[148] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 13.

[149] Fleming, Catal. of Indian Med. Plants and Drugs, Calcutta, 1810. 27.

[150] On the native drug called Gulancha by Ram Comol Shen.—Trans. of Med. and Phys. Soc. of Calcutta, iii. (1827) 295.

[151] Bengal Dispensatory, 1842. 198.

[152] Pharm. of India, 1868. 9.

[153] For remarks on the Indian species of Berberis, see Hooker and Thomson’s Flora Indica (1855), also Hooker’s Flora of British India, i. (1872) 108.

[154] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 25.

[155] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean, ii. (1807) 390, 410, 734.

[156] Figures of these vessels were published by Dr. J. Y. Simpson in an interesting paper entitled Notes on some ancient Greek medical vases for containing Lycium, of which we have made free use.—See (Edinb.) Monthly Journal of Med. Science, xvi. (1853) 24, also Pharm. Journ. xiii. (1854) 413.

[157] Lib. vii. c. 7.—See also Cælius Aurelianus, De morbis chronicis (Haller’s ed.) lib. i. c. 4, lib. iii. c. 8.

[158] Cataplasmata lippientium quibus usus est Heraclides Tarentinus—Galen, De Comp. Med. sec. locos, lib. iv. (p. 153 in Venice edit. of 1625).

[159] On the Lycium of Dioscorides.—Linn. Trans. xvii. (1837) 83.

[160] It is interesting to find that two of the names for lycium given by Ibn Baytar in the 13th century are precisely those under which rusot is met with in the Indian bazaars at the present day.

[161] The natives apply it in combination with alum and opium.

[162] O’Shaughnessy, Bengal Dispensatory (1842) 203-205.

[163] Journ. of R. Asiat. Soc. vii. (1843) 74.

[164] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1866) 303.

[165] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. (1866) 197.

[166] Nat. Hist. of Carolina, i. tab. 24.

[167] Materia Med. Americ. Erlangæ, 1787, p. 86. Schöpf was physician to German troops fighting in the War of Independence.

[168] Collections for an Essay on Mat. Med. of U.S. Philad. 1798, 31.

[169] Vol. iii. 273.

[170] Figured by Power, Proc. American Phar. Assoc., 1877. 420-433.

[171] American Journ. of Pharm. xvi. (1868) 1-10.

[172] Saunders in Am. Journ. of Pharm. xvi. 75.

[173] Ueber Podophyllin (Dissertation), Giessen, 1869.

[174] Am. Journ. of Pharmacy, xxxv. (1863) 97.

[175] L. cit., also Am. Journ. of Pharm. (1878) 370.

[176] Géogr. botanique, ii (1855) 649.

[177] Flores Papaveris rubri—in the list of the pharmaceutical shop of the town of Nördlingen. See Flückiger, in the Archiv der Pharm. 211 (1877) 97, No. 62.

[178] Flora Orientalis, i. (1867) 116.

[179] English growers prefer a white-flowered poppy.

[180] For further particulars consult Ritter, Erdkunde von Asien, vi. (1843) 773, etc.; Unger, Botanische Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete der Culturgeschichte, ii. (1857) 46.

[181] Meddygon Myddfai, Llandovery, 1861, 50. 216. 400.

[182] For particulars see Trécul, Ann. des Sciences Nat. v. (1866) 49; also Flückiger, Grundlagen der Pharmaceutischen Waarenkunde, 1873. 45.

[183] Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1874. 148.

[184] Archiv der Pharm. 204 (1874) 507.

[185] Catal. Ind. Departm. Internat. Exhibition. 1862. No. 742.

[186] For more particulars see Dr. Rice’s learned notes in New Remedies, New York, 1876, 229, reprinted in Pharm. Journ. vii. (2 Dec. 1876; 23 June 1877), pp. 452 and 1041.

[187] Ed. Bernhold, Argent. 1786, c. iii. sect. 22.

[188] Lib. iv. c. 65.

[189] Lib. xx. c. 76.

[190] There are no ancient Chinese or Sanskrit names for opium. In the former language the drug is called O-fu-yung from the Arabic. Two other names Ya-pien and O-pien are adaptations to the Chinese idiom of our word opium. There are several other designations which may be translated Smoking dirt, Foreign poison, Black commodity, &c.

