- Absorption, 13, 22-28
- Aceraceæ, 497
- Acorn, 451
- Acorus, 493
- Æcidiomycetes, 218
- Æcidiospore, 189
- Æsculus hippocastanum, 498
- Agaricaceæ, 199, 219
- Agaricus arvensis, 206
- Agaricus campestris, 200-207
- Akene, 451
- Albumen, 98
- Albuminous, 98, 108
- Alder, 495
- Algæ, 136-176
- Algæ, absorption by, 22
- Alismaceæ, 493
- Alpine formation, 474
- Alpine plant societies, 483
- Amanita phalloides, 207, 208
- Amaranth, 495
- Amaryllidaceæ, 494
- Aments, 429
- American mistletoe, 495
- Ampelopsis, 498
- Ancylistales, 215
- Andreales, 249
- Andrœcium, 319, 419
- Anemophilous, 435
- Angiosperms, morphology of, 318-348;
- classification, 487
- Antheridiophore, 227
- Antheridium, 144, 149, 155, 176, 223, 228,
- 240, 245, 246, 266, 287, 433
- Anthesis, 429
- Anthoceros, 240, 241
- Anthocerotales, 242
- Anthocerotes, 242
- Apogamy, 346
- Apogeotropic (ap″o-ge″o-trop´ic), 126
- Apogeotropism (ap″o-ge-ot′ro-pism), 126
- Apple, 456, 497
- Apple family, 497
- Aquatic formations, 475
- Aquatic plant societies, 486
- Araceæ, 493
- Archegonia (ar-che-go′ni-a), 223, 229, 233, 241, 244-246,
- 267, 288, 291, 307, 308
- Archegoniophore, 229
- Archegonium, 433
- Archesporium (ar″che-spo´ri-um), 235
- Archidiales, 249
- Arctic formation, 481
- Aril, 457
- Arisæma, 493
- Arisæma triphyllum, 442, 443
- Aristolochiales, 495
- Arrow leaf, 492
- Arum family, 493
- Asclepias, 500
- Asclepias cornuti, 462
- Ascomycetes (as-co-my-ce′tes), 195-198, 216-218
- Ascus, 190, 213
- Ash of plants, 79, 80
- Ash tree, 500
- Aspidium acrostichoides, 253, 257
- Assimilation, 67, 109
- Aster, 502
- Atriplex, 495
- Auriculariales, 218
- Autotrophic plants, 85
- Azalea, 499
- Azolla, 296
- Bacteria, 164, 165
- Bacteria, nitrite and nitrate, 83
- Bacteriales, 164, 165
- Bacteroid, 93
- Bangiales, 175
- Basidiomycetes (ba-sid″i-o-my-ce′tes), 199-208, 218
- Basidium, 201, 213
- Bast, 50-52
- Batrachospermum, 171-173, 175
- Bazzania, 25
- Beard-grasses, 480
- Bedstraws, 501
- Beechnut, 452
- Beet, osmose in, 15, 16, 17, 18
- Begonia, 407
- Bellflower, 501
- Berry, 454, 455, 456
- Betulaceæ, 495
- Bicuculla, 496
- Bidens, 458
- Bignonia, 501
- Bilberries, 500
- Biotic factors, 466
- Birch, 495
- Bird’s-nest fungi, 220
- Blackberry, 454
- Black fungi, 198
- Bladderwort, 501
- Blasia, 164, 236
- Bloodroot, 496
- Bluets, 436, 437, 501
- Boletus, 209
- Boletus edulis, 209
- Boraginaceæ, 500
- Botrychium, 295
- Botrydiaceæ, 162
- Botrydium granulatum, 146, 162
- Broom-sedge, 480
- Brown algæ, 167-170
- Bryales, 349
- Buckeye family, 498
- Buckthorn, 498
- Buckwheat, 495
- Buds, winter condition of, 374-377
- Buffalo-grass, 480
- Bug seed, 495
- Bulb, 372
- Bunch-grasses, 480
- Butternut, 452, 494
- Buttonbush, 501
- Buttonwood, 497
- Cacti, 395, 498
- Callithamnion, 173
- Calyptrogen, 361
- Cambium, 50, 52, 358, 363
- Campanula rotundifolia, 442, 444, 510
