[867] Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium historia, Romæ, 1651. 83.

[868] Sir Gardner Wilkinson (Ancient Egyptians, i. 1841, 78) says that tamarind stones have been found in the tombs of Thebes; but on consulting Dr. Birch and the collections in the British Museum we have obtained no confirmation of the fact.

[869] Barth speaks of it as an invaluable gift of Providence: Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord-und Centralafrica, Gotha, 1858. i. 614; iii. 334. 400; iv. 173.—The same says Rohlfs, Reisen durch Nordafrica, Gotha (1872) 23.

[870] Susrutas Ayurvedas, ed. Hessler, i. (1844) 141, iii. (1850) 171.

[871] Opera Omnia, Lugd. 1515, lib. ii. Practices, c. 41.

[872] Opera, Venet. 1564. ii. 339.

[873] Opera, Venet. 1561. 52.

[874] Fundamenta Pharmacologiæ, ed. Seligmann, Vindob. 1830, 49.

[875] Journ. de Soc. Pharm. Lusit. ii. (1838) 36.—See also Appendix.

[876] Lunan, Hortus Jamaicensis, ii. (1814) 224; Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, 1837. 335.

[877] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay, 1871-72, pt. ii. 65.

[878] Hayne (1827) enumerated and figured 15 species, some of them founded on very imperfect materials. Bentham in the Flora Brasiliensis of Martius and Endlicher (fasc. 50, Leguminosæ, ii. 1870. pp. 239-244) admits only 11, one of which is doubtful as to the genus.

[879] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 32 (1878); Langsdorffii, not Lansdorffi, is to be written; see Pharm. Journ. ix. (1879) 773.

[880] MS. attached to specimens in the Kew Herbarium.

[881] “Alle Arten geben mehr oder weniger Balsam, und den meisten giebt die in der Provinz Para vorkommende Copaifera multijuga.”—Hayne, Linnæa, i. (1826) 429.

[882] Pilgrimes and Pilgrimage, Lond. iv. (1625) 1308.

[883] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 1021.

[884] Nuevo Descubrimiento del gran Rio de las Amazonas, Madrid, 1641, No. 30.

[885] Hist. Nat. Brasiliæ:, 1648, Piso, 56, Marcgraf, 130.

[886] Valmont de Bomare, Dict. d’Hist. Nat. i. (1775) 387.

[887] Botanische Zeitung, xv. (1857) 316.

[888] Motley in Hooker’s Journ. of Botany, iv. (1852) 201.

[889] Life in the Forests of the Far East, ii. (1862) 152.

[890] Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, v. (1870) 435.

[891] Report to the Under Secretary of State for India, on the investigation and collecting of plants and seeds of the india-rubber trees of Pará and Ceara, and Balsam of Copaiba. March 1877,—8.

[892] See figure in the above Report.

[893] We saw such as this which had been imported into London in 1873; though regarded by the dealers with suspicion, we are not of opinion that it was sophisticated.

[894] Such is the case with some very authentic specimens collected for one of us in Central America by De Warszewicz, but other samples which we had up reason to suppose adulterated, left a certain amount of white residue when treated with twice their weight of alcohol sp. gr. 0·796.

[895] Flückiger in Wiggers and Husemann’s Jahresbericht for 1867. 162, and for 1868. 140.

[896] Or 18 to 65 per cent., sp. gr. 0·915 to 0·995, according to Siebold (1877).

[897] Flora Sylvatica for Southern India, Madras, part 24 (1872), 255.

[898] It may be further distinguished from Wood Oil as well as from copaiba, if tested in the following simple manner:—Put into a tube 19 drops of bisulphide of carbon and one drop of the oleo-resin, and shake them together. Then add one drop of a mixture of equal parts of strong sulphuric and nitric (1·42) acids. After a little agitation the appearance of the respective mixtures will be as follows:—

Copaiba—Colour faint reddish-brown, with deposit of resin on sides of tube.

Wood Oil—Colour intense purplish-red, becoming violet after some minutes.

Oleo-resin of Hardwickia—No perceptible alteration; the mixture pale greenish yellow.

