[915] I give here the English translation of Sachau, p. 73, which adds rabi I in brackets as an explanation. I am indebted to Prof. Moberg for the literal translation of the passage:—“The first nasî fell in the muharram, and safar was called by this name and rabi I by the name safar, and from this they let the months revolve in the series. The second nasî fell in safar, and the month following that (rabi I: Sachau) was again called safar, and so on, until the nasî had run through all twelve months and came back again to muharram.” As a result of the first intercalation rabi I became safar, therefore rabi II = rabi I, after the second the names are pushed another stage forwards, therefore the original safar = after the first intercalation rabi I, after the second rabi II. I have added a reference to the original situation.
[916] Caussin, p. 349.
[918] Kugler, Erg., p. 153.
[919] Kugler, I, 35 ff., II, 88 ff.
[921] Kugler, I, 228 ff., Erg., p. 169.
[922] The connexion of the number of the 12 signs of the zodiac with the months has often been contested, but in my opinion erroneously.
[923] Kugler, Erg., p. 131; cp. also Weissbach, pp. 281 ff.
[924] For a general view I refer to Bezold’s essay.
[925] Cp. above, p. 243.
[926] See Landsberger, pp. 44 ff.
[927] Ibid., p. 30, note 4.
[928] Kugler, II, 187 ff.; Weidner, Memnon, 6, 65 ff.
[929] Kugler, II, 248 ff.
[930] Kugler, II, 253, and elsewhere: the passage is often quoted.
[931] Schiaparelli, Bab., p. 229.
[932] Schiaparelli, Bab., p. 230.
[933] Weidner, p. 73; for the 27-year period in question see below, p. 264.
[937] Casalis, quoted by Frazer, p. 117.
[938] Dubois, p. 165.
[940] See my article Kalendæ Januariæ, Arch. f. Religionswiss., 19, 1918, in particular pp. 68 ff.
[941] R. T. Str., p. 226.
[943] Grabowsky, p. 102.
[944] Bartram, p. 483.
[945] Powers, p. 438.
[946] Callaway, pp. 406, 413.
[947] Johnstone, p. 266.
[948] Junod, Thonga, I, 368 ff.
[949] Leonard, pp. 434 ff.
[950] Ellis, Polyn. Res.³, I, 351.
[951] Nieuwenhuis, I, 161.
[952] Ellis, Yoruba, p. 150.
[953] von Bülow, p. 239.
[954] Handbook, p. 189.
[955] Mooney, Kiowa, pp. 366 ff.
[956] Gatschet, p. 17.
[957] Bushnell, p. 17.
[958] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.
[959] Teit, Thompson Indians, p. 237.
[960] Teit, Shuswap, p. 518.
[961] Turner, p. 202.
[962] Jochelson, Yukaghir, p. 428.
[963] Holm, 10, p. 141, and 39, p. 105.
[965] See Dillmann, pp. 914 ff., König, pp. 624 ff., and the authorities there cited.
[966] Exod. XXIII, 16, XXXIV, 22.
[967] Cp. above, p. 268.
[968] See above, p. 234.
[969] Lev. XXIII, 24.
[970] Grubb, p. 139.
[971] Liebstadt, quoted by Frazer, p. 309.
[972] Teschauer, p. 736.
[973] Gumilla, quoted by Frazer, p. 310; cp. Gilij, above, p. 49.
[974] von den Steinen in Globus, from old sources difficult of access and in part in manuscript.
[975] Kidd, quoted by Frazer, p. 116.
[976] Callaway, p. 397.
[977] Friederich, p. 86.
[978] Thurnwald, p. 342.
[979] Mathias G., p. 211.
[980] Ellis, Polyn. Res.³, I, 312.
[981] Ibid., p. 87; Wegener, p. 147.
[982] Ed. Meyer, Chron., p. 20.
[983] Cp. above, pp. 248 f., and especially the Pleiades year, pp. 274 ff.
[984] Grimm, p. 105.
[985] Abbot, pp. 11 ff.
[986] von Hahn, II, 111.
[987] Grimm, pp. 101 ff.
[988] Grimm, p. 104.
[989] Grimm, pp. 98 ff.
[990] koložeg, also December. The name cannot be taken as referring to the disc of the sun; popularly it is said that once it was so cold during this month that the people had to burn even their waggons in order to warm themselves.
[991] Yermoloff, p. 54.
[992] According to Yermoloff, p. 428, October.
[993] The Czechs have for some centuries distinguished červen and červenec as June and July respectively, or also:—‘the little č.’ = June, ‘the great č.’ = July.
[994] Yermoloff, p. 394.
[995] The much-disputed name Hornung is rightly explained by Bilfinger, Bes. Beil. des Staats-Anzeigers f. Württemberg, 1900, pp. 193 ff. It describes the month as ‘the one that has been curtailed of its rights’ (cf. Icel. hornungr), since it has fewer days than the others: cf. the Flemish term het kort mandeken. The same writer, Zts. f. deutsche Wortforschung 5, 1903, pp. 263 ff., satisfactorily explains Sporkel as the month in which the vines are pruned; the name Rebmonat has the same sense. Further he conjectures that as November is the slaughtering month and Louwmaend (= January) is the tanning month, Sellemaend takes its name from the sale of the hides.
[996] Ebner, p. 9.
[997] Ibid., p. 5.
[998] Weinhold, Mon., pp. 31 ff.
[1000] Tille, pp. 19 and 15.
[1001] This pair is evidently to be explained otherwise: cp. Bilfinger, above, p. 289, note 1.
[1002] Beda, De temp. rat., c. 15.
[1003] This interpretation however involves the difficulty that hreðe is usually written without h (Ekwall).
[1004] Hampson, I, 422 ff.