- Campanulales, 501
- Canna, 445-449, 494
- Capsella bursa-pastoris, 496
- Capsule, 453
- Carbohydrate, 71, 75, 80, 90
- Carbon dioxide, 62-67, 110-113
- Cardinal-flower, 501
- Carpogonium, 172, 176
- Carrot family, 499
- Caryophyllaceæ, 496
- Caryopsis, 451
- Cassia marilandica, 402
- Cassiope, 395
- Castalia odorata, 496
- Castor-oil plant, 497
- Catalpa, 501
- Catkin, 428
- Cattail-flag, 492
- Caulidium, 371
- Cedar apples, 194
- Cell, 3;
- artificial 20
- Cell-sap, 3, 40
- Ceratopteris thalictroides, 296
- Chætophora, 151, 162
- Chætophoraceæ, 162
- Chara, 176
- Charales, 176
- Chemical condition of soil, 466
- Chemosynthetic assimilation, 109
- Chenopodiales, 495
- Chenopods, 495
- Chestnut, 452, 494
- Chicory family, 502
- Chlamydomonas, 159, 160
- Chlamydospores, 180
- Chloral hydrate, 65, 87
- Chlorophyceæ, 158
- Chlorophyll, 2, 67, 72
- Chloroplast, 68, 69, 71
- Christmas fern, 251-253
- Chromoplast, 71
- Chromosomes, 342-345
- Chroococcaceæe, 163
- Chrysanthemum, 502
- Chytridiales, 215
- Cichoriaceæ, 502
- Cichorium intybus, 502
- Clavaria botrytes, 212
- Clavariaceæ, 210, 219
- Claytonia virginica, 496
- Cleistogamous, 435
- Clematis virginiana, 462, 463, 496
- Climatic factors, 466
- Climatic formations, 470
- Clostridium pasteurianum, 93
- Clover, 497
- Club mosses, 284, 289
- Coccogonales, 163
- Cocklebur, 502
- Cold wastes, 474
- Coleochætaceæ, 162
- Coleochæte, 153-156, 226
- Collenchyma, 356, 363
- Comandra, 495
- Compass plants, 409
- Compositæ, 502
- Comptonia asplenifolia, 494
- Cone-fruit, 456
- Confervoideæ, 162
- Coniferæ, 316
- Conjugation, 137, 141, 160, 162, 179
- Convallariaceæ, 494
- Cooperia, 494
- Cordyceps, 218
- Coreopsis, 502
- Cork, 357, 363
- Corm, 373
- Cortex, 50
- Corymb, 427
- Cotyledon, 99-101
- Cranberry, 500
- Cratægus, 497
- Crowfoot family, 496
- Cruciferæ, 496
- Cryptonemiales, 175
- Cucurbitaceæ, 501
- Culture formations, 470, 475
- Cultures, water, 28, 29
- Cup fungi, 199
- Cupuliferæ, 495
- Cuscuta, 83, 500
- Cushion type of vegetation, 483
- Cuticle, 43
- Cyanophyceæ, 163
- Cyatheaceæ, 295
- Cycadales, 316
- Cycas, 311, 312, 457
- Cyclosis, 9, 10
- Cyclosporales, 171
- Cyme, 430, 432
- Cyperaceæ, 493
- Cypripedium, 443, 447, 494
- Cystocarp, 174
- Cystopteris bulbifera, 260
- Cystopus, 215
- Cytase, 92, 108
- Cytisus, 445
- Cytoplasm (cy′to-plasm), 5
- Dacryomycetales, 219
- Dahlia, 108
- Dandelion, 502
- Dasiphora fruticosa, 497
- Daucus carota, 499
- Dehiscence, 453
- Dentaria, 322-324
- Dentaria diphylla, 496
- Dermatogen, 359
- Desert formation, 473
- Desert societies, 480
- Desmodium, 458
- Desmodium gyrans, 399
- Diadelphous (di″a-del′phous), 425
- Diageotropism (di″a-ge-ot′ro-pism), 126
- Diaheliotropic (di″a-he″li-o-trop′ic), 127
- Diaheliotropism (di″a-he″li-ot′ro-pism), 127
- Diastase, 77, 78, 108, 116
- Diatoms, 166
- Dichogamous (di-chog′a-mous), 437, 442