By this test the presence in copaiba of one-eighth of its volume of Wood Oil may be easily shown.

[899] Beddome, op. cit.

[900] See also Hazlett, Madras Monthly Journ. of Med. Science, June 1872.

[901] Figures in Guillemin and Perrottet Floræ Senegamb. tent. 1830, p. 246, tab. 56; also Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 17 (1877).

[902] Aufzählung und Beschreibung der Acacien-Artendes Nilgebiets.—Linnæa, i. (1867) 308-376, with 21 plates. Schweinfurth’s observations are strongly confirmed by an account of the commerce of Khartum in the Zeitschrift für Erdkunde, ii. (1867, Berlin) 474.

[903] The A. Adansonii Guill. et Perr. is the same tree.

[904] The “Kikar” of the Punjaub, or “Babul” or “Babur” of Central India.

[905] As presented to me by Capt. Hunter of Aden, July 1877.—F. A. F..

[906] We have to thank Professor Dümichen for most of the information relating to Egypt, which may be partly found in his own works, and partly in those of Brugsch, Ebers, and Lepsius.

[907] Lepsius, Abhandl. der Akademie der Wissensch. zu Berlin for 1871, p. 77. 126. Metalle in den Aegyptischen Inschriften.

[908] Schedula diversarum artium, Ilg’s edition in Eitelberger’s Quellenschriften für Kunstgeschichte, vii. (1874) 60.

[909] Della Decima e di varie altre gravezze imposte dal commune di Firenze, iii. (1766) 18.

[910] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pisa, Firenze, iii. (1857) 106. 114.

[911] Ordonnances des Rois de France, ii. (1729) 310.

[912] Tariffa de pesi e misure, Venet. 1521. 204. First edition, 1503.

[913] See, however, Möller, Academy of Vienna, Sitzungsberichte, June 1875.

[914] Vaughan (Drugs of Aden), Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 226.

[915] Private information to F. A. F..

[916] Vaughan, l.c.

[917] Flückiger, in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1869. 149.

[918] Consular Reports, August, 1873. 917.

[919] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73, pt. ii. 34. 77.

[920] P. von Müller, Select Plants for industrial culture in Victoria. 1876; 2. 4.

[921] See Proceedings of Am. Pharm. Assoc. 1875. 647; Am. Journ. of Pharm. 1878. 480.

[922] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. x. (1869). 641.

[923] Some Indian botanists, as Beddome, regard Mimosa (Acacia) Sundra as distinct from A. Catechu.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, part 17.

[924] Brandis, Forest Flora of North-Western and Central India, Lond. 1874. 187, from which excellent work we also borrow the description of A. Catechu.

[925] Published by the Hakluyt Society, Lond. 1866. p. 191.

[926] As Tamil and Canarese, in which according to modern spelling the word is written Káshu or Káchu.—Moodeen Sheriff, Suppl. to Pharmacopœia of India, 1879. 96.

[927] Aromatum Historia, ed. Clusius, 1574. 44.—He writes the word Cate.

[928] Pharmacopœia medico-physica, Ulmæ, 1649. lib. iii. 516. “Est et genus terræ exoticæ, colore purpureum, punctulis albis intertextum, ac si situm contraxisset, sapore austeriusculum, masticatum liquescens, subdulcemque post se relinquens saporem, Catechu vocant, seu Terram japonicam.... Particulam hujus obtinui a Pharmacopœo nostrate curiosissimo Dn. Matthia Bansa.” The preface is dated Frankfurt a.d. 1641.

[929] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 1022.

[930] Usus novus Catechu seu Terræ Japonicæ,—Ephemerides Nat. Cur. Dec. i. ann. 2 (1671) 209.

[931] Ibid. Dec. i. ann. 8 (1677) 88.

[932] Ibid. Dec. ii. ann. 4 (1685) 6.

[933] Pegu Cutch is quoted in a London price current, March 1879, £1. 2s. per cwt.

[934] Madden in Journ. of Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, xvii. part i. (1848) 565; also private communication accompanied by specimens of tree, wood, and extract from Mr. F. E. G. Matthews, of the Kumaon Iron Works, Nynee Tal.

