[1019] Donau-Bulgarien, ii. (1877) 103-123.—A figure of a still is given, p. 123. A good map of the Tekne of Kizanlik and environs will be found in Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, xi. (1876) Taf. 2.

[1020] Pharm. Journ. ix. (1868) 286.

[1021] Consular Reports presented to Parliament, May, 1872.—The metical, miskal or midkal is equal to about 3 dwt. troy=4·794 grammes.

[1022] Consular Reports presented to Parliament, Aug. 1873. 1090.

[1023] Forest Flora of North-western and Central India, 1874. 200.—D. Forbes Watson, Catal. of the Indian Department, Vienna exhibition, 1873. 98.

[1024] Von Maltzan, Reise in den Regentschaften Tunis und Tripolis, Leipzig, 1870.

[1025] Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. xviii. (1859). 504-509. Science Papers, 172.

[1026] Journ. of Chem. Soc. x. (1872) 12.

[1027] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. x. (1869) 147.

[1028] Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. liv. (1833) 394.

[1029] For particulars, see Baur (p. 262, note 3).

[1030] Baker, Journ. of Linn. Soc. Bot. xi. (1869) 226.

[1031] De Alimentorum facultatibus, ii. c. 14. In the Amur country a much larger and better fruit is afforded by R. acicularis Lindl. and R. cinnamomea L.—Maximowicz, Primitiæ Floræ Amurensis, 1859. 100. 453.

[1032] In Switzerland and Alsace a very agreeable confiture of hips is still in use.

[1033] Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ historica, Legum, i. (1835) 187.

[1034] Leland, De rebus Britannicis Collectanea, vi. (1774) 5.

[1035] The feminine gender of Styrax has been in use for a long time. In Greek it denotes the tree, as also does sometimes the masculine gender, the neutral being reserved to the resin. In Latin the resin is masculini generis (Dr. Rice).

[1036] For a good figure of L. orientalis, see Hooker’s Icones Plantarum (3rd series, 1867) pl. 1019, or Hanbury, Science Papers, 1876. 140; also Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, part 27 (1877).

[1037] The fine old trees existing at the convent of Antiphoniti on the north coast of Cyprus, and at that of Neophiti near Papho, specimens of which were distributed by Kotschy as Liquidambar imberbis Ait., agree in all points with the American L. stryaciflua L., and not with the Asiatic plant. Kotschy has told me that they have certainly been planted, and that no other examples exist in the island.—D. H. The same opinion is adopted by Boissier, Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 8319.

[1038] Περί Στύακοτ δίατριβὴ ϕαρμακογραϕικὴ ἐν Ἀθῆναιπ, 1862.—This pamphlet is also the subject of a paper of Prof. Planchon, Journ. de Pharm. 24 (1876) 172. 243.

[1039] Medicæ Artis Principes post Hippocratem et Galenum, Par. 1567.—Aëtii tetr. 4. serm. 4. c. 122; P. Ægineta, De re med. vii. 20.

[1040] The foliage of the Liquidambar much resembles that of the common maple (Acer campestre L.); hence the two trees as well as the plane (Platanus orientalis L.) are confounded under one name,—Ζυγὸς or Ζυγίᾳ. So Styrax officinalis L., from the resemblance of its leaves to those of Pirus Cydonia L., is known in Greece as Ζυγὸς κυδωνήα kydônêa, i.e. wild quince.

[1041] Ibn Baytar, Sontheimer’s transl. ii. 539.

[1042] Noroff, Pèlerinage en Terre Sainte de l’Igoumène russe Daniel, St. Pétersb. 164.4°.—The passage has been kindly abstracted for us by Prof. Heyd of Stuttgart.

[1043] Vignolius, Liber Pontificalis, Romæ, i. (1724) 94.—The ancient Isauria was in Cilicia, the country of Styrax officinalis L.

[1044] On the knowledge possessed by the Chinese of the Arabs, etc., Lond. 1871. 19.

[1045] Hist. of Japan, ed. Scheuchzer, i. 353.