- Dicentra, 496
- Dicotyledons, 494
- Dictyophora, 219
- Diffusion, 13-20
- Digestion, 107, 108, 109
- Dimorphism of ferns, 273-280
- Diœcious, 435
- Dionæa muscipula, 133
- Dipodascus, 216
- Dipsacus, 501
- Discomycetes, 217
- Dodder, 83, 84, 500
- Dogwood, 499
- Dothidiales, 218
- Downy mildews, 185
- Drosera rotundifolia, 133, 496
- Drupaceæ, 497
- Drupe, 454
- Duckweeds, 26, 28
- Dudresnaya, 175
- Dunes, 484
- Ebenales, 500
- Ecological factors, 464
- Ecology (sometimes written œcology), 464
- Ectocarpus, 167
- Edaphic formations, 475
- Elaphomyces, 217, 218
- Elder, 501
- Elm family, 495
- Elodea, 61-63
- Embryo of ferns, 269-272
- Embryo sac, 326-328
- Empusa, 215
- Endocarp, 450
- Endomyces, 216
- Endosperm, 103, 105, 107, 306, 309;
- nucleus, 327, 329-334
- Entomophthorales, 215
- Enzyme, 92, 98, 116, 117
- Epidermal system, 358
- Epidermis, 358, 359, 363
- Epigæa repens, 499
- Epigynous, 425
- Epilobium, 498
- Epinastic (ep-i-nas′tic), 129
- Epinasty (ep′i-nas-ty), 129
- Epipactis, 444, 447
- Epiphegus, 84
- Epiphytes, 416
- Equisetales, 296
- Equisetineæ, 296
- Equisetum, 280-283
- Ericaceæ, 499
- Ericales, 499
- Erythronium, 493
- Etiolated plants (e′ti-o-la″ted), 68
- Euascomycetes, 217
- Eubasidiomycetes, 219
- Eupatorium, 403, 502
- Euphorbiaceæ, 497
- Eurotium oryzæ, 78
- Evening primrose family, 498
- Exalbuminous, 108
- Exoascus, 217
- Exobasidiales, 219
- Exocarp, 450
- Fagales, 494
- Fehling’s solution, 75, 76
- Ferment, 98, 108, 116
- Ferns, 251-279, 292, 457;
- classification of, 295
- Fertilization, 307, 308, 328, 329, 140, 145,
- 169, 172, 174, 197, 421
- Fibrovascular bundles, 49-54
- Figwort family, 501
- Filicales, 295
- Filicineæ, 295
- Fittonia, 404
- Flagellates, 83, 165
- Flax, 497
- Flower cluster, 419
- Flower, form of, 422;
- parts of, 419;
- union of parts, 424
- Flowers, arrangements of, 426;
- kinds of, 421
- Follicle, 453
- Forest, formations 471;
- societies, 477
- Forests, relation to rainfall, 479
- Fresh-water societies, 486
- Frond, 352
- Fruit, 450-457;
- parts of, 450
- Frullania, 25, 236
- Fucus, 168-170
- Fungi, absorption by, 22;
- classification of, 213-222;
- nutrition of, 86-90;
- respiration in, 115
- Gametangium (gam″et-an′gi-um), 140
- Gamete (gam′ete), 138, 139
- Gametophore (gam′et-o-phore), 230, 248
- Gametophyte (gam′et-o-phyte), 225, 226, 244, 245, 250, 262, 270,
- 283, 292, 294, 305, 314, 317,
- 336-339, 340-348, 434
- Gamopetalous (gam″o-pet′a-lous), 424
- Gamosepalous (gam-o-sep′a-lous), 424
- Gas in plants, 60-64
- Gasteromycetes, 219
- Gemmæ, 179, 235
- General formations, 470
- Gentian, 500
- Geotropism (ge-ot′ro-pism), 125-127, 410
- Geraniaceæ, 497
- Geraniales, 497
- Geranium family, 497
- Germ, 459
- Gigartinales, 175
- Gingko, 313-315, 457
- Gingkoales, 316
- Ginseng, 499
- Glasswort, 495
- Gleicheniaceæ, 295
- Glucose, 108. See sugar.