[191] Coasts of East Africa and Malabar (Hakluyt Soc.), Lond. 1866. 206, 223.

[192] Journ. de Soc. Pharm. Lusit. ii. (1838) 36. Pires, or Pyres, was the first ambassador from Europe to China: Abel Rémusat, Nouv. mélanges asiatiques, ii. (1829) 203. See also Pedro José da Silva, Elogio historico e noticia completa de Thomé Pires, pharmaceutico e primeiro naturalista da India, Lisboa, 1866 (Library of the Pharm. Soc., London, Pamphlets, No. 30).

[193] Aromatum ... Historia, edit Clusius, Antv. 1574. lib. i. c. 4.

[194] Clavis Sanationis, Venet. 1510. 46.

[195] De Medicina Ægyptiorum, Lugd. Bat. 1719. 261.

[196] De Mas Latrie, Hist. de Chypre, iii. 406. 483; Muratori, Rerum Italic. Scriptores, xxii. 1170; Amari, I diplomi Arabi del archivio Fiorentino, Firenze, 1863. 358.

[197] Fontanon, Edicts et ordonnances des roys de France, ii. (1585) 347.

[198] For more ample particulars on these momentous events, see S. Wells Williams’s Middle Kingdom, vol. ii. (1848); British Almanac Companion for 1844, p. 77.

[199] Bretschneider, Study of Chinese Bot. Works, 1870. 48.

[200] Chinese Repository, vol. v. (1837) vi &c.

[201] Addressed to the Inspector-General of Customs, Pekin, and published at Shanghai, 1871

[202] Pharm. Journ. xv. (1856) 348.

[203] Am. Journ. of Phar. xviii. (1870) 124; Journ. of Soc. of Arts, Dec. 1, 1871.

[204] Pharm. Journ. Oct. 1, 1870. 272.

[205] Much information under this head has been derived from a paper On the production of Opium in Asia Minor by S. H. Maltass (Pharm. Journ. xiv. 1855. 396), and one On the Culture and Commerce in Opium in Asia Minor, by E. R. Heffler, of Smyrna (Pharm. Journ. x. 1869. 434).

[206] Probably signifying refuse,—that which comes out.

[207] Consul Cumberbatch, Trade Report for 1871, presented to Parliament.

[208] The largest lump I have seen weighed 6 lb. 6 oz., being part of 65 packages which I examined 2nd July, 1873.—D. H.

[209] Aegypten, Forschungen über Land und Volk während eines 10 zehnjährigen Aufenthalts, Leipzig, 1863.

[210] Naturgeschichtl. medicin. Skizze der Nilländer, Berlin, 1866. 353.

[211] Pharm. Journ. iv. (1863) 199.

[212] Polak, Persien, ii. (1865) 248, &c.

[213] Powell, Economic Products of the Punjab, i. (1868) 294.

[214] Thus in the Trade Report for Foochow, for 1870, addressed to Mr. Hart, Inspector-General of Customs, Pekin, is the following table:

[215] Letter from Mr. Merck to Dr. F. 1863.

[216] Information kindly given us (9th June, 1873) by Mr. W. Dillworth Howard, of the firm of Howard and Sons, Stratford. A morphine manufacturer has no particular interest in ascertaining the amount of water in the opium he purchases. All he requires to know is the percentage of morphine which the drug contains. It is otherwise with the pharmaceutist, whose preparations have to be made with dried opium.

[217] Journ. de Pharm. xvii (1873) 427.

[218] Fedschenko’s Catalogue of the Moscow Exhibition, Turkestan department, in Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharmacie, xxii. (1873) 221.

[219] Journ. de Pharm. xli. (1862) 184, 201.

[220] How this uniformity is insured we know not.

[221] Dorvault, Officine, éd. 8. 1872. 648.

[222] They are recorded in several pamphlets, for which we are indebted to the author, reprinted from the Mém. de l’Acad. du déartement de la Somme and the Mém. de l’Académie Stanislas.

[223] Journ. de Pharm. vi. (1867) 222.

