterns. 404
CHAPTER XLI.
The Root. 410
I. Function of Roots. 410
II. Kinds of Roots. 415
CHAPTER XLII.
The Floral Shoot. 419
I. The Parts of the Flower. 419
II. Kinds of Flowers. 421
III. Arrangement of Flowers, or Mode of Inflorescence. 426
CHAPTER XLIII.
Pollination. 433
CHAPTER XLIV.
The Fruit. 450
I. Parts of the Fruit. 450
II. Indehiscent Fruits. 451
III. Dehiscent Fruits. 452
IV. Fleshy and Juicy Fruits. 454
V. Reinforced, or Accessory, Fruits. 455
VI. Fruits of Gymnosperms. 456
VII. “Fruit” of Ferns, Mosses, etc. 457
CHAPTER XLV.
Seed Dispersal. 458
CHAPTER XLVI.
Vegetation in Relation to Environment. 464
CHAPTER XLVII.
Classification of Angiosperms. 487

Index.		 503