- Gnetales, 316
- Gonidia, 118, 143, 172, 174, 178-184
- Gonidiangium (go″nid-an′gi-um), 178
- Gonidium, 213
- Gooseberry, 496
- Goosefoot family, 495
- Gracilaria, 173, 174, 175
- Graminales, 492
- Gramineæ, 492
- Grape, 498
- Grass family, 492
- Grassland formation, 471
- Green algæ, 158
- Growth, 118-124, 380
- Gulfweed, 170
- Gymnosperms, 311, 456
- Gymnosporangium, 194
- Gynœcium, 320, 419, 451, 452
- Gyrocephalus, 219
- Halophytes, 468
- Harpochytrium, 214, 215
- Haustorium, 87, 88
- Hawkweed, 502
- Hawthorn, 497
- Hazelnut, 452, 495
- Head, 428
- Heart-leaf, 495
- Heath family, 499
- Heliotrope, 500
- Heliotropism (he-li-ot′ro-pism), 127-131, 133, 397
- Helvellales, 217
- Hemiascomycetes, 216
- Hemibasidiomycetes, 218
- Hepaticæ, 242
- Heterospory (het″er-os′po-ry), 434
- Heterothallic, 180
- Heterotrophic plants, 85
- Hickory, 494
- Hickory-nut, 452
- Hilum, 101, 102
- Hippocastanaceæ, 498
- Holdfasts, 418
- Hollyhock, 498
- Homothallic, 180
- Honeysuckle, 501
- Hormogonales, 163
- Horse-chestnut, 498
- Horsetails, 280-283
- Houstonia cœrulea, 437
- Huckleberry, 499
- Humus saprophytes, 85, 91
- Hybridization, 338
- Hydnaceæ, 210, 219
- Hydnum coralloides, 210
- Hydnum repandum, 211
- Hydrocarbon, 75
- Hydrodictyaceæ, 161
- Hydrophytes, 468
- Hydropterales, 295
- Hydrotropism (hy-drot′ro′pism), 133, 134, 412
- Hygrophytes, 468
- Hymeniales, 219
- Hymenogastrales, 219
- Hymenomycetes, 219
- Hymenomycetineæ, 219
- Hymenophyllaceæ, 295
- Hypericum, 498
- Hypocotyl (hy′po-co″tyl), 101
- Hypocreales, 217
- Hypogenous, 425
- Hyponastic (hy-po-nas′tic), 129
- Hyponasty (hy′po-nas-ty), 129
- Hysteriales, 217
- Impatiens, 498
- Impatiens fulva, 460
- Indian-pipe, 499
- Indian turnip, 493
- Indusium, 252
- Inflorescence, 426
- Insectivorous plants, 133, 496
- Integument, 304
- Intramolecular respiration, 113, 114
- Inulase, 108
- Inulin, 108, 417
- Iodine, 65
- Ipomœa, 500
- Iridaceæ, 493
- Iris, 493
- Irritability, 125-135
- Isoetales, 296
- Isoetes, 289-291, 292
- Isoetineæ, 296
- Ivy, 498
- Jack-in-the-pulpit, 373
- Jewelweed, 498
- Juglandales, 494
- June-berry, 497
- Jungermanniales, 242
- Kalmia latifolia, 444
- Karyokinesis, 341-344
- Kelps, 168
- Kingdom, 492
- Labiatæ, 423, 501
- Laboulbeniales, 218
- Labrador tea, 499
- Lactuca canadensis, 460
- Lactuca scariola, 409, 460, 461
- Lagenidium, 214, 215
- Laminaria, 168, 169
- Lamium, 424, 501
- Larch, 367
- Laurel, 499
- Leaf patterns, 404
- Leathesia difformis, 168
- Leaves, form and arrangement, 383-391;
- function of, 387;
- protective modifications of, 392;
- protective positions, 395;
- reduction of surface, 394;
- relation to light, 397;
- structure of, 40-43, 131, 391, 393
- Legumes, 92, 93, 453
- Leguminosæ (= Papilionaceæ), 396, 399
- Leitneria floridana, 494
- Leitneriales, 494
