B. These lines are from Schiller’s Bride of Messina, as translated by A. Lodge, Esq. See Schiller’s works (Bohn’s ed.) vol. iii. p. 509.
C. It is not intended in every instance to trouble the reader with duplicate measurements; but they will be introduced occasionally. Wherever only one measurement is given, it must be understood as English.—Ed.
D. The Huns, on being driven from their ancient pastures by the Chinese, traversed Asia, (1300 leagues,) and, swelled by the numerous hordes they conquered en route, entered Europe, and gave the first impulse to the great migration of nations. Deguires traces their progress with geographical minuteness, and Gibbon tells their story with his usual eloquence in Chap. XXVI.—Ed.
E. This effect is well represented in Grindlay’s Scenery of the Western Side of India, plate 18.—Ed.
F. Modern naturalists affirm that all bats are insectivorous.—Ed.
G.
H. Examen critique de l’Hist. de la Géographie, t. iii., pp. 104–108.
I. See my Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée, t. ii., pp. 179–181.
J. Relation Hist., t. ii., p. 279.
K. See my Essai Politique sur la Nouvelle Espagne. 2me édit., t. i., pp. 82 and 109.
L. See Long’s Expeditions, vol. ii., pp. 36, 362, 382. Ap. p. xxxvii.
M. Critical Researches on Philology and Geography, 1824, p. 144.
N. Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and North California, in the years 1843–1844, p. 78.
O. Chappe d’Auteroche, Voyage en Sibérie, fait en 1761. 4 vols., 4to., Paris, 1768.
P. Frémont, Report of the Exploring Expedition, pp. 154, and 273–276.
Q. Humboldt, Atlas Mexicain, pl. ch. 2; Essai politique sur la Nouv. Esp., t. i. p. 231; t. ii. pp. 243, 313, and 420. Frémont, Upper California, 1848, p. 9. See also Duflot de Mofras, Exploration de l’Orégon, 1844, t. ii. p. 140.
R. In the Archæologia Americana, vol. ii. p. 140.
S. Frémont’s Report, pp. 3, 60, 70, 100, and 129.
T. Compare Erman’s Reise um die Erde, Abth. i. Bd. 3, s. 8, Abth. ii. Bd. 1. s. 386, with his Archiv für Wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland, Bd. vi. s. 671.
U. See my Essai polit. sur la Nouv. Espagne, t. ii. p. 314.
V. Frémont, Geographical Memoir upon Upper California, 1848, p. 6.
W. Report, p. 274 (or Narrative, p. 300).
X. Compare Frémont’s Report, pp. 164, 184, 187, 193, and 299, with Nicollet’s Illustration of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River, 1843, pp. 39–41.
Y. Compare my Relation Historique, t. iii. p. 234, and Nicollet, Report to the Senate of the United States, 1843, pp. 7, 57.
Z. Nicollet, op. cit. pp. 99, 125, 128.
AA. Maximilian, Prinz zu Wied, Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika, bd. i., 1839, s. 443.
AB. See Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 674 (Bohn’s edition).
AC. Historia general de las Indias, cap. 214.
AD. Archæologia Americana, vol. ii., 1836, p. 139.
AE. Darwin, Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Countries visited 1832–1836 by the Ships Adventure and Beagle, p. 266.
AF. Humboldt, Essai politique, t. ii. p. 173.
AG. Cailliaud, Voyage à Syouah, p. 14; Ideler, Fundgruben des Orients, bd. iv. s. 399–411.
AH. Strabo, lib. ii. p. 130, lib. xvii. p. 813, Cas.; Herod, lib. iii. cap. 26. p. 207, Wessel.
AI. See Ritter’s Afrika, 1822, s. 885, 988, 993, and 1003.
AJ. Humboldt, Relat. hist., t. ii. p. 142, and Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, v. ii. pp. 91 and 405.
AK. Compare Scyl. Caryand. Peripl., in Hudson, vol. ii. p. 53, with Aristot. de Mirab. Auscult. in Op. omnia, ex rec. Bekkeri, p. 884, § 136.