[1005] Bibl. der angelsächs. Poesie, herausgeg. v. C. W. M. Grein, II, Göttingen, 1858, pp. 1 ff.
[1006] Hickes, I, 215.
[1007] The quotations are given in the Oxford Dictionary; see further Hampson, II, 194.
[1008] Aubrey, Rom. Gentilisme, 1686–7.
[1009] Bilfinger, Unters., II, 125 ff.
[1010] Lið, ‘ship’, liða, ‘seafarer’ have short i and could not give þriliði.
[1011] F. Kluge, Nominale Stammbildungslehre, 2nd ed., 1899, p. 66. The word is used in Coloss. II, 16, and translates Greek νεομηνία; this word really means ‘new moon’, but in later Greek any festival. Hence it is not very surprising that Ulfilas should have put ‘full moon’ for νεομηνία.
[1012] Bilfinger, Unters., I, 7.
[1013] Worm, p. 48; Finn Magnusson in Edda III, 1044 ff., whence the translations are taken.
[1014] Edda III, 1044 ff.
[1015] Weinhold, Mon., p. 23, without giving source.
[1016] Worm, pp. 43 ff.
[1017] Hickes, I, 215, written Blindemanet.
[1018] Edda III, 1044 ff.
[1019] Hickes, loc. cit., has as variants 1, Ism., 10, Riidm., 11, Winterm.
[1020] The history of the Swedish list of months is dealt with in detail by the present writer in the essay De svenska månadsnamnen, Stud. Tegn., pp. 173 ff., to which the reader is referred for the documents.
[1021] Ibid., pp. 177 ff.
[1022] Bilfinger, Unters., I, 32.
[1023] Weinhold, Mon., pp. 38 and 58; Axel Olrik, Zeitschr. des Vereins f. Volkskunde, 20, 1910, p. 57.
[1024] Unters., I, 49 ff.
[1025] Celsius, pp. 211, 65.
[1026] Beckman, Stud. Tegn., pp. 200 ff.
[1027] Beckman, loc. cit., tries to prove the heathen origin of the computation of the disting and its independence of the Easter reckoning by the statement that the former follows the phenomena of the heavens, the latter the rule of computation, which may lead to a different result. Unfortunately this conclusion cannot be considered too binding, since for the people in general, who knew nothing about this rule,—how late in medieval times the rune-staves appeared we do not know, but certainly not at the beginning of the Middle Ages—it was still absolutely necessary to determine in some degree the time of fasting and the Easter time. And if the absolutely correct calculation could not be made, it was still better than nothing to have one that was at least approximate and easy to make. The fact that the moon of fasting was calculated from the phenomena of the heavens is expressly stated in the rule as given above, p. 301.
[1028] Saga of Saint Olaf, ch. 76.
[1029] Olaus Andreae and Gerardus Erici, 1600; Petrus Gisæus, 1603.
[1030] Ny inkombling = ‘new-comer’, ‘intruder’.
[1031] Celsius, p. 111.
[1032] See above, p. 299.
[1033] J. Häyhä, III, 101 ff.
[1034] There can here be no question of the Catholic regulation of the moons by the Epiphany Day, since if this were assumed the first heart-moon could not begin earlier than Dec. 27, and would therefore not come within the winter solstice, as the account says it must.
[1035] Schiefner, p. 217.
[1036] Wiklund, pp. 5 ff.
[1037] Act. soc. scient. fennicae, 12, 1883, p. 166.
[1038] See above, p. 300.
[1039] Cranz, I, 293; Dalsager, p. 54.
[1040] Holm, 10, p. 141; 39, p. 105.
[1041] Ibid., 142, 104.
[1042] Turner, p. 202.
[1044] Stevenson, pp. 108 ff., cf. 148 ff.
[1045] Fewkes, pp. 256 ff.
[1046] Garcilasso de la Vega, I, 199 ff.
[1047] Callaway, p. 395.
[1048] Casalis, quoted by Frazer, p. 117.
[1049] Meier, pp. 706 ff.
[1050] Parkinson, p. 378.
[1051] Forster, p. 436.
[1052] Fornander, p. 127.
[1053] νῆσός τις Συρίη ... Ὀρτυγίης καθύπερθεν, ὅθι τροπαὶ ἠελίοιο—Od. XV, 403.
[1054] Hesiod, Op., 564 and 663 respectively.
[1055] Cf. my Årets folkliga fester, p. 157.
[1056] Above, pp. 21 f.; so also Ginzel, III, 57.
[1057] Snorre’s Edda, I, 150; cf. above, p. 21.
[1058] Flateyjarbók, I, 539.
[1059] Riste, pp. 6 and 8.
[1061] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[1062] Ibid., I, 160.
[1063] Hose and McDougall, I, 106 ff.; unfortunately I have not had access to the work of Hose quoted by Frazer on p. 314, n. 3, Various Modes of computing the Time for Planting among the Races of Borneo, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, no. 42, Singapore, 1905.
[1064] Crawfurd, I, 300 ff.
[1065] Hose and McDougall, p. 108.
[1066] Ibid., I, 109; II, 139.
[1067] p. 104.
[1068] Mooney, Siouan Tribes, p. 32.
[1069] Powers, p. 352.
[1070] Du Pratz, III, 237 ff.
[1071] Dunbar, p. 1.
[1073] Alberti, p. 68.
[1074] Claus, p. 38.
[1076] Chervin, p. 229.
[1077] Roscoe, Baganda, p. 42.
[1078] Kötz, p. 21.
[1079] Swoboda, p. 22.
[1080] Reed, p. 64.
[1081] Codrington, p. 353.
[1082] Ibid., p. 272.
[1083] Thurnwald, p. 331.
[1084] Brandeis, p. 78.
[1085] Gatschet, p. 17.