- Lemanea, 171, 173, 175, 492
- Lemna, 418
- Lemna trisulca, 26, 27
- Lenticel, 357, 358
- Lepiota naucina, 208
- Lettuce, 502
- Leucoplast, 71
- Lichens, 86, 93-95, 220, 221
- Light, 465
- Liliaceæ, 490, 493
- Liliales, 490, 493
- Lilium, 489-493
- Linaria vulgaris, 501
- Linden, 498
- Linum vulgaris, 497
- Lipase, 108
- Liquidambar, 496
- Liriodendron, 496
- Live-forever, 394
- Liverworts, 222-239;
- absorption by, 23-25;
- classification of, 242
- Lobelia, 501
- Lupinus perennis, 353
- Lycoperdales, 220
- Lycopodiaceæ, 296
- Lycopodiales, 296
- Lycopodiineæ, 296
- Lycopodium, 284-286
- Macrosporangium, 94, 302, 304, 311, 312, 321
- Macrospore, 287, 290, 326-328, 434
- Magnolia, 496
- Mallow family, 498
- Malvales, 498
- Maple family, 497
- Marchantia, 24, 226-236
- Marchantiales, 242
- Marine plant societies, 486
- Marratiales, 295
- Marsilia, 370
- Marsiliaceæ, 296
- Matoniaceæ, 295
- Medicago denticulata, 92
- Medulla, 50
- Members of the flower, 335
- Members of the plant, 349-353
- Meristem, 359
- Mesocarp, 450
- Mesophytes, 467
- Microsporangia, 294, 299
- Microspore, 287, 290, 299, 312, 435
- Microsporophylls, 299, 320, 420
- Milkweed family, 500
- Mimosa, 132, 396
- Mimulus, 501
- Mint family, 501
- Mistletoe, 84, 495
- Mitchella, 501
- Mixotrophic plants, 85
- Mnium, 243-246
- Molds, nutrition of, 86-90
- Molds, water, 181
- Monadelphous, 424
- Monoblepharidales, 215
- Monoblepharis, 215
- Monocotyledons, 490, 492
- Monœcious, 435
- Monotropa uniflora, 499
- Morchella, 198, 199
- Morel, 198, 199
- Morning-glories, 500
- Mosaics, 405
- Mosses, 243-248, 457;
- absorption by, 25;
- classification of, 248
- Mucor, 6, 7, 15, 118, 119, 177-180, 215
- Mucorales, 215
- Mulberry, 495
- Mullein, 366, 394, 501
- Mushrooms, 199-208
- Mustard family, 496
- Mutation, 338
- Mutualism, 95
- Mycelium, 6, 86-90
- Mycetozoa, 213, 214
- Mycorhiza, 86, 91, 92, 217
- Myosotis, 500
- Myrica cerifera, 494
- Myrica gale, 494
- Myricales, 494
- Myriophyllum, 403
- Myrtales, 498
- Myxobacteriales, 165
- Myxomycetes, 83, 213, 214
- Naiadaceæ, 492
- Naiadales, 492
- Naias, 492
- Nemalion, 171, 172, 175
- Nemalionales, 175
- Nettle, 495
- Nicotiana, 501
- Nidulariales, 220
- Nitella, 8, 9, 176
- Nitrobacter, 83
- Nitrogen, 92, 93
- Nitromonas, 83
- Nostocaceæ, 164
- Nucellus, 304
- Nucleus, 3, 4;
- morphology of, 340-345
- Nuphar advena, 496
- Nutation, 123, 124
- Nymphæa odorata, 496
- Oak, 495
- Oak family, 495
- Œdogoniaceæ, 162
- Œdogonium, 147-151, 350
- Œnothera biennis, 498
- Œnothera gigas, 338
- Œnothera lamarkiana, 338
- Olpidium, 214, 215
- Onagar biennis, 498
- Onagraceæ, 498
- Onoclea sensibilis, 254, 273-278
- Oogonium, 144, 150, 155
- Oomycetes, 214, 215
- Ophioglossales, 295
- Ophioglossum, 295
- Opuntiales, 498
- Orchidaceæ, 494
- Orchidales, 494
- Orchids, 442