[935] Pearson (G. F.) Report of the Administration of the Forest Department in the several provinces under the Government of India, 1871-72, Calcutta, 1872, part 5. p. 22.

[936] Dymock, Ph. Journ. vii. (1876) 109.

[937] Hist. des Plantes (Monogr. des Rosacées, 1869) i. 415.

[938] Géographie Botanique, ii. (1855) 888.

[939] Boissier, Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 641.

[940] Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862. 67.

[941] Ch. xliii. v. 11; Num. xvii. 8.

[942] De Re Rustica, cap. viii.

[943] Pardessus, Diplomata Chartæ, etc., Paris, 1849. ii. 309.

[944] Liber Secretorum Fidelium, ed. Bongars, 1611. 24.

[945] De Mas Latrie, Hist. de l’île de Chypre, ii. (1852) 500.

[946] Leber, Appréciation de la fortune privée au moyen-âge, éd. 2, Paris, 1847. 95.

[947] Published by Pegge, Lond. 1780.—Boorde in his Dyetary of Helth, 1542, mentions Almon Mylke and Almon Butter, the latter “a commendable dysshe, specyallye in Lent.”

[948] Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 641.

[949] To be consulted for further information: Bianca, G. Manuale della Cultivazione del Mandorlo in Sicilia, Palermo, 1874 (444 pages).

[950] Die Eiweisskörper der Getreidearten, Hülsenfrüchte und Oelsamen, Bonn, 1872. 199.

[951] Gmelin, Chemistry, xviii. (1871) 452.

[952] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Bombay for 1872-73, pt. ii. 31.

[953] Dispensator., Paris, 1548. 336. 337. 343.

[954] J. B. Richter, Neuere Gegenstände der Chymie, Breslau, xi. (1802) 65. J. B. Trommsdorffs Journ. d. Pharm. xi. (Leipzig, 1803) 262. Preyer, Die Blausäure, Bonn, 1870. 152.

[955] Hence to avoid bitter almonds being used instead of sweet, the British Pharmacopœia directs that Jordan Almonds alone shall be employed for Confection of Almonds.

[956] Applied in the following manner:—Let bibulous paper be imbued with a fresh tincture of the wood or resin of guaiacum, and after drying, let it be moistened with a solution composed of one part of sulphate of copper in 2000 of water. Such paper moistened with water will assume an intense blue coloration in the presence of hydrocyanic acid.

[957] Bull. de la Soc. imp. des nat. de Moscou, xxxv. (1862) ii. 444.

[958] Exposition Univers. de 1867.—Produits des Colonies Françaises, 92.

[959] Archiv der Pharmacie, 181 (1867) 222.

[960] Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann for 1871.11.

[961] Gmelin, Chemistry, vii. 389; xv. 422.

[962] Loiseleur-Deslongchamps et Michel, Nouveau Duhamel, ou Traité des arbres et arbustes que l’on cultive en France, v. (1812) 189, pl. 54. fig. 2, pl. 56. fig. 9.

[963] Liebig’s Ann. der Chemie, ci. (1857) 228.

[964] This was especially the case in the winter of 1873-74.

[965] Dendrologie, part i. (1869) 94.

[966] Hooker, Flora Boreali-Americana, i. (1833) 169.

[967] Schöpf, Materia Medica Americana, Erlangæ 1787; 77.—Also Barton, Collections for Mat. Med. of U.S., Philad. 1798. 11.

[968] Pharm. Journ. v. (1864) 67.—Also Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 3; (1878).

[969] Pharm. Journ. xviii (1852) 109.

[970] Rariorum Plantarum Historia, 1601. 4.

[971] Herball (1636) 1603.

[972] Hist. Plant. ii. (1693) 1549.

[973] Phil. Trans. xxxvii. (for 1731-32) 84.

[974] Reinke, in Pringsheim’s Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik, x. (1875) 129.

[975] Dispensatory, 1842. 592.

[976] The French section of the International African Association contributed Kousso from Madagascar to the Paris Exhibition of 1878.

[977] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 5 (1876).

[978] Travels, v. (1790) 73.