AL. See also Edrisi, Geogr. Nub., 1619, p. 157.
AM. Ora Maritima, v. 109, 122, 388, and 408.
AN. Aristot. Meteorol., ii. 1, 14.
AO. Acosta, Historia natural y moral de las Indias, lib. iii. cap. 4.
AP. Compare Humboldt, Relation historique, t. i. p. 202, and Examen Critique, t. iii. pp. 68–69, with Rennell’s Investigation of the Currents of the Atlantic Ocean, 1832, p. 184.
AQ. See Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 631, and note; Bohn’s edition.
AR. See my Examen Critique, t. iii. pp. 64–99; and Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 655. Bohn’s edition.
AS. Exploration scientifique de l’Algérie, t. ii. p. 343.
AT. Chardin, Voyages, nouv. éd. par Langlès, 1811, t. iii. p. 376.
AU. Asien, Bd. viii., Abth. 1, 1847, s. 610, 758.
AV. Historia Regionum Occidentalium, quæ Si-yu vocantur, visu et auditu cognitarum.
AW. Règne animal, t. i. p. 257.
AX. Ritter, Asian, Bd. viii. s. 670, 672, and 746.
AY. Humboldt, Cosmos, Bohn’s ed., vol. i. p. 281.
AZ. Singapore Journal of the Indian Archipelago, 1847, p. 286.
BA. Sartorius von Waltershausen, Physisch-geographische Skizze von Island, 1847, s. 41.
BB. Humboldt, Premier Mémoire sur les Montagnes de l’Inde, in the Annales de Chimie et de Physique, t. iii. 1816, p. 303; Second Mémoire, t. xiv. 1820, pp. 5–55.
BC. De Aëre et Aquis, § xcvi. p. 74.
BD. Strabo, lib. ii. p. 102; and lib. xiii. p. 598, Casaub.
BE. Compare Strabo, lib. ii. pp. 71, 128; lib. iii. p. 137; lib. iv. pp. 199, 202; lib. v. p. 211, Casaub.
BF. Humboldt, Asie centrale, t. ii. p. 141; Klaproth, Asie polyglotta, p. 232.
BG. Compare my Asie centrale, t. iii. p. 310, with the Journal of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, vol. x. 1841, p. 114.
BH. See his Kashmir, Bd. ii. s. 196.
BI. Vigne, Travels in Kashmir, 1842, vol. i. pp. 237–293.
BJ. Humboldt, Asie centrale, t. iii. pp. 281–325.
BK. Il Milione di Marco Polo, pubbl. dal Conte Baldelli, t. i. pp. 32 and 87.
BL. 500 toises in the German, accurately 3197 feet. Tr.
BM. Asie centrale, t. ii. pp. 48–52 and 429.
BN. In the learned Analysis of his Karte von Inner Asien, 1841, s. 99.
BO. Ed. Schweighaüser, t. v. p. 204.
BP. Asie centrale, t. i. p. 247.
BQ. Asie centrale, t. ii. p. 138.
BR. Jacob Grimm, Gesch. der deutschen Sprache, 1848, Th. i. s. 227.
BS. Asie centrale, t. ii. pp. 18–20.
BT. Klaproth, Tableau hist. de l’Asie, p. 108.
BU. Annales des Mines, t. v. 1820, p. 137.
BV. Asie centrale, t. ii. pp. 16–55, 69–77, 341, 356.
BW. Baron von Meyendorff in the Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, t. ix. 1837–1838, p. 230.
BX. Asie centrale, t. i. pp. xxiii et 118–159; t. ii. pp. 431–434, 465.
BY. Strabo, lib. ii. p. 68; lib. xi. pp. 490, 511; lib. xv. p. 689.
BZ. Montfaucon, Collectio nova Patrum, t. ii. p. 137.
CA. Compare Asie centrale, t. i. pp. xxiii et 122–138; t. ii. pp. 430–434, with Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 543, Bohn’s ed.