- Oscillatoriaceæ, 163
- Osmosis, 13-20
- Osmundaceæ, 295
- Ostrich fern, 279
- Ovule, 302, 321, 334, 421
- Oxalis, 497
- Oxycoccus, 500
- Oxydendrum arboreum, 501
- Oxygen, 63, 110-113
- Palisade cells, 41, 43
- Palmaceæ, 493
- Palmales, 493
- Palms, 408
- Pandanales, 492
- Pandanus, 492
- Pandorina, 160, 350
- Panicle, 427
- Papaverales, 496
- Papilionaceæ, 423, 497
- Parasites, 83, 84, 86
- Parasitic fungi, nutrition of, 86-90
- Parenchyma, 50, 356, 363
- Parietales, 498
- Parkeriaceæ, 296
- Parmelia, 96
- Parthenogenesis, 184
- Partridge-berry, 501
- Pea, 497
- Pea family, 497
- Pear, 456
- Pediastrum, 161
- Pellia, 164
- Pellonia, 405
- Peltigera, 94, 95
- Pepo, 456
- Pericycle, 360
- Peridineæ, 166
- Perigynous, 425
- Perisperm, 331, 332
- Perisporiales, 217
- Peronospora, 183, 215
- Peronosporales, 215
- Persimmon, 500
- Pezizales, 217
- Phacidiales, 217
- Phæophyceæ, 167
- Phæosporales, 171
- Phallales, 219
- Phloem, 50-52, 360, 361, 363
- Phlox family, 500
- Phoradendron flavescens, 495
- Photosynthesis, 67, 68, 70, 117
- Phycomycetes (Phy″co-my-ce′tes), 214, 215
- Phyllidium, 371
- Phylloclades, 373, 395
- Phyllotaxy, 375, 384
- Physical condition of soil, 465
- Physical factors, 465
- Phytolaccaceæ, 495
- Phytomyxa leguminosarum, 92
- Phytophthora, 182, 184, 215
- Pickerel-weed, 493
- Pilularia, 296
- Pinales, 216
- Pine, white, 297-310
- Piperales, 494
- Pitcher-plant, 496
- Pith, 50
- Plant food, sources of, 81
- Plant formations, 496
- Plant substance, analysis of, 79, 80
- Plantaginales, 501
- Plantago, 501
- Plasmolysis (plas-mol′y-sis), 19
- Plasmopara, 183, 215
- Plectascales, 217
- Plectobasidiales, 220
- Pleurococcaceæ, 161
- Pleurococcus, 161
- Plum family, 497
- Plumule, 99
- Podostemon, 496
- Poison-hemlock, 499
- Poison-ivy, 497
- Poison-oak, 497
- Poisonous mushrooms, 207, 208
- Poison-sumac, 497
- Pokeweed, 495
- Polemoneales, 500
- Pollen grain, 299, 305
- Pollination, 303, 304, 420, 430, 433-449
- Pollinium, 420
- Polygonales, 495
- Polygonum, 495
- Polypodiaceæ, 296
- Polyporaceæ, 209, 219
- Polyporus, 209, 210
- Polyporus mollis, 92
- Polyporus sulphureus, 209
- Pomaceæ, 497
- Pondweeds, 492
- Poppy, 496
- Porella, 237
- Portulaca, 495
- Potamogeton, 492
- Potato, 501
- Powdery mildews, 195-198, 217
- Primrose, 498, 500
- Primula, 438
- Primulales, 500
- Procarp, 172, 174, 175
- Progeotropism (pro″ge-ot′ro-pism), 126
- Promycelium (pro″my-ce′li-um), 192
- Proterandrous, 441, 442
- Proterandry, 444
- Proterogenous, 441, 442
- Proterogeny, 440
- Prothallium, 265, 287, 288, 291, 292, 304, 305,
- 311, 325, 328, 335, 433, 434
- Protoascales, 216
- Protoascomycetes, 216
- Protobasidiomycetes, 218
- Protococcoideæ, 158, 162
- Protodiscales, 217
- Protomyces, 216
- Protonema (pro″to-ne′ma), 248, 264
- Protoplasm, 1-12, 42-43, 342;