[1046] Exoticorum Libri, 245.

[1047] Ἐγχειρίδιον Φαρμακολογίας, ύπὸ Ν. Κωστῆ, 1855. 356.

[1048] Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. xvi. (1857) 417. 461, and iv. (1863) 436; Science Papers, 127-150.

[1049] Hanbury, l.c.

[1050] It is no doubt the “Cortex Olibani” met with in the tariff of 1571, in Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, 26.

[1051] Unger u. Kotschy, Die Insel Cypern. Wien, 1865. 410.

[1052] The Storax noir of Guibourt is one of these.

[1053] Quoted before, p. 163, note 3; in the same book “cotone storace e corallo“ occur as articles of export from Sicily.

[1054] Obligingly presented to me by our friend, Dr. Squibb, Brooklyn (1879).—F. A. F.

[1055] Proceedings of the Am. Pharm. Asso. 1865. 160.

[1056] Am. Journ. of Pharm. 1874. 161.—In the same periodical (1876, 335) 300 lbs. are stated to have been collected at Dyersburg, Tenn.

[1057] Hist. Plant. iii. (1704), appendix p. 233.

[1058] Chap. 34. sec. 5. § 1. Aromatic Trees. For a modern fig., see Hooker’s Icones Plant. 3rd series, i. tab. 1020.

[1059] Pharm. of India, 1868. 88.

[1060] Flora Australiensis, iii. (1866) 142.

[1061] Herb. Amboinense, ii. (1741) cap. 26.

[1062] Acad. Nat. Curios. Ephemerid. Cent. v. vi. (Nürnberget, 1717) 157.

[1063] Sammlung von Natur und Medicin ... Geschichten, Leipzig, 1719. 257.

[1064] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 1023.

[1065] Vater, Catalog. varior. exoticor. rarissimor.... Wittenbergæ, 1726.

[1066] Schendus van der Beck, De Indiæ rarioribus, Act. Nat. Cur. i., appendix (1725) 123.

[1067] Goetz, Olei Caieput historia—Commercium Litterarium, 1731. 3; Martini, De Oleo Wittnebiano dissertatio, 1751.

[1068] Travels in the East Indian Archipelago, Lond. 1868. 282.

[1069] Hist. des Drog. iii. (1869) 278.

[1070] Blue Book of the Colony of the Straits Settlements for 1871, Singapore, 1872.

[1071] Though these are the original Moluccas or Clove Islands, the name has been extended to all islands east of Celebes and west of New Guinea.

[1072] For the history of the oil see our article Cortex Cinnamon, chemical composition.

[1073] Langkavel, Botanik der späteren Griechen, Berlin, 1866. 19.

[1074] At this period, the clove was called Ki shêh hiang, i.e. fowl’s tongue spice. The modern name Ting hiang, i.e. nail-scent or-spice, was in use in the 5th or 6th century of our era.

[1075] Liber Pontificalis, seu de Gestis Romanorum Pontificum, Romæ, i. (1724) 94.

[1076] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, series Græca, lxxxviii. (1860) 446.

[1077] Puschman’s edition (quoted in the appendix) i. 435. 580. Alexander dedicated his work to his teacher, the father of Cosmas.

[1078] De re medica, lib. vii. c. 3.

[1079] Poematium Medicum—Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, lxxxix. (1850) 374.

[1080] Pardessus, Diplomata, Chartæ, etc., ii. (1849) 309.

[1081] Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Lois, (1843) 173.

[1082] Méry et Guindon, Hist. des Actes ... de la municipalité de Marseille, 1841. 373.

[1083] Capmany, Memorias sobre la marina etc. de Barcelona, iii. 170.

[1084] Douet d’Arcq, Revue archéologique, ix. (1852) 213.

[1085] Manners and Household Expenses in England (Roxburgh Club), 1841. lii.

[1086] Le Livre des routes et des provinces, traduit par C. Barbier de Meynard, Journ. Asiat. sér. 6. tome v. (1865) 227.