[224] So we may infer from the fact that of the 39,225 chests which paid duty to Government at Bombay in 1872, 37,979 were Malwa opium, the remaining 1,246 being reckoned as from Guzerat.—Statement of the Trade and Nav. of Bombay for 1871-72, p. xv.

[225] Punjab Plants, Lahore, 1869. 10.

[226] Op. cit. i. 294.

[227] At the base of the Himalaya, S. and S.E. of Kashmir.

[228] Much of what follows respecting Bengal opium is derived from a paper by Eatwell, formerly First Assistant and Opium Examiner in the Government Factory at Ghazipur.—Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 269, &c.

[229] It is said (1873) that the ground devoted to poppy-culture in Bengal is becoming impoverished, and that the plant no longer attains its usual dimensions.

[230] For figures of the instrument, see Pharm. Journ. xi. (1862) 207.

[231] Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 209.

[232] Statement exhibiting the moral and material progress and condition of India during the year 1871-72,—Blue Book ordered to be printed 29th July, 1873. p. 10.

[233] The revenue by this duty upon opium exported from Bombay in the year 1871-72, was £2,353,500.

[234] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of British India with foreign countries, published by order of the Governor-General, Calcutta, 1872. 52.

[235] In the Report on the Trade of Hankow for 1869 addressed to Mr. Hart, Inspector-General of Customs, Pekin, it is stated—“The importation of opium is considerably short for the last two seasons, but this is not to be wondered at now that each opium-shopkeeper in this and the surrounding districts advertises native drug for sale.”

W. H. Medhurst, British Consul at Shanghai, says—“The drug is now being so extensively produced by the Chinese upon their own soil as sensibly to affect the demand for the India-grown commodity.”—Foreigner in Far Cathay, Lond. 1872. 20.

The quantity of opium exported from Bombay in 1871-72 was less by 1719 chests than that exported in 1870-71, the decrease being attributed to the present large cultivation in China.—Statement of the Trade and Nav. of Bombay for 1871-72, pp. xii. xvi.

[236] According to the French missionaries, the cultivation of the poppy in the great province of Szechuen was hardly known even so recently as 1840.

[237] Calcutta Blue Book, p. 205.

[238] Journ. of Soc. of Arts, Sept. (1872) 6, p. 338.

[239] North China Herald, June 28, 1873.

[240] Reports of H.M. Consuls in China, 1871 (No. 3, 1872), 1874 (No. 5, 1875), p. 4, 23.

[241] One pecul = 133⅓ lb.

[242] Reports on the Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1865. 125.

[243] Taken from the Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of British India with foreign countries, published by order of the Governor-General, Calcutta, 1872—199.

[244] Statistical Abstract relating to British India from 1866-67 to 1875-76. London, 1877, pp. 51, 53.

[245] Notes médicales du voyage d’exploration du Mékong et de Cochinchine, Paris, 1870. 23.

[246] Report on the Trade of Hankow, before quoted.

[247] In 1870, a British firm at Amoy opened an establishment for preparing opium for the supply of the Chinese in California and Australia—Pall Mall Gazette, Nov. 7th, 1878, p. 7, announces: “The monopoly of preparing and selling opium in the 14 districts of Kwang-chow-fu, has been leased to a Hong at Canton for 3 years, ... innovation on former practice.... Opium shops are henceforth to be licensed, and the Exchequer will receive the yearly sum of 140,000 dollars—a welcome addition to the revenue.”

[248] Pharm. Journ. vi. 234; vii. 183. with 4 beautiful plates representing the crystallizations from extract and tincture of opium as well as from the pure opium constituents. When the juice of the poppy is prevented from rapid drying by the addition of a little glycerin, crystals are developed in it.

[249] We had the opportunity of examining very good specimens of pectic matter and caoutchouc from opium, with which we were presented (1879) by Messrs. J. F. Macfarlane & Co., of London and Edinburgh.

[250] Flückiger, in Pharm. Journ. x. (1869) 208.

[251] American Journ. of Pharm., 1870. 124.

[252] From the laboratory accounts of Messrs. Allen and Hanburys, London, by which it appears that 200 lb. of Turkey opium dried at various times in the course of 10 years lost in weight 25¼ lb.

[253] Calculated from official statements given by Eatwell in the paper quoted at p. 50.

[254] Gilbert’s Annalen der Physik, lv. (1817) 57.