- movement of, 7-11
- Psilotaceæ, 296
- Pteridophytes, 295, 434
- Pteris cretica, 346
- Puccinia, 187
- Puff-balls, 220
- Pumpkin, 501
- Purslane, 495
- Pyrenoid, 2, 3
- Pyrenomycetes, 217
- Pyrola, 499
- Pyxidium, 453
- Quercus, 495
- Quillworts, 289-291
- Quince, 456
- Raceme, 427
- Radicle, 99
- Ragweed, 502
- Rainy-season flora, 481
- Ranales, 496
- Ranunculaceæ, 496
- Raspberry, 454, 455
- Red algæ, 171, 174;
- uses of, 175
- Reproduction, 137, 143, 149, 154, 155, 179, 185, 186
- Respiration, 110-116, 117
- Rhamnales, 498
- Rhizoids, 24-26
- Rhizome, 354
- Rhizomorph (rhi′zo-morph), 89
- Rhizophidium, 214, 215
- Rhizopus, 177-180, 215
- Rhododendron, 499
- Rhodomeniales, 175
- Rhodophyceæ, 171
- Rhus radicans, 416, 497
- Riccia, 23, 164, 222-226
- Ricinus, 497
- Riverweed, 496
- Root, function of, 410-418
- Root hairs, absorption by, 19, 30, 32
- Root hairs, action on soil, 82
- Root pressure, 33, 34, 45
- Root, structure of, 30, 361, 362
- Root-tubercles, 92
- Roots, kinds of, 415
- Rosaceæ, 497
- Rosales, 496
- Rose family, 497
- Rosette, 405
- Rosette plants, 483
- Rubiales, 501
- Rudbeckia, 502
- Rusts, 187-194
- Salicaceæ, 494
- Salix, 494
- Salsify, 502
- Salviniaceæ, 296
- Samara, 451
- Sandalwood, 495
- Sanguinaria, 496
- Santalales, 495
- Sap, rise of, 53, 54
- Sapindales, 497
- Saprolegnia, 181-184
- Saprolegniales, 215
- Saprophytes, 83-85
- Sargassum, 170
- Sarraceniales, 496
- Sarsaparilla, 499
- Saxifrage, 496
- Schizæaceæ, 295
- Schizocarp, 451
- Schizomycetes, 164
- Schizophyceæ, 163
- Sclerenchyma, 356-357, 361, 363
- Scouring rush, 282
- Screw-pine, 409, 492
- Scrophulariaceæ, 501
- Sedge family, 492
- Seed, dispersal of, 458-463
- Seed plants, 338
- Seed, structure of, 98, 102
- Seedlings, 97-107
- Seeds, 330-334
- Selaginella, 286-288, 292
- Selaginellaceæ, 296
- Sensitive fern, 273
- Sensitive plants, 132, 396, 399
- Sexual organs, 144, 147
- Shadbush, 497
- Shepherd’s-purse, 496
- Shoot, floral, 419, 432
- Shoots, 353-355;
- types of, 361-373;
- winter condition of, 374-377
- Sieve tissue, 358, 363
- Sieve tubes, 52, 53
- Silique, 453
- Silk-cotton tree, 417
- Silver bell, 500
- Siphoneæ, 146, 162
- Skunk’s cabbage, 439-442
- Slime molds, 83
- Smoke-tree, 497
- Societies, 475
- Solanum, 501
- Solidago, 502
- Sourwood, 499
- Spadix, 428
- Spartium, 446
- Spathyema fœtida, 438, 493
- Spermagonia, 190
- Spermatophytes, 338
- Sphacelaria, 168
- Sphærella lacustris, 158, 159
- Sphærella nivalis, 158, 350
- Sphæriales, 218
- Sphagnales, 248
- Sphagnum, 164
- Spiderwort, 11, 493
- Spike, 428
- Spirodela polyrhiza, 27
- Spirogyra, 1-5, 13, 14, 60, 72, 136-140, 350
- Sporangia, 178-182
- Sporangium, 253-258, 281, 290
- Spores, 225, 256-258, 263, 264, 281
- Sporocarp, 173
- Sporogonium (spo″ro-go′ni-um), 224, 231, 233, 234, 237, 238,