[1087] Yule, Marco Polo, ii. (1871) 217.—It should however be borne in mind that the name Java was applied in a general sense by the Arab geographers to the islands of the Archipelago.

[1088] Kunstmann, Die Kenntniss Indiens im XVᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhundert, München, 1863. 46.

[1089] Ramusio, Delle navigationi et viaggi, Venetia, 1554, fol. 404b.

[1090] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial series, East Indies, 1862. 181.

[1091] Tessier, Sur l’importation du Giroflier des Moluques aux Isles de France, de Bourbon et de Sechelles, et de ces isles à Cayenne.—Observations sur la physique, Paris, Juillet, 1779.

[1092] Dictionary of the Indian Islands, 1856, article Clove.

[1093] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 201.

[1094] Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 952.

[1095] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pisa dal xii. al xiv. secolo, iii. (1857) 106.

[1096] See p. 235, note 2.

[1097] Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Lois, ii. (1843) 173.

[1098] Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873. 11. 38.

[1099] We find in the fortnightly price current of a London drug-broker under date Nov. 27, 1873, the announcement of the sale of 1,050 bags of Mother Cloves at 2d. to 3d. per lb., besides 4,200 packages of Clove Stalks at 3d. to 4d. per lb.

[1100] Rumphius in his letter from Amboina, Sept. 20, 1696, to Dr. Schröck, in Ephemerides Acad. Cæs. Leopold. Decur. iii. Frankfurt and Leipzig. 1700. p. 308, with figure.—Also Rumphius, Herb. Amb. ii. (1742) 11. tab. 2.—See also Hasskarl, Neuer Schlüssel zu Rumph’s Herb. Amb., Halle, 1866; Berg, Linnæa, 1854. 137; Valmont de Bomare, Dict. d’Hist. Nat. iii. (1775) 70.

[1101] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 20 (1877).

[1102] Pimienta, the Spanish for pepper, is derived from pigmentum, a general name in mediæval Latin for spicery.—Malaguetta (see article Grana Paradisi) is also a name which has been transferred by the Spaniards and Portuguese to the drug under notice.

[1103] Lib. i. c. 17.

[1104] Theatrum Botanicum (1640) 1567.

[1105] Description of the Pimienta or Jamaica Pepper-tree.—Phil. Trans. xvii. No. 191.

[1106] Parliamentary Return, March 1805, quoted in Young’s West India Commonplace Book, 1807. 79.

[1107] Blue Book for Jamaica, printed 1872.

[1108] Figured in Bentley and Trimen, part 20.—The fruit of this species is easily distinguished, being crowned by 5-calyx lobes.

[1109] Exodus xxviii. 33, 34; Numbers xx. 2; Deut. viii 8; Cant. iv. 13; viii. 2.

[1110] Layard, Nineveh and its Remains, ed. 5, ii. (1849) 296.

[1111] Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, ii. (1837) 142.

[1112] Nisard’s edition, Paris, 1877, capp. 7. 127. 133.

[1113] See also Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, Berlin, 1877, 206.

[1114] Pharm. of India, 1868. 93. 447.

[1115] De Medicina, lib. iv. c. 17.

[1116] Lib. i. c. 153.

[1117] Lib. xxiii. c. 60.

[1118] Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journ., iii. (1807) 22.

[1119] Debeaux, Pharmacie et Mat. Méd. des Chinois, 1865. 70.

[1120] Indian Annals of Med. Science, vi. (1859); Pharmacopœia of India, 1868. 93.

[1121] Ecballium from ἐκβάλλω, I expel, in allusion to the expulsion of the seeds: often erroneously written Ecbalium.

[1122] Turner’s Herball, 1568, part i. 180.

[1123] I have not yet seen Yule’s paper on the dehiscence of this fruit in the Journ. of Anat. and Physiology, 1877. The structure of the testa of the seed is explained by Fickel, in the Botanische Zeitung, 1876. 774.—F. A. F..

[1124] Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. (1853) 1745.

[1125] Having had to procure elaterium fruits at Mitcham in the very fine summer of 1868, I was told that the people occupied in slicing the fruits had never suffered so severely from their work as in that year.—D. H.