[255] Annales de Chimie, xcii (1814) 225.

[256] The Institut de France on the 27th June, 1831, awarded to Sertürner a prize of 2000 francs—“pour avoir reconnu la nature alcaline de la morphine, et avoir ainsi ouvert une voie qui a produit de grandes découvertes médicales.”

[257] There are exceptional cases in which it is asserted that water does not take up the whole amount of morphine.

[258] In large crystals by means of oil of turpentine.

[259] In 1851 Hinterberger described as a peculiar alkaloid, Opianine; Dr. Hesse has examined Hinterberger’s specimen of this body, and found (1875) it to consist of impure narcotine.

[260] Berichte d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesellsch. zu Berlin, iii. (1870) 182.

[261] Annales de Chimie et de Physique, xlix. (1832) 5-20.—The paper was read before the Acad. de Méd., 13th May, 1826.

[262] Mémoire sur le dosage de l’Opium et sur la quantité de morphine que l’opium doit contenir, Paris, 1862.

[263] Schroff, Ausstellungsbericht, Arzneiwaaren, p. 31.

[264] Am. Journ. of Pharm. xviii. (1870) 124.

[265] Notice historique sur l’opium indigène, Paris, 1852.

[266] Monographie des Opiums de l’Empire Ottoman envoyés à l’Exposition de Paris, 1867.

[267] Journ. de Pharm. xxxix. (1861) 163.

[268] Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 361.

[269] In one case the juice was allowed to stand in a basin from 23rd Feb. to 7th May, being “occasionally stirred”!

[270] This drug made in 1838 came from the Apothecary-General, Calcutta, and was presented by Christison to the Kew Museum. It is in rectangular tablets 2½ inches square and ¾ of an inch thick, cased in wax.

[271] The actual specimen is in the Kew Museum.

[272] Pharm. Journ. v. (1875) 845.

[273] This sample, the richest of all in morphine, is noted as of “2nd quality.”

[274] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1866) 183.

[275] Collected in 1829 by Biltz and obligingly placed in 1867 at my disposal by his son.—F. A. F.

[276] The statement of Biltz (1831) that an opium collected by himself from poppies grown in 1829 at Erfurt afforded 33 per cent. of narcotine is contrary to the experience of all other chemists. The same must be said of Mulder’s assertion respecting an opium giving 6 to 13 per cent. of narceine.

[277] In selecting a sample for analysis, care should be taken that it fairly represents the bulk of the drug. We prefer to take a little piece from each of several lumps, mix them in a mortar, and weigh from the mixed sample the required quantity.

[278] See also Proctor, Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 244, and Yearbook of Pharm. 1877. 528.

[279] See Tingling, J. F. B., The poppy-plague and England’s crime, London, 1876 (192 p.); Turner, F. S. (Secretary of the Anglo-Oriental Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade), British Opium Policy and its results to India and China. London, 1876 (308 pages); Sir Edw. Fry, England, China, and Opium, 1878 (61 p.).

[280] Botanique et Matière Méd. de Pline, ii. (1833) 446.

[281] Mommsen in Berichte der sächs. Gesellsch. der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 1851. 1-80.

[282] Enclosed pasture land in England was rare, and there was but scanty provision for preserving stock through the winter, root crops being unknown. Hence in November there was a general slaughtering of sheep and oxen, the flesh of which was salted for winter use.—See also Pharm. Journ. viii. (1876, April 27) 862.

[283] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 223.

[284] Guérard, Polyptique de l’Abbé Irminon, Paris, i. (1844) 715.

[285] Apparatus medicaminum, ii. (1794) 399.

[286] Journ. de Pharm. xvii. (1831) 360.

[287] The grey colour of the seed, which is attributed to rain during the ripening, is very detrimental to its value. The great aim of the grower is to produce seed of a bright reddish-brown, with no grey seed intermixed.

[288] Most minutely described and figured by F. von Höhnel, in Haberlandt’s Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete des Pflanzenbaues, i. (Vienna, 1875) 171-202.

[289] See also Radix Armoraciæ, p. 68.

[290] I have obtained as much as 33·8 per cent. by means of boiling ether.—F. A. F.

[291] Journ. de Pharm. vi. (1867) 269.