- 239, 241, 246, 247, 248
- Sporophyll, 274, 281, 292
- Sporophyte (spo′ro-phyte), 225, 226, 232, 234, 237-239, 241, 242,
- 250, 261, 268, 270, 283, 292, 294, 314,
- 315, 317, 336-339, 340-348 434
- Spurge family, 497
- Squash, 501
- Staminodium, 446
- Starch, formation of, 68, 70-74;
- changed to sugar, 77, 78;
- translocation of, 73;
- digestion of, 75
- Stems, types of, 365-373
- Stems, woody, structure of, 381-382
- Stoma (pl. stomata) (sto′ma-ta), 42-44, 46
- Strawberry, 455, 497
- Sugar, test for, 75, 76
- Sumac, 497
- Sundew, 133, 496
- Sunflower, 399-401, 502
- Sweet gum, 496
- Symbiosis, 85, 86, 92-95
- Synergids (syn´er-gids), 327, 330
- Syngenœsious, 424
- Synthetic assimilation, 67
- Tape-grass, 493
- Taraxacum densleonis, 502
- Teasel, 501
- Telegraph-plant, 399
- Teleutospore, 188
- Temperature, 134, 135, 465
- Tetrasporaceæ, 161
- Tetraspores, 173, 174
- Thallophytes, 352
- Thallus, 352
- Thelephoraceæ, 219
- Thistle family, 502
- Thunderwood, 497
- Thyrsus, 427
- Tilia, 498
- Tillandsia, 493
- Tissue, tensions of, 57-59
- Tissues, classification of, 363, 364;
- kinds of, 356-359;
- organization of, 356-362
- Toad-flax, 501
- Tomato, 501
- Tradescantia, 493
- Tragopogon, 502
- Trailing arbutus, 499
- Trametes pini, 90
- Transpiration, 35-46
- Tremellales, 218, 219
- Triadelphous, 425
- Trillium, 318-322, 494
- Trumpet-creeper, 501
- Tuberales, 217
- Tubers, 373
- Tundra, 481
- Turgescence, 14, 15
- Turgor, 20;
- restoration of, 56, 57
- Typha, 493
- Ulmaceæ, 495
- Ulmus americana, 495
- Ulothrix, 162
- Ulotrichaceæ, 162
- Ulvaceæ, 162
- Umbel, 428
- Umbellales, 498
- Uredinales, 218
- Uredineæ, 187-194, 218
- Uredospore, 189
- Uromyces caryophyllinus, 87
- Urticales, 495
- Ustilaginales, 218
- Ustilagineæ, 218
- Utricularia, 501
- Vaccinium, 499
- Vacuoles, 7, 8
- Valerianales, 501
- Vallisneria spiralis, 493
- Variation, 338
- Vascular tissue, 358, 363
- Vaucheria, 142-146
- Vaucheriaceæ, 162
- Vegetation types, 464
- Venus fly-trap, 133
- Verbascum, 501
- Verbena, 501
- Vessels, 52, 53
- Vetch, 92, 497
- Viburnum, 501
- Vicia sativa, 459
- Viola cucullata, 436
- Violaceæ, 498
- Virgin’s bower, 462, 463
- Viscum album, 84
- Vitaceæ, 498
- Volvocaceæ, 158
- Walnut, 452, 494
- Water, 465;
- flow of, in plants, 53, 54
- Water-lilies, 496
- Water-plantain, 493
- White pine, 396
- Wild carrot, 499
- Willow family, 494
- Wind, 471
- Wintergreen, 499;
- leaf of, 43
- Witch-hazel, 496
- Wolffia, 28
- Woodland formation, 470
- Xerophytes, 467
- Xylem, 50, 52, 360, 361, 363
- Xylogen, 92
- Xyridales, 493
- Yeast, 216;
- fermentation of, 115, 116
- Yucca, 480, 493
- Zamia, 313, 316, 457
- Zoogonidia, 143, 149, 178-184
- Zoospore, 149, 154
- Zygomycetes, 215
- Zygospore, 2, 138-140, 157, 160, 179, 180
- Zygote (zy′gote), 138, 179