CB. Travels, p. 97.
CC. Asie centrale, t. ii. pp. 427, 483.
CD. From a letter of Dr. Joseph Hooker, the learned botanist to the last Antarctic expedition, dated Darjeeling, 25th of July, 1848.
CE. Asie centrale, t. i. pp. 138, 154, 198; t. ii. p. 367.
CF. Compare Turner in the Asiatic Researches, vol. xii. p. 234, with Elphinstone, Account of the Kingdom of Caubul, 1815, p. 95, and Francis Hamilton, Account of Nepal, 1819, p. 92.
CG. Recueil d’Observations astronomiques, t. i. p. 73.
CH. Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes pour 1830, pp. 320, 323.
CI. See Illustration (5), p. 44.
CJ. See Lloyd and Gerard, Tour in the Himalaya, 1840, vol. i., pp. 143, 312, and Asie centrale, t. iii., p. 324.
CK. Colebrooke, in the Transactions of the Geological Society, vol. vi. p. 411.
CL. Compare my investigation regarding the snow-limit on both declivities of the Himalaya in my Asie centrale, t. ii., pp. 435–437; t. iii., pp. 281–326; and in Cosmos, vol. i., p. 337, Bohn’s ed.
CM. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. New Series. No. xxviii. p. 287.
CN. Hist. gén. des Huns, des Turcs, etc., 1756, t. i. P. 1, p. 217, P. 2, pp. 111, 125, 223, 447.
CO. See Klaproth, Asia Polyglotta, pp. 183, 211; Tableaux Historiques de l’Asie, pp. 102, 109.
CP. See Kalm’s Reise, Th. iii. p. 416.
CQ. Archæologia, or Miscellaneous Tracts published by the Society of Antiquarians of London, vol. viii. 1787, p. 304.
CR. Relat. hist. t. iii. p. 155.
CS. Chronica del Peru, P. 1, cap. 87. (Losa con letras en los edificios de Vinaque.)
CT. Origen de los Indios, 1607, lib. iii. cap. 5, p. 258.
CU. Navarrete, Viages de los Españoles, t. i. p. 67.
CV. Humboldt et Bonpland, Plantæ æquinoctiales, fasc. ii.
CW. See Humboldt’s geognostic view of South America, in his Relation historique, t. iii. pp. 188–244.
CX. Garcilaso de la Vega, Commentarios Reales, P. i., p. 184.
CY. Frémont’s Exploring Expedition, 1845, p. 42.
CZ. Clavigero, Storia antica del Messico, 1780, t. i. p. 73.
DA. Buffon, t. xv., p. 155.
DB. Azara, Sur les Quadrupèdes du Paraguay, t. i. p. 315.
DC. On the dogs of America, see Smith Barton’s Fragments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania, p. i., p. 34.
DD. J. J. von Tschudi, Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana, s. 247–251.
DE. Garcilaso, P. i. 1723, p. 326.
DF. Humboldt, Essai polit., t. ii. p. 448, and Relation hist., t. ii. p. 625.
DG. Geogr., lib. iii. cap 1.
DH. Humboldt, Asie centrale, t. i. pp. 247, 252.
DI. Exploration scientifique de l’Algérie, de 1840 à 1842, publiée par ordre du Gouvernement; Sciences hist. et géogr., t. viii., 1846, pp. 364, 373.
DJ. Exploration scientif. de l’Algérie, Hist. et géogr., t. ii. p. 332.
DK. Ibid. t. ii. pp. 126–129, and t. vii. pp. 94, 97.
DL. Fournel, Sur les Gisemens de Muriate de Soude en Algérie, p. 6, in the Annales des Mines, 4me serie, t. ix. 1846, p. 546.
DM. Asie centrale, t. ii. p. 320.
DN. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, t. xx. 1845, pp. 170, 882, 1305.
DO. See Shaw, Voyages dans plusieurs parties de la Berbérie, t. i. p. 169, and Rennel, Africa, Append. p. lxxxv.