[1126] There is a genus of Cucurbitaceæ founded by Linnæus, also called Elaterium.

[1127] Lond. Med. Repository, xii. (1820) 1.

[1128] Gmelin’s Chemistry, xvii. (1866) 335-367.

[1129] Clutterbuck says ⅛ of a grain purges violently.

[1130] Cockayne, Leechdoms, etc., i. (1865) 325.

[1131] Le Calendrier de Cordoue, publié par R. Dozy, Leyde, 1873. 92.

[1132] De Mas Latrie, Hist. de l’ile de Chypre, iii. (1852-61) 498.

[1133] Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pharmacie, 1858. 216.

[1134] See my paper on Cucumis Colocynthis considered as a nutritive plant in the Archiv der Pharmacie, 201 (1872) 235.—F. A. F.

[1135] Col. Grant, Botany of the Speke and Grant expedition, Journ. Linn. Soc. xxix. pt. 2 (1873) 77.

[1136] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen. Med. Plants, pt. 24, 1877.

[1137] Hort. Mal. x. tab. 46.

[1138] Herb. Amboin. v. 169.

[1139] Bouton, Med. Plants of Mauritius, 1857. 73-83.

[1140] Medical Reports, Madras, 1855. 356.

[1141] Drawn up from Indian specimens.

[1142] Journ. de Pharm. xxviii. (1855) 47.

[1143] L’Officine (1872) 554.

[1144] It is probably by oversight that the leaves alone are ordered in the Pharmacopœia of India.

[1145] See Imbert-Gourbeyre, De la mort de Socrate par la Ciguë, Paris, 1876.

[1146] An extensive paper has been devoted by Albert Regel to the History of Conium and Cicuta in the Bulletin de la Soc. imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, tome li. (1876, first part) 155-203 and lii. (1877) first part, 1-52.

[1147] Volume of Vocabularies, edited by Wright, 1857. 31.

[1148] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1867) 460-710; ix. (1868) 53.

[1149] See Moynier de Villepoix, Annales des Sciences naturelles, Botanique, v. (1878) 348.

[1150] Trans. of the New York State Medical Society for 1867.

[1151] The old Vegetable Neurotics, Lond. 1869.

[1152] The London herbalists often collect it while much of the inflorescence is still in bud, in which state it affords far more of leaf than when well matured; but it is in the latter condition that the plant is to be preferred.

[1153] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. 405.

[1154] Semplici, Vinegia, 1561. 130.

[1155] Pharmacologia, 1693. 211.

[1156] Essays, Medical and Experimental, ii. (1773) 226.

[1157] Roxburgh, Flor. Ind. ii. (1832) 91.

[1158] To such a mistake may probably be referred the statement of Irvine (Account of the Mat. Med. of Patna, 1848, p. 6) that the seeds of henbane are “used in food as carminative and stimulant”!

[1159] Babington in Journ. of Linn. Soc., Bot. xi. (1871) 310.

[1160] Aitchison in Journ. of Linn. Soc., Bot., x. (1869) 76. 94.

[1161] Leared in Pharm. Journ. Feb. 8, 1873. 623.

[1162] I have cultivated the Morocco plant in 1872 and 1873 by the side of the common form.—D. H.

[1163] Dierbach, Flora Apiciana, 1831. 53.

[1164] Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne trad. par Dozy et M. J. de Goeje, Leyde, 1866, 75. 97. 150.

[1165] Sontheimer’s translation, ii. 368.

[1166] Leechdoms, etc. of Early England, i. (1864).

[1167] Pfeiffer, Zwei deutsche Arzneibücher aus dem xii. und xiii. Jahrhundert, Wien 1863. 14.

[1168] Meddygon Myddfai, 158. 354.

[1169] Morton, Cyclop. of Agriculture, i. (1855) 390.

[1170] Information obligingly supplied by Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig.

[1171] Schübeler, Pflanzenwelt Norwegens. Christiania, 1863-1875. 85.