[979] Notice sur une nouvelle plante de la famille des Rosacées, employée contre le Tænia, Paris, 1822. The reader should also consult the excellent notice by Pereira written when the drug was first offered for sale in London. Pharm. Journ. x. (1851) 15; reprinted in Pereira’s Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. part 2 (1853) 1815.—Also Meyer-Ahrens, Die Blüthen des Kossobaumes, Zürich, 1851. 90 pp.

[980] Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift für prakt. Pharm. viii. (1859) 481; xi. (1862) 207.

[981] Flückiger and Buri, Yearbook of Ph. 1875. 19.

[982] Buchheim, Archiv der Pharmacie, 208 (1876) 417.

[983] Johnston in his Travels in Southern Abyssinia (1844), speaking of koso, says its effects are “dreadfully severe.”—Even in Abyssinia, he adds, it is barely tolerated, and if any other remedy equally efficient for dislodging tapeworm were to be introduced, koso would be soon abandoned.

[984] Reise nach Abessinien, etc. Jena, 1868. 322.

[985] Jobi Ludolfi Historia æthiopica, Francofurti, 1681. lib. i. cap. ix.

[986] It has been found in quasi-wild state at Charlwood in Surrey.—Seemann’s Journ. of Bot. ix. (1871) 273.

[987] Hist. Plant. lib. vi. c. 6.

[988] Consult in particular the learned essay of D’Orbessan contained in his Mélanges historiques, ii. (1768) 297-337.

[989] Pomet, Hist. des Drogues, 1694, part i. 174-177, speaks of the roses of Provins being “hautes en couleur, c’est à dire d’un rouge noir, velouté ... très astringentes.”

[990] Assier, Légendes, curiosités et traditions de la Champagne et de la Brie, Paris. 1860. 191.

[991] Stephanus (Carolus), De re hortens libellus, Paris, 1536. 29 (in Brit. Mus.).

[992] Dispensatorium, 1548. 39. 52.

[993] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1871-72, pt. ii. 43.

[994] Yearbook of Pharm. 1877. 63; also Filhol in Journ. de Pharm. xxxviii. (1860) 21; Gmelin, Chemistry, xvi. (1864) 522.

[995] Boissier, Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 676.

[996] As Dale, Pharmacologia, 1693. 416.

[997] Attar or Otto is from the word itr signifying perfume or odour; the oil is called in Turkish Itr-yàghi i.e. Perfume-oil, and also Ghyùl-yàghi i.e. Rose oil.

[998] A living plant followed by excellent herbarium specimens has been kindly given to me by Dr. Baur of Blaubeuren, the father of Dr. Baur of Constantinople—D. H.

[999] Wiggers u. Husemann, Jahresbericht for 1867. 350.

[1000] Dendrologie, i. (1869) 250.

[1001] Journ. of Botany, Jan. 1875. 8.

[1002] Lib. i. c. 53.

[1003] “ ... stillatitii rosarum liquoris libra una.” De Methodo Medendi, lib. v. c. 4.

[1004] Voyage d’Ibn Batoutah, trad. par Defrémery, ii. (1854) 140.

[1005] Amœnitates, 1712. 373.

[1006] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73, part ii. 52.

[1007] Le Grand d’Aussy, Hist. de la vie privée des François, ii. (1815) 250.

[1008] Hieronymi Rubei Rav. De Destillatione, Ravennæ, 1582. 102.

[1009] Magiæ Naturalis libri xx, Neap. 1589. 188.

[1010] De Distillatione, Romæ (1608) 75.

[1011] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharm. Halle, 1876. 37. 38. 40.

[1012] Observations sur les huiles des plantes—Mém. de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1700. 206.

[1013] Hist. des Plantes de la Guiane françoise, ii. Mémoires, p. 125.

[1014] Recherches sur la découverie de l’Essence de Rose, Paris, 1804.

[1015] Asiatick Researches, i. (1788) 332.

[1016] Dict. de Commerce, iv. 548.

[1017] Oliver, Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, etc. ii. (Paris, An 9) 139, v. (1807) 367.

[1018] Information obligingly communicated by Mr. Seldon of the Statistical Office of the Custom-house.