DP. Fournel, Sur les Gisemens de Muriate de Soude en Algérie, pp. 28–41; and Karsten, Ueber das Vorkommen des Kochsalzes auf der Oberfläche der Erde, 1846, s. 497, 648, 741.
DQ. Memoria sull’ abbassamento di temperatura durante le notti placide e serene, 1847, p. 55.
DR. Consult, also, on African Meteorology, Aimé, in the Explor. de l’Algérie, Phys. Gêner. t. ii., 1846, p. 147.
DS. Explor. de l’Alg., Hist. et Géogr. t. viii, pp. 65–78.
DT. Relation de l’Expedition de la Malouine.
DU. Göbel, Reise in die Steppe des südlichen Russlands, 1838, th. ii. s. 244, 301.
DV. Humboldt, Mémoire sur les Lignes Isothermes, 1817, p. 54. Asie centrale, t. iii. Mahlmann, Table IV.
DW. Asie centrale, t. iii. p. 176.
DX. Meteor. Essays, 1827, pp. 230, 278.
DY. Sull’ Abbassamento di Temperatura durante le Notti placide e serene, 1847, pp. 47, 53.
DZ. Asie centrale, t. iii. pp. 195–205.
EA. Temperatur-tafeln nebst Bemerkungen über die Verbreitung der Wärme auf der Oberfläche der Erde, 1848, s. 95.
EB. See the admirable treatise by Samuel Forry, on The Climate of the United States, 1842, pp. 37, 39, 102.
EC. Forry, Op. Cit., pp. 97, 101, 107.
ED. Message from the President of the United States to Congress, 1844, p. 160, and Forry, Op. Cit., pp. 49, 67, 73.
EE. Fragments of the Nat. Hist. of Pennsylvania, P. I., p. 4.
EF. See Neue Berlinische Monatschrift, Bd. xv., 1806, § 190.
EG. On the vegetable remains found in the lignite formations of the north of America and of Europe, compare Adolph Brongniart, Prodrome d’une Hist. des Végétaux Fossiles, p. 179, and Charles Lyell’s Travels in North America, vol. ii., p. 20.
EH. Relacion del Viage al Estrecho de Magallanes (Apendice, 1793), p. 76.
EI. See Robert Brown, Appendix to Flinders’ Voyage, pp. 575, 584; and Humboldt, De Distribution Geographica Plantarum, pp. 81–85.
EJ. Jos. Hooker, Flora Antarct., 1844, p. 107.
EK. Compare Darwin in the Journal of Researches, 1845, p. 244, with King in vol. i. of the Narr. of the Voyages of the Adventure and the Beagle, p. 577.
EL. Od., i. 52.
EM. Il., iv. 561.
EN. Theog., v. 517.
EO. Op. et Dies, v. 167.
EP. De Originibus Americanorum, p. 195.
EQ. On the connexion of purely mythical ideas and geographical traditions, and on the manner in which the Titan Atlas gave occasion to the image of a mountain beyond the Pillars of Hercules supporting the heavens, see Letronne, Essai sur les Idées cosmographiques qui se rattachent au nom d’Atlas, in Férussac’s Bulletin universel des Sciences, Mars 1831, p. 10.
ER. Asie centrale, t. i., p. 179.
ES. Lib. iii., 53, 55.
ET. Maximus Tyrius, viii., 7, ed. Markland.
EU. Lib. iv., cap. 9.
EV. Cosmos, vol. ii., p. 559. Bohn’s ed.
EW. Edition de 1810, pp. 7, 353.
EX. See Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol. xvii., 1847, pp. 74–76.
EY. Viaggio nella Ethiopia (Ramusio, vol. i., p. 249).
EZ. Compare Ayrton, in the Journal of the Royal Geog. Soc., vol. xviii., 1848, pp. 53, 55, 59–63, with Ferd. Werne’s instructive Exped. zur Entd. der Nil-Quellen, 1848, s. 534–536.